LAF 003_Sh*tscape

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

收稿时间 / Received Date

中图分类号 / TU982.3

2013-01-28

文献标识码 / B

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

社区

排泄物景观： 孟买的临界性景观 索 与

Sh*tscape: Mumbai’s Landscape In-Between

过

季风

程 布雷特·巴特纳 美国内布拉斯加—林肯大学景观设计系助理教授

142

Experiment and Process

探

Abstract ...

摘要 …… 当今世界上，几乎、甚或根本没有卫生设施可

A growing number of the world’s population has little or no access to

Bret BETNAR

用的人口数量日益增加。这个问题在印度尤为突

sanitation. This is particularly prevalent in India, where over 750 million

Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture,

出，这个国家有7.5亿人口没有足够的卫生设施。

people are without adequate sanitation facilities. With burgeoning urban

University of Nebraska–Lincoln, USA

随着城市人口的迅速增加，像加尔各答、孟买和新

populations, cities like Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi are incapable of

德里等城市，甚至已无法为新移民提供诸如卫生设

providing even basic municipal services like sanitation and clean water for

翻译 Translated by / 张凌 Ling ZHANG

施、洁净水源等最基本的市政服务。因此，这些城

many of the cities’ recent migrants. As a result, living conditions for these

校对 Proofread by / 李舒雅 Shuya LI

市中新移民的生活条件非常不理想。

new arrivals are less than ideal.

“排泄物景观：孟买的临界性景观”这个项

“Sh*tscape: Mumbai’s Landscape In-Between” proposes the making

目，计划创建一个以人类的排泄物为基础的完全功

of an entirely functioning landscape built from human excreta. Its

能化的景观。它位于孟买桑贾伊·甘地国家公园西

location, Appapada Quarry, is found along the western edge of Sanjay

缘的阿巴帕达采石场，该采石场将一个现有的居住

Gandhi National Park in Mumbai. The quarry separates an established

区和一个山坡上的贫民窟分隔开来。这个项目试图

neighborhood and a hillside of informal settlements. The project takes the

将人类排泄物看作是丰富的、可再生的资源，而不

view of human feces as an abundant and renewable resource rather than

是废弃物。通过将特定的生物过程和基础设施设计

waste. By linking certain biological processes, infrastructural strategies,

与当地的社区联系起来，本项目旨在使居民需求和

and local communities, a more harmonious relationship between the needs

附近国家公园需求之间的关系变得更加和谐。

of the human residents and those of the nearby National Park can be

1

1.

2.

1.

2.

场地区位图 场地周边生活条件 Site location Living conditions near site

143

established.

关键词 …… 排泄物景观；孟买；生物过程；基础设施；当地

Key words ...

Sh*tscape; Mumbai; Biological Process; Infrastructure; Local Community

社区

表1 “城中村-贫民窟”调查 1. 对城市生活的看法？

2. 对住房条件的看法？

3. 对赚钱机会的满意程度？

4. 能否稳定地赚取足够的收入？

不确定

8％

相当不错

15％

很不满意

10％

完全不能

14％

农村生活更好

20％

满意

11％

不那么满意

77％

偶尔

68％

城市生活绝对是更好的

72％

可以容忍

34％

相当满意

13％

不确定

4％

非常糟糕

40％

相当稳定

14％

2

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

Experiment and Process

探 索 与 过 程

边界 Topography with high-low pts 带有等高线的地形图

Drop-offs greater than 2 meters 坡面高差超过2m

3-2 Existing composites with study strips 根据研究地带绘制的场地现状复合分析图

144 Existing circulation system 现有的环路系统

Toileting areas 排泄区域

3-1

3.

4.

3.

4.

场地分析图：图中灰色部分为居民排泄区域。 阿巴帕达采石场 Site inventory: Toileting areas in grey.

Quarry Panorama

145

排泄物景观

范围

4

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

“Sh*tscape: Mumbai’s Landscape InB e tw een ” p r o p o s es th e mak in g o f an entirely functioning landscape built from human excreta. The vision for a landscape intervention at Appapada Quarry is one which

Experiment and Process

takes advantage of this resource by recovering

探

the “soil” from the settlements while

索

extracting the essence of the forest, in the

与

form of beneficial flora, and utilizes both as a

过

generator for a new and evolving landscape.

程

The project seeks to enable local community participation in the making, processing and profits of this landscape.

The project and many of the ideas presented here were developed during a Spring 2009 landscape architecture graduate studio at the University of Pennsylvania. As a studio, we travelled to Mumbai for ten days at the beginning of February. For the first seven days, we stayed at the Hare Krishna Temple in the neighborhood of Juhu. Our days were spent traversing and investigating

146

5.

