February 25, 2023 Section B

Understanding the effects of untimely, severe freezes on trees

Trees, shrubs and other perennial plants must withstand cold temperatures to survive in Wyoming’s harsh climate. Cold hardiness is based on the plant’s ability to withstand the average annual minimum winter temperature in an area.

Wyoming hardiness zones run from 3a to 6a, with most areas rated as zones four or five, or negative 30 to negative 15 degrees Fahrenheit –as shown in Figure One.

Unfortunately, even selecting trees rated for the appropriate hardiness zone does not guarantee protection from cold injury.

Extreme, untimely freezes have become more common in the last couple decades, creating challenges for those seeking to cultivate healthy trees.

Fall freeze

The process of becoming cold hardy is known as acclimation. Acclimation occurs gradually, beginning in late summer and extending well into winter.

Decreasing day length followed by cool, then freezing temperatures allows trees and shrubs to develop cold hardiness.

For many plants, maximum cold hardiness is normally achieved in midwinter through January. If extremely cold temperatures occur early in the season, tree damage may result.

Moderate fall freezes with temperatures dipping into the 20s or teens are often of little concern. It is when temperatures in the single digits or below zero occur in fall or early winter – October, November and December – that tree health can be impacted.

Such freezes are most likely to cause damage if temperatures were unseasonably warm prior to the freeze.

Symptoms

Fall freeze damage symptoms often do not develop until warm temperatures arrive. Frozen needles of conifers, for example, remain green while the weather is cold, but turn brown during an extended winter thaw or as spring warming begins.

Sometimes the injury may escape notice until spring, when observers realize normal plant development is not occurring, as when buds killed by an untimely fall freeze fail to open.

Some types of freeze injury take a year or more to show up. In the summer and fall of 2015, the trunks and limbs of ornamental pear trees in Wyoming cracked and large sheets of bark peeled and sloughed off.

Looking back at the weather of the previous year offered a clue – a severe cold wave enveloped much of the nation in mid-November of 2014. Temperatures across Wyoming dropped well below zero for multiple nights, and tissues below the bark that had not fully acclimated were damaged.

The following spring, trees leafed out poorly in many cases, but bark clung to their trunks and limbs for many months before falling away.

Cankers

Trees suffering from severe fall freeze damage are often more susceptible to pests. One such pest is a canker – a disease caused by a fungus which kills trunks, branches and twigs.

Similar to a virus lying dormant in humans, the canker fungus infects trees and remains quiescent until a stressful condition, such as an untimely severe freeze, allows it to take advantage of the weakened tissues.

Once again, the symptoms are delayed. Typically, affected trees flush with normal spring growth, but the spreading canker infection causes the new growth or branches to die. Cankers attacking the trunk of a small tree can kill the entire tree.

Spring freeze

Damaging spring freezes can occur any time after trees have emerged from dormancy and young leaves and flowers are beginning to develop.

Often this happens in late spring, but if a prolonged warm spell occurs in late winter or early spring, trees may be tricked into believing winter is over and

begin to deacclimate and push new growth.

Freezing spring temperatures kill new leaf and flower tissues, causing them to turn limp and brown in a day or two. Twigs and buds may be killed as well. New growth from adventitious buds may eventually occur, but the dead, bare twigs remain for weeks.

Leaf tatter

A delayed symptom of spring freeze is a condition known as leaf tatter –the presence of numerous ragged holes between leaf veins. Leaf tatter develops after buds break dormancy and the protective, papery

Figure One – Plant hardiness zone map of Wyoming is shown. Courtesy photo Please see TREES on page B2

bud scales surrounding the delicate bud tissue begin to loosen.

Tiny areas of developing leaf tissue become exposed to cold temperatures and die. As the leaves unfold and expand over the next few weeks, the tiny dead areas develop into holes.

Because symptoms appear weeks after the freeze event, leaf tatter is often mistaken for insect feeding.

Winter sunscald

Sunscald is a type of freeze damage which occurs mid-winter. Characterized by long, vertical bark damage on the south or southwest side of the trunk, sunscald is common in trees with thin, smooth bark, especially young trees.

During very cold, winter weather on bright, sunny days, the southwest side of the trunk warms up. When the sun sets, the tissues quickly freeze. Affected bark may turn pink or reddish in

color and become rough or cracked. Dead areas may peel off. Often the bark splits and exposes the wood.

The loss of overhead branches or nearby trees which previously shaded the bark can lead to sunscald.

However, improper cultural practices strongly predispose trees to sunscald.

These include a lack of supplemental water in newly planted trees; poor pruning jobs, leaving a branch stub or cut too close to the trunk; trunk damage from mowers or string trimmers and root damage, for example, from trenching near the tree or from girdling roots.

Protecting trees from these types of damages is the key to preventing winter sunscald.

Managing for freeze damage

An individual can’t control the weather, but the following tips will improve the health of trees, allow-

ing them to properly prepare for freezing conditions and rebound from freeze damage.

These include selecting trees with a hardiness zone rating suited to the specific location and using organic mulch, such as wood chips or pine needles, to help

improve root health and provide some insulation from winter cold. Roots are the most cold-sensitive part of the tree, so when snow cover is absent, roots are at risk for injury.

Additionally, individuals should water trees during drought. Spring, summer

and fall are the most important seasons, but if soils are dry and unfrozen, watering in winter can provide some benefit.

Furthermore, avoid fertilizing with nitrogen or pruning trees in late summer. Nitrogen applications and pruning stimulate new growth, which will not have time to properly acclimate before winter.

Freeze-killed and cankered branches should be pruned back to a healthy main branch or the trunk. Extensively damaged trees may not be salvageable.

To avoid sunscald, supplemental water should be provided to newly planted trees, and proper pruning methods should be followed – neither cutting too close to the trunk nor leaving a branch stub. A ring of organic mulch helps keep mowers from damaging the trunk.

The trunk should be protected by erecting a board to the south and west of the tree to provide shade. Tree wrap is another option, but it must be removed in the spring.

Over time and with proper care, trees with sunscald damage may close the wound with new wood. However, the area may be structurally weak and prone to pest attacks.

Removal and replacement of young, severely damaged trees may be a better option.

Dr. Laurie Stepanek is the program director for the Division of Training, Workforce, Development and Diversity at the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. This article was reprinted from Barnyards & Backyards Magazine Winter 2023 issue. For more information, visit uwyo.edu/ barnbackyard/magazine/

For assistance in identifying and managing freeze damage, contact a local University of Wyoming Extension office at uwyo.edu.

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Spring freeze – Damaging spring freezes can occur any time after trees have emerged from dormancy. Pictured is a coffeetree injury from a spring freeze in May 2022. University of Wyoming Ag News photo

During Kansas State University’s Agriculture

Today podcast, aired on Jan. 31, Host Samantha Bennett sat down with Dr. Randall Prather, University of Missouri curators’ distinguished professor in the Animal Sciences Research Center, to discuss new genetic engineering projects in the swine industry.

“In our conversation, Prather will share examples of how advanced technology could benefit the ag industry and explain outside-of-the-box thinking, which has led to numerous medical advancements in human medicine,” says Bennett.

Ag industry application

To begin, Prather shares he likes to think of cells as a factory with the ability to do a number of different things. He notes these “factories” have “blueprints,” which can be used to make new “factories.”

Through genetic modification, Prather explains pages of the blueprints –or a specific protein on a string of amino acids –can be taken out, added or switched with pages from blueprints of other factories – or species.

The act of adding, deleting and changing the blueprints of these factories has led to several real life applications in the agriculture industry.

“An estimate from a decade ago shows losses of $660 million a year in North America and 1.5 billion euros in Europe – the equivalent of $6 million a day between the two countries – from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS),” Prather explains.

Because PRRS infects white blood cells through antibody-enhanced infection, vaccines do not work for the virus.

