Sea Level Rise and the
Public Realm
P E NNDE S I G N C I T Y A ND R E G I ON A L P L A NNI NG 2 0 1 7 M I A M I UR BA N DE S I G N ST UDI O
I N S T RU C TO R S S T E FA N A L A N D E D G A R W E S T E R H O F ST UDE N TS K AT H R Y N K R A M E R , A L E X S C H I E F E R D E C K E R , AG U S T I N A S K L A R , JA R R E D TOU P S , WI L L I A M W E L L I NG TO N , K I R S T E N W E I S MA N T L E , Y I DA N Z HA NG , C H UHA N Z H E NG
Sea Level Rise and the
Public Realm 3
INTRODUCTION
M I A M I - D A D E B AY L I N K
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY + STUDIO SCOPE
8
INTRODUCTION
65
INTERVENTION MAP
11
D ES I G N S E L ECT I O N + T Y P O LO G I ES
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S O U T H F LO R I DA G OV E R N M E N T SYST E M S
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PÉREZ DOWNTOWN SITE
70
INSURANCE SCHEMES
15
SUNSET HARBOR FERRY STOP
72
S O U T H F LO R I D A WAT E R S C A P E
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GRAND TERMINAL SITE
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RISK INDEX
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B U I LT H I S T O R Y + A R C H I T E C T U R A L S T Y L E S
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B U I L D I N G O N WAT E R
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N + O P E N S PA C E
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INTRODUCTION
86
SITE VISIT
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CONCEPT DIAGRAM
92
T Y P O LO G I ES
95
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N INTRODUCTION
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SYSTEM OF INTERVENTIONS + METRICS
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INTRODUCTION 105
1 0T H S T R E E T : A P I L O T P R O J E C T
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THE TOOLKIT 106
E D U C AT I O N A L G A R D E N
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DA D E L A N D S O C I A L R ES I L I E N C E PA R K 1 0 8
R E C R E AT I O N A L P L A Z A
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COMMUNITY HUB
44
G O L F C O U R S E A D A P TAT I O N INTRODUCTION
51
I N S P I R AT I O N S
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M I A M I B E AC H W E T L A N D PA R K
55
THE CANAL WORKS
E D G E - U C AT I O N PA R K S Y S T E M INTRODUCTION
115
THE REGIONAL VIEW
117
S K AT E P O O L T R A N S E C T 1 2 0 A S PA C E F O R E N E R G Y + E D U C AT I O N
122
CO N C LU S I O N ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 129
Contents
F LO O D O R I E N T E D D ES I G N : T H E P U B L I C R E A L M A N D S E A L E V E L R I S E I N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
Rising Sea
6
a Levels
INTRODUCTION
STUDIO BRIEF
*
Climate change is impacting cities worldwide. Coastal cities will be strongly affected, asrising seas increase the occurrence of recurrent, or nuisance, flooding in urbanizedareas. This is especially true in south Florida, where cities such as Miami and Fort Lauderdale are not only major critical cruise ship hubs and seaports provisioning Florida and the southeastern US, but also popular resort destinations for visitors from around the world. With over 22 million visitors a year, the south Florida region is the nation’s second largest tourist hub. Further, much of south Florida’s most expensive real estate sits just above current high tide levels on land reclaimed in the early 20th century from coastal mangrove swamps and in shallow areas of Biscayne Bay, making these areas highly susceptible to recurrent flooding as sea levels rise. The National Wildlife Federation estimates that the Miami area itself, excluding adjacent cities such as Fort Lauderdale, has up to $3.5 trillion of assets at risk due to sea level rise by 2070, the highest amount of all the world’s coastal cities. Miami Beach has already invested $400 million in a system of pumps and elevated sea walls to protect its hotels and historic architecture, but a lot more is necessary to avoid, in the words of Dutch water expert Henk Ovink, “the New Atlantis.” This studio will take a design-driven approach to improving resilience in south Florida. Going against standard flood management solutions epitomized by hard, highly engineered structures that obstruct views and access to the waterfront, this studio explores design responses to resilience that create new civic assets for cities. It aims to integrate flood management infrastructure with public realm improvements and natureand which, importantly, preserve open access to the area’s coastal waterways – a defining feature of life in south Florida. The studio will thus bring together different disciplines, including urban design, landscape architecture, transportation, environmental planning, as well as architecture. Our local partners include the Miami-Dade County Office of Resilience, the Broward County Environmental Protection and Growth Management Department, the City of Miami Beach, as well as Arcadis, a global engineering company with offices in New York and south Florida. The final outcome of the studio will be a substantial report that aims to guide south Florida’s resilience strategies, and could serve as a model for other major
S T E FA N A L
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction 9
F LO O D O R I E N T E D D ES I G N : T H E P U B L I C R E A L M A N D S E A L E V E L R I S E I N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
STUDIO SCOPE No city in the world has a greater value of assets at risk to sea level rise than Miami, Florida, and few cities in the world are as uniquely vulnerable to the totality of predicted effects of climate change. Water rises from below through pours limestone bedrock, seeps in from the Everglades to the west, sweeps in from the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and falls from the sky in torrential rainstorms and hurricanes. From every direction, Greater Miami’s luxury condos, historic art-deco hotels, teeming beaches, and suburban dreams are in immediate and unescapable peril. The time is now to take immediate and decisive action to protect and preserve what can be protected and preserved in Greater Miami. At the same time, the magnitude of the threat presents an opportunity to implement fresh ideas of public space and built form in this notoriously sprawling, balkanized region. The interests of the public space need not be set at odds with the vital importance of safeguarding the city—indeed, we believe they can go hand-inhand. With these two goals in mind, our team of graduate City and Regional Planning students from the University of Pennsylvania, with help from Amsterdam-based engineering and design firm Arcadis, has developed an array of public realm strategies for adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change in Greater Miami. Our strategies apply to multiple forms of urbanization, from the beach to the wetland, and address multiple facets of the problem, from storm surges to a lack of education about the nature of the threat. By pulling from this toolbox of ideas and approaches, Greater Miami will be better able to adapt and thrive despite the high waters ahead.
CH A E B H I AMC A I E B M I AM I M 10
INTRODUCTION
T C E S N A R T E H T
ES D LA G ER V E
N W O NT W O D
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INTRODUCTION
INTERVENTION MAP Working in the South Florida Region requires an understanding of the complex web of exisiting assets and stakeholders that would have to come together to see the proposed interventions implemented. The diagram below shows the various overlapping entities and assets that will be affected by each intervention. The left side of the web highlights the specific assets that we have identified which would be altered or utilized in the corresponding targeted intervention. These connections are symbolized by the corresponding colored lines. On the right side of the web are the list of stakeholders whose help and
coordination would be paramount for successful implementation of individual interventions. Below the web are the eight main themes that the interventions are trying to address. The thickest ring has the color corresponding to the intervention that is most relevant. The size of the ring relates to the number of interventions addressing it. This studio works to address many themes through targeted interventions, but the two that apply to every intervention are stormwater management and creating third places. This is central to our question of how to design a welcoming and vibrant public realm in the context of rising seas and worsening storms.
