Xiao Zhang Landscape Portfolio

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XIAO

F

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ZHANG

Master of Landscape Architecture 2021

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CONTENT

01

DIALOGUE

02

RECREATION. ECOLOGICAL. PRODUCTION

03

MEERZICHT 2050

04

OTHER WORKS

Urban Park Design

Regional Planning & Design

Urban Climate-responsive Planning & Design

Illustrations

01-10

11-20

21-27

28-29

Name: Xiao Zhang Phone number: +31 0683309645 Email: xiao.zhang@wur.nl / zhangxiao2017a@163.com Address: Bornsesteeg1, 9C3, Wageningen, 6708GA Skills: Sketch-Up, Rhino, V-ray, Photoshop, Illustrator, Indesign, Lumion, CAD Educational Background 02.2019~ Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands MSc Landscape architecture and spatial planning 09.2013~06.2017 Sichuan Agricultural University (Project 211 key university), China Landscape Architecture (Bachelor of Engineering)

DIALOGUE Urban Park Design Project area: 1.1 hectare Site location: Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Typle of work: Individual work Completion time: September - Oct, 2019 Tutor: Niké van Keulen

In the past, ships from Europe to the US would depart from the port of Rotterdam. The busy ship route brought prosperity to the city. During the long journey, travelers' joy of seeing the lighthouse when they approached the shore is memorable.

When I visited Rotterdam, one of the questions I kept thinking about was: What makes Rotterdam style? I think it might be a ‘dialogue’, a dialogue between the US and Europe, a dialogue between modernity and history, a dialogue between nature and the man-made, a dialogure between departure and settlement.. . .

Modern & Historical

Natural & Artificial

Sightseeing & Living

01

SITE ISSUE

The gas station blocks the view of the park.

DESIGN STRATEGIES

There is no clearly marked entrance.

The waterfront is underutilized.

Dense trees cut the park from the outside.

Move the tram stop to get more space near the campus side.

Move the gas station to create a more open entrance.

Lower the river bank to create a hydrophilic platform.

Design entrances and roads based on main human flow.

DESIGN CONCEPT MODERN &

DIALOGUE WITH SURROUNDINGS

HISTORICAL NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL SIGHTSEEING &

Extracting the shape of the building as the basic shape of the design.

LIVING

02

MASTER PLAN

B

C A

A' 0

50m

150m

1.

3.

5.

1. Skateboard field 2. Tidal platform 3. Garden 4. Football field 5. Walking street 6. Market 7. Cafe 8. Bicycle parking

4.

2.

B'

8.

6.

7.

C'

03

DESIGN ANALYSIS Traffic

Main car flow Main car flow

Landscape axis

Main people flow Main people flow

Secondary people flow Secondary people flow

Landscape axis Landscape axis

Landscape node Landscape node

View

View point

View point

Vegetation

View range View range

Lawn

Lawn

Dense vegetation Dense vegetation

Flower bed Flower bed

Tree array Tree array

04

SECTION A-A'|MODERN & HISTORICAL SKATEBOARD FIELD

+12.00

Located in the center of the park. guiding people forward, laser glass reflecting the surrounding environment and the skyline of Rotterdam

77900 31800

At the entrance to the park, it is a place for people to skateboard.

38900

47200

Dynamic skateboarding is a good start to attract people to visit the park.

THE 'LIGHTHOUSE'

26400

Retains the botanical texture that has been in existence for more than 40 years.

0.00

0.00

+1.95

+1.50 -2.00

4000

Betula

0

pendu

la

Tilia co r

data

Acer s

accha

rinum

Hydran

gea

Nepeta

Geran

ium m

acrorr

hizum

50m

Walkin g

Botan

ical g

arden

viewin

g

Skate

board

viewin

g

05

BOTANICAL GARDEN

SKATEBOARD FIELD & MAIN ENTRANCE

06

SECTION B-B'|NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL SLIDE

TIDAL STAIR

The vistor can take the slide directly from the highest point to the lower part.