“If antibodies recognize the PRRS virus, where do they take it? Right to the white blood cells, which get infected. So, antibiotics don’t work,” he says. “There isn’t a good solution to this problem.”

“However, there is a molecule that sticks up on the cell surface called CD163, and it has a bunch of repeat domains,” Prather explains. “What we can do is change the letters of a three-billion letter genome and get rid of the mutation so it never gets made. It is kind of like ripping a page out of the blueprint and throwing it away.”

Prather notes since the virus uses this mutation to infect a cell, pigs become resistant to the virus without it.

He also shares, through the same technology, researchers have been able to knock out receptors for Senecavirus A, which presents itself as blisters on the coronary bands and snout.

“If an operation gets this, it will shut them down until they can prove it isn’t foot and mouth disease,” he

Expert offers insight into new swine genetics research

states. “Historically, there hasn’t been any solutions to a lot of these viruses, so it has been exciting to see what we can do through genetic engineering.”

Other projects Prather shares include a solution for mastitis in cattle and heart-healthy pigs, which can convert omega-six fatty acids to omega-three fatty acids.

Use in human medicine

In addition to the many applications in agriculture, swine research has also been integral in the advancement of human medicine.

“Swine are the optimal species for a lot of medical conditions where research on other species just won’t work,” Prather states. “A lot of research has been done on mice, but unfortunately they are not able to answer some important questions.”

He says one example of this shows up in cystic fibrosis research.

“Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene, and it pulls out a single amino acid in a long string. The chloride ion transport can be knocked out in mice, but we still get all of the symptoms of cystic fibrosis,” he explains.

“For example, 15 percent of people with cystic fibrosis have mucoviscidosis, which is a mucus plug in the intestine. This makes it so they can’t defecate, and the intestine has to be opened up for the patient to survive,” he adds. “There is also blockage of the gallbladder, bile duct and pancreatic duct, they have liver lesions, and males may have blocked vas deferens. On top of all of this, they usually get lung disease.”

Prather notes when this mutation occurs in pigs, 100 percent of them have the same symptoms as people.

“Now, physicians can go in invasively and monitor progression and development of disease in a way that just wasn't possible prior to this,” he says.

Another example where swine research has benefitted human medicine is through the use of green pigs, according to Prather.

He explains green pigs have been genetically modified by adding genes from jellyfish to make them selffluoresce, which makes them useful for tracking studies.

He gives the example of Baby Owen, a newborn from North Carolina who needed a valve replaced in his heart.

“A colleague from the Medical University of South Carolina came to us and said there is a problem when a baby is born and they need a new heart valve, because although they can transplant a heart valve for the baby, the valve doesn’t grow as the baby grows,” Prather shares. “So, babies with this issue have to have life-long repetitive surgeries.”

Prather continues, “They had this idea that if they took a bigger piece of

the heart – a partial heart transplant, in other words – with more tissue around the valve, the valves would grow with the baby. They used some of our green pigs so they could track which cells grew.”

Prather notes the research was successful, and Baby Owen was the first human in history to undergo this new partial heart transplant. The valve grew with him, and he never had to have another surgery.

“I got an e-mail right before Christmas from Baby Owenʼs family. He

got to celebrate his first Christmas this past year because of the work all of us had done,” Prather states. “It’s really exciting because we are impacting lives and improving quality of life.”

Hurdles and roadblocks

Although the same could be true for livestock through agriculture application, Prather says projects which have found solutions to many costly and animalwelfare related issues, like mastitis and PRRS, have been hung up in hurdles and roadblocks in the way of regulatory approval.

“The Food and Drug Administration regulates intentionally changing the letter of a genome in a pig, or any mammal, as they would a new drug. It costs an awful lot of money to get approved, which is the hold up for some of our projects,” he explains.

“It’s interesting when we put things into erspective, because at every fertilization there is one to 200 random mutations occurring in the genome, and nobody regulates that. Nobody perceives these mutations as a health risk,” he notes.

Prather further notes there is no regulation for mutagenesis of pigs through radiation or changing letters in the genome of mushrooms to increase their shelf life.

“We have a solution to a lot of the problems we see in agriculture, but when trying to get it through regulatory approval, there are a lot of hurdles to jump over,” he says.

Hannah Bugas is the managing editor for the Wyoming Livestock Roundup. Send comments on this article to roundup@ wylr.net.

The University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) BeefWatch podcast welcomed Dr. Brian Vander Ley, a Nebraska Extension veterinary epidemiologist, on Feb. 1 to discuss an article titled “Preparing for calving season” in the February UNL BeefWatch newsletter.

Key considerations

Vander Ley notes the window of calving for producers across the U.S. is relatively wide. Many producers may already be calving, so preparation in this case may look differently. But, regardless of when producers start

discusses calving season preparation considerations

calving, it is important their cows go into the season with adequate nutrition to make good colostrum.

“They need to have good body condition scores,” he says. “We want cows to successfully deliver a calf without complications, and then we want the calf to drink colostrum.”

He adds one of the most critical events in any animal’s life, especially cattle, is the ingestion of colostrum.

“Once a calf is born, we want the colostrum meal to happen quickly, and we want it to be an uninterrupted,

streamlined event to pack the calf full of protective antibodies,” he says. “A lot of things I think about in terms of prevention and management at calving time centers around making sure these events go smoothly.”

The article notes several other calving season preparation considerations.

These include paying attention to nutritional needs of bred heifers or cows prior to calving, reviewing a herd health plan with a veterinarian, examining calving facilities and making sure they are in good working order and

checking calving supplies and reviewing stages of parturition to understand when assistance is needed.

Additionally the article encourages producers to have colostrum or colostrum replacement products on hand, have a plan and equipment for warming calves when calving during cold weather and have a plan to provide wind protection along with a clean, dry environment.

Planning for complications

“Calves who have a difficult birth or experience hypothermia are at a much higher

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Emulation genetics have stood the test of time since being first introduced to the public in 1955 at the N Bar Ranch.

For more information on management practices to improve calving success, visit beef.unl.edu.

risk for not being able to consume important colostrum,” says Vander Ley.

He notes identifying calves at risk is important. A quick test producers can do to figure out whether or not intervention is necessary is to stick a couple of fingers in a calf’s mouth to test their sucking reflex.

“With a normal calf, when we stick a couple of fingers in their mouth, they should suck pretty vigorously a few times. It’s a built-in reflex. They are not actively thinking about it and should just be able to do it – it’s how they are made. But, if they don’t, it’s usually a good indication there are some problems impairing their ability to nurse and absorb colostrum,” he explains.

In these situations, the best solution is to milk the cow and feed the colostrum to the calf by hand. If a producer is unable to milk a cow, Vander Ley explains using a high-quality colostrum replacement product is an option.

He advises producers to avoid using frozen colostrum from another source, because it’s a way to transmit disease.

Esophageal feeders or oral gastric tubes can be an effective way to get colostrum into a calf, but the best way, according to Vander Ley, is to use a bottle and nipple.

“The best way to deliver colostrum would be nursing from the dam, the second best would be from a bottle and the third best would delivering it via some kind of tube,” he shares.

He adds if calves are

unable to nurse, esophageal feeders or oral gastric tubes would be better than not delivering it at all. Choosing colostrum products

Vander Ley shares there are two big categories of colostrum products. They include colostrum supplements and colostrum replacers.

“Colostrum supplements tend to be a small dose of antibodies, and the source tends to be different,” he says. “Whereas high-quality colostrum replacement products have dried colostrum from a cow.”

He notes cows only make colostrum for a short period of time, so colostrum replacement products are typically more expensive. However, this is the ideal product to use.

Additionally, Vander Ley advises producers to pay attention to product labels as each product has dosage recommendations and mixing temperature directions.