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F LO O D O R I E N T E D D ES I G N : T H E P U B L I C R E A L M A N D S E A L E V E L R I S E I N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
SOUTH FLORIDA GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS The political landscape of South Florida is complex and balkanized. To successfully implement any project that alters the bulit environment there are a myriad of agencies and organizations that must be involved. The following graphic seeks to illustrate the numerous governing bodies and jurisdictions involved with implementing new deveopments and projects in the region.
It is important to note that the current state government is not actively acknowledging climate change, and has not taken the problem of golobal warming seriously in the context of risk to the state’s assets. This has been problematic in securing funding and creating innovative pilot projects and programs.
T H E S O U T H F LO R I D A WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T D I S T R I C T Covers 16 counties between the Florida Keys and Orlando Broward Collier Dade Glades Hendry Lee
Martin Monroe Palm Beach St. Lucie Charlotte Highlands
Okeechobee Orange Osceola Polk counties
Key Intitiatives: Improving Flood Control Managing Water Quality Everglades Restoration B R OWA R D C O U N T Y
MIAMI-DADE COUNTY
48 Municipalities + County Government + Broward Metropolitan Planning Organization
73 Municipalities + County Government + Broward Metropolitan Planning Organization
1.839 million residents
2.6187 million residents
S O U T H F LO R I DA R EG I O N A L P L A N N I N G CO U N C I L Operates in Broward, Miami-Dade, and Monroe Counties. Main goals are to plan and coordinate among the region’s various governmental agencies to promote growth and development. Key Intitiatives: Economic Development Social Development Sustainable Development 14
INTRODUCTION
Consti
tut ion a
Br
ow ar d
Co u
ted nda Ma
nt C y o Ad m (F m m av in isi or ist on s ra C to iti r es )
lly
Water Management Districts
Counties
e
ro
on M
Miami Dade County CommisionExecutive Style (Favors County) u Co ,0 00
49 -2 0 00 0, 10
Homeowners Associations
es aliti 250,000 - 499,000
du a
p ici un lM
Ind ivi
Native American Reservations
y nt
South Florida Water Management District
South Florida Regional Planning Council
The State of Florida
121 Municipalities
Preservation Lands 50,000 - 99,000
National Parks 0 - 9,999
Port Authorities 10,000 - 49,000
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SOUTH FLORIDA INSURANCE SCHEMES In any area at risk, insurance companies can often be relied upon to provide a check against risky development, by pricing insurance at rates commensurate with the elevated risk, or by pulling out of the market entirely. In 2005, insurers did pull back from the Florida market. But in South Florida, an array of governmental programs
shield residents from the bulk of the judgment of the private insurance market. The result of these programs is that building in flood-prone locations in South Florida is heavily subsidized, and that the long-term risks of sea level rise may not be adequately priced into the real estate market.
N AT I O N A L F LO O D I N S U R A N C E P R O G R A M ( F E M A ) Operated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Flood Insurance Program is a public flood insurance program that insures 5.5 million homes, many of which are in Florida. In 2012 and 2014, a pair of laws altered the NFIP, and
raised the price of policies significantly, but the program remains a critical lifeline—and incentive for growth for flood-prone communities.
C I T I Z E N S P R O P E R T Y I N S U R A N C E C O R P O R AT I O N ( S TAT E O F F LO R I D A ) Created in 1993 by the State of Florida after Hurricane Andrew and reoganized in 2002, the Citizens Property Insurance Corportation is a non-for-profit that insures the riskiest Florida properties which cannot purchase market insurance or face
prohibitive insurance costs. In total, In 2012, Citizens was reported to hold $500 billion in risk. Citizens underwrites over half a million policies.
F LO R I D A H U R R I C A N E C ATA S T R O P H E F U N D ( S TAT E O F F LO R I D A ) Created in 1993 by the State of Florida after Hurricane Andrew, in 1993, the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund is a public reinsurance agency that incentivises insurers to remain in the Florida market by offering reinsurance at below market rates.
16
In 2016, the fund held reserves of 13.8 billion, after many years without a major hurricane. In the event that the fund is depleated, it can levy a tax on all insurance policies in the state to replenish its funds. It’s annual outlay is capped at $17 billion.
INTRODUCTION
$13 .5 B Re ser illion ves
$13.8 Billion Reserves 17
F LO O D O R I E N T E D D ES I G N : T H E P U B L I C R E A L M A N D S E A L E V E L R I S E I N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
A COMPLICATED WATERSCAPE To address the issues surrounding water management in the South Florida region, it is important to understand the complex nature of the region’s hydrology. Unlike many coastal areas, which only have to protect themselves from coastal flooding, the pourous limestone bedrock lying beneath Sotuh Florida has created a unique, multifaceted challenge in water management.
S T O R M WAT E R The region sees significant rainfall, particularly in the summer wet season. Because of the underlying limestone, the Biscayne Aquifer is highly sensitve to pollution infiltration. This issue is exacerbated by the runoff from the many impervious surfaces and agricultural lands that drain into basins, canals, and lakes. 18
SEA Miami is the major U.S city most statistically likely to be hit by hurricanes, and therefore storm surges. In addtition to the possibility of big disasters, coastal areas are already experiencing “sunny day floods” which occur when high tides push groundwater above the surface, causing floods even on bright, clear days.
UNDERGROUND With rising seas and increased freshwater pumping, the saltwater gradient is slowly intruding into the Biscayne Aqcuifer. This intrusion has already made several drinking wells unusable and poses a threat to the region’s drinking water supply.
INTRODUCTION
S M R O ST
A SE
D N U O GR R E D UN
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F LO O D O R I E N T E D D ES I G N : T H E P U B L I C R E A L M A N D S E A L E V E L R I S E I N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
Atlantic Ocean Miami Beach
Downtown Miami
20
Bisc ayn e
Dadeland
Ba y
Lower Risk
Key Biscayne Higher Risk
INTRODUCTION
RISK INDEX
Flood Zones
Urban Areas
Shoreline Features
There are multiple ways in which climate change will affect the natural environment, many of which compound each other, such as more powerful storms building upon higher seas to pose a higher storm surge than before. In addition, there are multiple ways in which people and places will be affected. The threats posed to a luxury high-rise on the water may be different than those posed to an impoverished inland community. In assessing the danger that faces the South Florida region, it is important to recognize that defining risk as a single threat or a single vulnerable place is an impossible task.
Storm Surge
Utilities
In an effort to synthesize a variety of known risks in South Florida, our studio developed a risk index, which combines a variety of inputs to assign a single measure of risk for any given location. Our risk index includes environmental factors (existence in a flood plain, elevation, proximity to the coast) and social factors (high real estate value, existence of extreme poverty, existence of vulnerable infrastructure like transformers, sewage treatment plants, hospitals, fire stations, and police stations). The result is a map that shows the locations within the South Florida region that are at greatest risk, in all of its various manifestations.