5.

the western side of the island of Salsette

结论

采石场墙体上方的旱厕剖面图 Section of composting toilet unit above quarry wall

including the Sanjay Gandhi National Park.

The studio projects came from our direct onsite experience in Mumbai and the remarkable insight, patience and curiosity of our faculty

results from its position as a large port city, a

Although many migrants believe that the

the issue in his work, Cities: Small Guides

communities, but in the minds of the informal

advisors Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da

financial hub, and a world center for cinema.

better life they seek can be found in the city,

to Big Issues . While he states that many of

settlement dweller, housing can be upgraded

Cunha.

Due to the industrialization of rural farming,

the realities faced upon arrival tend to be

the poor in the city are worse off than in the

as economic situations improve. These two

Coincidentally, at the same time we

and the promise of prosperity founded in

much different than expected. The poverty

rural areas, he is also quick to acknowledge

factors and Gill’s final two questions point

were preparing for our trip, Danny Boyle’s

the city, Mumbai has received an influx of

many seek to escape often awaits them on the

the ingenuity of the people living in these

that Sh*tscape is away from a housing-based

Slumdog Millionaire was out in cinemas. As a

migrants over the past several decades. For

streets and in the neighborhoods they settle

informal settlements. He says, they “often

solution, and instead, toward a direction of

studio, we knew we should come face-to-face

the past twenty years, this mass migration

in. Despite hardships, many find city life to

create their own work in an ever-expanding

increasing migrants’ access to the economic

with new migrants and their living conditions.

has become commonplace throughout India

be better than their former lives in rural India.

and increasingly ingenious informal sector”.

success of the city.

The following sections describe the research

and South Asia. According to the Census of

Rajesh Gill’s “Slums as Urban Villages”

On the surface what Seabrook and Gill are

conducted in order to understand the complex

India, from 1991 ~ 2001, 73 million Indians

survey data provides a revealing look at some

saying appear to contradict one another. What

conditions and juxtapositions we would be

had migrated from rural locations to urban

commonplace assumptions about the living

seems to be the case, however, is that recent

One of the first things we were taught in

designing within.

centers. The trend has continued since 2001.

conditions and attitudes of those who call

migrants to the city are, in fact, worse off than

studio was the importance of the monsoon

With burgeoning urban populations, Indian

these informal communities home (Table

those in rural areas — at least economically.

for the Indian subcontinent. All of India,

cities are incapable of providing even basic

1). Although the survey only includes four

It is their outlook about the possibilities the

including Mumbai, is affected by seasonal

Mumbai is located just off the west coast

municipal services like sanitation and clean

responses, it offers a view into the life and

city affords and general optimism about

monsoons. The summer monsoon winds bring

of the Indian subcontinent. It is the largest

water for so many migrants. As a result, living

perspectives of recent migrants to Mumbai.

their prospects that keep them in the city.

moisture from the Arabian Sea to most of the

city in India and one of the most densely

conditions for these new arrivals are less than

Gill is not the only scholar looking at this

Density and housing conditions seem to be

subcontinent. It occurs from roughly June

populated places on the earth. Its dynamism

ideal.

sector of the city. Jeremy Seabrook takes up

the first thing an outsider notices about these

through September and brings roughly 80%

The Community

The Monsoon

147

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

of India’s rainfall. Then, from December to March, the monsoon reverses. Southeastern

1. Views regarding city life?

2. Views on type of housing?

3. Satisfaction over economic opportunities?

4. Views of ability to secure sufficient income?

India and Sri Lanka see significant rain

Uncertain

8%

Quite Good

15%

Very Bad

10%

Not at all

14%

during this period, but the vast majority of

Rural Life was Better

20%

Satisfactory

11%

Not So Good

77%

Only Sometimes

68%

Tolerable

34%

Quite Good

13%

Uncertain

4%

Very Bad

40%

Quite Well

14%

与 过 程

convenient routing, the communities on either

terrain along the city and park’s edge.

this is limited to a few banana and coconut

side of the quarry can be linked together via

trees. This is not widespread, therefore, not

the maidan, or community open space located

abundant.

in the center of the quarry.

