LAF 003_Quasi Designed by xiaoxuan lu

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

收稿时间 / Received Date

中图分类号 / TU982.3

2013-05-27

文献标识码 / B

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

类设计：沉积物基础设施的关键过程索与

Experiment and Process

探

Quasi Designed: The Throttle of Sedimentary Infrastructure

过程布雷特·米利甘

152

摘要 ……

Abstract ...

疏浚工程通常被理解为一种线性的工业

Dredging is typically understood as a linear industrial activity:

浚研究合作组联合创始人

活动：疏通此地的水道，将废料堆积到他

dredge channel here, deposit waste there. The work of the

罗布·福尔摩斯

处。“疏浚研究合作组”认为必须将疏浚放

Dredge Research Collaborative argues that dredge must be

猛犸当代城市调查研究所、疏浚研究合作组联合创始人

在一个跨越地理与时间尺度的层面上，在人

understood within a broader context of human technologies,

提姆·马利

类技术、工具、组织和实践这些更广泛的、

tools, organizations and practices that manipulate sedimentary

Quiet Babylon设计事务所总监，《连线》杂志设计频道创办作家；

会对沉积过程产生影响的语境下对其进行

processes across wide geographic and temporal scales.

疏浚研究合作组联合创始人

理解。疏浚是这一循环性活动中的关键一

Dredging is a key moment within this cycle of activities — the

斯蒂芬·贝克尔

环——这是人类对沉积过程影响最为强烈、

moment at which human influence over sedimentary processes is

猛犸当代城市调查研究所、疏浚研究合作组联合创始人

集中的一个环节——但从来都不是孤立的一

most intensely concentrated — but never an isolated moment.

Brett MILLIGAN

环。

加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校景观设计与环境规划学院助理教授，疏

We refer to these relatively new sedimentary regimes as

Assistant Professor in the Department of Landscape

我们将这些新型沉积机制称作“疏浚循

the dredge cycle to emphasize the key position of the activity

Architecture and Environmental Planning at the University

环”，从而突显疏浚在这一套人为的沉积物

of dredging within this set of anthropogenic sediment-handling

of California, Davis; Co-founder of the Dredge Research

处理实践中所具有的关键意义。在更全面地

practices. This broader understanding of our influence upon such

Collaborative

理解人类对这种过程所造成的影响后，我们

processes advocates for a set of changes to the way that this

Rob HOLMES

根据这些影响提出了一系列改变举措。

influence is designed.

疏浚研究合作组努力寻求这些改变的主

One of the primary ways that the Dredge Research

Collaborative

要途径之一，就是通过一项持续进行的名为

Collaborative has sought to pursue these changes is through the

Tim MALY

“疏浚节”的系列活动来呈现。本文阐释了

organization of an on-going event series called DredgeFest. This

Director of Quiet Babylon; Founding Staff Writer at Wired

疏浚研究合作组创办“疏浚节”的目的，总

article describes the Dredge Research Collaborative’s motivations

Design; Co-founder of the Dredge Research Collaborative

结了首次“疏浚节”，以及那场袭击纽约市

for organizing DredgeFest, recounts lessons drawn from the

Stephen BECKER

长达一月之久的桑迪飓风（发生于“疏浚

inaugural DredgeFest as well as the Hurricane Sandy, that struck

Co-founder Mammoth and the Dredge Research Collaborative

节”一个月后）的经验教训，同时还描绘了

New York City a month after the festival, and sketches future

疏浚研究合作组与“疏浚节”的未来蓝图。

directions for the Dredge Research Collaborative and DredgeFest.

关键词 ……

Key words ...

Co-founder of Mammoth and the Dredge Research

翻译 Translated by / 刘琴博 Qinbo LIU，陆小璇 Xiaoxuan LU 校对 Proofread by / 李舒雅 Shuya LI

疏浚；沉积；人类纪；反馈；基础设施；海岸弹性

153

1 1. 1.