* Rising Sea Levels
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Atlantic Ocean Miami Beach
Downtown Miami
22
Bisc ayn e
Dadeland
Ba y
Year Built 1900
2010
Key Biscayne
INTRODUCTION
BUILT HISTORY
Lobby Pool Room where Miami was incoporated in 1896
High-rise hotels at Miami Beach
Thousands of years before Europeans arrived, a large portion of southeast Florida, including the area where Miami exists today, was inhabited by Tequestas (also Tekesta, Tegesta, Chequesta, Vizcaynos). Miami is named after the Mayaimi, a Native American tribe that lived around Lake Okeechobee until the 17th or 18th century. In 1566, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés was sent by the Spanish monarchy to remove the French from Florida ,where they had already established several colonies. Although Menéndez left behind two Jesuit missionaries in an attempt to convert the Tequesta to Roman Catholicism, the tribe were indifferent to their teachings. The Jesuits returned to St. Augustine after a year. Fort Dallas was built in 1836 and functioned as a military base during the Second Seminole War.
High-rise building under constructions in 2007
Southeast Financial Center
Historic buildings on Ocean Drive at Miami Beach
The Miami area was better known as “Biscayne Bay Country” in the early years of its growth. The few published accounts from that period describe the area as a wilderness that held much promise. The area was also characterized as “one of the finest building sites in Florida”. After the Great Freeze of 1894, the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle, a local landowner, convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to Miami. On July 28, 1896, Miami was officially incorporated as a city with a population of just over 300. Miami prospered during the 1920s, but weakened when the real-estate bubble burst in 1925, which was shortly followed by the 1926 Miami Hurricane and (continued on page 20) 23
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DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE (from page 19) the Great Depression in the 1930s. When World War II began, Miami played an important role in the battle against German submarines due to its location near the southern tip of Florida. The war helped to increase Miami’s population to almost half a million. After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many Cubans emigrated to Miami, further increasing the population. In the 1980s and 1990s, various crises struck
South Florida, among them the Arthur McDuffie beating and the subsequent riot, drug wars, Hurricane Andrew, and the Elián González affair. Despite these, Miami became a major international, financial, and cultural center.estations.
Mediterranean Revival
Frame Vernacular
1840
Frame Vernacular refers to a simple wood frame building that is built from the builder’s experience based on available resources and local environment. These buildings are typically rectangular. They are usually one or two stories in height, with one-story front porches, and gabled or hipped roofs with overhanging eaves. Ornamentation is sparse, and includes shingles, cornerboards, porch columns, brackets, rafter tails, vents in the gable ends, and oolitic limestone detailing.
Mediterranean Revival reflects the architectural influences of the Mediterranean coast including Italian, Byzantine, French, and Moorish themes from southern Spain. Decorations around openings, balconies, and cornices usually have elements from Spanish baroque style. Parapets, twisted columns, pediments, and other classical details also are frequently used. Arches are often featured. Patios, courtyards, balconies, and loggias replace the front porch. Fenestration is usually the casement type. With its elaborate detailing, Mediterranean Revival architecture works best in large buildings.
1910
Art Deco The Art Deco style first arrived in America after the Paris Exposition of 1925. The style features applied decoration based on organic forms and geometric patterns. Forms are angular, and facades often stepped back, especially in taller buildings. Decorative elements range from industrial to Egyptian, Mayan, and American Indian themes. Building forms and decoration generally have a vertical orientation. In South Florida, nautical and tropical motifs, such as palm trees, flamingos, pelicans, the moon, and the ocean, are reflected in bas-relief stucco panels, etched glass, and murals.
1920
1930
TRODUCTION ModernI N High-rise
Streamline Moderne Streamline Moderne, which depicted the laws of aerodynamics in architecture, reflected the increasing speed of travel in the 1930s. Building forms evoke automobiles, trains, ocean liners, and airplanes. Massing reflects abstract, simplified forms with rounded corners devoid of much applied decoration. Features of these buildings typical to the Miami area are “eyebrow” ledges over the windows, front porches, nautical motifs like porthole windows, and basrelief panels depicting tropical scenes. Streamline Moderne buildings commissioned by the Public Works Administration (Depression Moderne) reflect a greater use of conservative and classical elements.
The Freedom Tower, built in 1925, is Miami’s best-known early tower and remains an icon of the city. Today, only two of the city’s 25 tallest buildings were completed before the year 2000, and the city has one of largest skylines in the United States.
Miami Modern (MiMo) The prosperity of post-World War II America is reflected in the inventive designs of the Miami Modern style. The Miami Modern style evolved from Art Deco and Streamline Modern designs, reflecting greater modern functional simplicity. Although the style was used on various types of buildings, it is typified by futuristic-looking hotel and motels. Characteristics include the use of geometric patterns, kidney and oval shapes, curves, stylized sculpture, cast concrete decorative panels and stonework depicting marine and nautical themes, particularly at the entrances. Overhanging roof plates and projecting floor slabs with paired or clustered supporting pipe columns, as well as open-air verandas and symmetrical staircases are also typical design features.
1940
1960
Present
Reference: Miami City Architectural Styles, http://www.historicpreservationmiami.com/style.html
F LO O D O R I E N T E D D ES I G N : T H E P U B L I C R E A L M A N D S E A L E V E L R I S E I N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
T R A N S P O R TAT I O N + O P E N S PAC E MA P
5
I-9
Atlantic Ocean
I-195
I-395
Miami Beach
26
Bisc ayn e
Dadeland
Ba y
Downtown Miami
Metrorail MetroMover Golf Courses
Key Biscayne
Public Parks
INTRODUCTION
TRANSPORTATION + OPEN SPACE
D OW N TOW N M I A M I ME T R OMOVE R Miami is an incredibly auto-oriented city with the 5th highest congestion in the United States, and 10th highest in the world. Miami’s residents each spend close to 65 hours a year waiting in traffic. South Florida’s long and thing urban form means that drivers are restricted to just a few major highways, including Interstate 95, of which the Miami portion ranks as one of America’s deadliest roads. There are a series of crucial causeways that connect Miami and Miami Beach across Biscayne Bay, carrying over 300,000 people each day.
Despite the automobile dominance, Miami-Dade has some transit options. Along with a bus network, Miami has a downtown people mover known as the MetroMover, and an elevated heavyrapid transit system called the Metrorail. Both of these systems are elevated, a response to the threat of flooding while also ensuring an exclusive right-of-way. Perhaps linked to its car cultue, Miami has the lowest share of public parkland of any American city (beaches excluded) at 6%. In contrast, Miami Dade has an incredible amount of space dedicated to public and private golf courses, the equivalent of almost 4,000 football fields.
