Wind Bulletin ISSUE 2 September 2016
Wi n d E n e r g y A r o u n d t h e Wo rl d
P04 2016 Small Wind World Report Summary
P06
The Development of Chinese Small Wind Generators
P20
SMALL WIND TECHNOLOGY: Developing Bankable Proposals Supported by a Quality Infrastructure
From The Editor Dear friends of WWEA, With this Bulletin, we have the pleasure to present you with a special edition dedicated to small wind turbines, a growing segment within the family of renewable energy technologies. For many years now, WWEA has been supporting this technology, which calls for different approaches than the “large” wind turbines. Small wind applications are often found in offgrid areas and hybrid systems, and also in household or “behind the meter” consumption. The articles in this Bulletin are based on the presentations given during the World Wind Summit for Small Wind 2016. They give us a snapshot of where small wind stands today: readers will find country specific information and case studies from Austria, China and St. Helena Island, as well as articles about how to make small wind projects feasible and bankable. One important focus of WWEA’s work on small wind has always been on quality and reliability of small wind turbines. Without doubt, it is still difficult for consumers today to understand the small wind market and to choose the right products. Hence I am especially pleased about IRENA’s contribution on how to create a quality infrastructure, including standards and certification, to support healthy markets for small wind.
With best wishes,
Stefan Gsänger Secretary General World Wind Energy Association
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Wind Bulletin ISSUE 2 September 2016
Published by World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) Produced by Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA)
Editorial Committee Editor-in-Chief: Stefan Gsänger Associate Editor-in-Chief: Shi Pengfei Paul Gipe Jami Hossain Editors: Martina Bachvarova Shane Mulligan Yu Guiyong Visual Design: Liu Zhan
Contact Martina Bachvarova mb@wwindea.org Tel. +49-228-369 40-80 Fax +49-228-369 40-84 WWEA Head Office Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5, 53113 Bonn, Germany A detailed supplier listing and other information can be found at www.wwindea.org Yu Guiyong yugy@cwea.org.cn Tel. +86-10-5979 6665 Fax +86-10-6422 8215 CWEA Secretariat 28 N. 3rd Ring Road E., Beijing, P. R. China A detailed supplier listing and other information can be found at www.cwea.org.cn
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01 From the Editor
Report 04 2016 Small Wind World Report Summary
Regional Focus 06 The Development of Chinese Small Wind Generators
08 Small Wind Power in Austria
12 Hybrid Energy on St. Helena Island – Results and Lessons Learned
Optimizing Small Wind 16 Methodology for a Bankable Wind Measurement Program for Small Wind Projects
20 SMALL WIND TECHNOLOGY: Developing Bankable Proposals Supported by a Quality Infrastructure
24 Parametric Study of Influencing Parameters for Micro Urban Wind Turbines
26 QiLOAD, a Load Profile Assessment and Forecast Tool for Microgrid Design and Optimization
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Report
ISSUE 2 September 2016
2016
SMALL WIND WORLD REPORT SUMMARY - World market for small wind turbines reaches 830 MW, a growth rate of 10,9 %, after 10,4 % in the previous year. - FITs in UK and Italy boost markets, under 15kW segment adversely effected.
As of the end of 2014, the
recorded small wind capacity installed worldwide has reached more than
830MW. This represents a growth rate of 10,9 % over 2013, when 749 MW
were registered. The 2013 gure was 10,3% higher than the 2012 total of
678 MW installed. China accounts for
41 % of the global capacity, the USA for 30 % and UK for 15%.
As of the end of 2014, a
cumulative total of at least 945’000
small wind turbines were installed all
over the world.
This is an increase of 8,3 %
(7,4 % in 2013) compared with the previous year, when 872’000 units were registered.
The increased rate in units
installed in 2014 was especially notable in China, UK and Italy.
China continues clearly to be the
market leader in terms of installed units: 64’000 units were added in 2014, 9’000 more than in 2013, reaching 689’000 units installed by the end of 2014.
