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GRADUATE PROJECT
Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
SKILLS Hand Drawings
UNERGRADUATE THESIS PROJECT
Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology
SKILLS
& Modeling
01-26
45-48
27-38
Rendering
49-52
FOCUS STUDIO
Material (Mis)Use:
Chamber
FOCUS STUDIO
Great Lawn Pavilion
Acoustic
39-40 SKILLS Imagemaking 53-58
IMAGE INDEX 59-60 41-44
(Local to Global) Four Distinct Neighborhoods Xiaoxitian Pailou Adjacent to the North 3rd Ring Road West North 3rd Ring Road Middle (Global) Large Urban Study Deshengmen Outer Street Deshengmen Inner Street Xizhimen South Street Beijing's North Railway Station Mingguang West Road Ping'anli West Street Di'anmen West Street Urban Compactness: The BeijingUrban Compactness: The Beijing 01 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
Beijing ExperienceBeijing Experience
Beijing’s technology-driven economy, with its historic and rich cultural heritage and a highly speculated real-estate market, extends its urban boundaries into multiple compact urban settings of varying scales and densities. The accelerated pace of migration from the countryside for better opportunities has led to unsustainable and uncontrolled buildups in order to meet the growing population demand within and outside of the urban center.
Global) Neighborhoods Pailou Urban Zone Other Neighborhoods Study Area 116° 23′ 0″ E 39° 55′ 0″ N
Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience - 02
Xiaoxitian Pailou urban zone (highlighted in red) is in close proximity to some significant spatial landmarks: Beijing’s North Railway Station, several imperial gardens, a memorial site and five well-known universities. The significance of this area is further noted given its spatial juxtaposition to a man-made canal constructed for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
This unwarranted compactness in certain urban zones has produced an unhealthy physical density with serious environmental and ecological repercussions challenging basic living conditions. In addition, crowding, traffic congestion, pollution and limited housing surrounding this compactness is a threat to public health.
This project evaluates the impact of urban compactness using floor area ratio (FAR), ground coverage (GSI) and open space ratio (OSR) as urban indicators to measure compactness as used in other studies. It proposes a design solution to integrate sustainability into the compact city of Beijing, for the purpose of ameliorating the current condition and quality of urban living of selected neighborhoods, as well as accomplishing a harmonious and sustainable dynamic equilibrium between human society and the surrounding environment.
XizhimenNorthStreet
Deshengmen
03 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
Deshengmen West Street
XueyuanSouthRoad
Zone2
Xinjiekou Outer Street
Compactness: The Beijing Experience
Zone1
Zone4
Urban
- 04
Building Heights and Block Tectonics
1-2 Stories: Commercial + Residential + Mixed Use Unit + Administrative and Institutional + Other Public Facilities 3-5 Stories: Commercial + Residential + Mixed Use Unit + Administrative and Institutional 6-10 Stories: Commercial + Residential + Mixed Use Unit + Administrative and Institutional + Medical and Hygienic 11-15 Stories: Commercial + Residential + Mixed Use Unit 16-23 Stories: Commercial + Residential + Mixed Use Unit
05 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
Lack of Parking Spaces Lack of Parking Spaces Lack of Parking Spaces Irregulated Functions Irregulated Functions Irregulated HousingIrregulated Housing Traffic Congestion Crowding WenhuiyuanRoad Xinjiekou Outer Street Binhe Road (Yinmacao Road)LianhuiRoad Xizhimen North Street
Xiaoxitian Pailou urban zone includes seven blocks [areas]. The study site is selected within Xiaoxitian Pailou urban zone, and it is composed of two blocks—block C and block E.
The selected site has a number of issues which need to be addressed including crowding, unregulated housing issues, and environmental pollution among others. The site includes 108 buildings, which are constituted by commercial, residential, administrative and institutional, medical and hygienic, as well as mixed use units. The total size of the site is around 1339839.67 ft2.
07 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
D
Block A
E
B
C
Block F Block G
Administrative and Institutional Medical and Hygienic Residential Commercial Mixed Use Unit
Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience - 08
Block
Block
Block
Block
Different urban densities have varying influences on heatenergy efficiency (Rode, Keim, Robazza, Viejo, & Schofield, 2013). Rode et al. (2013) argued that compact and tall building types could achieve great heat-energy efficiency that have floor area ratio of 4.0 at least (FAR≥ 4.0) with energy consumption only between 30kWh/m2/a and 50 kWh/m2/ a (Rode et al., 2013). Building densites (FAR or FSI), on average, within the range of 4 to 5.3 have great heat-energy efficiency (Rode et al., 2013).
Block C 9 Commercial + 8 Mixed Use Unit + 6 Administrative and Institutional + 69 Residential
Commercial Mixed Use Administrative & Institutional
Hydrology
Main Public Alleys/Streets/Roads
09 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
Residential
Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience - 10
The average building densities of block C and block E are 1.76 and 2.06. In other words, both block C and block E show lower densities in an apparently compact urban setting and would underperform to conserve energy in view of Rode et al. (2013) findings. Both block C and block E require higher energy demand due to their spatial layouts and inconsistent land use functions.