The tidal data is painted on the steps, and the visitor can find them easily when walking on the stair.

32000 450

The transition between the natural vegetation and the tidal platform, the riverside area based on a hard straight line, combining the soft grass on the hard floor.

Using triangle-like shapes create some semi-private spaces.

+3.00

20°

0.00

Tilia

0

Geledit

sia tria

cantho

s

50m

Botan

ical g

arden

Walkin g

Rest

Outsid

e per

Viewin

forma

nce

g

07

TIDAL - LOW WATER LEVEL

TIDAL PLATFORM - HIGH WATER LEVEL

08

SECTION C-C'|SIGHTSEEING & LIVING PAVEMENT

SHELTER

Linear Pavement floor, Visually guide people forward.

The triangular shelter provides space for the market and is also a rain shelter on weekdays.

6600

450

The walking street with bright paving attracts people to enter.

The open-air market on the waterfront is the end of this short journey, where people can enjoy a cup of coffee and see the old water tower.

16000

+4.00

2700

0.00

Fraxin

us ex

0

Acer

celsio

r

sacch

arinum

Betula

Prunu

s

pend

ula

50m

Footb

all

Snac k cart

Walk ing

Mark

et

Sight

seein

g

Wate rb

us

Cafe

09

WALKING STREET

MARKET & CAFE

10

RECREATION. ECOLOGICAL. PRODUCTION. Regional Planning & Design Project area: ~500k hectare Site location: North Brabant, The Netherlands Typle of work: Individual work Completion time: March - May, 2019 Tutor: Rudi Van Etteger

The Dutch animal husbandry produces more than 70 million tons of manure per year, In this design area, animal husbandry is an important industry, and dense farms produce a lot of manure, which also pushing the nature.

As the population increases and the demand for farm products increases, more livestock will be raised, leading to the manure increasing. Although there are some policy controls, a possible future should be considered.

Production system

Flax field on buffer zone

Activities on buffer zone

11

TIME LINE

In the past, manure is the only source of nutrients for agricultural cultivation.

After 1960, the population of the NL grew rapidly as well as the demand for agricultural products.Fertilizers are used in large quantities to meet demand.

After 1970, People gradually realizing that the overuse of fertilizer may have an negative effect on the environment.

In 1987, the Fertilizer Act was published, which included a series of regulations on manure.

Till now, Due to the amount of manure produced 68.6 million tons / year, it faces severe problems of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

In this design area, animal husbandry is an important industry, and dense farms produce a lot of manure.

Actually, manure is suitable for fermentation into biogas which can be converted into electricity and heat as a supplement of energy.

Fermentation greatly reduces the methane(CH4) and ammonia content (pollution) in the manure. Manure management also contributes to the climate goals of the EU and the Dutch government.

12

The maximum nitrogen content in manure is 170kg/ha/year 52% Used in own land

PROBLEM ANALYSIS

Grazing

Manure

According to the law, farmers must build special houses to store manure.

26% Storage

Grazing land too fertile and people want to change it back to nature.

The farmers pay 5-20 Euro/ton for transportation Agriculture

21% Transfer to arable land or export

Because of high-density farming, the nitrogen content of cultivated land has decreased by 50% to 2011.

Farming

Fertilizer

Farmland fertility decline.

40% Used in own land

DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Grazing

Agriculture

Manure

50% Storage

10% export

40% transfer

25% Biogas

15% Buffer zone

Increase the N content of the soil with the fermented product.

Farming

Fertilizer

13

CONCEPTS EVALUATION

Phase 1

×

Phase 2

Phase 3

CON 1

Divide land, single function.

Switch, planting special crops on former manure land to decompose pollution.

Phase 2

Phase 3

Bu ffe

×

rz on

e

Phase 1

Switch the function regularly.

CON 2

Transfer the rich top soil to the collection spot, buffer zone can prevent potential pollution dispersal.