Image Source: http://www.simplymiami.org/Smiami/img/miami_metrorail.jpg Information Source: https://archpaper.com/2017/04/miami-public-transportation-plans/#gallery-0-slide-0
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SITE VISIT In early February, the Penn Studio group traveled to South Florida to explore sites, attend meetings with stakeholders, and lead a design workshop with students from Florida International University. We were inspired by the rich design heritage of South Florida: Miami Beach boasts an impressive collection of historic buildings in Art Deco and “Miami Modern” (MiMo) styles, many of which are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In contrast, the new Pérez Art Museum, located on the waterfront in Miami, showcases contemporary architecture that deals with the vulnerability of the site and potential threats of climate change. Parking is located on the ground floor beneath the museum, and the gallery space is elevated above near-term sea level threats. The raised elevation of the building provides an opportunity for an open-air, waterfront terraced public space, topped with sitting areas naturally cooled by shade and lush vegetation. Both the historic MiMo and Art Deco District and contemporary Peréz Art Museum offer examples of historic character, local trends, and an useful examples of how to design within the Miami context. The studio team also met with key players in the Miami region’s fight against the rising sea. Miami Beach’s head engineer Bruce Mowery gave the group a tour of Sunset Harbor, one of the most threatened neighborhoods of Miami Beach. It has been the target of nearly half a billion dollars in work to raise the streets and critical infrastructure. The new streets create an interesting condition where the sidewalk and the outdoor seating of restaurants are now several feet below the new street grade. Similar to the Pérez Art Museum, this creates opportunities for unique public realm design. In Sunset Harbor there is now space for shaded sidewalk cafés that both engage with the street but are also protected from it. Mowery’s tour allowed the students to see other infrastructure projects including seawalls and new flood pumps. His enthusiasm for protecting Miami 28
Beach is an asset to the community. The students’ time with Mowery showed them that urban design and engineering interventions need to work together to maximize the benefits and protection for climate change. In an exercise in community engagement, PennDesign students helped lead a Miami resiliency workshop. The event was co-hosted by ARCADIS, the Netherlands Consulate General of Miami, and Florida International University, and included lectures and break-out discussion groups. The primary talk was given by Henk Ovink, Special Envoy for International Water Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, who served on President Barack Obama’s resiliency task force in the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy. Mr. Ovink discussed the challenges Miami is facing and ways to start addressing them, as well as his experiences from travelling the world and advising governments how to work with water and tackle the impacts of climate change. The break-out discussion groups paired climate change experts with students to discuss the challenges and solutions for infrastructure, policy and governance, the economy, and communities, as each of these topics reacts and responds to sea-level rise differently in Miami. After our return to Philadelphia we began working on design interventions that aim to not only make the city more resilient, but also to create high quality public spaces in South Florida.
INTRODUCTION
MIAMI BEACH
MIAMI
DA DE L A ND
29
Gray to Green
F L O O D O R I E N T E D D E S I G N : T HMiami E P U BBeach L I C R Efully A L Mwithin A N D 100 S E Ayr.L FEMA E V E L Rflood I S E Izone N M I A M I , F LO R I DA
Miami Beach
N 0
32
1.5
3 mi
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
MIAMI BEACH UNDER THREAT
s
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ric sto
i uild
B
Hi
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in ark
P
& ot L t
an
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When people think of Miami Beach, people always think of the bustling beaches, bars, sunshine and night lifes, and tend to neglect thinking too hard about other parts of the place. Yet Miami Beach is full of diverse land uses and impressive cultural resources. It also features plenty of impervious surfaces, and there is a noticable lack of public space. Besides the east side of the city along the beach, there are not often many people on the streets out walking or doing activities. A lack of street furniture and tree canopy leads to less outdoor activities. Moreover, although the city has very diverse styles of neighborhoods, their distinctive characteristics are not always identifiable to the public. The hope behind this project is to emphasize the diversity on Miami Beach, and change people’s image of the city as only about hotels and the beach. As more investments are coming into the city, there are currently many infrastructure improvements in the pipeline, such as those at 11th street and Española Way. This would be the best timing to propose for “Grey to Green” which could set up an adaptive guideline of what type of infrastructure should be put where and may be applied in reality.
es p y dT
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a Ro
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U nd La
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tio
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SYSTEM OF INTERVENTIONS “Grey to Green” at Miami Beach is a public realm project dealing with storm surge and potential sea level rise，，。, It aims to design a system of space-making strategies and infrastructure improvements that could be applied flexibly across the city in a variety of different contexts. Based on existing road typologies, land use and cultural resources, this project works with three major elements, which are transportation corridors, historic assets, and public spaces. Through providing better water collections on street by using green infrastructure, creating more public gather spaces by transforming parking lots into pocket parks, as well as offering easily accessible public education materials on historic architecture, this project aims to increase infrastructure resiliency, reduce potential flooding impact on historic buildings, and enhance a sense of place across neighborhoods.
LANDUSE
A SYSTEM
munity
USE OPPORTUNITIES
STREET
Flexiblesystem system that that the Flexible means interventions could fit intodiverse interventions can fit into diverse land-use in Beach Miami land-uses in Miami
Compatible interventions which
Compatible interventions create diversity through different which create diversity through ways of combining interventions combination
10th St
CH
Source: xxxxxx
50 yrs 100 yrs
34
Adaptive interventions that
Adaptive interventions that rise grow according to sea-level change according sea-level from short-term to to long-term rise and apply in the short-term and long-term
TARGETED SITE
Beach
VACANCY
WATERFRONT
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
THE METRICS LAND USE
COMMERCIAL
LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL
HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL
HISTORIC PATH Walking path with educational boards at historic hotels
POCKET PARK Utilizing spaces between buildings as small parks
OBSERVATION DECK Adding observation deck at historic districts for better view of water
SKYWALK
TRANSPORTATION HUB
Lifted walking pathing connected with high-rise residential
Raising transportation stations and connect with existing residential buildings
COMMUNITY CENTER
RECREATIONAL PLAZA
Transforming existing parking lots into community gathering spaces
CINEMA SHOWING Adding outdoor showing function to seawalls
Transforming parking lots into skateboarding and fishing spots
NATURAL COASTAL Increasing resiliency of coastal area through planting mangroves
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COMMUNITY HUB
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RECREATIONAL
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
PLAZA
EDUCATIONAL GARDEN All of the interventions in our systems will have both a short-term and a long-term vision to deal with increasing sea level rise. The short-term proposal is a 15-year plan anticipating 1-foot sea level rise, and the long-term proposal is a response to a 3-feet increase of sea level at 2070. 10th Street on South Beach is the site of the proposed pilot project to show how these diverse interventions could combine with each other and create dynamic public spaces. in the context of sea level rise. 10th Street starts with the artdeco museum on the beach side and ends with the high-rise condos on the bay side, and the middle part of the street is dominated by low-rise residential. The overall street would be transfered into three parts with different identities of space: “educational garden” in the art-deco district, “recreational plaza” within the residential area, and “community hub” in the high-rise bay side. 37
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EDUCATIONAL GARDEN Although it has a relatively short history, Miami Beach can boast a large amount of historic buildings that are valuable to the public. H I S T O R I C PAT H Existing
Short-Term In order to allow the public to appreciate the historic buildings better, boardwalks are built with mangrove planted below. The road is raised in order to deal with one foot of sea-level rise.。。。
O B S E R VAT I O N D E C K Existing
Short-Term In order to allow the public to see the water from Ocean Drive, even in a future with higher dunes, and obeservation deck can be built to offer tourists and residents a better view.
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HISTORIC PATH
OBSERVATION DECK
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
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EDUCATIONAL GARDEN Although it has a relatively short history, Miami Beach can boast a large amount of historic buildings that are valuable to the public.
H I S T O R I C PAT H Long-term While a raised roach can still be used for motor vehicles, most side walks will be underwater with three feet sea-level rise. New paths in the long-term will be used as pedestrian walks that connects the historic buildings with the road.
