Volume 1 / Issue 4 / August 2013
景观设计学
收稿时间 / Received Date
中图分类号 / TU982.3
2013-05-27
文献标识码 / B
Landscape Architecture Frontiers
“重测瓦尔登”项目
林中物流： 描绘瓦尔登湖及其全球本土化资源传递 创
Logistics in the Woods:
Initiative Practice
原
梭罗的小屋
Mapping Walden and its Glocal Resource Relays 16号半径/15号铁路
实 践
梅格·斯杜德
摘要 ……
Abstract ...
尽管近来景观都市主义将关注点放在农业乌托邦以及分
Despite recent Landscape Urbanist interest in agrarian utopias and
候选人
散聚落策略方面，但梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》，或称《林中生活
dispersed settlement strategies, Walden , or Life in the Woods , a canonic conservation text, is still often read as an inward-looking, pastoral
景观设计师；纽约大学交互式通信硕士
Meg STUDER
散记》，这部经典的环境保护主义著作，仍然被解读为关于
Landscape Architect; Master
自我审视的田园生活经历。笔者目前的项目— “边缘运
experiment. My current project, Edge Operations or Logistics in the
Candidate, Interactive
作”或称“林中物流”，则对《瓦尔登湖》进行了“量化分
Woods , ‘runs the numbers’ from Walden . Appropriating Thoreau’s peri-
Telecommunications at New York
析”。“边缘运作”研究透过梭罗的“城郊”视角，关注由
urban position, Edge Operations works outward from Walden Pond
University
瓦尔登湖向外扩展的一系列过程— 从林地到壁炉、到临近
— from woodlots to fireplaces, adjacent rails to global markets — re-
的铁路运输线、再到全球市场— 从而重现了美国南北战争
constructing the (domestic) consumption patterns of antebellum Boston
翻译 Translated by /
前的波士顿地区的资源消费模式，试图探寻一个不同视角下
for an alternate history of climate control, industrialization, and its (sub)
陆小璇 Xiaoxuan LU
的气候控制、工业化，以及城市（或城郊）资源系统等方面
urban resource systems.
校对 Proofread by /
的历史。
This essay describes the origin of this project and the research used
李舒雅 Shuya LI
144
本文以该项目的原起以及用于追溯梭罗与物质世界的对
to trace Thoreau’s material encounters. Excerpts from “Re-Surveying
立的研究为主要内容。“重绘瓦尔登”是本研究中的一个章
Walden”, one chapter of the project, map Thoreau’s descriptions of the
节，试图通过地图绘制重现梭罗所描绘的1846年的采冰贸
ice harvest of 1846. These, with primary and secondary sources — in
易。运用科学史、统计学、测量学以及后结构主义建筑理论
history of science, statistics, surveying and post-structural architectural
中直接和间接的资料，本文对这一与景观都市主义中常见的
theory — are explored for their resonance with quantitative, global
全球尺度量化地图法以及过程图形化相呼应的题目进行了探
mappings and the process diagrams typical of landscape urbanism. As
索。如同凯勒·伊斯特林的《番茄世界》或皮埃尔·比朗格
in Keller Easterling’s Tomato World or Pierre Bélange’s contemporary
尔的一系列当代景观研究，“边缘运作”或“林中物流”项
research, Edge Operations or Logistics in the Woods highlights the
目强调了存在于（走向工业化的）农业中的潜在挑战、社会
complex, dynamic, and process-based alliances of (industrializing)
经济矛盾以及政治决策过失等各个方面之间复杂、动态以及
agriculture, its lurking contests, socio-economic conflicts, and political
基于过程的联系。
culpabilities.
关键词 ……
Key words ...
瓦尔登湖；全球化；物流；田园风格；测绘；都市主义
波士顿
1. 1.
林间小屋—瓦尔登湖地区区位图 © Meg Studer Cabin location — Walden's metropolitan location map © Meg Studer
3 林中物流
145
Walden; Globalization; Logistics; Pastoral; Mapping; Urbanism
1 林中生活
2 局限的景观视角
4 定位“边缘运作”
Volume 1 / Issue 4 / August 2013
景观设计学
双重界线
梭罗的小屋
Landscape Architecture Frontiers
4.2 重绘量化的地域与田园景观
采冰 光秃山峰
有林木覆盖的山峰
Initiative Practice
原 创 湖中心
实 践 铁路路基
2. 3. 4.
2
2.
注释
3. 4.