Use the rich top soil from buffer zone.

Switch.

√

s s e n B ar u s ea i

ar ea oe ne rg y

sy st e

m

Bi

Phase 2

Ec o-

Tr a

Phase 1

ns

fe

rs

po t

B fo uffe rp r la zo nt ne in g

However, both these systems waste time and money because it means very often movement of farms. Why not just avoid it by deciding the transfer collection spot and the buffer zone?

CON 3

Transfer the rich top soil to the transfer spot. Reduce the bad smell. The transfer zone can be more efficiently deliver to where it is needed.

Develop new industries in the buffer zone: textile industry, wood processing industry, sightseeing agriculture.

Establish bioenergy factories near the business area, and factories can use them directly.

Transfer spot: far from cities, near the main road if a medium-sized farm (45ton manure/quater) totally changed into storage buildings, it can carry manure form 15-20 M-size farms.

Buffer zone: near the eco-system on the Construction grass land

Bioenergy area: far from cities, near the business area

14

LANDSCAPE PLAN 1:50,000

With the new transfer circle system, the transfer distance for all farms can be limited in 25km, that means the fee for that is within 5€/ton.

N

B'

A'

LEGEND

A Farms

B Transfer spot

Transfer circle

Bioenergy area

Eco-system

Buffer zone

15

LANDSCAPE PLAN SECTIONS

O

n Co r

ak

pl ar Po

Be

et

ed Re

ta to Po

Fla x

h ec Be

qu o Se

Pi ne

tre

e

ia

Rlants in the area

These 4 plants have strong adaptability and prefer fertile soil. They are the main choice for detailed design.

A

A' 0

Transfer step

1000m

1.Pretreatment

2.Transport

3.Storage

4.Reuse

Drying on the farm.

Transported by professional transfer company.

Control the bad smelling.

Produce biogas or as fertilizer

Farms

Transfer spot

Business area

Buffer zone

3000m

Ecosystem

B

B' 0

1000m

3000m

16

DETAILED MAP 1:15,000 LEGEND Buildings Water area Grass land Reed field Flax field Ground Transfer way

Buffer zone

Biogas factory

Transfer spot

N

17

DETAILS SECTION 1:5,000

1:1,500 Section A-A'

A

Inlet

The biogas reaction tank is buried underground and biogas(CH4) is a clean and relatively safe energy source.

A water channel is built around the reaction area to provide water for possible fires.

Reaction tank

Change

Outlet

Controller

Gas tank Data of a typical reaction tank: Volume load (VS) / kg·(m3·d) -1 4.0 - 7.0 tank capacity gas production rate / m3 · (m3 · d) -1 1.3 ~ 2.5

A'

Parking

Biogas factory

Bbuildings

Reaction tank

Section B-B' Enhance the original storage building, now it has two walls, with activated carbon in the middle of two walls to absorb the bad smell.

Plastic cover

Activated carbon

B

B'

Oak

Beech

Storage building Wood wall Storage building

Ttransfer spot

Manure

Road

Section C-C' C

Double the canals around farmland, raise the water level on one side, it can prevent the spread of nutrients with water pressure.

Rich soil Push

Lookout tower

C'

Buffer zone

Oorchard Path

Flax field

Lookout tower

Path Buildings

Path

Bridge

Path

Nature

18

TIMING AND PHASING Buffer zone part 1

Transfer spot

Buffer zone part 2 Photography

Orchard

Viewing

Buildings are mostly used to store agricultural products

Some buildings have been converted into accommodation.

IN 5 YEARS Education

Chatting Cafe

It becomes the suitable place for schools to hold some outdoor courses.

Walking Workshop

Swing Slide

Accommodation Picking

Some buildings will be converted into cafes and can hold some craft workshops.

The orchard has been harvested, more accommodation, and more recreation facilities will be built.

Because of the limited absorption of shrubs, after 20 years, dominant trees will be planted to decompose pollution.