O B S E R VAT I O N D E C K Long-Term With a sea-level raise of 3 feet, there will be less accessibility to buildings. Thus the observation deck is enlonged to connect with the floor of historic buildings, which not only could provide more entry points, but also ourdoor seating areas, which are lost as sea level rises.
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OBSERVATION DECK
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
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RECREATIONAL PLAZA As public transportation must be the major means of commuting in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, demand of parking lots will also decrease. The existing parking lots could be transformed into infrastructure that would not only provide recreational activities, but also reduce potential flooding from precipitation by collecting water.
R E C R E AT I O N A L P L A Z A Existing
Short-Term The parking lot is transformed into skateboarding and basketball courts, encouraging outdoor activities while offering more spaces for collecting water.
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RECREATIONAL PLAZA
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/305118943476756745/ https://architizer.com/blog/skatepark-flooding/
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RECREATIONAL PLAZA As public transportation must be the major means of commuting in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, demand of parking lots will also decrease. The existing parking lots could be transformed into infrastructure that would not only provide recreational activities, but also reduce potential flooding from precipitation by collecting water.
R E C R E AT I O N A L P L A Z A Long-Term With three feet of sea-level rise, while the road is going to be raised, the skateboard yard could be completely inundated and instead used for fishing, while the basketball court could be transformed into a swimming pool.
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M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
http://www.heights-holdings.com/images/wp/gallery-water-park-3d-ground-floor-pool.jpg https://architizer.com/blog/skatepark-flooding/
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COMMUNITY HUB Located along the waterfront of a mostly residential area, the community hub concept aims to fully utilize spaces between waterfront and residential areas. CINEMA SHOWING Existing
Short-Term An outdoor theater on the raised seawall could be a valuable community gathering place.
N AT U R A L C O A S TA L Existing
Short-Term Private property owners could receive incentives to plant mangroves along their waterfront which could effectively mitigate waves and flooding during storms..
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CINEMA SHOWING
NATURAL COASTAL
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
https://archpaper.com/2015/09/milwaukees-new-gateway/ https://www.pinterest.com/1013a/steps/?lp=true
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COMMUNITY HUB Located along the waterfront of a mostly residential area, the community hub concept aims to fully utilize spaces between waterfront and residential areas.
CINEMA SHOWING Long-Term The seawall would prevent the outdoor theater from been fully submerged, and which will be connected to high-rise residential building by a skyway and used for walking and running activities.
N AT U R A L C O A S TA L Long-Term Private property owners would be compelled to install a passive flooding mitgation system, which would respond to rising water by pushing up a gate and preventing water from going into the building.
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CINEMA SHOWING
NATURAL COASTAL
M I A M I B E A C H G R AY T O G R E E N
https://archpaper.com/2015/09/milwaukees-new-gateway/ https://www.pinterest.com/1013a/steps/?lp=true https://www.pinterest.com/pin/563161128381591524/
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WATER HAZARD!
The Miami Beach Golf Club covers 143 acres on the western (and lower) side of Miami Beach. The publicly owned course is projected to run at a loss of $120,000 in 2017. But given rising seas in coming years, its future financial picture will be significantly bleaker. To raise the entire course above increasingly higher water levels is cost prohibitive, and to wall it off is impossible. In the not-todistant future, the position of the Miami Beach Golf Club and its
surrounding communities may be untenable. The peril of the Miami Beach Golf Club is not unique. Half of Greater Miami golf courses have the majority of their land within the current flood plain. But this misfortune for golf courses presents an opportunity for society. Greater Miami has the smallest percentage of public parkland of any major American city. This plan aims to transform the Miami Beach Golf Club into a public wetland park:
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INSPIRATIONS
QUNLI WE T L A ND
INTERVENTIONS + KEY CASE STUDIES
Designed by the renowned landscape architecture firm Turenscape, the Qunli Wetland Park in Harbin, China, is a masterpiece of public space, resilient ecoinfrastructure, and home to major cultural institutions.
Indigenous to tropical coasts around the world, the mangrove plant hoists itself above the seawater on stilt-like roots. It is a natural form of coastal protection from waves and floods.
T H E MA NG R OV E
A residential building in The Hague, Netherlands, La FenĂŞtre is built on stilts that put the first habitable floors well above the busy highway below. The style of the building is reminiscent of the mangrove.
LA FENĂŠTRE
Sources: archdaily; Flickr Commons, user tentree; http:/ 5 7/efengshui.org,
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G O L F C O U R S E A D A P TAT I O N
MIAMI BEACH WETLAND PARK Any future redesign and re-use of the Miami Beach Golf Club must both respond to the imperatives of future sea level rise and also pass muster in the current political and economic climate. First, the redesign must provide revenue to offset the cost of the park’s construction. That can be done by designating key areas of the park for dense, profitable development. Second, the redesign must provide a real amenity to the neighborhood that currently enjoys the privledge of living adjacent to a golf course, otherwise the neighbors will have no incentive to lend their political support for the project.
S TO R E :
At an average 3ft depth, the new wetland can hold 214 Olympic-sized swimming pools of water.
Third, the redesign must provide an immediate and a long-term resilient benefit. The proposed project attempts to meet these difficult constraints. The new park will have opportunities for signature high-rise residential development, and the high profile of the project could attract big-name architects to do the work. The park will provide beautiful space for recreation, enjoying nature, and for relaxing to the neighbors that surround it. And finally, the park will open new area for the storage of floodwater, protecting the homes around it and providing a new buffer for parts of Miami Beach to the east.
AT T R A C T :
A unique public park with will draw tourists and residents.
R E B UI L D :
The development opportunities in the park will allow for showcase projects that can withstand high water.
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A DESIGN FOR MANY PURPOSES The central feature of the park is a large water chanel, cut through the site and connected underneath new bridges to the Biscayne Waterway in the north to the Collins Canal in the south. The shape of the waterway builds off of the existing water hazards on the course. This waterway will be open to kayaking canoeing, paddle boarding, swimming, and other water recreational activities. On the rest of the site, a new forest of mangrove trees will be planted, with pedestrian trails allowing visitors to wander through the new landscape. Throughout much of the southern two thirds of the site, the trails will be elevated, wide, and long giving visitors a view over the mangroves, across the waterway, and out to the landmark towers of Miami Beach. In the northeast of the site, the trails will decend into boardwalks sitting just above the water level, which will be slimmer, and turn more frequently, giving visitors the experience of solitude while enveloped in the mangrove forest landscape. Intersperced throughout the pathways a variety of features, like decks, stairs, gathering spaces, and an observation tower will invite visitors to linger, talk, play, think, and enjoy unique vantage points and experiences.
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P U B L I C S PAC E
BUILDINGS
WAT E R
G O L F C O U R S E A D A P TAT I O N
S I X WA Y S O F E X P E R I E N C I N G T H E M A N G R O V E F O R E S T
SPACE
EVENT
LOW
PATH
Room
Observation Tower
Flyover
Deck
Glass Bottom
HIGH
Boardwalk
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N E A R -T E R M P H A S I N G S T R AT E G Y Achieving the full-design of the New Miami Beach Wetland Park will likely take time and encounter political and financial obstacles. The plan could be phased-in to demonstrate value and lessen the drama of immediate and drastic change.
Existing water hazards are linked together and connected to the surrounding neighborhoods, allowing them to receive excess stormwater.