双重边界—瓦尔登湖、调查和采冰的双重边界 © Meg Studer 现场照片—被铁路切断的瓦尔登湖地区 © Meg Studer 传统采冰方式—冰上打洞取水与冰窖储冰 © Meg Studer Dual demarcations — Dual demarcations of the pond, surveying and ice harvests © Meg Studer Site photo — Rail cut-through at Walden © Meg Studer Traditional harvest — Ice encounters: Drinking holes and landlord harvests © Meg Studer
146
147
崩溃的消费
4.1 系列结构和南北战争前的科学
5 超越和谐的“生产性”景观
房产、冰窖 饮用水
3
4
Volume 1 / Issue 4 / August 2013
景观设计学
Landscape Architecture Frontiers
铁路基础设施
工业提取
采冰场地
划出/手工蚀刻的初始边缘
在初始边缘的基础上划出网格
创
国际市场 锯下第一排冰，撬开并向下推
实 践
Initiative Practice
原
锯下大冰块
在冰上划线并割锯
州际出口
撬开，使之浮起并滑行
将其滑动、升起并堆放
波士顿市场 本地采购
工业开采
平均每日采冰量
外部堆放
148
1847年冰块市场
铁路
149
5~6吨冰/车 运往结盟采冰场地
5
1 Life in the Woods
Walden’s larger location — adjacent to the
closeness to unspoiled nature… confined to [2]
6
daily commute, I stumbled across Graham
appreciation of the telegraph was as literal
glocal economic engagements embedded in
Walden ’s extravagant episodes.
Walden , or Life in the Woods was based
new Fitchburg rail and telegraph lines, amidst
middle-class urban citizens.”
Leo Marx, in
D. Burnett’s “The Singing of the Grid”, in
and humdrum in 1847 as it was a case of
(loosely) on a homesteading experiment
the fringe fields and shifting occupational
Machine in the Garden , reiterates Jackson’s
Cabinet . In this essay, Burnett explores how
romantic embellishment.
by Henry David Thoreau at Walden Pond
structures catalyzed by industrial and agro-
interpretation, but recognizes that Walden
Thoreau, typically suspicious of technological
In short, Burnett’s shrewd tectonic
and Woods in 1846 ~ 1847 (revised and
market specialization — has made Walden
was far from “unspoiled”. For Marx, the key
development, could nonetheless claim to be
attention made me wonder, “what else
Thus, in fall 2012, I began my current
finally published in 1854) (Fig. 1, 3).
key to debates in the history of science,
episode is Thoreau’s rhapsody on the melting
infatuated with the songs of “the telegraph
was lurking between literary metaphor
project, Edge Operations or Logistics in
Thoreau’s iterative descriptions of his daily
literature, environment, technology, and thus,
railway banks in the spring. In Thoreau’s
harp.... Always the same unrememberable
and mundane logistical links, in the socio-
the Woods . As I started to read through
activities, social, seasonal, and wildlife
synthetically speaking, landscape architecture.
description, the bank’s eroding forms and
revelation to me. It allies Concord to Athens
material relays of Walden Pond and Woods?”
Walden , I gravitated toward two types of
their fantastic resemblances reconcile nature,
and both to Elysium. It intoxicates me,
If we think of Thoreau as “taking measure”
research: First, a contextualizing tradition
makes me sane.” After reviewing Thoreau’s
of shifting landscapes, perhaps his eidetic
within literary history situates Thoreau’s
georgic references, Burnett combines literary
images did not necessarily lack rigor.
[5]
encounters have been read in multiple ways: as authentic wilderness withdrawal,
2 Limited Landscape Perspectives
society, institutions, and industry. Within the [3]
[4]
as squatters’ civil critique and as parody
From within the design disciplines,
of picturesque, suburban migration. Such
Walden has been read conservatively, as
Two years ago, as a graduate of Penn’s
exegesis with tonal and technological history.
Perhaps, it was just that we, as landscape
varying interpretations spring from Thoreau’s
exemplary of common landscapes and
landscape urbanist program and an associate
Retracing the early mounting practices, he
urbanists and historians, had yet to read
mix of sardonic social commentary, romantic
imaginative withdrawal. John Brinckerhoff
at Stoss, I would have scoffed at the idea of
highlights how the single-wire structure of
these images historically, as Burnett had
literary tropes, and natural history episodes.
Jackson considered it emblematic of the
reading Thoreau. Why spend time on such
early telegraph lines at Walden vibrated,
done; perhaps we had yet to excavate the
In addition to these genre manipulations,
“romantic feeling for solitude and for
transcendental imagery? But then, during my
or sang, in the wind. Thoreau’s affective
novel footprints, tectonic typologies and
imagination, “nothing is inorganic”.
3 Logistics in the Woods
5. 6. 5. 6.
工业化采冰方式 © Meg Studer 铁路基础设施—沿采冰场地布设铁路线 © Meg Studer Industrial harvest — Ice encounters: Industrial harvests © Meg Studer Rail infrastructure — Transit aligned harvest sites © Meg Studer
Volume 1 / Issue 4 / August 2013
景观设计学
区域传递：牛奶配送站
创 实
work that are resonant with contemporary
mutually between natural history and literary
Walden easily translate into typologies; his
interest in visualizing big, territorial data, in
genres. In Seeing New Worlds , Laura
iterative encounters map the different scales
particular, his engagement with 1) antebellum
Dassow Walls explores Thoreau’s writings
of material engagement, comparing individual
science and 2) period surveying and statistics.
in relationship to the materialist research
and industrial approaches within the same
I would like to take a moment to look at these
methods of Alexander Von Humboldt:
chapter.③
specific examples, using secondary research
explore, collect, measure and connect. She
For example, if we return to “Re-Surveying
and “Re-surveying Walden”. I think they
draws a direct line between Humboldt’s
Walden”, the initial harvesting diagrams
exemplify how Walden , when remapped,
“ansicht” (visual synthesis) methodology
are drawn from Thoreau’s own description,
dovetails with landscape urbanist interest
and the cyclic, symmetrical closure of
staged in terms of increasing labor force,
in agrarian urbanism, dispersed settlement
践
[6]
each chapter in Walden .