A fresh crop of calves is something cow/calf producers look forward to. Having a plan and preparing ahead of time for the calving season can help to minimize calf loss and reduce stress.

“One of my best pieces of advice is to assess and make a plan,” concludes Vander Ley. “If the plan is not executable quickly, then quickly make a new plan and move on.”

Brittany Gunn is the editor of the Wyoming Livestock Roundup. Send comments on this article to roundup@ wylr.net.

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Canadian couple practices regenerative agriculture on a

Paul and Erin Kernaleguen are dairy farmers near Birch Hills, Saskatchewan, and they are very committed to regenerative practices in growing forage for their cattle. They farm with Paul’s parents, Jos and Brenda Kernalegeun.

“We were a conventional dairy operation until 2012 when we started looking at doing things differently. Our average annual precipitation is only about 12 inches, but we’d had two years in a row with 40 to 50 inches,” says Paul.

The couple planted corn and barley for silage, but those crops kept drowning out.

“We could not get corn or barley established, so we planted oats. Once we started looking for different options, we went down a path of using different plant blends and polycultures,” he says.

“In our first experiment, we used barley, oats and peas planted together. We didn’t use any fertilizer because peas would fix nitrogen imbalances. Back then we were spending about $250 per acre trying to grow corn. With this new blend, our inputs were only about $30, and we harvested 16.9 tons per acre. Before, we’d never had any corn that would yield even close to this,” Paul adds.

Using polyculture cover crops

After their success, Paul and Erin started growing polyculture cover crops on the entire farm. Since then, they’ve seeded different blends for different groups of cattle to fit their nutritional needs.

Instead of seeding several crops and mixing them together in a total mixed ration (TMR) to feed their cattle, they grew them all together as one crop.

Cost savings have been significant, with lower inputs, strong yields and high-nutrient value in the feed.

Paul notes in the past, they were seeding barley, corn and alfalfa and harvesting them separately. When it was time to feed cows, this meant going to three different silage bags and creating the mix.

“So, we seeded it all together, and called it ‘seeded TMRs,’ which we feed to different groups of cattle,” Paul says.

“We just go to the ‘heifer bag’ and load up. Sometimes we might have to top it off with a little more energy or protein –depending on the mix, how the silage tested and the specific group of cattle,” he says.

“When growing protein and trying to meet requirements for different groups of cattle, we save money,” he continues.

“We used to get a large semi load of canola meal every five weeks. The first year we tried this, we only had to get a load every 16 weeks, then every 25 weeks, and now we get less than two loads a year.”

Benefits of regenerative agriculture

Additionally, Paul and Erin have seen benefits in animal health and production.

The TMR ration was about 60 percent concentrate and 40 percent forage – for maximum production. However, after switching to multi-species silage, it is now the opposite – about 60 to 70 percent forage and only 30 to 40 percent concentrate.

“We now have healthier cows, which are producing more butterfat per cow, and conception rates have skyrocketed – everything is bred,” Paul says.

Soil health has also improved.

“We were farming around water holes and slough ground and didn’t have as much production. So, we broadcast seed for varieties of tubers like radishes and sugarbeets which could grow around edges

and help dry up sloughs to help us gain more land,” he explains.

With innovative seeding, the Kernaleguens went from farming about 200 acres every year to farming 500 acres. By using the five principles of soil health, they made more of their land productive.

These five principles are soil armor – keeping soil covered, with no bare ground; minimizing soil disturbance with reduced/ no till practices on cropland and adaptive grazing strategies on grazing lands; increasing plant diversity with rotational crops and including warm and cool season grasses and forbs in pastures; keeping living roots in the ground all year and integrating livestock grazing.

Growing with likeminded individuals

“We went to zero-till the year after we experimented with a polyculture on 50

acres,” Paul shares. “Kevin Elmy of Friendly Acres Seed Farm in Yorkton, Saskatchewan helped us more than anyone. He’s been involved in cover cropping for about 20 years, and he became our mentor.”

“Now we are also part of a group of likeminded people, calling ourselves the Dirty Dozen. We are neighbors or schoolmates, and we go to the same soil health and cattle marketing conferences,” he adds. “We’re all in our 30s and 40s, and this group has been a great place to bounce ideas around and grow together.”

Paul continues, “The importance of something like this is huge. If a person is the only one in their region trying something different, they always wonder if they are doing the right thing. Having a group of people who are all in this together is a big help.”

“We talk to each other

dairy farm

nearly every day about any of these topics and new ideas and what’s working and what’s not. This is the reason we’ve all made it this far,” he says, further noting during the COVID19 pandemic the group stayed in touch through Zoom meetings.

Each month they select a different topic like soil health, cattle marketing or stockmanship and bring in

guest speakers.

“We have a mentor for each month to walk through skill sets of different areas, and everyone can bring ideas, challenges or questions to the table,” says Paul.

Heather Smith Thomas is a corresponding writer for the Wyoming Livestock Roundup. Send comments on this article to roundup@ wylr.net.

Dairy farmers – Paul and Erin Kernaleguen of Birch Hills, Saskatchewan, Canada use regenerative practices to grow forage for their cattle on their dairy farm. Courtesy photo

Cover crops – Paul and Erin started growing polyculture cover crops by seeding and harvesting different blends of crops all together. Courtesy photo

Young Producer feature

Two Daniel-native young producers love raising beef

Eleven-year-old Colter and nine-year-old Trevor are the sons of Erin and Herman Siems. Both boys help their parents on their Angus cow/calf operation and have a passion for beef, ag production and the Western way of life.

Young producer: Colter

Colter currently has a steer project named Casey. One of his proudest accomplishments is placing in the top 10 at the Sublette County Fair in the Livestock Ultrasound Class during his second year of competing.

The class looks at retail yield plus percent of intramuscular fat (IMF). The retail yield is based on backfat and ribeye area. Projects weigh

between 1,150 to 1,375 pounds, backfat measures less than 0.50 inches, ribeye area is one square inch per 100 pounds with IMF percentage fat more than 4.75 percent.

He shares his favorite thing to do on the ranch is put up hay. He gets to help mow and rake, and in the mornings, he likes to help run the bale wagon.

Although his least favorite thing to do – feeding the livestock, especially in the winter months – is relatively easy, Colter notes it can be tiresome.

Young producer: Trevor

Trevor is in fourth grade and raises beef. Like many ranchers across the West, he has experienced several challenges while raising livestock. In fact, Trevor recently lost his steer project he was planning on taking to the county fair in July to kidney stones.

However, Trevor says he’s still planning on taking a cow/calf pair to fair this year.

He says one of this proudest accomplishments was raising a successful steer.

Additionly, Trevor shares he has a black, eight-year-old horse named Calamity, which he got several months ago, and he is looking forward to spending more time with his horse.

We practice selection and culling for traits that support efficiency and longevity within our environmental constraints of the Badlands in North Dakota. Cattle that excel in this setting can flourish just about anywhere else!

He says one of his favorite things to do as a young producer is to cut down grass and help his family put up hay. One of his least favorite things to do is calculate feed rations for his

beef projects and figure out how much to feed them, as it takes a bit of math calculations on his part.

At nine years old, he is still undecided on what he wants to do when he grows up, but mentions following in his parent’s footsteps as a generational rancher is a strong possibility.

In addition to helping his parents ranch, Trevor says he enjoys playing on the trampoline and riding his scooter and bike.

Lessons learned

For Erin, raising her boys on their family’s ranch is a not only great lifestyle, but she has also had the opportunity to teach her children valuable life lessons.

“When Trevor lost his animal, it was a great learning experience. It has allowed my children to see and understand the entire life cycle,” says Erin. “Growing up on a ranch is a very special thing, and there’s not many people who can these days.”

Erin originally grew up in Colorado but notes her family has been in Sublette County for the last 100 years.

