Thesis-Xinxin Hu

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE IN ADDRESSING BEIJING’S PARTICULATE AIR QUALITY CHALLENGES MSSD Synthesis Presentation Xinxin Hu Carnegie Mellon University

Advisor: Vivian Loftness, Dana Cupkova, Erica Cochran 8/10/2018

1

Content • Introduction • Hypotheses • Methodology • PM2.5 Source Apportionment • Active Architectural and Urban Design Strategies • Problems • Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design Strategies • Associated PM2.5 reductions

• Passive Architectural Strategy – TiO2 Technology • Ensure Indoor Air Quality • Conclusion & Main Takeaways

2

How Severe is Beijing’s Air Pollution

66.8%

Comparison of the ambient air quality between Beijing and other mega cities in the world Seasonal variation of ambient air pollutant concentrations, 2013 1. Orange lines: WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

2. (Zhou et al., 2016)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

3

The Trends of Air Pollutants in Beijing from 1998-2013 - should focus on PM2.5

(Zhang et al., 2016)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

4

Introduction • Rapid economic growth associated with urbanization and industrialization

 severe air pollution • Identify major sources • motor vehicles • energy-wasting buildings  high heating demand

• Active & passive sustainable architecture and urban design strategies • Significant reduction in average PM2.5 concentrations by 2030 (Lin, Zou, Yang, & Li, 2018) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

5

Hypotheses 1. Sustainable Architectural and urban design Strategies can significantly reduce 30% of PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing by 2030.

2. New Generation Buildings could act as air filters to digest nitrogen oxides and other pollutants to scrub the smog in surrounding areas.

3. Combined mechanical ventilation design could bridge the gap to meet all indoor air quality standards for healthy indoor environments.

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

6

Methodology for Hypothesis 1 1. Investigate the sources of PM2.5 in Beijing 2. Propose proper sustainable design strategies for each main source I.

Motor Vehicles

II.

Building Energy Use i. ii.

Direct PM2.5 emissions Indirect PM2.5 emissions

III. Construction and Road Dust IV. Living related Sources I. II.

Restaurant cooking fumes Waste incineration

V. Regional Sources

3. How much PM2.5 could be reduced by 2030 • Research and Practices around the world

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

7

Methodology for Hypothesis 2 & 3

Literature Review

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Case studies

Methodology

Efficiency and Weakness

Active

Improvements

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Feasibility study

Conclusion

8

Beijing PM2.5 Source Apportionment, 2017 n=10

10 9

8.70

8

7.48

PM2.5 Concentration (Îźg/m3)

7 6 5.24

5.05 5 4.06 4 3.22 3

2.78

2.66

2.44

1.74

2

1.95 1.53

1.22

2.13 1.81

2.09 1.6

1.16 0.70

1 0.31 0

Motor Vehicles-30%

Construction & Road Dust-11%

Living-related-11%

Industries-8%

Regional Contribution-33%

9 (Beijing Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, 2018). *(Timmermans et.al., 2017)

Motor Vehicles = 30% PM2.5 sources-Motor Vehicles, Beijing 2017 10.0

Average PM2.5 Concentration (Îźg/m3)

9.0

8.70

8.0 7.0 6.0 5.05 5.0 15% 4.0 3.0

9%

2.44

2.0

4%

1.0

1.22

2% 0.0 Diesle Vehicles

Gasoline Vehicles

off-road machinery

Airplanes/Trains

Objective: reduce vehicle miles traveled and associated PM2.5 emissions Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

(Xinhua, 2013) Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

10

Beijing’s Comprehensive Motor Vehicles Emission Control

(Yang et al., 2015) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

11

Potential 64% reduction by implementing Beijing 6/VI

(Yang et al., 2015) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

12

Problems with Beijing’s Urban Design Priorities in Transit Oriented Districts (TODs)

Problems: • Lack of land-use and transportation • Fast planning and lack comparison • Not enough adaption into Beijing’s context • Lack of Social & Cultural • Commercialization • Gated communities design • Bike lanes and pedestrians  vehicle lanes and parking areas

Sustainable Solutions: • Supervise and Guide by complete streets policies • Prioritize Walking and Cycling

(Kong & Pojani, 2017; Peiravian & Derrible, 2014) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

13

Problems of TOD designs in Beijing and corresponding urban design strategies

Complete Streets Policies • 11 elements 1. Vision and intent 2. Diverse users 3. Commitment in all projects and phases 4. Clear, accountable expectations 5. Jurisdiction 6. Evaluation 7. Design 8. Land use and context sensitivity 9. Performance measures 10. Project selection criteria 11. Implementation steps (Kong & Pojani, 2017) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