The Ground

Perhaps the most significant is the several

In order to utilize the nutrient resources

is Appapada Quarry. The quarry separates

areas in and around the quarry environs

of the settlements, the plan calls for the

For those living in the monsoon regions of

the established neighborhood of Malad East

utilized by the local populace for toileting.

construction of several trench-like composting

the subcontinent, the traditional method for

and a hillside of informal settlements. This is

Apart from contaminating ground water in an

toilet modules. To take advantage of the

months.

dealing with this influx of heavy rainfall over

that undermine physical well-being and

The focus of the studio course was the

just one of many abandoned quarries dotted

adjacent stream, it also represents a missed

topography in the creating of the trenches,

such a short period of time was to construct

breed disease”. Even today, it is estimated

western edge of the park. Along its territory,

along the western park periphery. For the

resource opportunity for this same population.

they are located where the landscape drops

step-wells and tanks, also called “Talao”, to

that about 750 million Indians lack access to

informal settlements have increasingly spread

most part, the centers of these quarries are left

collect rainwater during the monsoon and

adequate sanitation facilities. Establishing a

up the hillsides into parkland. Some attempts

uninhabited, but beneath, around and above

store it for the dry season. Older maps of

clear distinction between water resources and

to remove settlements have taken place

these vertical cuts in the landscape people are

Sh*tscape proposes three major

the back wall and a constructed front wall,

Mumbai show many of these tanks scattered

toileting is a priority of Sh*tscape.

periodically, but they are usually built back

clinging to the margins of the city in order

introductory insertions: constructed trench-

also from native basalt, will form these

within a matter of hours. In some places

to make a better life for themselves. Their

like composting toilets, a stone pathway

trench structures. Each module contains six

along the periphery, the park has erected

self-constructed houses speak at the same

traversing the quarry wall, and stone “tanks”

toileting “rooms” approximately 1.5m ×

about the islands usually surrounded by a small community or village. Although there

148

is a small amount of food production, but

The Territory

off steeply, providing less work for those

The Sh*tscape

who will construct them. Exposed stone for

are only two remaining tanks in Mumbai,

Sanjay Gandhi National Park lies at

fences and walls as a deterrent to settlement

time to a hardscrabble existence and to a

for the retention of water. Other minor

1.5m. They can be accessed by walking up

the Banganga and the Bandra, the remnant

the center of Mumbai’s northern island of

only to find out later that these too, are

certain toughness of those who live there. The

insertions should include a slow-sand filter

a choice of three removable bamboo ramps

infrastructure of many forgotten tanks do still

Salsette. It is unique in that it has a wealth

often penetrated or circumvented. It would

functioning of the city as a whole is dependent

for availability of potable water, a grove of

— two rooms to each ramp. On the top of

exist. Tanks were not only water sources for

of biodiversity while sitting in the center of

appear, then, that the twin attempts of

upon these resilient people, yet their access

bamboo, coconuts and bananas to begin the

the ramp, on either side, are small gates that

drinking, but for all manner of household

a substantial metropolis. Because of this,

population removal and barrier construction

to the services of the city — water, sewer,

functioning of the landscape and pit toilets for

swivel for access and provide some modest

requirements. Some, like the Bandra tank

both sides of Sanjay Gandhi National Park

are short sighted solutions to the problem

education and economy is remarkably limited.

use during the monsoon season.

privacy. The toilets located above the quarry

on the island of Salsette in Mumbai, were

are under increased pressure from legal and

of peri-urban development along the

As if being an isolated part of society were

The stone pathway will provide the

will have spectacular views to the city below,

reserved for washing cattle.

illegal settlements. There is a long history of

park’s edge. The failure of these methods

not enough, they also must deal with the

physical connection to the city for the

while the toilets at the base of the quarry will

For those dwelling in informal settlements,

the removal of park flora for use as firewood.

inherently leads to a questioning of the

constant threat of their own legitimacy.

squatters living above the quarry. It should

have a view to the park. Behind the toilet

access to water is typically only available

Thus, from the park’s perspective, settlement

deliberate demarcation of this contested

In the center of the quarry is the Appapada

be constructed as near to the location where

units, there is a storage area for composting

through opportunistic harvesting of water

in its present form threatens the sensitive

ground. Our charge for the studio, and what

Maidan where children and adults from across

existing trails lead down to the quarry floor.

cover material. This material will be provided

from leaks in the city pipes or by collecting it

landscape and thwarts the park’s efforts at

Sh*tscape attempts to do, is to develop a

several northern Mumbai neighborhoods

Due to the steepness of the slope, the path

along a channel at the back of the toilet just

from wells and watercourses. None of these

reforestation.

strategy, or framework, for the landscape that

congregate for recreation and festivals. There

should extend in length. Thus, through

arm’s length away, so the toilet users can

are reliable sources of clean water. Water sources are often additionally compromised through the habit of open defecation.

Informal toileting usually occurs adjacent to communities either along stretches of semidry land next to waterways or alongside rail tracks. Since these spaces are also often used for small-scale vegetable gardening, it sets up a potential dangerous mixing of fecal matter with food and water supplies.