The small wind market in the
UK saw an increase in the number
of installations in 2014 despite the unfortunate changes in the feed-
in scheme introduced in the UK in
November 2012. 2’237 SWTs were installed in 2014, a substantial
increase compared with only 500 units
installed during 2013, but still far from the numbers reached in 2012.
The booming market of the recent
years, Italy, grew by 71% reaching 1’610 units by the end of 2014.
Want to know more? find the complete summary report at: small-wind.org
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ISSUE 2 September 2016
Report
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Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
The Development of Chinese Small Wind Generators By Chinese Wind Energy Equipment Association (CWEEA)
According to the statistics, there are
still some households have not got electricity supplement in remote areas of China now. In
the windy remote areas, the electricity supply of households can be solved by using wind
generators and PV power systems. And it is the
most effective method in remote areas. And it is an act of constructing harmonious society with
Fig.1 the application of Chinese small wind turbiners
frontier defense and promoting economic
in mass quantity in China ；10kW 、15kW are
deep significance, it also has deep significance
for strengthening national unite, consolidating development of remote areas.
The Situation of Manufacturers and Product There are about 60 manufacturers of
small-size wind generators in China.
About 10 of them are main manufacturers
with production capacity between 5000kW and 10000kW per year each ；About 20 of them
are manufacturers with production capacity
over 1000kW per year each ；Others are small manufacturers with production capacity less than 1000kW per year each.
300W、（400W）、500W、（800W）、1kW
、1.5kW 、2kW and 5kW are very popular used
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used in a small quantity ；20kW、30kW are
used in a very small quantity in China. They are mainly exported to other developed countries. Products of 50 kW - 100kW are also exported
to developed countries and Prototype of 200kW is available.
The Application of Small-size Windphotovoltaic Generating System in Rural Areas Compensating between solar energy and
wind energy, power supply can be ensured
more safely. There are rich wind energy and
Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Fig.2 The application of small-size wind-PV generating system in rural areas
solar energy in rural areas. The technology of
Fig.3 Chinese 60kW wind turbines work in Italian market
In 2015, total capacity was about
small-size wind-photovoltaic generating system
31,500kW, and the key manufacturers were
families and they are affordable to purchase the
total numbers and 32% of capacities.
is mature, and their performances are reliable. There are demands from rich fishermen’s
system. It is a best combination of resources, technologies, demands and environment
protection. More and more wind-photovoltaic
generating systems have been used in the rural areas. It is a most attractive model of energy application in rural areas now.
The Market of Small WTGS in China There are still good market in China, and
each year about 60,000 sets of small WTGS were sold out in Chinese mainland.
The Sales Situation in 2015
In 2015, total capacity was about
69,878kW, and the key manufacturers were sold out about 58,600 sets of small wind
generators in China, which occupied 82% of total numbers and 68% of capacities.
exported around 12,800 sets of small wind
generators abroad, which occupied 180% of In 2015, the statistics of small and
medium-sized wind power equipment industry is not comprehensive in Chinese mainland, but after a comprehensive comparative analysis, it
is found that the number of sales products was down about 11.3%, and a 22% increasing in power capacity of sales products.
The exported number was increased by
4%, and the exported power capacity was
increased by 18.6%, but above information
showed a trend of decline for the numbers of small wind turbines in the domestic market. In 2015, Shanghai Ghrepower Green
Energy Co., Ltd had made a new progress in international business development. It has
signed a FD21-60 permanent magnet direct-
drive wind turbine supply agreement with its
Italian customer. For the first phase of supply, 54 sets of wind tuibines have been installed
and debugging. The follow-up orders are being carried out in accordance with the plan.
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Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Small Wind Power in Austria
By Kurt Leonhartsberger, Mauro Peppoloni, MSc., University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Department of Renewable Energy
In recent years small wind power has
been more and more popular in Austria. At the end of 2015 about 330 small wind turbines
(SWT) with a total capacity of more than 1,500 kW were installed in Austria. About 40% of
the installed turbines are smaller than 1 kW, about 5 % bigger than 10 kW. The rest of
the installed SWT (55 %) has a rated output
between 1kW and 10kW. In terms of installed
capacity, these turbines account for 77 % of the total installed capacity in Austria. The average
size of small wind turbines in Austria is 4.7 kW. (Leonhartsberger, Renz 2016)
So far, mainly farmers and industrial/
commercial enterprises were interested in SWT. Because of several reasons though –
especially the desire for energy self-sufficiency - SWT also become more and more popular
for private households. However, safety and
security issues become of great importance,
if SWT are installed near or within populated
areas, especially close to buildings or directly on buildings (e.g. on the roof).