“My parents gave my husband and I a Hereford bum calf as a wedding gift, and we’ve grown our operation from there,” she says. “My husband’s parents raise beef, and overall, we’re very happy to be in agriculture.”

Brittany Gunn is the editor of the Wyoming Livestock Roundup. Send comments on this article to roundup@wylr.net.

Steer project – Colter Siems is the 11-year-old son of Erin and Herman Siems of Daniel. His steer project, named Casey, will make its debut at the Sublette County Fair July 26-29. Courtesy photo

Equine friend – Trevor Siems and his black, eight-year-old horse Calamity pose for a photo. Trevor got his horse several months ago and is looking forward to many adventures with her in the years to come. Courtesy photo

SALE REPORTS

Fawcett's Elm Creek Ranch

Pilakowski Angus Bull Sale

March 4, 2023

NOTICE: Publication in this newspaper does not guarantee the legitimacy of any offer or solicitation. Take reasonable steps to evaluate an offer before you send money or provide personal/financial information to an advertiser. If you have questions or believe you have been the victim of fraud, contact the Wyoming Attorney General’s Office, Consumer Protection Unit, 109 Capitol Building, Cheyenne, WY 82002, 307-777-6397 TFN

Events

BLACK HILLS GUN SHOW

MARCH 10-12: The Lodge at Deadwood, in Deadwood, S.D. Call 605-641-0870 or 307-7511877 3/4

2023 CACHE VALLEY COWBOY RENDEZVOUS, MARCH 10-12: Welcomes Billy Dean and Jim Curry, singing the songs of John Denver. Free admission to Cowboy Poetry, Western Music, Vendors and Poetry Contests, etc. Fri. 3-10 p.m. and Sat. 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Cache County Event Center, Logan, UT. Go to www.cvcowboy.org or leave message 435-760-0160 3/4

Help

RANCH HAND WANTED: Cow work/calving, irrigating, haying, fixing fences. Wages based on experience. Call 307-250-8475 3/4

HOT SPRINGS COUNTY WEED & PEST DISTRICT IS ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS FOR THE POSITION OF WEED AND PEST DISTRICT MOSQUITO COORDINATOR/

RANGE MANAGER: The position is in Thermopolis, WY. Send letter of application, resume and 3 references by March 6 to: Hot Springs County Weed & Pest District, PO Box 543, Thermopolis, WY 82443. For additional information, call 307-864-2278 or e-mail hscwpcd@rtconnect.net. Hot Springs County Weed & Pest is an EOE 2/25

LOOKING FOR FULL-TIME EMPLOYEE TO HELP OVERSEE OUR HAYING OPERATION IN SOUTHWEST WYOMING: Must be mechanically sound and have a general understanding of pivots. Looking for a person that is highly motivated and a self-starter.

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Ranch is located approximately 7 miles from Cokeville, WY. Pay DOE. Call 307-7277721 3/4

CALVING HELP NEEDED:

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HOT SPRINGS COUNTY

WEED & PEST DISTRICT IS ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS FOR THE POSITION OF WEED AND PEST DISTRICT

Help Wanted

Seasonal Position

Helena Agri-Enterprises, LLC is looking for Fertilizer

Loader/Operator

The Blender/Operator is responsible for unloading, loading and blending fertilizer. Pre-employment drug testing and a clean driving record is required. Strong customer service skills and willing to work all shifts including Saturdays. Able to lift at least 50 lbs. For more information or to apply, please go to the following link:

www.helenaagri.com/careers

JOIN THE USDA-APHIS

TO HELP PROTECT WYOMING’S AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES: Summer positions available, salary range $15-$16.57 DOE. Conduct insect and biological control surveys. Weekly travel required. Must be 18 years old. Contact USDA at 307-432-7979 or e-mail bruce.a.shambaugh@usda. gov for more information.

Application deadline March 12 2/25

EARN $60,000/YEAR, PARTTIME in the livestock or farm equipment appraisal business. Agricultural background required. Home study course available. 800-488-7570 or www. amagappraisers.com 2/25

FAMILY FARM IN SEARCH OF FULL-TIME, LONG-TERM CREW LEADER to direct and coordinate worker activities such as maintaining ditches, planting, irrigating, harvesting, etc. Leadership skills and experience managing small crew, team player. Must have valid driver’s license and prefer experience operating tractors. CDL a plus but not required. Position to be filled immediately. Salary based on experience. For questions/information Call Britt, 719-429-9934. Send resume to britt@colonorchards.com. Submit references when applying to www.colonorchards. com 2/25

SUPERVISOR: The position is in Thermopolis, WY. Send letter of application, resume and 3 references by March 6 to: Hot Springs County Weed & Pest District, PO Box 543, Thermopolis, WY 82443. For additional information, call 307-864-2278 or e-mail hscwpcd@rtconnect.net. Hot Springs County Weed & Pest is an EOE 2/25

WIGGINS FEEDYARD, LLC

HIRING FULL-TIME EM-

PLOYEE: Current driver’s license required. Call Sue Wiggins, 308-279-0924, e-mail sswiggins@wigginsfeedyard.com, 10077 U.S. 385, Bridgeport, NE 69336, provide references with phone numbers 2/25

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Brands

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND: LRC, LTH. Current through Jan. 1, 2031. $2,500 OBO. Contact Gene at 307-331-1049 3/4

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND: LRC. Current through Jan. 1, 2031. $2,500 OBO. Contact Gene at 307-331-1049 3/4

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND: LRC, LSH. Current through Jan. 1, 2031. $2,500 OBO. Contact Gene at 307-331-1049 3/4

TEA KETTLE BRAND FOR SALE: One-iron, one strike brand for sale. LRC, LSS, LSH, LRB. Renewed through Jan. 1, 2033. Asking $9,000 OBO. Call 307-338-1529 or 307532-7524, if no answer please leave message 2/25

Brands

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND FOR SALE: Lazy V Heart Lazy V. LRC, LTH. Expires January 2027. Includes electric and hot irons. Asking $3,500. Call 608-863-3959 2/25

OLD WYOMING BRAND FOR SALE: RHC, RHH. Dues paid to 2033. No irons. Call 605-662-6066 (home) or 605-890-0225 (cell), leave message 3/18

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND FOR SALE: LRC, LTH, one electric branding iron included. $3,000. Call 307-851-5901 2/25

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND: LRC, LSH. Current through Jan. 1, 2031. $2,500 OBO. Contact Gene at 307-331-1049 3/4

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND FOR SALE: LSC, LHH. $3,000. Call 307-899-3754 2/25

Dogs

CORGI PUPPIES: AKC. Ranch raised. Males and females. Out of working parents. Affectionate. Good with kids and livestock. Fast, agile, fearless herders. Shots and wormed. Delivery available. Call for details, 719309-8864 2/25

GREAT PYRENEES LIVESTOCK GUARD PUPS: We have 4 females and 2 males who are ready to go now. They were born Oct. 17, 2022, to working parents. They have sweet, gentle personalities and are great with our kids. WE ALSO HAVE A NEW LITTER from our other female. Those pups will be ready in April. $600 a pup for both litters. For more information, contact Casey or Cristy Davis, 605-431-2067 or 605-206-0495. To view photos, go to www.wylr. net in the classifieds 3/11

AKC LAB PUPPIES: All colors available, whites, blacks, yellows, dark chocolates and dark reds. Excellent hunters, family companions. Full AKC registration. Shots, wormed, dewclaws removed. All puppies are cute, but it’s what they grow into that counts. Not all Labs are the same. Proud to own!! Been raising quality AKC Labradors for 25-plus years. Look at the rest but buy the best. Both parents on site for viewing. Will sell quickly!! $200 deposit, picking order is when the deposit is received. Doug Altman, Mitchell, S.D. Call/text 605-999-7149, click the our Labs tab on the website for pictures, www. southdakotayellowlabs.com WILL DISCOUNT!! 2/25