PHASE 1:
PHASE 2:
The western and most vulnerable side of the course is transformed first, and two of the three building sites are redeveloped.
The golf course becomes a 9-hole course.
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LO N G -T E R M P H A S I N G S T R AT E G Y In the future, as sea levels rise to directly threaten the homes to the west of the golf course and habitation of those areas becomes a hazard, the mangrove landscape of the wetland park could be pushed westward, northward, and southward, and begin to form a new resilient shoreline for central Miami Beach.
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INTRODUCTION
A V I E W F R O M T H E WAT E R
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Atlantic Ocean Miami Beach
Dadeland
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Elevated Transit System 100-Year Flood Zone
Key Biscayne
Storm Surge Zone
M I A M I - D A D E B AY L I N K
PRECARIOUS INFRASTRUCTURE
Hundreds of thousands of people cross Biscayne Bay every day across causeways that are just feet above the current sea level. These critical roadways are at risk, at the same time that they are allowing the emission of a tremendous amount of greenhouse gases. A ferry system would take drivers off the causeways and be able to operate even in a future with higher water. Along with the causeways, Miami’s north-south highways and boulevards have hih traffic volumes, due to the area’s
compressed and linear urban development. The proposed ferry system would serve north-south routes along the mainland shore as well, offer inga higher capacity commuting option that is less paralyzed by gridlock. This ferry system aims to be an anchor for flood-resilient stations and public spaces .The proposed ferry terminals will be designed to function even when water levels fluctuate, so that the ferry system always remains accessible the public.
B I S C A Y N E B A Y T R AV E L N U M B E R S
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336,688
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V E H I C L E S T H AT C R O S S B I S C AY NE B AY E A C H DAY
V E HI C L E PA S S E NG E R S T H AT C R O S S B I S C A Y N E B AY E A C H DAY
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SITE SELECTION DI AG R A M
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DESIGN SELECTION & TYPOLOGIES MARINE INFRASTRUCTURE There are enough marinas, ports, and boat docks dotting the coast that can be added to a ferry-system network with minimal cost and construction. These marinas are often close to commercial and tourism areas, creating the activity and attractions necessary to encourage transit ridership.
VAC A N T LOT S , D E N S E A R E A S Ferry terminals can be built on vacant properties in downtown locations adjacent to the river and coast. These sites can host transit-oriented development opportunities, anchored by the ferry terminal infrastructure and enlivened by active public spaces. These developments can be income-opportunities for Miami-Dade Transit to act as a property developer and owner, creating a new source of income to subsidize transit service.
PA R K S , G R E E N S PAC ES Parks and green spaces can be another asset for additional ferry stops. Many are often situated on the water and close to other transit service and attractions, and already have an existing public sphere. The implementation of moderate ferry infrastructure on water edges can give these spaces an additional purpose and liveliness.
T Y P O LO G I ES
MA R I NE
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M I A M I - DA DE S YS T E M WI DE MA P
M I A M I - D A D E B AY L I N K
PÉREZ DOWNTOWN Strategically placed within the financial district in the heart of downtown Miami, the Pérez-Downtown ferry stop connects to the newly designed Pérez Art Museum and the Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science. The plan reactivates the space by adding new public amenity and a new gallery space that contributes to a new cultural corridor.
SUNSET HARBOR Sunset Harbor ferry stop creates a new public amenity with a new type of infrastructure. The outdoor amphitheater serves as a buffer from the rising sea and adds coastline redundancy to this Miami Beach site. The new infrastructure accommodates the increased of boat use by providing more dock space.
GRAND TERMINAL Grand Terminal ferry stop is highly connected to the new Brickell City Center commercial development. This site is in close proximity to the Metromover and Bus Lines that connect downtown. This flood-resistant transit oridented development will house the new Miami-Dade transit headquarters.
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PÉREZ DOWNTOWN SITE CONDITIONS
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P É R E Z D OW N TOW N S I T E P L A N
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PEREZ DOWNTOWN FERRY STOP
Downtown ferry stop creates a new public realm amenity that gives community members a safe space for outdoor activities. The new park holds public events and gatherings that allows people to engage with their community and its members.
This new public park aims to help create and build a new sense of community in Miami’s downtown financial district. Social resiliency is built and maintained with strong communities members with access to healthy public parks.
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SUNSET HARBOR FERRY STOP
Sunset Harbor’s new ferry stop provides a new type of resilient infrastructure that creates coastline redundancy by creating an outdoor amphitheater. This new infrastructure also increases the amount of docks for boating, with the aim of reducing auto traffic.
This new recreational park increases the biodiversity of the Miami Beach landscape by introducing more plant life to the coast. This permeable coastline is able to absorb some of the shocks and stresses from storm surges.
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GRAND TERMINAL SITE CONDITIONS
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G R A ND T E R M I N A L S I T E P L A N
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GRAND TERMINAL FERRY STOP Grand Terminal is the heart of the new ferry network, strategically located on the Miami River in the heart of Downtown Miami. Flanked with new residential and office buildings, Grand Terminal also has the space for the expanded headquarters of MiamiDade Transit. It is a multi-modal station with access to ferries, the metromover, and bus routes. It has an innovative pontoon floating dock that allows the boats to still servce the terminal, even when water
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Dislodging Pontoon Pavement
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ng On Water
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STEPPING UP The challenge of protecting buildings from sea level rise has caused developers to elevate first floors above the street. Although this protects the building from flooding, it disconnects building from the streets and weakens the public realm. The goal of Building on Water is to create a record of innovative best practices for new urban development and existing development modifications that protects buildings from sea level rise, while also engaging the street and resuling in an active public realm. A major part of the benefits of this new development model is the inclusion of best stormwater management practices, including: greenroofs, rain gardens, bioswales, porous pavement, and stormwater collection cisterns. In addition to these design elements, urban agriculture, rooftop solar farms, renewable power storage, and naturalized amenity spaces provide redundancy in water management practices and renewable energy sources. The photos on the right show stairs leading up to key civic buildings in Miami. The use of stairs separates the streets from the street and pubic realm, but provides additional elevation to protect from flooding.
American Airlines Arena
Perez Art Museum
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B U I L D I N G O N WAT E R
These sections show how existing streets and building lack the design to compact sea level rise and climate change and how a single storm could destroy the utility of a building.
DRY E XI ST I NG B UI L DI NG CONDI T I ON
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M I A M I B E AC H D E V E LO P M E N T Miami Beach has been experiencing increased flooding and infrastructure damage from saltwater intrusion. The city has already begun raising streets. This is a costly investment and is done by adding fill over the current roads. Raising roads around existing buildings causes for first floors to be sunken and makes the first floors more susceptible to flooding and less able to collect insurance in the event. This development model was modified and improved upon to create the Building on Water concept and typologies.
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Atlantic Ocean
MIAMI
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E X I S T I N G G R AY I N F R A S T R U C T U R E Miami-Dade County has 36% of all land uses categorized as impervious. These impervious surfaces cause stormwater to floodwater management systems and contribute to urban heat island affect, Adapting existing gray infrastructure is critical for evolving the public realm to be resilient against climate change
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORKS Miami-Dade County has just 6% of land uses categorized as parks. With the high percentage of impervious surfaces it is important to expand green infrastructure networks to better absorb, store, and naturally release stormwater into the water system and create public amenity space that combats climate change, urban heat island affect, and flooding.