Within the national research project
“Small Wind Power Systems� quality, safety and performance of several SWT were tested. To
process these tests under practical conditions, the Energy Research Park Lichtenegg, a small wind park and test centre for SWT, has been established and successfully operated. In
the following numerous measurements and analyses on 13 SWT were carried out over
more than 24 month. The main conclusion after
Figure 1: Number and total power of installed small wind turbines in Austria at the End of 2015 (Source: Leonhartsberger, Renz 2016)
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Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
testing and evaluating SWT in Lichtenegg was
Energy” aims at improving the understanding
stability” and “energy yield”. Furthermore the
Therefore, two representative small wind
that only six out of thirteen turbines performed good or excellent in regards to “operational cooperation with several manufacturers in
this project led to remarkable improvements
and optimisations of the installed small wind turbines. (Warmuth 2014)
These results show that independent
testing and certification of small wind
turbines as well as a professional support for manufacturers are really important topics
to improve quality, safety and performance of SWT. Hence the operation of the Energy
Research Park Lichtenegg was continued after the project, offering services like long term evaluation, power curve measurement or
measurement of vibrations. Furthermore the Energy Research Park becomes the central
contact point for small wind interested persons in Austria, with more than 1,000 visitors every year. More information about the Energy
Research Park is available online at http:// energieforschungspark.at.
Beside photovoltaics, small wind power
is one of a few options to generate electricity within densely-built or urban areas in an environmentally friendly manner and to
reach the goals concerning nearly zero energy buildings stated within the European energy performance of buildings directive (EPBD). However, in many cases the impact of the
environment on the performance of SWT -
especially the turbulent wind flow conditions has been neglected due to a lack of experience in this regards. A poor energy yield and
frequent faults and failures are the result of
these planning and design errors. On top of this, safety aspects as well as the repercussions on
the building and the people living in it need to
be considered in order not to affect the quality of life.
In order to keep these aspects in focus,
the Austrian research project “Urban Wind
of turbulent wind conditions and the impact of turbulences on the performance of SWT. technologies - a vertical axis SWT and a
horizontal axis SWT – will be mounted on the roof of the ENERGYbase in Vienna – an urban site with high turbulence intensity - and at the rural site in the Energy Research Park
Lichtenegg. On each site, both turbines will be tested and investigated for at least 12 month. Furthermore, the local-scale wind flow
structure close to the ENERGYbase and in the near surroundings is simulated with
the software packages ANSYS Fluent and
MISKAM taking into account the impact of the
complex building structures in this urban area. Inflow wind profiles representative for the
boundaries of the model domain are derived from meteorological station observations and remote sensing data. Stationary flow
simulations are conducted for the main wind directions in order to investigate the average
wind conditions at this site with special focus
on the highly turbulent conditions at roof level. Ultrasonic anemometer measurements at two masts on top of the building will be used to evaluate the model simulations.
Figure 2 shows the first results of the
simulation with ANSYS Fluent for the wind
direction 300°. Compared to the wind speed at
the boundaries with 4.3 m/s, the wind speed at the small wind turbine – marked with the red circle – decreases to 2.2 m/s. The reason for
that loss of wind speed is that flow separates at the north-eastern edge of the neighbour building and forms a bubble with lower
wind speed inside, where the SWT is located. According to these results there are several
better locations on the roof of the ENERGYbase than the current one. (Auer 2015)
Beside several research activities a
national working group for small wind
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Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Figure 2: Wind speed (left) and turbulence intensity (right) for urban site ENERGYbase for wind direction 300°, horizontal cut at 30 m (Source: Auer 2015)
power was founded in Austria to support the
take place on 15th and 16th September 2016 in
organisations. One of the key actions of these
including programme and registration is
development of small wind power in Austria, with than 25 participating companies and working groups is the organisation of the
“Austrian Small Wind Conference”, which will
Vienna for the second time. More information about the “Austrian Small Wind Conference” available online at http://www.technikumwien.at/kleinwindkraft2016.