[7]
As landscape
instruments, and organizational complexity.
Initiative Practice
原
Landscape Architecture Frontiers
architects, we are familiar with Humboldt’s
strategies, and global logistics chains. 冰柜货车运输
graphics: eco-type transects, isotherm 4.1 Serial structures and antebellum science
冰柜储存
(atmospheric) mappings, and serial river /
Several secondary works explore
mountain sections. If we re-read Thoreau’s
Thoreau’s adaptation of serial, iterative
cyclic closures as analytic arguments akin to
descriptive devices, transferring techniques
Humboldt’s serial diagrams, the episodes of
7. 8. 7. 8.
牛奶运输—区域内运输：牛奶场区 © Meg Studer 航行基础设施—改善的海洋地理与交通环境 © Meg Studer Rail milk — Regional relays: milksheds © Meg Studer Sailing infrastructure — Improved oceanography and transport © Meg Studer
利物浦
航海基础设施
伊比利亚半岛 费城 莫利的海洋学
150
151
巴尔的摩
7
调整后的食品配送站（乳制品） 查尔斯顿 萨凡纳 基韦斯特
depictions in relation to the active
consumption patterns. In my reading, the
excavation, Thoreau’s allusions are far from
commercial, agricultural, and itinerate
pond becomes a key interpretative node for
indifferently idealist. His scattered citations,
settlements at Walden Pond. ① Second,
drawing out the spatialized history of climate
from farmer ’s almanacs and mercantile
recent environmental research focuses on
control, industrialization, and their (sub)urban
literature, point toward the historical
Thoreau’s relationship with antebellum
resource systems.
symbiosis of 1) refrigeration and rail and 2)
阿帕拉契科拉河
新奥尔良
②
My first series of maps, entitled “Re-
ballast ice and global shipping. “Re-surveying
Given these two contexts, Walden seemed
surveying Walden,” took the “The Pond in
Walden” thus maps these logistical chains,
古巴
ideally poised for re-reading as resource
Winter” (Chpt. 14) as their point of departure
visualizing profound effects, between 1830
英属西印度群岛
streams; mapping Thoreau’s cultural and
(Fig. 1 ~ 10). In Walden , these winter episodes
and 1860, on agricultural specialization,
economic criticism in terms of the material
are where Thoreau contrasts his minimal
urban food supplies, and the global imports
links bridging physical site to social world
surveying marks with the ice-industry’s
underpinning northern industrialization (Fig.
and territorial abstraction. Edge Operations
“invasive and inefficient” harvesting practices
6 ~ 10).
thus works outward from Walden’s peri-
(Fig. 2). In mapping Boston’s ice industry, my
science, surveying, and land-use politics.
加尔维斯敦
巴拿马
英属圭亚那河
旧金山
秘鲁
转运过程中融化 离开波士顿的天数
雷梅迪奥斯 斯里兰卡
孟买 马尼拉
4 Recognizing Edge Operations
urban position — from woodlots to fireplaces,
aim was to contextualize Thoreau’s seemingly
from adjacent rails to global markets. In
contradictory criticism and global reveries
While researching this series, I became
doing so it reconstructs antebellum Boston’s
on the ice trade. As in Burnett’s telegraphic
familiar with several aspects of Thoreau’s
加尔各答 澳大利亚
中国
8
Volume 1 / Issue 4 / August 2013
景观设计学
Landscape Architecture Frontiers
西班牙
牛肉 旧金山
冰块贸易的发展和衰落
实 践
奴隶 西班牙
贸易伙伴和回程
1847年（黑暗） 1864年（光明）
创
波士顿
奴隶
苹果 牡蛎
糖浆
波士顿
糖 牛肉
芒果
波士顿
Initiative Practice
运入波士顿的主要物资
原
贸易（1838~1880年类型）
糖、咖啡
波士顿
龙虾、鱼
古巴
橙
棉花
波士顿
波士顿
鲸油
新贝德福德
152
153
酒
烟草
阿根廷
波士顿
大米
波士顿
棉花
利物浦
路线/返程
三角测量
苹果
奶酪+黄油
国际传递
国内转运：棉花
9.
国内运输：贸易伙伴与互利 互惠 © Meg Studer N a t i o n a l r e l a y s : Tr a d e partners and backhaul © Meg Studer
波士顿冰块销售
波士顿冰块贸易
9.
牛肉、火腿、鱼
10. 世界范围内运输 © Meg Studer 10. International relays © Meg Studer
9
亚麻籽油
波士顿 硝石、茶叶
波士顿
10