Block E 7 Commercial + 1 Medical and Hygienic + 8 Residential
High-rise Residential Commercial Medical & Hygienic Main Public Alleys/Streets/Roads
11 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience
One Story Residential
Residential
Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience - 12
The final design constitutes twelve residential buildings, urban farming, large amounts of ground level retail stores at the edge of the site, a three stories farmers’ market at the north of the site, and a public central lake.
A B C D E F G H O P Residential Building Footprint (sqft) Dwellers per Story Block Size (sqft) Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Number of Stories Expected Dwellers A 10560 35 70381.965 4.2 28 980 B 10560 35 51266.880 5.3 26 910 C 9269.72 7-14 88506.867 5.2 25 350 700 D 9269.72 7-14 25 E 11000.147 14 21 111043.19 5.2 27 742 1113 F 11000.147 14 21 26 G 9269.72 7 14 88161.396 4.0 38 266 532 H 9269.72 7 14 43694.517 5.1 24 168 336 I 9269.72 7 14 53004.656 4.3 25 175 350 J 9269.72 7 14 59270.259 4.0 26 182 364 K 11000.147 14 21 57222.064 5.0 26 364 546 L 11000.147 14 21 42309.484 5.3 20 280 420
A: Residential Building A (28 Stories) B: Residential Building B (26 Stories) C: Residential Building C (25 Stories) D: Residential Building D (25 Stories) E: Residential Building E (27 Stores) F: Residential Building F (26 Stories) G: Residential Building G (38 Stories) H: Residential Building H (24 Stories) I: Residential Building I (25 Stories) J: Residential Building J (26 Stories) K: Residential Building K (26 Stories) L: Residential Building L (20 Stories) M: Farmers’ Market N: Urban Farming O: Public Central Lake P: Ground Level Retail Stores I J K L M N
III I II
StorageUtility Bathroom Bathroom Bedroom A Bedroom BBedroom C Living Room Kitchen Dining Room Bedroom B Bedroom A Bathroom Dining Room Living Room Kitchen StorageUtility Dining Room Living Room Bedroom BathroomStorageUtility Kitchen I: One bedroom apartment. It is designed for a young professional. II: Two bedrooms apartment. It is designed for an older couple or parents who have one child. III: Three bedrooms apartment. It is designed for five occupants. I II III
The proposed new design divides the current existing large blocks into smaller blocks—the longest sides of these small blocks do not exceed 361 feet (110 meters); thus, these small blocks are able to facilitate fine mesh circulation flow patterns and they are more suitable for pedestrian movement flow (Siksna, 1997). The floor area ratios (FAR) for these new developments are between 4.0 to 5.3; therefore, these new building types are able to achieve great heat-energy efficiency (Rode, et al., 2013).
The existing site is comprised of approximately 4378 to 5232 residents. The proposed new design is able to accommodate around 4417 to 6251 people. In another word, the new design is capable to provide a walkable, comfort and pleasant living condition for the dwellers; meanwhile, it can accommodate approximately 39 to 1019 more residents than the current site.
Public Central Lake
There are three different types of units within these twelve residential buildings. Building C, D, G, H, I and J only have one bedroom within each apartment unit, and these units are designed mainly for young professionals; Building E, F, K and L have two bedrooms within each apartment unit, and each unit is designed for an older couple or parents who have one child; Building A and building B have three bedrooms within each apartment unit, and each unit is designed for five occupants.
Urban Farming
Site Entrance
25 - Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience The Existing Site Model
Final Design
Urban Compactness: The Beijing Experience - 26
Restoration of Ecology
Restoration of Ecology
Ecological Urbanism:Ecological Urbanism:
EcologyEcology
Urbanism is a paramount symbol of human civilization. However, as urban populations and therefore urbanism increased, and as the level of urban industrialization improved, conflicts between the development of urbanism and its surrounding environment have became increasingly complicated.
Ecological urbanism can provide the solutions and achieve the goal of coordinated development between the city and its ecological environment. This thesis project focuses on reclaiming the brownfield land and restoring the ecological systems within to create a public space in order to achieve a symbiotic balance between social human life and natural environment.
The site of this thesis project is the Former Cos Cob Power Plant Site, which is located in the southeastern corner of Greenwich in Connecticut and next to Mianus River and Long Island Sound. The site area is around 9 acres, and it was used for the coal-fired power plant from 1907 to mid-1960. In 1986, the plant was no longer being used again. However, the historical activities had already led to contamination to the site including Arsenic, PCBs, PAHs and TPH.