Bibliography Auer, M. (2015) Numerische Luftströmungssimulation eines urbanen KleinwindkraftStandorts Warmuth, H., Leonhartsberger, K., et. al. (2014) Kleinwindkraftanlagen Qualitätssicherung, Netzeinbindung, Geschäftsmodelle und Information, Publizierbarer Endbericht. Wien. Leonhartsberger, K., Renz, K. (2016) Kleinwindkraftreport Österreich 2015
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ISSUE 2 September 2016
Regional Focus
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Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Hybrid Energy on St. Helena Island – Results and Lessons Learned By Wind Energy Solutions( WES ), the Netherlands
The Location and Situation Saint Helena is a remote island in the
middle of the South Atlantic Ocean and is part of the British Overseas Territory. The island
has a population of 4,255 people and measures 2
about 420 km .
In the past the only sources of energy
were diesel engines. The diesel is supplied by
ship and this entails risks (piracy / unreliable suppliers).
Due to these risks, the high costs and the
wish to be a “green island”, the government
decided to replace diesel and start using wind
energy. In 1998 three Lagerwey 18/80 turbines were installed on the island.
Because of the use of more electronic
devices and internet, the demand of electricity
on the island grew to nearly double the amount needed before! The government asked WES for advice. What would be the logical next step?
The Next Step: Our Advise and the Solution
WES did a study on demand and supply
patterns and determined the potential of
“renewable energy”. It became clear that due to the good wind location the wind turbines
should be able to provide almost 40% of the energy demand on the island.
Based on this study, the decision was
made to increase the number of turbines in 12
Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
2009 to a total of six by adding three WES80 80kW wind turbines.
To meet the growing demand, another six
turbines were installed in 2014, doubling the wind capacity on the island of St. Helena.
The Energy Supply Nowadays At this moment the energy supply
is produced by 12x WES80 80kW Hybrid
Turbines. As a back up energy supply, there are 6 diesel generators.
Goal is maximum use of wind energy. WES
is monitoring the energy demand and supply on Saint Helena. Results are online and realtime available.
The Results In the image above information is 13
Regional Focus
ISSUE 2 September 2016
presented over the period 2009 – 2015. In 2009 3 turbines were installed and in 2014 another 6 turbines. The yearly production is 290,000 kWh per year per turbine. The average wind speed on the island is 8.2 m/s.
A rough estimate of the savings during the
period 2009 – 2015:
Production of green electricity by wind:
7,028,805 kWh
Price per kWh produced by diesel:
€ 0,40
Price per kWh produced by wind:
€ 0,11
Savings during period 2009 till 2015:
2,000,000 Euros
In the future the production will be about
3,500,000 kWh/year (based on 12 WES80
wind turbines). The savings will then be about 1,000,000 Euros per year.
Key Success Factors Act Local Cooperation with a strong local company
is crucial for success. The high availability of
the turbines of 98% is possible due to advanced digital monitoring, first line maintenance by
trained local engineers and second line support from WES.
Logistics
Preparation of the logistics is a key
process and the turbine should be suitable for
the transportation. A boat trip of 5 day brought the WES installation team and the containers
(turbines are designed to fit into a container) to the island. On the island the team had to “manoeuvre” the material to the location.
Operational Excellence
This type of project can only be carried
out successfully with top project management and a very experienced team of engineers
within the company. Every detail counts can have a great impact on the result!