Dogs

ADORABLE AUGGIE PUPPIES: Mom registered Pembroke Welsh corgi 18 lbs., dad Toy Australian shepherd 10 lbs. ALSO, tiny toy Queensland heeler (mom 10 lbs.)/Toy Australian shepherd (dad 7 lbs.) cross puppies, 1 male and 1 female, born Sept. 27, 2022. MINIATURE AUSTRALIAN SHEPHERD PUPS. All pups bred for health/disposition/smarts, UTD pup vaccines, come with starter bag/information book, 1 year health guarantee. For more information, pricing and delivery options, call 406-581-7586. To view photos, go to www.wylr. net in the classifieds 3/4

WALKER HOUND PUPS: PKC and UKC registered, 6 months old. Nominated for money hunts. Out of outstanding dogs. ALSO, 10-month-old pointing Labs, AKC registered. Call for more information 801-9166161 3/18

GIVING AWAY!! PUREBRED

BORDER COLLIE PUPPIES: Out of excellent working parents. Extremely smart. All are traditional black and white. Call 307-6453322 3/4

CKC PEMBROKE WELSH CORGIS: Red coloring, males, $700. Call 307-217-9737 3/4

WORKING RANCH DOGS:

AUSTRALIAN SHEPHERD PUPPIES. Registered standard size. Foundation working bloodlines. Tails docked, dewclaws removed, current on vaccinations and worming. Ready now. Call 970-824-2348, leave message. To view photos go to www.wylr.net in the classifieds 3/4

GREAT PYRENEES PUPPIES

CURRENTLY WORKING WITH LIVESTOCK!! Proven bloodlines, parents onsite. Socialized. Males and females, 6 months old. $1,000. Have been raising these fantastic LGD for 48 years. For more information, call 406-2077674 2/25

SANDHILL BORDER COLLIES: Working border collies for ranchers. Reds, blacks, merles, mainly short hair. Thirty years experience. Shots appropriate to age, dewclaws removed, wormed weekly. Pups and ready-to-start pups available. Prices vary. Call us (texts are better) to set up delivery, 701770-2364 or e-mail sandhillbc@ yahoo.com. Visit our Facebook page: Sandhill Performance Horses and Border Collies. To view photos, go to www.wylr.net in the classifieds 5/6

YEARLING ANGUS BULLS: These bulls are grown, not fattened, will get out and cover cows. Many will work on heifers. We will deliver. Call Joe Buseman, 605-351-1535 3/11

Registered Angus Yearling Bulls Private Treaty Bridger, MT Opening Day Saturday Louis & Kathy Dubs •

Brands

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND: LRC, RSH. Current through Jan. 1, 2031. $2,500 OBO. Contact Gene at 307-331-1049 3/4

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND FOR SALE: LHC, LSS, LHH. Dues paid to Jan 1, 2029. Hot irons included. $2,500. Call 307-351-0242 3/18

REGISTERED WYOMING BRAND FOR SALE: LR&HC, LS&TH. Dues paid to Jan 1, 2031. Hot irons included. $3,500. Call 307351-0242 3/18

WYOMING BRAND REGISTERED BY GOELET GALLATIN IN 1912: LRC, BS, LSH. Irons available, seller will pay transfer fees. Renewed until 2033, $3,000. Call 307-272-4215 3/4

YEARLING BLACK ANGUS BULLS FOR SALE: Actual weaning weight 727 lbs. Cow herd AI’d since 1969, predominantly use ABS and Select Sires. Purebred but not papered. $2,000. If we feed till April 1, $2,500. Call 307366-2911 2/25

Angus

Pasture Wanted

PASTURE WANTED FOR UP

TO 60 PAIRS: Northeast Wyoming or western South Dakota preferred. Please call 307-6604275 3/18

YEARLING PASTURE WANTED for 1,500 head steers/spayed heifers for 2023 and beyond. Take all or part, smaller places okay. CO, WY, OR and ID preferred. Competitive rates, reference available. Call or text Jon, 831-240-5795 7/1

PASTURE WANTED for 2,000 yearlings and 500 pairs. Can split into smaller bunches. 701-5231235 3/11

Red Angus

REGISTERED RED ANGUS

BULLS FOR SALE: Have 2-year-old bulls ready to go now and yearling bulls ready late spring. Delivery available. For more information, call CLR Red Angus, Dan Robertson, 307-431-1013 3/18

Hereford Hereford

CRR Herefords Good for your Business

Look to CRR Baldie Makers... ...Proven to Increase your Bottom Line.

Polled & Horned Hereford Bulls - Private Treaty Sale

See Bull Info & Videos on Website & Facebook

COYOTE RIDGE RANCH

Jane Evans Cornelius 970-371-0500

Hampton Cornelius 970-396-2935 18300 CO RD. 43 ~ La Salle, CO 80645

Katie Cornelius & Lee Mayo 970-396-8320

www.coyoteridgeherefords.com

Horses

HORSES: BUY, SELL, TRADE. Will pick up. Call Dennis Black, 307-690-0916 2/25

BEST OF THE BIG HORNS HORSE SALE, APRIL 15, Buffalo Livestock Marketing, 44 TW Rd., Buffalo, WY. Online bidding through www.cattleusa.com, register 3 days prior to sale. Contact Ellen Allemand, 307-7518969 or Kay Lynn Allen, 406697-5882. Visit us on Facebook for updates 4/1

STAY WARM!! Great prices!! WOOL CAPS, wool VESTS, WOOL socks, SILK SCARVES, KENETREK RIDING PACKS, THINSULATE BOULET ROPER style BOOTS. HONDO, BOULET, JUSTIN WORK BOOTS, TWISTED X (boots and shoes) and more!! WE CAN ship!! Shop Moss Saddles, Boots and Tack, 4648 West Yellowstone Highway, Casper, WY; 307-472-1872. Our family serving yours for 50 years!! Check us out on Facebook or our website 3/4

Leatherwork

LS CUSTOM LEATHER: Belts, tack, cell phone cases and much more!! Contact Lester, 307631-1053, leave a message. Located in Riverton, WY 3/11

Swine

Sheep

For sale sheepherders wagon. Queen sized bed, plenty of storage. Wheelwright services available. Also sheep wagon bows for sale. Call for price, 785-734-2663.

Hay &

ROUND BALED GRASS FOR

SALE: Cody, WY area, 1,000 lb. net-wrapped bales, $70/ bale. Call, don’t text, Anthony at 307-254-2645. To view photos, go to www.wylr.net in the classifieds 3/18

SHELL CORN FOR SALE: Very good feed value. ALSO, hay and straw for sale. For more information, call 307754-5864 3/18

Horses

HAY FOR SALE: 2022 first and second cutting alfalfa, alfalfa/grass, grass mix, straight grass, Haybet barley, straight millet and sorghum. ALSO, 2022 wheat straw and older hay for grinding. All in netwrapped round bales. Semi load delivery available. Call for pricing, 701-690-8116, please send a text if no answer or keep trying 3/18

SMALL SQUARES OF BROME GRASS/ALFALFA

MIX HAY: Covered, $10/bale. ALSO, second cutting alfalfa. Sheridan, WY. Call Drew, 307-752-5920 2/25

WE HAVE HAY FOR SALE!! Grass and mix still available. All sizes, all qualities and all quantities. Delivery available!! Call 307-630-3046 3/18