桑迪飓风在新泽西州曼托洛金海岸线上“割”出了一个新入海口。© NASA Earth Observatory A new inlet cut across coastal Mantoloking, New Jersey by Hurricane Sandy © NASA Earth Observatory

Dredging; Sediment; Anthropocene; Feedback; Infrastructure; Coastal Resiliency

疏浚循环

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

反馈与整合

Experiment and Process

探索与过程

纽约疏浚节 2. 3. 2. 3.

疏浚循环 © The Dredge Research Collaborative 牙买加湾：人为土（纽约土壤普查）、历史填埋区以及沼泽岛的历史边界。© The Dredge Research Collaborative The Dredge Cycle © The Dredge Research Collaborative Jamaica Bay: Anthrosols (per NYC Reconnaissance Soil Survey), Areas of Historic Filling, and Historic Outlines of Marsh Islands © The Dredge Research Collaborative

154

155

重新利用/安置

侵蚀控制

交

掩

埋

外力抬升

细化

生物修复

处理

侵蚀

加剧侵蚀

堤

疏浚循环

人类纪过程

植物修复

无效/缺乏管理重力作用

坝

围

复

堵

沉积地质

及

通

修

覆

盖

纽约肯尼迪国际机场

历史填埋场地

土工管道

纽约市土壤勘察分类疏浚人为土

长满植被的沼泽岛屿（根据1924年勘察结果）

沉降与泥沙淤积 0

疏浚

4km

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

Experiment and Process

探索与过程

活跃沉降场地

156

157

新近沉降场地当前的疏浚渠道深挖维护处理分类湿地高地填海水下压实压实

注释

形成海滩

未来 4.

纽约/新泽西河口疏浚工程：美陆军工程兵团与合同商共同疏浚淤积在河口的沉积物。他们的疏浚方式通常分为 “维护性疏浚”或“深挖性疏浚”两种措施。维护性疏浚需要维持海床的现有深度，这意味着人们试图从上游流域抵消沉积物流动所带来的影响。深化性疏浚现在成为了河口的主要疏浚工作，主要是为了应对巴拿马运河扩建工程完成后到达纽约和新泽西的超大型集装箱船。因此疏浚工程不应只被理解为一个解决由人类活动带来的不断增长的沉积侵蚀现象的行为，它更是对跨洋航道沿线上的原料、制造商品以及其他产品的全球循环不断加速的过程的一种回应。© The Dredge Research Collaborative Dredging the New York/New Jersey Estuary: Sediment that arrives and settles in the Estuary is dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers and its contractors. Their dredging operations are typically classified as either "maintenance" or "deepening" operations. Maintenance

operations are required to maintain existing channels at their current depths, and so represent the direct attempt to counteract the effects of the flow of sediments from the upstream watershed. Deepening operations, which currently comprise the great majority of dredging operations in the Estuary, are primarily in anticipation of the ultra-large container ships that are expected to begin arriving in New York and New Jersey once the Panama Canal Expansion is completed. Dredging is thus properly understood as a reaction to not only the accelerated pace of sedimentary erosion resulting from human activities, but also a reaction to the accelerating pace of global cycling of raw materials, manufactured goods, and other products along transoceanic shipping lanes. © The Dredge Research Collaborative

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

Collaborative, we were tracing Sandy’s

practice that spans the globe, tracing the

consequences for a more hidden but still

Dredging is never an isolated moment.

contours of economics and history. To

essential topography: the carefully-managed

It is globally networked with a vast array

understand it, we must begin somewhere, so

underwater contours of the harbor and its

of other processes and landscapes: erosion

we will begin with a storm and a city.

bays. After Sandy, ports along the east coast

control technologies like silt fences and

path of the hurricane were closed, including

cellular conﬁnement systems;; dams, arresting

Hurricane Sandy

the Port of Virginia in Hampton Roads and

vast quantities of river-borne sediment;