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ISSUE 2 September 2016
Regional Focus
Project details This particular project consists of: ● 12x WES80 80kW wind turbines ● 6x Caterpillar diesel generators ● 11kV distribution network Project budget and final cost: ● 1998: 3x Lagerwey 18/80 turbines : financial information not available ● 2009: 3x WES80 including improvements on the first 3x LW turbines: € 426.375,● 2014: 6x WES80 including improvements on the first 6x turbines: € 1.851.572,-
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Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Methodology for a Bankable Wind Measurement Program for Small Wind Projects By Martina Dabo, Chief Technology Officer, QiDo Energy Development GmbH
When it comes to small and medium-sized
This procedure is not adapted to small
wind projects, often the methodology to assess
wind projects and should be revised as
one from utility scale projects. Though projects
Wind Resource Assessment, Problems of Cost, Time and Bankability
the wind potential of a project site and to conduct testing and commissioning is derived from the can be similar in kind, they are not identical in
nature and this cut and paste approach from big to small puts a significant burden on the project
developers as it requires an extended time and a significant amount of funding.
described in this article.
Project developers are relying on wind
measurement data from on-site-installed meteorological masts.
Table 1 1 2 3 4
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Includes installation, calibrated and IEC standard equipment and layout, and bankable installation report Assumesonly 1 met mast needed for entire project area Includes daily/weekly data check and monthly wind report Bankable wind study according to IEC/FGW standards
Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Table 2 1 Wind campaign can only be partially conducted in parallel with feasibilty studies
Figure 1 1 http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/42032/guidelines-wind-resourceassessment.pdf
As shown in Table 1, the cost of a full
measuring campaign represents an important
fraction of the total project cost when it comes to small wind projects, especially considering it happening during a project phase where funding is harder to obtain.
The project development cycle for small
wind projects can also be shorter than bigger projects, as described in the chart below,
and a full measuring mast campaign could significantly delay the process(Table 2).
When it comes to bankability of the wind
assessment, there is no standard definition
for what the “bankability� of a wind resource assessment is exactly. Typically financing
institutions rely on international standards, and those standards are rather conservative and
usually do not take small wind intricacies into
account, to a point where they outright dismiss small wind projects if they do not follow large wind guidelines.
For instance, the Asian Development
Bank is willing to apply the same standards and
methodology of measurement for small projects 17
Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
and for utility-scale projects1(Figure 1).
applied in Germany and Europe. Currently
The most commonly used standards for
performing and evaluating wind measurement are the following ones:
Europe and World •
IEC 61400-1 (Design requirements for
wind turbines) •
IEC 61400-12 (Power Performance
Measurements of electricity producing wind
is involved, onsite wind measurement is not economically viable.
There is a need for developing and
This methodology would compromise
Germany and Europe - TG 6
time and budget for resource assessment of
(Determination of wind potential and energy
small wind projects, providing the required
yields)
accuracy and reduction of uncertainties for the confidence of project sponsors.
The IEC international standards that
are in most cases referenced by financing
institutions are not dedicated regulations just
for wind resource assessment. They are relying on “borrowed” sections from wind turbine
design standards and power curve performance (MEASNET) and Germany (FGW) are publishing assessments. The FGW standards are mostly
(and microgrid projects), where wind energy
(Measure Correlate Predict) method.
site specific wind conditions)
recommended guidelines for wind resource
But when it comes to small / mid size
projects that would still follow the MCP
US and World - MEASNET (Evaluation of
Wind industry interest groups in the US
TC 88 scope.
alternative methodology for small wind
turbines)
testing standards.
small wind standards are discussed under the
The most common approach is to replace
the actual met mast with a “virtual” met mast. Companies all over the world offer those
virtual met mast solutions (or similar) to assess small wind project resources and have already successfully applied their method (eg: United
Wind – USA, Meteolien – France, Vortex – Spain, 3Tier &AWS Truepower – USA, MeteoPole – France/China/India), ..)
similar to the one for utility scale projects as
Figure 2
18
The rest of the MCP methodology is
Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
can be seen in Figure 2.
airports, national weather stations, LIDAR
of the results for bankability purpose. Wind
computation of the turbulence and long-term
Using a virtual met mast would reduce
cost and time while maintaining a high quality assessment is carried out with a non-specific
CFD model that represents the wind resource at any given site in a 3D environment.
This methodology would streamline
and standardize the analysis process from
the input data (commercially available high
quality mesoscale wind data) that are validated during the process with meteorological data
from sources such as NOAA weather stations,
measurements, and similar.