Sheep

FIFTH ANNUAL MID-STATES HAIR SHEEP SALE MARCH 25, at 11:30 a.m. Starting with equipment. Sheep to follow immediately after. NEW LOCATION!! WAHOO LIVESTOCK SALES 636 1st St., Wahoo, NE 68066. Looking for consignors and buyers. Healthy hair sheep only, all stock will be inspected upon arrival. No sheep with broken or missing teeth. All out of state sheep will need health papers. Veterinarians present to inspect and write outgoing health papers. Brucellosis testing must be done on rams over 6 months old to ship out of state. No more than 2 rams per producer. 10% commission. Sale order will be in order of consignment, call early!! NO consignments day of sale. REGISTER TO BID ONLINE minimum of 7 days in advance at www.dvauction.com and contact the barn for approval, 402443-3512. To consign sheep call Josh Kaster, 402-245-7391 or Neal Amsberry, 308-651-0327 3/18

MERINO EWES FOR SALE: CAMPBELL AND HANSMIRE GENETICS, 1,050 HEAD: 250 2-year-olds; 228 3-year-olds; 146 4-year-olds; balance 5- to 7-yearolds, 165-170 lbs. Good body condition. Supplementing on pasture. 19-20 Micron. Wormed and vaccinated 3 times in 2022. Hamp/Suffolk bucks turned in Nov. 22, 2022. Five Akbash dogs. For more information, call 308440-7999 3/4

BARLEY STRAW: Certified weed-free small squares, $4/ bale. ALSO, round bales. OATS, WHEAT AND BARLEY, $20/100 cwt. Greybull, WY area. Call 307-762-3878 or 307-202-0108, leave message 3/11

VALLEY VIDEO HAY MARKETS, LLC: Hay still available. Go to www.valleyvideohay. com or call Barry McRea, 308235-5386 3/11

GRASS HAY FOR SALE: 3x4 bales, 1,200 lbs., $250/ton. Lyman, WY. Call Kelly, 307-7807027 2/25

WYOMING CERTIFIED

GRASS SEED GROWER HAS GRASS HAY FOR SALE: 3x4x8 squares baled behind the combine. Bales have all the forage without the seed, $110/ton. Powell, WY area. Call Mike, 307-2020494 2/25

2022 LARGE ROUND BALES: Net wrapped, 1,550-1,650 lbs., tests done, nitrate free, Japanese and German millet, $130/ton. ALSO, large round bales of 2021 net wrapped and 2022 twine tied grass hay. Will deliver. Call 605224-6100 (home) or 605-2803879 (cell), if no answer leave message 2/25

Warner Ranch Seed

Serving Fremont County, Wyoming and the surrounding areas.

HarvXtra® alfalfa with Roundup Ready® technology, Roundup Ready® alfalfa and conventional varieties available! Plant the best!

Buffalo Brand Seed for annual forages, cover crops, pasture grasses, small grains and custom mixes. Call Today! Bryan Warner • 307-850-7668 (cell)

GRASS SEED FOR SALE: Manifest wheat grass, Manska wheat grass, Cache Meadow Brome, excellent germination, $3.90/lb. Call Big Horn Seed Company, 307-202-0704 or 307-645-3322 3/4

BEARMOUNTAIN BEEF INC, IN HAWK SPRINGS, WY NOW EXCEPTING USDA APPOINTMENTS FOR BOTH SHEEP AND GOATS IN ADDITION TO BEEF!! USDA and custom exempt processing slots available. All product is vacuum sealed for extended freezer life and quality appearance. Give us a call to book your slot at 307-3382751 or check out our website www.bearmountainbeef.com 2/25

LOOKING TO RENT OR LEASE PASTURE FOR 50-100 cow/calf pairs for 2023 season. Preferably northeastern Wyoming. Call 307-660-0294 and leave a message if no answer.

We have spring 4-H farrowed pigs by Manchild, Big and Nitro available. Farrowed November through January. Jackpot, state fair, and county fair quality. Delivery to Colorado and Wyoming available in late March. Call Brad for more information.

(712) 660-3173

Sheep

ARE YOU IN NEED OF A NEW HERDER CAMP OR A PERSONAL RANGE CAMP FOR YOUR FAMILY? Contact us at Western Range Camps and see what we can build for you. We specialize in quality, handcrafted camps built to your specifications. Contact us today to design the camp that is just right for you. Western Range Camps, 435-462-5300, heidi@ wrcamps.com, 1145 S. Blackhawk Blvd, Mt. Pleasant, UT 84647 2/25

HAY FOR SALE: Teff grass and alfalfa mix. Small square bales. Approximately 70 tons available. Located in Powell, WY. For more information, call 307-2548201 3/11

GOOD AVAILABILITY OF ROUND AND SQUARE HAY AND STRAW BALES FOR SALE: Low delivery charge at cost. Volume discounts available. Call/text 1-204-209-1066 anytime for pricing 3/11

FOR SALE: BODY FOR 2003 FORD 350 DIESEL SINGLE AXLE. Mint condition. Asking $1,750. Body was removed upon original purchase to accommodate Hydra-Lift. Call 719-320-5815. To view photos, go to www.wylr.net in the classifieds 3/18

WANTED!!! 1932, 1933 or 1934

Ford car project, restored or older restored one. Call 605290-3208 3/4

2007 DURAMAX 1 TON DUALLY WITH HYDRABED. 4WD, straight body, no rust, 210,000 miles, 4 new drive tires, $25,000. Call 307-5753763 2/25

Trucks

WANTED TO BUY: 1961 GMC

4000, Chevy C60, Viking truck or 1972 Chevy C60 motors 427 or 327. Whole or parts. Call 920-337-9315 or 920-471-7253. Leave message 2/25

FOR SALE: H&S 7+4 17’ chuckwagon with tandem 14 ton running gear. John Deere 714A and 716A chuckwagons with John Deere running gear and bunk feeding extensions, been shedded, nice condition. J&M 325 gravity box with 12 ton gear. Meyerink 12’ box scraper. Lorenz 16’x33’ 18 ton stack mover. Inland 102” snow blower with hydraulic spout. Farm King 8’ snow blower with hydraulic spout. All in very nice condition!! Call 605-9995482 3/18

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE: John Deere 8960 tractor with PTO; John Deere 5090e tractor with loader; CIH 1015 pick-up header; John Deere 455 30’ grain drill; White 30’ disk; Morris 53’ airdrill; Lawson 12x30 double drum land areator; Apache 2190 self propelled sprayer; New Holland 1075 balewagon; Freeman self propelled 3 string balers; Freeman pull type 3 string balers; Vermeer R23 rake; Massey Ferguson 2190 4x4 baler; Cat 950 loader; New Holland 359 grinder mixer; Modern Mill (mix mill) feed mill; Freightliner grain truck; IHC 80 bbl vac truck; Merritt 48’x102” cattle pot; Mobile Tech 9 yd. volumetric concrete mixer; Degelman 570 rock picker. Call 406-254-1254 3/4

Equipment Equipment

Irrigation

Irrigation

Killebrew Irrigation

Your one stop shop for all irrigation needs

Lander, WY • (307) 332-3044

• Reinke center pivot sales and field design

• Parts for most major irrigation systems

• Underground and Surface PVC pipe and fittings

• Pumps and Motors

• Phase Converters

Property for Sale

Property for Sale

Property for Sale Property for Sale

307-532-1840 • CHUGWATER, WY

WANT TO BUY!! FORD 172

DIESEL 4 CYLINDER power unit. ALSO, other industrial applications wanted. Call Lloyd, 701-226-4055 3/4

EQUIPMENT FOR SALE: 310C gas Case crawler loader, $4,500; 95 John Deere combine round back, $6,200; 1999 4900 Hesston baler, $24,500; 2275 16’ Hesston pull type swather, $14,500. All machinery has been shedded. Call Ivan Policky, 307-629-0974 3/11

Livestock Equipment

Equipment Decals

Equipment

Restoration

DBL TREE TRACTOR RESTORATION LLC: Tractors, stock trailers and flatbeds, total repair, sandblast and paint. Please call Mike, 406-9300720 2/25