1100 AM EDT WED OCT 31 2012

the Port of New York and New Jersey, in

urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation,

过

T h e N a t i o n a l We a t h e r S e r v i c e ’s

large part because the underwater approach

all accelerating erosion; techniques of

程

Hydrometeorological Prediction Center issues

terrain — usually groomed by dredgers

recovery, remediation, and disposal; and

its final official prediction for Hurricane

to match the lines delineated on NOAA’s

landscapes and products made from the

Sandy, Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number

navigational charts — had suddenly been

sediments collected in dredging, from new

3 7 : “ . . . W I N D S . . . A C C U M U L AT I N G

rendered uncertain, potentially containing

islands to decorative urns. Collectively, these

SNOWS...AND RAIN FROM THE

hazardous underwater debris or blocked by

manipulative acts can be understood as a

REMNANTS OF SANDY CONTINUE TO

storm-induced shoaling. In order to re-open

cycle, analogous in scope and ambition to

DIMINISH...”

the ports, NOAA deployed its “navigation

familiar natural cycles such as the water cycle

response teams” to urgently re-chart harbor

and the rock cycle, though operating with

The damage wrought on the New York

bathymetry in a vital act of emergency

much greater speed.

and New Jersey coast by Hurricane Sandy

landscape measurement. After the surveys

We refer to this relatively new sedimentary

(Fig. 1), the subsequent efforts to cope with

were completed, emergency dredging began,

cycle as the dredge cycle (Fig. 2) to

that damage, and plans for better coastal

repairs to ensure that no unseen hazards

emphasize the key position of the activity

158

defense systems against future storms all

would interfere with the arrival and departure

of dredging within this set of anthropogenic

received significant media attention in the

of container ships, oil tankers, and other

sediment-handling practices. Dredging is the

wake of the storm.

commercial vessels plying the harbor.

switch in the cycle between erosive processes

A wide variety of coastal defenses and

This hidden topography does more than

driven by gravity and the deployment of

responses to the storm were broached in the

maintain commerce. Dredging, the very

energy and counter forces to defy gravity.

press by politicians, designers, engineers,

activity that restored the clean geometries

Dredging is also the point of the most intense

and scientists: multi-billion dollar surge

of the harbor channels after the storm is, in

and rapid movement of sediment within the

barriers permanently emplaced in the harbor;

conjunction with a range of other sedimentary

cycle; if human influence over sediment is

home buyouts in flood-damaged areas with

handling practices, also responsible for

one of the ways that we behave as geologic

the intention of retreating from the most

exacerbating the damage produced by the

agents, then dredging is the point of initiation

heavily impacted zones, a “grassy network

storm. Dredging alters hydrological flows

for our most overt acts of making sedimentary

of land-based parks accompanied by watery

and increases erosive forces, depleting the

patches of wetlands and tidal salt marshes”,

fragile coastal ecologies — such as sea grass

and “breakwater islands made of geotextile

beds, marshes, and dunes — that buffer

tubes and covered with marine plantings”;

littoral cities against storm surge. Dredging

strategically hardening infrastructures to

also produces sedimentary surpluses, mobile

better absorb the impact of and ride out

reservoirs of sediment that can be deployed

flooding when it does occur; and “a system

to restore and create. If dredging constitutes

of artificial reefs in the channel and the bay

a sedimentary infrastructure essential to the

built out of rocks, shells and fuzzy rope that

functioning of contemporary coastal urban

is intended to nurture the growth of oysters”,

systems, then the first important thing to

“nature’s wave attenuators”.

recognize about this infrastructure is that it is

In our role as the Dredge Research

rife with feedback mechanisms.

Experiment and Process

与

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

The Dredge Cycle

This is an investigation into a landscaping

探索

景观设计学

159

5 5.