This methodology would allow a better
correlation to reduce uncertainties.
With an increasing amount of small wind
projects being developing around the world,
establishing this methodology as an accepted
practice by financiers and making it bankable would serve the purpose of a quickest and
more efficient dissemination of wind energy wherever it is needed.
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Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
SMALL WIND TECHNOLOGY: Developing Bankable Proposals Supported by a Quality Infrastructure By Roland RĂśsch, Francisco Boshell, Alessandra Salgado, IRENA Innovation and Technology Center
Small Wind Energy Technology The global renewable energy (RE) uptake
continues to increase as 2015 recorded
the highest rate ever in renewable power generation capacity through a growth of
8.3% and triggering significant investments totaling to around $286 million. In 2014,
the global installed capacity of small wind
technologies increased by 10.9% compared to 2013, reaching 830 MW (WWEA, 2016). Even within this upsurge, the potential for small
wind power, serving rural and remote areas,
as well as small communities, continues to be untapped. Additionally, significant challenges
take place in the small wind installed capacity
With the objective to facilitate the global
transition to a sustainable energy future,
the International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) has developed user-friendly guidelines to aid the development of bankable projects and the implementation of a quality infrastructure
(QI) for renewable energy systems. This article showcases two of IRENA’s online interactive
platforms: the Project Navigator and INSPIRE.
IRENA Project Navigator: Developing Bankable Project Proposals
The IRENA Project Navigator, displayed
expansion such as cost competitiveness,
in Figure 1, is an online platform that provides
of systems that ensure minimum quality
real case studies, industry best practices
capacity of project developers to develop
bankable project proposals and deployment
requirements. Therefore, this rises the need to
provide assistance on project development and
facilitate knowledge sharing on how to build an effective quality infrastructure in the markets. 20
These projects are being implemented.
assistance to project developers through
technical guidelines, practical tools, templates, and potential funding options. The aim is to
increase the bankability of renewable energy based projects.
Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Figure 1 Project Navigator Platform
IRENA Project Navigator introduces
technology-specific information, covering
the complete lifecycle of a RE project, which
includes: identification, screening, assessment,
Building Quality Infrastructure in Small Wind Markets Implementing a quality infrastructure–
selection, pre-development, development,
standards, testing and certification–for
guidelines for several RETs, including onshore
investors and consumers to fund RE projects.
execution, operation and decommissioning. The platform comprises technical concept
wind technology projects. These guidelines
renewable energy systems, mitigate technical risks, resulting in higher confidence from IRENA’s recent report on Quality
together with project development tools and
Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies:
projects.
guidance on how to build a strong quality
case studies provide a private interactive workspace for the development of wind
The Project Navigator facilitates the
identification of funding opportunities with the Financial Navigator. An integrated and
regularly updated online database on financial institutions where project developers can find
multiple funding options for wind and other RE projects is based on technology and location requirements.
To find out more about the IRENA Project
Navigator, visit www.irena.org/navigator.
Small Wind Turbines provides detailed
infrastructure, which supports healthy markets for small wind. According to IRENA’s report,
QI encompasses standards, metrology, testing, certifications, inspections, accreditation and
quality management systems, and all of these must be developed progressively in order to
increase the quality assurance in small wind
markets(IRENA,2015). One of the key highlights
of the report is that QI for small wind is dependent on each country’s context and the market status of
small wind technology, which can be broken down in five stages detailed below:
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Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Figure 2 Small Wind Turbine Market and Quality Infrastructure Stages
Figure 3 INSPIRE Platform
The report demonstrates with the use of
case studies, that QI has been developed only
partially in small wind markets worldwide. This opens the opportunity for countries to learn
from current best practices and set an efficient QI system that can contribute as an important
enabler in achieving renewable energy targets. 22
INSPIRE: Supporting Quality Infrastructure The International Standards and Patents
in Renewable Energy (INSPIRE) platform,
strengthens the quality infrastructure building process. INSPIRE hosts over 400 regularly
Optimizing Small Wind
ISSUE 2 September 2016
updated international technical standards and
standards, facilitates product benchmarking
last 5 years are wind technology related. This
collaborative channel, connecting innovators,
two million patents and of which, 32 standards and over 17000 patent applications from the
provides a concrete overview to stake holders and policy makers in this field.