It forms a mature sightseeing agricultural area.

IN 20 YEARS

The tree forms a green wall, blocking the line of sight

19

FLAX FIELD ON BUFFER ZONE

ACTIVITIES ON BUFFER ZONE

20

MEERZICHT 2050 Urban Climate-responsive Planning & Design Project area: 12.9 hectare Site location: Meerzicht, The Netherlands Typle of work: Team work Completion time: Oct - Dec, 2019 Tutor: Sanda Lenzholzer Team members: Bas Westerhof Esther van der Meer Merel Scheltinga Sophie Brouwer Xiao Zhang

One of the topics of this time is the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.

Most of the time solutions are sought outside of urban areas but for this assignment we will look at the possibilities inside an urban neighbourhood.

The study area is Meerzicht, a neighbourhood in Zoetermeer and we will look into how it can be made energy neutral by 2050. Beside the energy transition there are also problems with the microclimate which need to be solved.

21

ASSIGNMENT

ENERGY ANALYSIS

The fully transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.

Building Age

ENERGY CALCULATION 1125 households /y :

Energy Labels

A

<1970 1970-1979

B

1980-1989

C

1990-1999

D E

2000>

F G

Electricity Use households/y

No Data

No Data

<1500kWh

600-699m3

1500-2499kWh

700-799m3

2500-3499kWh

800-899m3

>3500kWh

900-999m3

RENEWABLE ENERGY 1Ha =125,000 kWh/Ha/y

Solar

ENERGY CONVERSION 1 m3 gas = 40/3.6 = 11.11 kWh ( Gas use can be converted to kWh. Gas has a calorific value, of about 40 MJ/m3 and it is given that 3.6 MJ = 1 kWh. National Grid, N.D.)

FUTURE ENERGY DEMAND

7,206,848 Kwh/y

Miscanthus Gigantheus

Biomass

Gas Use Households/y

Conversion of gas to heat-cold storage decreased to a little over 7 million kWh/year

MS can produce 18GJ/tonne/year.

NL fields produce 25 tonnes /Hectare/ year 25*18=450 GJ/Ha/year 1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 0.0036 GJ 450/0.0036= 125,000 kWh/Ha/year

Insulation fo all buildings - decrease with 19%

1m2 Solar panel =150 kWh/y The expected production of a solar panel can be calculated with the following formula: m2 x solar insolation x efficiency x sunhours. (Catlow, n.d.)

CURRENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION

14,177,261 Kwh/y House hol ds Households Businesses Busi ne sse s School Schoolss T otal

11 804 750 Kwh/year 1 535 678 Kwh/year 836 833 Kwh/year 14 177 261 Kwh/year

CHALLENGE Wind

1windturbine = 24m2 = 911 kWh/y A small windturbines manufactured by Honeywell is used as an example, it covers an area of 2m2, and it requires an extra of 22m2 between each turbine, when it is placed at a height of 25m, its annual generated energy (excluding losses) is 911.04 kWh.

Solar insolation is around 1000 W/m2 in the Netherlands. On average efficiency ranges from 15-18% and the total amount of sun hours per year is about 1000. (Solsolutions, n.d.)(solar.com, 2019) Thus, expected PV panel production in Zoetermeer will be: 1 m2 x 1000 W x 0.15 x 1000 = 150 kWh/m2/year

No matter which kind of renewable energy is used, a lot of area is needed.

Because of space limitation, combinations of energy sources and multiple use of spaces are needed to implement energy production.

Study area 129,620m2

Solar rooftops

Solar panels parking

Rooftop turbines

Wind walls

Solar facades

Solar canopy

Wind strips

Turbines

Wind 188,016m2

Solar 48,000m2

22

SUN & SHADOW ANALYSIS

WIND FLUXES

Sunshine simulation analysis selected June 21st (presents summer) and December 21st (presents winter) because they are the longest and shortest day time of a year respectively.