黄栏草地再生疏浚过程与盐沼湿地的创建：牙买加湾的黄栏草地正在进行持续改造。几十年来，由于牙买加湾滨水区受到城市的强烈影响，沙丘岛不断萎缩，乃至消失。在陆军工程兵团的指导下，这一格局最近正在转变。兵团将这一岛屿作为处理疏浚材料的场地，也将它作为一个应对扩大不断退化的生态系统的实验场地。© Gena Wirth Yellow Bar Hassock reclaimed dredge and salt marsh creation: Jamaica Bay's Yellow Bar Hassock is in constant transformation. For decades the island-sized hummock has been shrinking and losing ground due to intensifying urban impacts in the Jamaica Bay watershed. This pattern recently reversed course under the direction of the Army Corps of Engineers, who use the island as a site to dispose of dredge material and as a test case for expanding ecosystems in decline. © Gena Wirth

geology. Within geology, biological sciences, and

geologic scale. This new era is called the

sheer scale of human activity”, “elemental

Anthropocene.

in its force”. The Anthropocene forces us

environmental studies, there is established

First proposed in 2000 by geologist Paul

to recognize that anthropogenic influence

awareness that human alterations of

Crutzen, the Anthropocene is a useful way to

is pervasive and endemic. We are far too

biogeochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen,

understand the scale and intensity of human

enmeshed within such material processes

phosphorous, and carbon cycles, have

inﬂuence on global systems, “capitalizing on

to ever be able to extricate ourselves,

transformed the planet at a global and

the way in which (the term) dramatizes the

which brings us back to design. Wherever

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

largest ships that can currently transit the

led the Dredge Research Collaborative to

of industrial engineering) toward awareness

opportunistically designed to improve upon

Canal carry — is expected to significantly

conceive of a participatory event series. We

of its ever-aggregating scope and influence

degraded biogeochemical systems, building

“alter patterns of trade”, “mean(ing) faster

have observed that there is a growing interest

— towards a recognition of the broader

better and more inclusive natures.

and cheaper shipping of some goods between

in dredging and related landscape processes

context of the dredge cycle, though not

the United States and Asia”. On the Atlantic

within design fields. We have also observed

typically articulated in those terms. Dredge

and Gulf coasts of the United States, the

that this interest has remained primarily

is increasingly understood as a resource,

B e f o r e H u r r i c a n e S a n d y, o n e s u c h

imminence of the Expansion has produced

speculative, in large part because of a scarcity

rather than a waste material. The management

synthesis was already underway in Jamaica

intensive pressure on ports to “deepen harbors

of working relationships between landscape

of sediments is now matriculated through

Bay, which lies on the southeastern edge

and expand cargo-handling facilities” to

architects and those actors with practiced

extensive regional plans and strategies

of New York, past Coney Island (Fig. 3).

accommodate the New Panamax ships that

agency in the landscapes of dredge. In an

that include multiple stakeholders and a

Recognizing the degradation of the bay’s

should begin docking in 2015.

effort to grapple with these limitations, we

variety of agendas, including community

索与过程

尤蒂卡

160

哈德逊流域

salt marsh islands complex over the course

For the Port of New York and New Jersey,

launched our event series in September 2012

and environmental concerns. The growing

of the twentieth century (feedback: dredging

this has translated into a massive rise in the

with DredgeFest NYC, little more than a

movement of citizen gardening of oysters

in the bay is thought to be one of the

amount of dredging done in the harbor (Fig.

month before Hurricane Sandy hit.

(for the creation of reefs to stabilize channels

primary contributors to the degradation), a

4). Before Panama began the Expansion

DredgeFest NYC brought together

and improve water quality, rather than for

complicated network of federal, state, and

Project, the US Army Corps of Engineers

corporate practitioners, government agencies,

gastronomical consumption) and community

local entities have entered into a partnership

dredged hundreds of thousands of tons of

scientists, designers, theorists, industry

efforts to regenerate the industrial banks of

to actively rebuild several of the bay’s most

sediment from the harbor annually. Since the

experts, and the public to talk about dredging

the Gowanus Canal demonstrate that public

severely degraded islands utilizing sand,

Expansion Project began, the Army Corps

and how it manifests in the New York / New

participation in the dredge cycle is already

itself dredged from the New York Harbor.