The platform makes available information
on how to use technical standards in quality assurance frameworks. Additionally, the
Reference
knowledge shared through the available
and establishes a common point for high
quality assurance. By this, INSPIRE enables a policy makers, technology manufactures and
end users in a space that supports RE quality infrastructure.
To find out more about RE standardization
and patents,visit http://inspire.irena.org/.
â?ś IRENA, 2015. Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies Small Wind Turbines, Bonn: International Renewable Energy Agency. â?ˇ WWEA, 2016. Small Wind World Report 2016, Bonn: WWEA.
Photo: Feng Kerui
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Research
ISSUE 2 September 2016
Parametric Study of Influencing Parameters for Micro Urban Wind Turbines By Dr. Matthias Haase, SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, Trondheim, Norway
Introduction In order to get a better
understanding of the parameters that influence the effectiveness of urban
wind turbines, a parametric analysis was undertaken. The aim was to be
able to compare those parameters that
will influence wind energy production. The results should not be used for
exact energy prediction but rather be understood as estimation that allows wind energy potential comparisons. Based on wind data for three
different locations (Oslo, Trondheim and Tromsø), a parametric study
was conducted that considered the
influence of the following parameters: •
Wind turbine type
•
Surrounding topography
• • •
Axis height
Turbine area
Wind channeling effect
Methodology
Three parameters influence the 24
wind velocities while two parameters
installed are not available. For three
1 specifies the parameter.
measurement stations (MET) and
influence the wind power and
electricity production potential. Table Wind data is taken from weather
location, Oslo, Trondheim and Tromsø measured wind data was taken from transformed using equations (1-12).
data measurements. These are
Results
The transformation of measured
seen the influence of all the analyzed
literature, often specific data about
for different turbine types, sizes,
measured for specific locations, often airports, with specific topography.
data to specific sites is not straight
forward. In wind projects and relevant the surrounding topography of the
measurement devices is not available. In addition, PAD and roughness of
the surrounding areas of the building
where a wind turbine is planned to be
From figures 1 and 2 can be
parameter on the wind energy
production potential in kWh per year locations and different wind profiles. It can be seen that wind energy
production varies between 100kWh and 1348kWh for different wind for Oslo. In order to be able to evaluate
Table 1: Characterization of influencing parameters Parameter
Influence on wind velocity
Wind turbine type Axis height
Influence on wind power Power coefficient cp
Rotor axis height hb
Turbine area
Turbine's active area A
Surrounding topography
Roughness R, α
Wind channelling effect
Wind velocity factor fw
Location
Wind data file
Research
ISSUE 2 September 2016
the energy calculations that power
coefficient is assumed to be constant. Important is also the location.
Wind profiles in Trondheim have
higher velocities as Oslo, and Tromsø higher velocities than Trondheim.
Wind energy potential is accordingly Figure 1 Effect of influencing parameters axis height, surface roughness and wind factor for Oslo, Trondheim and Troms
higher in Trondheim than in Oslo and higher in Tromsø than in Trondheim.
Conclusions
This could be useful information
for designers and planners of small urban wind turbines. The effect of
location is very important, together
with turbine type and size. Different turbine types have different power coefficients which influence the
potential wind energy production for Figure 2 Effect of influencing parameters turbine type and area for Oslo, Trondheim and Troms
same wind profiles. Turbine size is of course beneficial but larger turbines
become more difficult to integrate into the built environment.
the influence of each parameter on
with values between 25 and 330%.
weather file for each location. Figure
roughness. For wind factor the values
wind energy production it was divided by the wind energy production of the 1 shows the influence of parameters axis height, surface roughness and
wind factor for Oslo, Trondheim and Tromsø in percent compared with
energy production from the reference weather data file (v_meteo). It can be seen that axis height varies between 25 and 59%. Surrounding surface
roughness has a much higher influence
Here, country roughness is much
more favorable than urban and city vary between 25 and 210%.