S TA N D A R D S F O R F U T U R E D E V E LO P M E N T In 2016, 23,500 condominiums were built in Miami, with 8 million square feet of commercial space in the pipeline to be developed in the following few years. All future infrastructure needs to be developed at the highest standards of resilient design to protect future generations from climate change and allow Miami to better react to storm events. The buildings built today will directly experience the effects of climate change in the decades to come.
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CONCEPT DIAGRAM The diagram below shows how Building on Water uses stormwater cisterns and parking lots to elevate the ground level up to 12 feet. The stormwater cisterns and parking lots provide water storage locations during flooding events. In addition to the elevated ground level, the incorporation of best stormwater management practices provides natural pathways for water to absorb and be utilized, as well as create public amenity space that combats climate change and the urban heat island affect.
Building on Water Concept Diagram
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These sections show how this system of green infrastructure improvements and gray infrastructure development is able to absorb and store water and provide a strong public realm during dry times and during flooding events.
E L E VAT E D B U I L D I N G A N D R O A D S
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S I T E LO C AT I O N Just north of downtown Miami is the American Airlines Arena and PĂŠrez Art Museum. Both of these building are important civic spaces for the city and are located along the MetroMover. To the west of these buildings are blocks of vacant parcels and surface level parking spaces. This is the proposed location of the pilot development of Building on Water. It is a compelling site because of its proximity to important civic spaces, the MetroMover, and the Miami World Center. The Miami World Center is under construction and will bring lots of activity to this currently vacant area.
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B U I L D I N G O N WAT E R
T Y P O LO G I ES Three typologies were created to help develop this new site and the Building on Water concept. The first of these typologies looks at the public realm and providing amenity space to the area. The retired rail line will provide a new trail to connect the Miami World Center to the American Airlines Arena. This typology shows how we can improve the public realm and the physical environment.
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The second typology shows the shared road and the surrounding systems that contribute to green and gray water management. The shared road is designed with porous pavement that allows water to naturally filter and return to the water system. This typology shows how we can redesign roads to engage better with the public realm and environment.
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The third typology shows how the new building model is developed at the highest standards of resilient design with green roofs, urban agriculture, solar panels and battery storage, rain gardens, bioswales, water cisterns below roads and buildings, and a floodable parking lot.. This typolgy shows how we can create an innovative model of buildings that add redundancies to the water management and energy system.
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WAT E R S T O R A G E
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PHASING The scale of this intervention is large and therefore, phasing this development needs to be strategic. The first phase should develop vacant and parking lot parcels that are currently under utilized. With these lots the development of the Building on Water typology model will raise the streets and public realm above existing grade.
P HA S E O NE
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The second phase will retrofit existing buildings in the area, to repurpose the first floors for water storage and parking. By making these changes the existing buildings will safely flood from sea level rise and flooding events.
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Canal Works
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T R A I L NE T WO R K + C A N A L S YS T E M MA P
Atlantic Ocean Miami Beach
Downtown Miami
Dadeland Key Biscayne
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THE CANAL WORKS
INTRODUCTION
E XI S I T I NG
R I G H T- O F - WA Y A L O N G D A D E L A N D C A N A L
The Canal Works project aims to identify best practices for creating assets out of the many underutilized inland waterways throughout South Florida. Taking advantage of these often overlooked areas and integrating the public realm with flood protection strategies such as dikes, wetland restoration, new trails, and public facilities can help stitch together disparate parts of the urban fabric, and create a more cohesive trail network in
the region. These interventions should be developed in a way that creates a free ‘third place’ for gathering and recreation. This is informed by the goal of encouraging social connections that are not based on auto and retail-centric activities prevalent in South Florida. Other interventions being explored are urban agriculture- such as tropical fruit bearing trees- and the integration of renewable energy systems.
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THE TOOLKIT ILL RIVER
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Educational programs and exhibits to teach residents about sustainable and resilience best practices. Space for local community groups, young adult meetups, youth events, etc. Green roof and sustainable building practices.
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New Trails will connect exisiting and future pedestrian and bicycle networks. Sports fields and playgrounds will create active spaces for locals. Elevated tracks act as flood barriers during storms.
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Plantings will include tropical fruit bearing trees that allow for interactive landscaping and urban foraging. Community Garden space incorporating art walls will bring creative minds together and encourage relationships between artisits and local green thumbs
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INTERVENTIONS + KEY CASE STUDIES
Temporary structures create flexible programmable space to enhance the visitor experience, and catch attention of passersby. Venue for art shows, galleries, community meetings, and other events. Utilizes recycled materials and incorporates green roofs and rain gardens.
T Y P O LO G I ES
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SUBURBAN
AUTO - O R I E N T E D
THE CANAL WORKS
CURRENT SITE CONDITIONS SN
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DADELAND SOCIAL RESILIENCE PARK The Social Resilience Park is the synthesis of the Canal Works Toolkit. Located at the booming Dadeland area, the park provides an essential community gathering space, a connection to multiple regional trails, and the two busiset Metrorail stops. The main goal of the park is to use creative placemaking strategies, such as a shipping container village, mural art walls, and garden plots to create an interesting location with around112
the-clock programming. The exisitng banyan trees are preserved to provide shade along the trail that acts as a flood protection berm. The new naturalized water edge filters and treats runoff, and creates a new space for residents to engage with the waterway. The park also includes a community center, which would be the only such building within a mile of the site.
THE CANAL WORKS
N O TA B L E F E AT U R E S Community Center 2
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SITE PLAN OF DADELAND NORTH TOD The Dadeland site is at the confluence of multiple trail systems and potential future trails. Near an abandoned railroad track that extends 5 miles to the north, the Miami Underline, and the East Coast Greenway, the park can tie together these currently fragmented trails. The bridge across the canal is a new connection for pedestrians and cyclists traveling from the developments north of Dadeland mall and the nearby
transit station to the Downtown Dadeland area south of the mall.. Additionally, new greenspace in the form of green roofs are proposed on the top of the Dadeland mall, this serves as increased open space as well as water retention and mitigation space. The stacked garden homes, modeled off of Bjarke Ingles’ Mountain Dwellings create a public realm in a dense development.
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ARTIST WALLS + MURALS
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COMMUNITY GARDENS
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STACKED GARDEN HOMES
D ES I G N E D TO F LO O D Given the increased difficulty in gravity based draining, and expected increase in heavy storm events, the site is designed to flood. Topography allows for controlled inundations, as well as to direct runoff through stormwater infrastructure before entering the area’s waterways.
N E W T Y P O LO G I ES FO R L I V I N G The stacked garden homes feature a new form of urban development in the area. Modelled off of the architecture firm B.I.G’s “Mountain Dwellings” this typology incorporates public realm and outdoor spaces in a stacked configuration, creating a dense and elevated neighborhood. Garden patches, green roofs, and paths create spaces for water capture, urban agriculture, and recreation in a dense development.