has dredged millions of tons of sediment in

Jersey region. Our intent was to open up a

happening, and offers new potentials beyond

Again, feedback: the majority of the sand

New York Harbor annually, a more than ten-

conversation about the dredge cycle, at once

the exclusively governmental and corporate

being used is only available as an unintended

fold expansion. This dredging surge has been

documentary and speculative, while using the

manipulation of dredge.

consequence of a massive earthmoving

composed of sandier and cleaner sediments

event as an opportunity to build connections

Yet dredging and other dredge cycle

project over two thousand miles away: The

than maintenance dredging, which typically

between disparate communities and to frame

processes are still implicated in steep

Panama Canal Expansion Project.

contains more polluted silts recently washed

new design questions.

challenges, including legacies of toxic

The Expansion Project, which will permit

in from upstream sources. While only a small

The festival had three main components:

sediments, logistical and economic hurdles,

the Canal’s locks “to handle ‘New Panamax’

portion of this vast new stream of sediment

fieldwork and research preceding the

compartmentalization into political and

ships — 25 percent longer, 50 percent wider

has been diverted to Jamaica Bay for marsh

event (products of which included both an

disciplinary silos, and adapting to effects

and, with a deeper draft as well, able to

building (Fig. 5), without the quantity and

exhibition at the symposium (Fig. 2, 6) and

induced by climate change. Although

carry two or three times the cargo” that the

quality of material dredged in the Expansion

on-going work with videographers Ben

attractive in both theory and practice, there

Project, a marsh rebuilding project would

Mendelsohn and Alex Chohlas-Wood on a

are, as of yet, no proven design frameworks

be prohibitively expensive. The same kind

documentary about the dredge cycle), a public

for physically manipulating, detoxifying and

of globally-networked economic forces

boat tour (which visited landscapes of dredge

choreographing sediments at a regional scale.

that are implicated in the degradation of the

around the harbor from Manhattan to Jamaica

(Nor are there any established frameworks for

marsh islands are now making possible their

Bay), and a symposium, itself composed

involving design professionals.) Because of

resuscitation. This is typical of the dredge

of three topical, interdisciplinary sessions

the unpredictable nature of dredging cycles

cycle, full as it is of peculiar assemblies and

(“Dredge and the Anthropocene”, “Circularity

and volumes, combined with other logistical

relationships that can be directed to either

and Feedback”, and “Regeneration and Public

uncertainties, sustainable models of dredge

accretionary or erosive ends.

Participation”).

decontamination choreography have yet

帕塞克流域 6.

拉里坦流域

纽约湾南部 6.

纽约湾

加速沉积：河口的疏浚沉积物来自河流上游——在那些流入河口的流域中，帕赛克河流域、拉里坦河流域，特别是哈德逊河流域的沉积物最多。该图指出了与主要沉积物分布相结合的用地性质分布：在橙色的农业用地中，包括行间作物与牧场；在灰色的城市用地中，市区边缘的低密度发展用地中伴随着特别严重的侵蚀。洋红色表示在河口分水岭处发现的几个露天矿与采石场。© The Dredge Research Collaborative Accelerating sediments: The sediments that are dredged in the estuary originate upstream, in one of the watersheds that drains to the estuary — with the largest being the Passaic, Raritan, and, particularly, the Hudson. This drawing maps land uses which are associated with major disturbance of sediment: in orange, agriculture, including both row crops and pasture, and in grayscale, urban land — low-density development at the urban fringe is associated with particularly severe erosion. In magenta, the few open pit mines and quarries found in the Estuary's watershed are also highlighted. © The Dredge Research Collaborative

Over the course of DredgeFest NYC it

to be discovered. Increased analytical and

became clear that dredging in the NY / NJ

forecasting rigor is required if we are to shift

The possibility of redirecting these

Harbor, as a process and set of operations, has

from hard and static infrastructures to those

feedback loops to generate new landscapes,

evolved in conceptualization from an isolated

that are more responsive and resilient.