With this analysis, potential area for producing the solar energy are decided.

A

B

*Wind direction is measured in degrees, that means that 90°=east, 180°=south, 270°=west and 360°=north

Wind nuisance occurs due to down wash near the highrise buildings. This is especially the case near the point-block buildings, which will cause a lot of nuisance on pedestrian level. Sensitive spots are the same for both wind directions.

Shading time 21/06

Shading time 21/12

Wind at 15m

Wind at 15m

Pedestrian level

Pedestrian level

23

TOOL BOX

Renewable energy

Biomass

Solar

Rooftop

Miscanthus Giganteus

Facades

Social

Wind

Turbines

Parking

Community

Rooftop turbines

Canopy

Wind strip

Seating

Wind walls

Outdoor shops

Climate

Experience

Micro Climate

Water storage

Sports field

Rooftop park

Private gardens

Green building block

24

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Solar: 6,236,760 kWh/y

Wind: 1,580,978 * The generation of wind energy is closely related to the height, wind speed and tubine radius.

Energy production: 150 kWh/m2 * Surface (m2) * 0,7 (Efficiency)

Solar canopy

150 kWh/m2 * 4,067,700m2* 0.7

Wind walls

776,624 kWh/y

2,847,390 kWh/y

Bio: 297,500

Every single walls, strips, ro o f t o p t u r b i n e s , r a i l w a y turbines are calculated separately.

Miscanthus Gigantheus

297,500 kWh/y Energy production: 125,000 kWh/Ha/y * 2.4Ha

Energy production: 150 kWh/m2 * Effictive surface (m2)

Solar rooftops

150 kWh/m2 * 13,960.2m2

Rooftop turbines

376,917 kWh/y

2,094,030 kWh/y

Energy production: 150 kWh/m2 * Surface (m2) * Total area * Efficiency

Solar facades

830,700 kWh/y

* The average effective area of all facades is 70%. There are 30 facades install solar panels, and each one is calculated separately to get the sum.

Wind strips

252,288 kWh/y

Energy production: 150 kWh/m2 * Surface (m2) * Efficiency

Solar panels parking

711,360 kWh/y

150 kWh/m2 * 6,428m2 * 0.8

Railway Turbines

54,750 kWh/y Relation among height, wind speed & energy production

25

URBAN MICROCLIMATE & SOCIAL PET Improvement

These large objects will put Meerzicht on the map, as they are an invention of the future. The canopies will be made out of solar panels and will have a special shape for multi-functions.

Solar canopy

Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) is a thermal index based on physiological evaluation of temperature. It is difficult for the human body to feel heat because it is related to humidity, temperature, sweating rate, etc.; through PET, heat can be ‘translated’ into an easy-to-understand numbers.

A person is moved to a climate chamber with air temperature, and wall and floor temperatures equal to PET, relative humidity of 50% and wind speed of 0.3 m/s has the same skin temperature and sweat rate as in the complex outdoor situation (Lenzholzer, 2015).

Change shape

Win

ter

Colorful glass

cool down

Summ

er Extreme heat stress

Storage Guide the wind

Collect rainwater

Create shadow

Strong HT

Moderate HT

PET changes simulation by RAYMAN

The ornament, called the leaf, stores water collected on the canopies, this will mainly take place in autumn and winter.

The leaf is a great social element as well. It functions as a place to rest or watch the children play in the fountains in summer.

Water collection

Fountain

26

Biomass field The biomass field will be an unique landscape in an urban environment. It created the opportunity to get away from the noise of the city and wander around, hidden in the tall grass.

At some moments in time this place will be the place for social connection. Every time the grass is harvested there will be a harvest festival where the people of Meerzicht can help to harvest and connect. It is up to the community of Meerzicht to shape this festival and make it their own festival.

27

ZEELAND

THE SUBMERGED CITY

28

WAGENINGEN

SKY GARDNERS

29