14

Walkable community design and complete streets policies reduces PM2.5

PM2.5 Reduction by walkable design and complete streets policies implementation by 2030 in Beijing 20.00

Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3)

18.00

• Beijing 6/VI emission standard

17.40

 64% reduction

16.00 14.00

• Complete streets policy

- 67%

12.00

 8% further reduction

10.00 8.00

5.76

6.00

• 67% reduction in total

4.00 2.00 0.00 Before

After

(Peiravian & Derrible, 2014; Zhu & Wang, 2016) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

15

Construction and Road Dust = 11% Construction Dust Control Strategies

PM2.5 sources-Construction & Road Dust, Beijing 2017 3.50

1.

Provide dust screens to enclose the scaffolding of the building

2.

Enclose material hoist by impervious sheeting

3.

Enclose debris chute and collection chamber by impervious sheeting

4.

Wetting

5.

Equip vacuum cleaner on grinder

6.

Hard paving open areas

7.

Demolition

8.

Sandblasting

9.

Construction Devices

10.

Open Areas

Average PM2.5 Concentration (Îźg/m3)

3.22 3.00 2.66 2.50

2.00

5.6% 1.50

4.6%

1.00

0.50

0.31

0.05% 0.00 Construction Dust

Road Dust

Soil Dust

(The New York Department of Environmental Protection Promulgation, 2008; Air Pollution Control (Construction Dust) Regulation, Cap. 311R. EPD, Hong Kong) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

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Beijing’s Dust Emission Situation

• High dust emission • Total construction site area increases • Control efficiency is improving but not enough • Limited and general regulations and laws • Strengthen the dust control • Improve environmental protection technology and equipment • Strengthen dust emission laws and regulations • Formulate economic policies (Mcclelland, 2017; Xue et al. 2017)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

17

Weak Dust Control Measures and Limited Regulations

• • • • • •

• Hong Kong and U.S. regulations on controlling construction and road dust

Limited and general Vague and ambiguous No definition of each specialty noun No performance metrics No punishment consequences Unclear responsible party for each regulation …

(Xinhua, 2015)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

18

Enforcing thorough construction dust control reduces 64.6% related PM2.5 • Dust Control Measures are almost same. • Strengthen and Detail the dust emission laws and regulations - adding performance metrics & punishment - clear the responsible organization or person in controlling the dust and - enforce the regulation and law.

- effective environmental supervision

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

19

Building Energy Use related PM2.5 emissions = 3%

Power sector

Power Generation

(Timmermans et.al., 2017)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

20

Summary of poor performance of existing residential housing in Beijing

• Poor thermal performance of Envelope • • • •

No insulation in external envelope Single pane and wooden window and wooden door large WWR Air leakage

• Unsuitable use of Materials • Low R value

• Coal and plants stalks  rural areas • no connection to district heating and natural gas.

• High Heating Demand • coal consumption in winter was high • Low internal T, poor thermal comfort • Winter heating costs for 10% of household income

(Liao et al., 2017; Li, Shen and Jie, 2011) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

21

Building Energy Use related PM2.5 emissions = 3%

City Level Sustainable Strategies

PM2.5 Reduction by Continuous Efficiency Improvement in Buildings by 2030 Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3)

8

i.

7.48

• Continuous Energy Efficiency Improvement

7

6

• Building Envelope • HVAC Systems • Appliances

5.61

5

ii.

4

Indirect PM2.5 emissions • Continuous Energy Efficiency Improvement • Fuel Switch and Power PM Control*

2.78

3

2

Direct PM2.5 emissions

1.74 1.35

1.31 1

Results of Strategies: • Local and regional residential combustion  -25%

0 Local Residential Coal Combustion

Regional Residential Combustion Before

Regional Power Sector

• Regional power sector  -51.4%

After

(Khanna, N. et al., 2014). *not applied in the figure Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

22

Living Related Sources = 8% — Restaurant Cooking Fumes

Average PM2.5 Concentration (Îźg/m3)

Living Related Sources of PM2.5 in Beijing, 2017 2.5

1.95

2

1.53 1.5 1.16

3.4%

1

2.6% 2%

0.5

0 Restaurant Fumes

Waste Incineration

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Vehicle repair, livestock and architecture painting

Methodology

(Xuehua, 2018) Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

23

Living Related Sources = 8% — Restaurant Cooking Fumes

Sustainable Cooking Behavior and Ventilation Reduces PM2.5 1.8

1. Cooking method • Water-based rather than oil-based

1.53

1.6

Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3)

Strategies:

2. Stove Type

1.4

• Electric Stoves rather than gas stoves

1.2

3. Type and temperature of oil

1.0

-92.7%

0.8

3.4%

0.6 0.4

• Oils with a higher smoke temperature(soybean, canola, and safflower oils)

2.6%

4. Ventilation with Cooking Fume Purifier 2%

0.2

• Range Hood Operation with a relatively stable air supply from an open kitchen door • Air Purifier

0.11

0.0 Before

After

(Y. Zhao & Zhao, 2018) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

24

Living Related Sources = 8% — Waste Incineration

Average PM2.5 Concentration (Îźg/m3)

Living Related Sources of PM2.5 in Beijing, 2017 2.5

1.95

2

1.53 1.5 1.16

3.4%

1

2.6% 2%

0.5

0 Restaurant Fumes

Waste Incineration

Vehicle repair, livestock and architecture painting

(Hu et al., 2015) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

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Waste Management is still at early stage — sorting, collection and transportation

Reduce Reuse Recycle Recover Dispose

Problems: • Lack of exhaustive statistical data • Inconsistent and unverified data

• Reduce and manage waste at building level

• Lack of incinerators’ data and environmental impact

• Effectively Manage waste at city level – Reuse, Recycle, Recover and finally Dispose

• Ambiguous performance of recycling • Inadequate infrastructure • Ineffective regulations, laws and policies • Not enough participation of residents

(Joachim, 2013) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

26

Living Related Sources of PM2.5 in Beijing, 2017 PM 2.5 reduction by sustainable cooking behavior & effective ventilation & air purifier by 2030 in Beijing

2.50

PM2.5 Reduction by Sustainable Waste Management 1.8

1.8

1.50

1.00

0.50

1.6

1.6

1.95

1.4

1.4 1.2

1.53

1.0

1.16 -92.7%

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0.00

1.53

Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3)

2.00

Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3)

Average PM2.5 Concentration (μg/m3)

PM2.5 Reduction from Living Related Sources

1.2

1.16

1

- 94.3%

0.8 0.6 0.4

0.11

0.07

0.11

0.2 0.07

0.0 Restaurant Fumes Before

Waste Incineration Before

0

Vehicle After repair, livestock and architecture painting

Before

After

After

(Williams, 2018; UK government)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

27

PM2.5 Reduction from regional sources by 2030

(Kahn, 2017) Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

28

Passive Architectural Strategy – Buildings act as Air Filters

• breaks down nitric and nitrogen oxides • the full external façade is clad in biodynamic panels • capture air pollution • converting it into inert salts

(Italy Pavilion 2015)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

29

Passive Architectural Strategy – Photocatalytic Painting

Manila’s Air Cleaning Murals •

Painted murals with air-cleaning paint on busy city’s streets

•

cover > 8,000 m2 of walls, columns and bridges

•

reduced air pollutants by > 18%

Theory: modified titanium  break down toxic fumes into harmless substances

(Liu, 2015)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

30

Ensure IAQ - Transparent filters for highly efficient PM2.5 removal

• Spray on nanofiber material filters PM2.5 • Tested & Verified in Beijing • 80% optical transparency • >99% standard removal efficiency level for PM2.5

(Khalid et al., 2017)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

31

Ensure IAQ – Combined Control

• Tight envelope design: <50pa at ACH50 • Positive pressure + Fresh Air • High efficiency air purifiers

(Chu et.al. 2017)

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

32

Conclusion â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 36% PM2.5 reduction Beijing PM2.5 Reduction by Sustainable Architecural and urban design by 2030 20 18

- 67% 17.40

PM2.5 Concentration (Îźg/m3)

16 14 12

- 33%

10

- 25%

- 54%

- 25%

- 67%

7.48 7.48

8 6

- 51%

5.76

6.19 4.64

4.11

4.64 4.64

5.24 4.06 4.06

3.93

4 1.74

2

2.78

2.13

2.09 1.35

1.31

1.6 1.6 0.69

0 Motor Vehicles

Road & construction dust

Residential Coal Consumption

Living related Sources

Industry

Other Before

*Industry

*Residential Consumption

*Power Sector

*Motor Vehicles

*Agriculture

After

*:regional sources

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

33

Main Takeaways

Problem Identification Introduction Hypotheses

• Walkable Community Design + Complete Streets Policies • Enforce thorough Dust Control Regulations and Laws • Building Continuous Efficiency Improvement • Water Based Cooking + Electric Stove + High smoke T Oil + Range Hoods+ Cooking Fume Purifier • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover Waste • Apply Titanium Technology • Combined IAQ Control

Methodology

Active

Passive

Ensure IAQ

Conclusion

Thank You

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