new ecosystems, and new infrastructures,

and rather simplistic proposition (a linear act

DredgeFest NYC

Perhaps most ominously, it remains

Experiment and Process

possible, human inputs can and should be

Feedback and Synthesis

探

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

161

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

索与过程

unclear whether there are limits to this ever-

and accreting, coastal development, or sea

phenomena like illicit and destructive sand

expanding anthropocentric geology. At

level rise and ever-increasing frequencies of

piracy, the exceedingly rapid geology of

the festival, University of Maine geologist

intense storms. Observing and acting upon

dam removal, and the near-future impacts of

Roger Hooke presented us with timelines

these networked material relations is at least

emerging technologies such as robotics and

quantifying the exponential growth in the

as critical to the resilience of urban systems

advanced, sensate geotextiles on sedimentary

amount of earth humans move per capita per

as dealing with any individual component

management regimes.

year as observed through history. This growth

in isolation. Re-designing the dredge cycle

How do we situate ourselves in a world

that is now accelerating logarithmically

for the Anthropocene will require observing,

where such (bizarre) human operations

toward pure horizontality, implying that the

designing, and manipulating such feedbacks,

cumulatively move more sediment and rock

human manipulation of sediment is steadily

harnessing their aggregate energy so that they

than all the non-human force of winds, waters,

pulling us across an event horizon into a

strengthen rather than undermine landscape

and ice combined? And what role can the

world unlike the one that we have known.

resiliency.

design professions, speciﬁcally and landscape

Future iterations of DredgeFest will aim

architecture play in coping with, organizing,

to chart this territory, with DredgeFests

and harnessing these movements? These

If events such as DredgeFest and the

distributed around not only North America

are the questions that DredgeFest and

concept of the dredge cycle have something

(the next DredgeFest is scheduled for the

the Dredge Research Collaborative are

unique to offer in this conversation, it is ﬁrst

great Mississippi River Delta in southern

investigating.

recognizing the quasi-designed linkages

Louisiana), but, eventually, toward global

between multiple anthropogenically-driven

sedimentary hotspots: thickly-inhabited deltas

landscape processes, be they dredging

like the Mekong, Rhine, and Yangtze, land-

itself, beach nourishment, the Panama

building operations powered by exported

Canal Expansion, wetlands both eroding

Dutch dredging expertise, and even stranger

Futures

162

NOTE An original version of this article was published in Scenario Journal, Issue 4: Rethinking Infrastructure, in Spring 2013.

163

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Plan (CRP). (2010). USACE New York District. Retrieved from http://www.nan.usace.army.mil/Missions/Navigation/ NewYorkNewJerseyHarbor/HudsonRaritanEstuary.aspx The EPA’s “Beneficial Use of Dredge” Programs and the NY/NJ Sediment Decontamination Demonstration Programs (1994~2008) are evidence of extensive research into regional management of sediment, revealing challenges still to be overcome. See NY/NJ Sediment Decontamination Demonstration Program, U.S Environmental Protection Agency: Retrieved from http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/ CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Technical+Documents/$FILE/PH-SternPresentation.pdf Gray, D. (2011, August 22). Sand for Sale; Environment Ravaged. Retrieved from http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article. php?art_id=21935&page=1 A d v a n c i n g D e l t a s . ( 2 0 11 , 2 0 1 2 ) . F r e e A s s o c i a t i o n Design. Retrieved from http://freeassociationdesign. wordpress.com/2011/08/09/advancing-deltas/ and http:// freeassociationdesign.wordpress.com/2012/02/21/therecruitment-of-entropy-advancing-deltas-v/ Cantrell, B. (2012, January 4). Responsive Systems Studio Fall 2011. Reactscape. Retrieved from http://reactscape.visuallogic.com/2012/01/responsive-systems-studio-fall-2011/ Syvitski, J., Vörösmarty, C., Marx, S., Bhaduri A. (2013, May 22). Changing the History of the Earth: The Role of Water in the Anthropocene. Retrieved from http://conference2013.gwsp. org/ﬁleadmin/Conference_2013/water_anthropocene_A3.pdf