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THE CANAL WORKS
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INTRODUCTION
Edge-ucation Park
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C O NNE C T WO R K SYST E M DI AG R A M
Atlantic Ocean
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Support the Grid
Educate on Renewable Energy
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Downtown Miami
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Key Biscayne
Proposed Park Nodes Existing Trail Network
E D G E - U C AT I O N PA R K S Y S T E M
THE EDGE-UCATION PARK SYSTEM The largest single source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States comes from the production of electricity which involves the burning of coal, natural gas, and oil. In 2015, 51% of greenhouse gas emissions in Miami-Dade county came from electricity production. Miami-Dade is dependent on electricity for water treatment and sewer management, which makes up 27% of the total public-sector electricity consumption. Not only is this dependance helping cause the problem, it also is its own problem. An advocacy group, The Union of Concerned Scientists have warned that a single Category 3 Hurricane could inundate 20% of the area’s electrical generating capacity, causing massive power outages in the region. In the United States, the most vulnerable populations within the flood zone are those with the least wealth. Often, they are unable to afford home insurance or afford to move. The Edge-
ucation Park project intentionally targets areas of Miami that have high rates of poverty, with the goal of creating and storing energy to supplement the local substations when a major flood or storm event occurs. The concept for the Edge-ucation Park has four main aspects: (1) create redundancy in the energy grid in an area that is disadvantaged, (2) educate residents of the impact of sea level rise and global warming at a local level, (3) showcase the future of what energy production could be and (4) provide park and open space that facilities community building for greater social resiliency. The elements of the Edge-ucation Park can be assembled anywhere there is sun, wind or flowing water, and will serve as a model for a future network of sites that provide a resiliency benefit to the region.
100 Year Flood Plane Census Tracts with over 30% Population below federal poverty line
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EXISTING TRAIL NETWORK
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THE REGIONAL VIEW
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CURRENT SITE CONDITIONS
Source: Google Maps
BOARDWALK LANDING AT BRIDGE
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BRIDGE ACROSS RIVER
EXISTING BASKETBALL COURTS
E D G E - U C AT I O N PA R K S Y S T E M
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S K AT E P O O L S I T E P L A N T H E S K AT E P O O L The site plan above and axonometric diagrams on the following pages illustrate how the “Skate Pool” park harnesses water, wind, and sun to add strength to the energy grid and while still providing space for activities. Instead of fighting to keep water out with ugly cement sea walls and barricades the Skate Pool builds off of Dutch water storage ideas by incorporating the water rise into the function of the space. The Skate Pool acts both as a seawall and recreation area without blocking access and views to the Miami River.
As the Miami River rises due to a large tide or a storm surge, the Skate Pool acts as a reservoir to retain excess water that otherwise would flood neighboring sites. The floor of the Skate Pool is purposefully designed with varying elevations to allow for recreation access until the site is saturated. The Skate Pool not only retains water, but it puts that water to work. As water rises and fills in the pool, it passes through pipes that contain hydro-kinetic turbines. Water spins the turbines as it flows in and out, generating electricity. All energy captured onsite is used to power lighting for the park, providing a safe and welcoming place to spend time.
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THE SKATE POOL
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R E N E WA B L E E N E R GY I N T H E P U B L I C R E A L M Many people do not understand the direct connection that traditional energy production from oil and gas has on worsening climate change. This diagram illustrates a toolkit of renewable energy interventions that can be applied at almost any scale to supplement the energy grid in a community, as well as educate the public on what the future of energy production will necessarily look like.
1. HYDRO-KINETIC RIVER TURBINE The current of the Miami River is the perfect place to harness hydro-kinetic power for this light system that runs from the energy it produces under water.
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2. ANGLER LAMP The lamp glows bright as the river runs fast and dim when the flow is slow; signaling to park goers the close connection between water and power.
3. WIND TURBINE Vertical wind turbines are well suited for urban settings, taking up far less land than traditional wind generators. Miami’s proximity to the ocean also provides the generators with consistent breezes.
4. HYDRO PIPE TURBINE 6.
As tides and floods occur along the riverbank, water will flow in and out, spinning the turbines along the pipe and producing energy.
5. SOLAR CELL SHADE The photovoltaic system generates power for a cell charging station completely off the grid. It can serve as a place of refuge during a power outage in the surrounding neighborhood.
6 . S O L A R C E L L S E AT The battery serves to signal users how much energy the PV system is producing, as well as how much energy their charge is drawing, to illustrate the give and take of the photovoltaic system.
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A SPACE FOR ENERGY + EDUCATION
0 FO OT RISE
CON C E P T R E NDE R I NG SEA LEVEL RISE IN THE PUBLIC REALM
1 FO OT RISE
The Skate Pool utilizes an array of elevations to allow for water to be incorporated into the site while still maintaining elements of recreation and the public space. As increased flooding occurs along the Miami River the soft edge of the park allows for parts of the walkways to be inundated while still maintaining access to portions of the skate park, as well as the charging stations. The future of energy needs to be renewable if sea level rise is to be mitigated. The network of Edge-ucation Parks model at a local level how how energy production should look and work. The intention is to help residents of visualize a connection between the impact of sea level rise and the energy they use every day.
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THE EDGE-UCATION PARK ENERGY SYSTEM
A N I M AT I O N C A N B E F O U N D AT : H T T P S : // W W W.Y O U T U B E . C O M / WAT C H ? V = Z J H R E E 1 X F 9 4 O R , S E A R C H : “ S K AT E P O O L T Y P O L O G Y A N I M AT I O N ” O N Y O U T U B E 127
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CO N C LU S I O N
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Public Realm Studio team would like to thank our instructors Stefan Al, Associate Professor of Urban Design from the University of Pennsylvania and Edgar Westerhof, Arcadis Flood Risk & Resilience Lead for both the guidance and connections they provided throughout the spring semester. We would also like to acknowledge the multiple organizations that partnered with us in our research and analysis of the Sea Level Rise in the South Florida region, including the South Florida Regional Planning Commission, the City of Miami Planning Commission, Miami Beach Planning Commission, the Miami-Dade County Office of Resilience, the Broward County Environmental Planning and Community Resilience Office, Arcadis, and the FIU Sea Level Rise Solutions Center. All providing valuable knowledge through web chats to inform our project. Thank you also to Samantha Danchuck of the Broward county environmental planning and community resilience division; Katherine Hagemann the Sustainability Initiatives Coordinator of the Miami-Dade County Office of Resilience; Elizabeth Wheaton, Environment and Sustainability Director of the City of Miami Beach; and Robert Daoust of Arcadis for taking time out of their busy schedules to speak with us throughout the semester. A special thanks goes to Bruce Mowery for taking our group on a tour of Sunset Harbor despite the intense Miami heat. Last but not least, we are indebted to FIU and Tiffany Troxler of the Sea Level Rise Solutions Center for helping us host a workshop at the Florida International University Miami Beach Studio during our visit. As well as the students of FIU for participating. We also would like to thank Henk Ovink the Special Envoy for International Water Affairs for the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Principal of Rebuild by Design for speaking at both our workshop in Miami and again at our midreview in Philadelphia. We also would not have been able to host either of these events without the partnership of the Dutch Consulate in Miami and the Perry World House at the University of Pennsylvania.
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