The other three influencing
parameters turbine type, turbine area and location also have a large impact on wind energy potential. Figure
2 shows that size as well as power
coefficient cp of a turbine has a linear relation with wind energy potential. This is due to the simplifications in
The wind profiles can also be
influenced by designers and planners by taking urban and building design
in to account and specifically focusing on the parameters axis height,
surrounding topography and wind channeling effect. The axis height is strongly linked to the building
geometry and especially height as a restricting parameter. The wind
channeling effect is most prominent in building augmented projects.
But due to the rough assumptions,
the channeling effect might also be overestimated.
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Technology
ISSUE 2 September 2016
QiLOAD, a Load Profile Assessment and Forecast Tool for Microgrid Design and Optimization By Pierre Pesnel Abadia QiDo Energy Development GmbH
As part of the power generation project development
for small wind based microgrids, the optimal design of a
wind diesel hybrid system is mainly conditioned by three factors: • • •
The available renewable resources The economic conditions
The time evolution of the electrical load
often poorly defined, if not neglected, despite the significant duration (15-20 years) of investment’s life cycle.
Assessing the current load and its evolution over time
can be through a combination of evaluations on the present and future behaviors of the user base: Present: •
When it comes to electrical assessment and forecast, be
•
it residential, tertiary or industrial, a load is generally made
•
up of three overlapping variations: • • •
A long-term evolution: over years and decades
The optimal sizing of a micro-grid system, including
the assessment of necessary storage, directly depends on
the correlation of these three variations with the cycles of
renewable resources (solar, wind, etc.) and the evolution of economic factors.
For many projects, the load profile data is difficult to
obtain or not available. Furthermore, when the short and
medium term cycles are identified, long-term evolution is 26
Modeling through data aggregation Adjustment
Future:
A short-term cycle: typically daily
Mid-term cycles: weekly and seasonal
On-site measurements
• etc.)
• •
Dedicated study, planning
Prediction / extrapolation
Adjacent index/ correlation (activity, population,
Most of the existing micro-grid simulation tools today
offer a limited capability when it comes to estimating the
electrical load of a system: They have limited customization capabilities, limited built-in profiles or database, or are just XLS files.
To overcome this shortcoming, QiDo Energy
Development together with SimplX software company has
Technology
ISSUE 2 September 2016
developed a stand alone load profile simulation software allowing the user to synthesize the lifetime evolution of a microgrid load, through bottom-up aggregation of its elementary components and changes( Figure 1).
The simulation follows a three-step process:
1. User defines the project, through choosing a
simulation timeframe and a location by pointing on a
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
map. Temperature profile of the location is automatically populated from the NASA database(Figure 2).
2. Then adjacent indexes such as particular
population evolution over timeframe and connection data and are estimated to define the number of connected residential load(Figure 3).
3. Individual loads are built in the three different
facility environments: Residential, Industrial and
Community, using the Appliances Library(Figure 4 and Figure 5).
Every “unit” in the three categories follows a
different load pattern over time, with its specific cycle of
consumptions, linked with occupational rate for Residential, production shifts for Industrial and usage frequency for Community.
The Appliances Library offers different possibilities to
create individual appliance loads, from built-in appliances
to custom ones built from generic template (constant load, binary program, volumetric component, taylor made load
Figure 6
profile) Generic.
QiLOAD allows then to visualize the simulation over
the life time of the project, by producing an interactive simulation that contains(Figure 6): •
Macro data: min/max load (spot, averages, etc.)
and annual energy curve over lifetime •
Detailed results through interactive graphs (yearly,
monthly, daily profiles) scrollable over Project’s lifetime
It also allows exporting the simulation result raw-data
files in .CSV format to allow further separate analytics and creation of input for other simulation tools.
QiLOAD is a free and community-based web
Figure 1
application, aiming to provide microgrid designers with a collaborative tool where they can develop and share valuable database of load profiles and appliances.
27
Regional Focus
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ISSUE 2 September 2016