Heating Equipment

ELIMINATE ● RISING ● FUEL

COSTS: Clean, safe and efficient wood heat. Central Boiler Classic and E-Classic Outdoor Wood Furnace; heats multiple buildings with only 1 furnace, 25-year warranty available. Heat with wood, no splitting! Available in dual fuel ready models. www.CentralBoiler.com WE ALSO HAVE whole house pellet/corn/biomass furnaces. Load once per month with hopper. www. Maximheat.com A-1 Heating Systems. Instant rebates may apply! Call today! 307742-4442. To view photos, go to www.wylr.net in the classifieds TFN

Pipe

FOR SALE!! 2 7/8, 3 1/2

4” drill pipe, 4 1/2 casing, 5” casing, 7” casing. Rods 3/4, 7/8 and 1” located in Montana, can ship anywhere. Call Mike, 602-758-4447. To view

Pipe

“Picking A Fence Post” tab to see why folks choose our posts!! TFN

Hunting & Fishing

MARCH 2-4: PETSKA FUR WILL BE BUYING ALL RAW/DRY FUR DEER/ELK HIDES AND ANTLER, IN THE FOLLOWING TOWNS AND LOCATIONS: MARCH

2: Ft. Bridger 3:30-3:50 p.m., Cash Store; Evanston 4:305 p.m., Prairie Inn. MARCH

3: Kemmerer 7:20-7:40 a.m., Ham’s Fork Station/Sinclair; Cokeville 8:30-8:50 a.m., Fly -

p.m., Elkhorn Bar (drive thru); Bondurant 1:552:10 p.m., Post Office (drive thru); Daniel 2:30-2:50 p.m., The Den; Pinedale 3:10-3:40 p.m., Gannett Sports; Big Piney 4:15-4:30 p.m., Public RR Visitor Info. lot; La Barge

5:15-5:30 p.m., All American Fuel (drive thru); Fontenelle

6 p.m., drive thru call Greg on this day only; Green River 7 p.m., Hitching Post. MARCH Green River 7: 20-7:40 a.m., Hitching Post (drive thru); Rock Springs 8-8:30 a.m., WY Wool Warehouse; Wamsutter

9:30-9:45 a.m., Wamsutter Conoco (drive thru); Rawlins

10:30-10:50 a.m., Trails West Meat Processing; Saratoga

12-12:30 p.m., Saratoga Feed & Grain; Elk Mountain 1:10-

1:30 p.m., Conoco on I-80 (drive thru, call Greg); Hanna

1:40-1:50 p.m., Hometown Market (drive thru); Medicine Bow 2:30-2:40 p.m., JB’s (drive thru); Rock River 2:50-3 p.m., Rancher’s Supply (drive thru); Laramie 3:50-4:50 p.m., West Laramie Fly Shop. For more information, call Greg, 308-750-0700 or visit www. petskafur.net 2/25

Irrigation GOING, GOING, GONE. THAT'S WHAT YOU'LL SAY WITH ROUNDUP CLASSIFIEDS

Black Mountain Farm: Washakie County, Wyoming. 145+ acres along Highway 20 North between Worland and Thermopolis. 80+ acres under 2 newer Zimmatic Pivots irrigated out of the Bluff canal. 100’x50’ shop with concrete floor with large overhead doors and all the infrastructure for building improvements. This is a high quality farm currently in beet and barley production. Price: $1,299,000

MO. Flats Ranch: Hot Springs County, Wyoming. 655+ acre ranch with lots of Owl Creek Frontage as well as solar and electric wells. Approximately 195 adjudicated acres with sub-irrigated and dryland pasture. 3,360 sq. ft. newer shop with power and water on site. Excellent base for a livestock operation or stand alone unit. Price: $1,800,000

Mills Road Farm: Fremont County, Wyoming. 155+ acre farm in the Midvale Irrigation District. 101 irrigated acres with gated pipe. Near Ocean Lake off 8 mile road. 2,800 sq. ft. home with many recent upgrades. 3,000 sq. ft. shop with concrete floor and wood frame machine shop. Great location and super base property. Price: $775,000

Harvey East Sunnyside Farm: Hot Springs County, Wyoming. 135+ acre farm in alfalfa hay on the Lucerne Irrigation system. Located 6 miles from Thermopolis and overlooking the Big Horn River. Seller will divide in parcels of 35 acres or greater. Very nice farm in a great location. No improvements, county road access. Price: $1,440,000

Roy Ready - Broker

Frank Sanford - Sales Associate • Amy Ready - Sales Associate

Clay Schafer – Sales Associate • Rees Ready - Office Manager Office: 307-234-2211

Roy Ready - Broker: 307-921-0170

www.westernland.net

MARCH 9-12: PETSKA FUR WILL BE BUYING ALL RAW/ DRY FUR DEER/ELK HIDES AND ANTLER, IN THE FOLLOWING WYOMING TOWNS AND LOCATIONS: MARCH 9: Douglas 7:10-7:20 a.m., Douglas Feed (drive thru); Bill 8-8:10 a.m., Bill’s Store (drive thru, call Greg); Wright 8:50-9:20 a.m., Exxon Big D on S. 387; Newcastle 11:15 a.m.-11:45 p.m., Voelker’s Body Shop; Upton 12:30-12:45 p.m., Joe’s Grocery Store parking lot; Moorcroft 1:15-1:45 p.m., The Coffee Cup; Gillette 2:10-2:30 p.m., T&T Guns and Ammo; Gillette 3-3:30 p.m., Rocky Mountain Sports. MARCH 10: Gillette

7-7:20 a.m., Rocky Mountain Sports (drive thru, call Greg); Sheridan 9:30-10 a.m., Sportsman’s Warehouse; Buffalo 10:4511:15 a.m., Good 2 Go; Ten Sleep

12:45-1:15 p.m., Pony Express; Hyattville 1:45-2 p.m., Paint Rock

Processing; Manderson 2:40-

2:50 p.m., Hiway Bar (drive thru); Basin 3-3:20 p.m., Overland Express Mart (drive thru); Greybull

3:40-4 p.m., Overland Express Mart (drive thru); Lovell 4:30-4:50 p.m., Good 2 Go; Byron 5-5:15 p.m., Cardtrol (drive thru); Powell 5:30-5:50 p.m., Murdoch’s.

MARCH 11: Powell 7-7:20 a.m., Murdoch’s; Ralston 7:30 a.m., Good 2 Go (drive thru, call Greg); Cody 8-8:40 a.m., Nature’s Design Taxidermy; Meeteetse 9:20-

9:40 a.m., Elk Horn Bar; Worland

10:50-11:20 a.m., Coop One Stop; Thermopolis 11:50 a.m.-12:20 p.m., Renegade Guns; Shoshoni

1-1:15 p.m., rest area/bus stop (drive thru); Riverton 2-2:50 p.m., Vic’s Body Shop (behind the Dollar Tree); Hudson 3:10-3:20 p.m., Wyoming Custom Meats (drive thru); Lander 3:40-4:10 p.m., Zander’s One Stop; Jeffrey City 5:15-

5:30 p.m., Split Rock Cafe; Muddy Gap 5:50-6 p.m. (drive thru, call Greg). MARCH 12: Casper

7:20-8:20 a.m., Wagner Outdoor Sports; Glenrock 9-9:15 a.m., east exit on I-25; Douglas 10-10:20 a.m., Douglas Feed; Orin Junction 10:40-10:55 a.m., truck stop (drive thru); Lost Springs 11:10-11:20 a.m., truck pull off (drive thru, call Greg); Manville 11:20-11:30 a.m., truck stop (drive thru, call Greg); Lusk 12-12:20 p.m., Decker’s Grocery. For more information, call Greg, 308-750-0700 or visit www.petskafur.net 3/4

By Micah Most, UW Extension Educator

January exited with a blast of arctic cold. About this time, many gestating ewes and cows entered the third trimester, marking the last phase of pregnancy in which the bulk of fetal growth occurs.