Population Analyses
Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology
29 - Ecological
Income Analyses
Education Analyses
Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology - 30
31 - Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology 6353 20477 704 1851 1048 95 1116 107 2323 3 138 White 19969 Not Hispanic or Latino 20653 Not Hispanic 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 Physical and Socio-Spatial Patterns One Race Two or More Races Hispanic or Latino Mianus River 0687806830 06807
Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology - 32 7188 130 322 132685 White American Indian and Alaska Native Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Asian African American Some Other Races White 7079 African American 70 White; African American 19 White; African American 17 White; African American 119 White; Some Other Races 28 Hispanic or Latino 518 Hispanic or Latino 3374 Hispanic or Latino 641 Not Hispanic or Latino 7402 Hispanic or Latino 6632 White; Some Other Races 6 White; Some Other Races 149 African American 109 African American 875 American Indian and Alaska Native 4 White; American Indian and Alaska Native 13 White; American Indian and Alaska Native 12 White; American Indian and Alaska Native 33 American Indian and Alaska Native 39 American Indian and Alaska Native 8 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 2 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 7 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 2 Asian 610 White; Asian 88 White; Asian 73 White; Asian 180 Asian 1644 Asian 608 Race Alone or in Combination with One or More Other Races
The previous Cos Cob Power Plant Committee and Mount Vernon Associates conducted a survey to 1742 the Greenwich residents in order to get their opinions for the site use in 1989.
In November 2001, the current Cos Cob Power Plant Committee conducted another survey to the local residents. Most of the residents preferred passive recreational usages.
In January 2013, I went to Connecticut and did a 2013 research by asking a number of Greenwich residents. Several people came up with the ideas of dog fields this time. Most of the residents suggested passive recreational usages.
Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology
33 - Ecological
Native Plants in Connecticut
Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology - 34
35 - Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology 1. Parking Lot 2. Bathroom 3. Parking Lot 4. Restaurant 5. Badminton Courts 6. Bocce Ball Courts 7. Shuffleboard Courts 8. Picnic Area 9. Rain Garden 10. Passive Boating 11. Passive Boating (Building) 12. Cafe 13. Dog Field 14. Parking Lot 15. Flower Garden 16. Picnic Area 17. Open Meadow 18. Cafe 19. Fishing Use
Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology
- 36
Candy Tuft Astilbe Swamp Azalea Candy Tuft Azalea Ivy
Flower Garden
Asiatic Jasmine
New York Aster Red Maple Boxwood
Cardinal Flower Black Cherry Rhododendron
Joe Pyeweed Black-Eyed Susan Rain Garden (includes native plants in CT)
Water (not ground water) held by molecular surrounds surfaces of gravel particles
Gravel Air
Approximate level of the water table
All openings below water table are full of ground water
Dog Field
Flower Garden Water Table
Soil Aquifer
Unit
Section
Section
37 - Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology
Confining
1-1
2-2
Open Meadow Fishing Use
Minaus River
3-3 Section
Ecological Urbanism: Restoration of Ecology - 38
AcousticMaterial (Mis)Use: AcousticMaterial (Mis)Use: Acoustic
AcousticChamberChamber Chamber
Great Lawn PavilionGreat Lawn Pavilion
This momentary garden pavilion will be placed on the Great Lawn of Atlanta Botanical Garden. The concept of this project is to provide an architectural visual platform to the public by the experimental combinations of wood and polycarbonate.
The design is constituted by four spherical wooden structures, which are in different sizes and have different heights. The central part is covered by yellow polycarbonate, and this part is considered as a primary activity area. The portion, which contains staff offices, storage, pantry, mechanical and restrooms, is enclosed by a translucent polycarbonate skin. The other two components are wooden structures only in order to provide unique experiences for visitors.
41 - Great Lawn Pavilion
Site Plan
Storage
Kitchen
Ground Floor Plan
Great Lawn Pavilion - 42
Bathrooms Staff Offices Pantry Open
Mechanical
43 - Great Lawn Pavilion
Section 1-1
Cross-Sectional Model
Final Model
Great Lawn Pavilion - 44 Metal Ball Threaded Rod Polycarbonate Skin Honeycomb Polycarbonate Floor Wood Structure 2 X 8 Wood Joist Water Proofing Motar
Hand DrawingsHand Drawings
45 - Hand Drawings
Hand Drawings - 46
47 - Hand Drawings
Hand Drawings - 48
Rendering & ModelingRendering & Modeling
49 - Rendering & Modeling
Honeycomb Structure
Linear Overlap
Rendering & Modeling - 50
51 - Rendering & Modeling
Rendering & Modeling - 52
Imagemaking Imagemaking
53 - Imagemaking
Imagemaking - 54
Robert
Slimbach
57 - Imagemaking
Imagemaking - 58
Image
Image Index
59 - Image Index SketchUp Model / Line Work SketchUp Model / Line Work SketchUp Model / Line Work SketchUp Shadow SketchUp Shadow SketchUp Shadow Kerkythea Base Rendering Kerkythea Base Rendering Kerkythea Base Rendering Photoshop Texture and Atmosphere Photoshop Context and Sky Photoshop Context and Vegetation Site Aerial P 13 Public Central Lake P 19 Urban Farming Aerial P 21
Index
Image Index - 60 SketchUp Model / Line Work SketchUp Model / Line Work SketchUp Shadow SketchUp Shadow Kerkythea Base Rendering Kerkythea Base Rendering Photoshop Context and Details Photoshop People and Details Site Entrance Perspective P 23 Acoustic Chamber P 39 Interior Viewing P 52
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