Toilets are seen by many as perhaps the most important issue in this city of nearly 13 million. Gandhi himself, when speaking of the improvement of villages, called sanitation, “the most neglected of all the problems…

6.

6.

具有集水渠和过滤系统的采石场墙体剖面图 Section above quarry wall with water catchment and filtration system

Experiment and Process

索

City Life is Definitely Better 72%

can activate a more “dynamic and productive”

The operating ground for this investigation

India, including Mumbai, is left dry for these 探

Table 1 “Slums as Urban Villages” Survey

Landscape Architecture Frontiers

149

Volume 1 / Issue 3 / June 2013

景观设计学

马拉德社区

森 林 ： 季 风

规划通向社区的连接道路

现有河流

椰子树

香蕉树

与

姜黄 格架

过 程

小豆蔻 格架

黑胡椒

罗勒

阿巴帕达空地

巨型露天洗衣场

印度参

阿周陀那树

毛诃子 规划石径

诃子

季风期用厕所

印楝

采石场墙体

150

开发

种植方案

采石场墙体

余甘子

凤凰木

红丝棉

堆肥厕所

规划石径

柚木

现有路径

印度玫瑰木

Conclusion

cover the fecal matter when finished. This

Another way for the locals to make money

cover will remove the smells and keep flies

is to grow medicinal plants that could be sold

The completed landscape architectural

from accessing the fresh organic material. It

on the market. India happens to be the native

project is a playing-out of a possible scenario;

will also hasten the breakdown of diseases

range of nearly all plants used in Ayurvedic

one that attempts to answer the many

by accelerating the start of the composting

medicine. Ayurveda is an ancient way of life

questions that the territory and its players

process. Cover material should be further

developed in India that has become popular

are asking. By necessity, this is a projective

managed by those overseeing the toilets

in the West. Many important plants found in

enterprise, and therefore represents an

in order to keep them in proper working

Ayurvedic medicine, such as Neem, Arjuna

optimistic, yet incomplete effort.

order. Finally, the toilets will be alternated

and several other species of the Terminalia

If this landscape is to be a success, it will

and cleaned out roughly every four months

genus, are also native to the region of

need not only the inputs from the community,

(the year being divided into three sections

Maharastra, which Mumbai is a part of.

but their ingenuity in adapting the plan to

of four months with the monsoon being one

All of this production will require a

their own uses. As such, it is hoped that this

of them). The partially composted material

water source. Like the ancients, these urban

landscape could be maintained through multi-

is then moved to a location uphill, toward

villagers will have access to water from their

family networks, much like a village system.

the park for roughly one year of curing. The

own decentralized “tanks” also constructed

Gandhi believed that if the “city is a boil

curing duration is further insurance against

from a combination of concrete and local

on the body politic”, then the natural way

pathogens. Over time the toilets and curing

stone. From these, the community will be able

to heal it is for the city dwellers to become

process will produce a rotation of nutrient

to filter water through a slow-sand filter for

truly “village-minded”, then “all other things

rich composted manure (humus). When it is

their drinking water. A portion of the water

will automatically follow and the boil will

ready, humus can be added to the existing soil

can be managed and utilized for the growing

quickly heal”. Likewise, simply making

to create new areas for cropping or to improve

of small family food plots and the more

efforts to resolve some basic problems like

soil already under cultivation.

extensive agricultural enterprises.

sanitation and water access for those living

Re-forestation is seen as the initial

With water, improved soil, food supplies

at the margins of the city has the potential

financial driver of this landscape. Teak and

and the resiliency of the local population,

for widespread effects on many other parts

Indian Rosewood are extremely valuable

this landscape can evolve throughout time

of Mumbai — particularly this sensitive edge

forest products, but take considerable time to

to accommodate more varieties of produce,

along Sanjay Gandhi National Park.

grow to maturity. A partnership between the

timber and Ayurvedic plant m a t e r i a l .

community and the National Park could result

Additions to the water and toilet systems can

in improved re-forestation programs while

be made as required by the local community.

also allowing the communities that care for

Within the plan there are also provisions

7.

the valuable timber to share in the eventual

for collection, irrigation and other water

7.

windfall from the sale of their trees.

management necessities.

以创建丰产的经济景观为种植理念，种植包括本地果树、 材用树种及阿育吠陀药用植物。 The planting scheme focuses on creating an economically productive landscape with native fruit, timber, and Ayurvedic plants.

聚落点：土壤1

固化梯田

REFERENCES

0

[1]

10

[2]

20 40m

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[12] World Report Media (Producer and Director). (2008). The Scavengers [Documentary]. United States: World Report Media.

Experiment and Process

竹子

索

堆肥厕所

季风期用厕所

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