The energy demands of cold temperatures and pregnancy increase the nutritional requirements of ewes and cows, and this is especially true for yearling ewes or first-calf heifers which are still making gains toward their mature body size.

Nutritional requirements

The 2022 University of Wyoming (UW) Extension bulletin “Supplementation Considerations for Ewes Managed on Dormant Winter Pastures and Rangelands” contains an excellent overview of nutritional requirements of sheep during this period with critical environmental and physiological burdens.

On the beef cattle side, there is the 2015 University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension bulletin “Supplementation Needs for Gestating and Lactating Beef Cows and Comparing the Prices of Supplement Sources.”

These publications can be found online at bit.ly/winter-ewe and bit.ly/wintercow, respectively.

Supplementing with alfalfa, distillers’ grains or range cake supplies rumen degradable protein (RDP) –formerly known as degradable intake protein (DIP) – and can be an excellent source of nutrition during critical environmental and physiological burdens.

This protein boosts rumen microbes which break down low-quality forages and helps the animal access energy which would otherwise be locked up in cellulose.

Energy needs and disease

When forage is low in quality, as it often is during winter and after drought, it can become physically impossible for animals to consume enough to meet their energy or protein needs – they simply run out of space in their digestive systems. The growing fetus and expanding uterus further restrict the rumen and capacity for feed intake.

Without proper management, the animal can go into a negative energy balance and begin to metabolize stored energy in the form of body fat reserves. This puts the body into a state of ketosis.

If sustained for long periods, ketosis can develop into the metabolic disease commonly known as pregnancy toxemia. This is not the result of a calcium deficiency, as in milk fever,

or a deficiency of magnesium, as in tetany, although these diseases should be ruled out when consulting with a veterinarian.

Pregnancy toxemia is most likely to present late in gestation in sheep and goats carrying multiple offspring or in obese individuals, due to the spatial restrictions imposed on the rumen.

Less frequently observed in cattle, pregnancy toxemia is most likely at or near peak lactation in high milking capacity individuals fed poor-quality diets which similarly enter a negative energy balance.

Common symptoms of pregnancy toxemia include an animal going off feed and showing lethargic behaviors, progressing to recumbency and death in severe cases.

Neurological signs such as head pressing or circling may also occur as a result of ketone buildup in the blood.

Routine observations and treatment

As ranchers make their daily animal checks, they should look closely for any individuals appearing depressed and “out of it.”

Are they tracking movement? Are their ears up and eyes bright? Are they keeping their heads up as the rancher approaches? Are they up and eating at feeding time?

These are routine livestock husbandry observations, but catching any problem animals early can lead to the best outcomes.

If pregnancy toxemia is suspected, work with a veterinarian to develop a treatment plan. Since the cause is a deficit in available energy, supplementation with rapidly available glucose is often the simplest and least invasive therapy.

Many over-the-counter oral drenches are available to counter the effects of ketosis, but be sure the product is labeled for use in the correct species. Something labeled for use in cattle may not be labeled for use in sheep and vice versa.

In extreme cases, a veterinarian can administer an intravenous glucose infusion. Watch affected animals closely for secondary infection during recovery from pregnancy toxemia.

While treatments are available, it is best to prevent pregnancy toxemia and/or ketosis from occurring in the first place. Ensure animals consume a high-quality, balanced diet and have access to clean water from late gestation to peak lactation.

Use body condition scoring (BCS) to maintain breeding females in moderate flesh – BCS three to four for sheep

and BCS five to six for cattle – avoiding both the thin and obese extremes of the scale.

Utilize grain or concentrate supplements as appropriate, especially to provide sufficient protein when grazing dormant winter range, as animals enter the third trimester of gestation – 100 to 150 days of gestation for sheep and seven to nine months for cattle – or to counter the effects of severe winter weather events.

For the rancher, nutritional management is one of the most powerful tools to prevent disease and enhance productivity. Producers can work with their local UW

Extension educator to answer questions about winter livestock rations.

Micah Most is the agri-

culture and natural resources educator with University of Wyoming Johnson County Extension. He can be reached

at mmost@uwyo.edu, 307684-7522 or on Facebook and Instagram @UWExtensionJohnsonCounty.

by Lee Pitts

Burning Questions

I know the cowboy and cowgirl community looks to me as a stylish trendsetter who is always in fashion.

As a man of few fashion surprises who owns at least three pairs of jeans and a stack of T-shirts, some even without colorful pictures of cows or cars on them, I real-

ize I have a responsibility to share my insight as to what’s fashionable.

I’m constantly barraged with questions like, “What’s in style – shotgun chaps or chinks? Fringe or no fringe? Vest or no vest? Pendleton or polyester? A feather in one’s hat or a hat band? Belt

or suspenders? Wrist watch or pocket watch? Jinglebobs or no jinglebobs?”

As a leatherworker, I’m often asked if it’s fashionable to put a person’s name on the back of their belt or if “that style” went out with Lyndon Johnson. I prefer initials on the tip of a belt. And yes, people should wear a belt and pull up their pants.

Even though teenagers are often seen with their pants pulled down like they have $500 worth of nickels in the pockets, it’s not a style that will ever catch on with the cowboy crowd.

Can one imagine Trevor

Brazile getting off his horse after roping a calf and mooning the crowd in Las Vegas at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR)?

The top five questions I get from people who want to dress as stylish as myself are as followed.

Question number five: Levi or Wrangler?

I was a Levis man in my younger years, but this was before I learned Levi gives hundreds of millions of dollars to extremely liberal causes, while Wrangler sponsors the NFR. So, now I’m a Wrangler man.

Okay, okay. The fact Levis now cost $60 per pair

might have a little something to do with my fashion awakening. At any time, a person could add up the cost of everything I’m wearing and the total wouldn’t be near $60. Compromise position – Cinch jeans.

Question number four: square toe or pointy toe?

I notice a lot of rodeo cowboys and cowgirls are wearing square-toed boots these days. Call me oldfashioned, but I believe proper boots should have pointy toes so a person can get their foot out of the stirrup faster with less hang up.

Compromise position – my favorite boots have always been Justin Ropers with a round toe. Under no circumstance should a cowboy or cowgirl wear those silver toe caps on their boots which make them look like derelict rock and roll singers.

Question number three: outside or inside?

Because I also make spur leathers, people ask if the buckles should be on the outside or inside.

It depends on what part of the country a person is from. If they’re from California, the buckles should be on the inside so they can put a big, gaudy concho on the outside of their spur leathers.

If they live closer to Texas and Nebraska, it’s fashion forward to wear the buckles on the outside, which is more practical.

Compromise position –I really like the three piece spur leathers with a concho on the outside and the buck-

les in the middle.

Question number two: wild rag or bolo tie?

Wild rag for sure, unless one happens to be from Arizona. I’ve traveled this particular state extensively and have found only an Arizonian can wear a bolo tie and look good at it.

Arizona cowgirls are also the only ones who look good with big, old Native American Squash Blossoms around their neck. Maybe it’s the turquoise?

Compromise position –do like I do and don’t wear either, because neither a wild rag or bolo tie looks good with a T-shirt.

Question number one: black or white?

The number one question I get is, “Is it more fashionable to wear a white –actually grey – or black hat?”

I used to wear nothing but silver bellies, but I’ll admit nothing looks better than a properly shaped black hat, except under really dusty conditions. I’ve seen some auctioneers wear brown hats, but a person has to be really courageous and good looking to pull this look off.

Compromise position – just wear a straw hat all year-round. They’re a lot cheaper, and a person won’t care as much if one happens to blow away or get stepped on by a bull or horse.

I’ll admit straw hats don’t look good if theyʼre worn with a suit, but I tend to avoid any enterprise requiring me to wear one of those darn things.