xuecai_2020_landscape design thesis_a cooling network by XUECAI ZHANG

A Cooling Network Connectivity, Sustainability & Comfort Supervisor_Siqing Chen Xuecai Zhang 908863

Contents Part 1 Urban heat Backgrouond Part 2 Suburb choose Part 3 Green infrastructure cooling effect Part 4 precedents Part 5 Design

Description

The design thesis mitigates the impacts of urban heat through climate adaptation for the developing activity centres in a Melbourne suburb through integrated, multi-scalar landscape design. The proposed design starts from the Metropolitan Melbourne scale, through landscape planning of green and blue infrastructure mitigate the effects of UHI. The design combines this with the population growth rate of heat vulnerable suburbs to determine the design intervention. The landscape renovation applies climate adaptive suburb design based on the large-scale planning and analyses of specific local conditions. In the final third stage, the streets and public activity space are designed to meet the needs of the residents.

Part 1 Urban heat Backgrouond Through the analysis in the first stage, the research content was defined as the northwest region of metropolitan Melbourne which has experienced extreame heat stress and has been defined as the most heat vulnerable region.

URBAN HEAT IN mELBOURNE

Urban heat map Urban Heat map of Melbourne, which is represented by land surface temperature, reflects the heat concentration in Melbourne during summer time of 2018. It is a measure of the deviation of urban temperatures relative to a non-urban baseline. Native vegetated sites were used to establish the baseline. The data provides urban heat data across metropolitan Melbourne at 30-meter resolution landscape.

MAP DATA The urban heat data shows how many degrees Celsius the average temperature within urban parts of each boundary area is above or below the non-urban baseline. The research will focus on urban growth areas, which contain more fragile ecosystems and have greater impact on human health. Surprisingly, most parts of Melbourne are 5 degrees above the base line, and parts of the northwest and southeast region are even more than 10 degrees.

Melton Brimbank WYNDHAM Moonee valley CASEY CARDINIA Legend Legend LGA LGA LGA UGB

UGB UGB UHI18_M UHI18_M -3<5℃ -5

-3 5 6 5-10℃ --10

6 - -10 1110-15℃ 15 11 - 15

Urban heat background

development timeline Urban sprawl

1888

1954

1971

1939

1954

1972

1983

Melbourne experiences its second-hottest temperature on record, 45.6 Â°C

Train lines are closed by landslides, basement level shops are flooded, and events are cancelled

Elizabeth Street is flooded after 75mm of rain in 17 minutes, with dramatic pictures of cars floating and underwater in the central city.

Melbourne is encircled by an arc of fire as the Ash Wednesday fires encroach on the city.

1990

1999

Heatwave causes 4 deaths.

Flash flooding damages 300 homes with the worst effect on Broadmeadows.

Demographics of Melbourne 1852

1865

The 1850s gold rush, population increased to 40000

Melbourne became the most populous city in Australia

1963 The immigration boom

1890 Economic development brought more population growth

brought in more people

The air temperature change In January

1940

1945 Urban heat background

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

With the population growth and the urban sprawl, longer heat waves and extreme weather events continue to batter the living environment of Melbourne.

2010

2015

2009 A heatwave results in a record three successive days over 43 °C. This same heatwave triggers the Black Saturday bushfires, the worst in Australian history.

Urban area

2030

2010

2011

2013

2018

2020

Flash flooding and high winds caused widespread damage across western and central Victoria, stopping all modes of transportation.

Severe rainstorm causes flash flooding in parts of Melbourne in February, November and December

March 4th to 12th Melbourne faces a 10-day heatwave; In May Melbourne faces heavy rain and thunderstorms

Flash flooding with roughly 30 mm of rain falling within 15 minutes

More and more frequent Flooding and heatwave disasters

5 million Melbourne has dominated Australia's population growth for the 15th year in a row as of 2017

Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants

4 million 3 million

2017

2 million

2005

1 million 45℃ 40℃ 35℃ 30℃ 25℃

2000

2005

2009

2013

2014

2019

2020

One day over 30 ℃ One day over 40 ℃ Max Temp Mean Temp

Urban heat background

Potential impacts caused by heat waves Air pollution and electricity consumption data during the heat wave in 2014 were selected to analyze potential impacts caused by the heat waves. 14

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20 an

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AIR POLLUTION The two samples show that the highest records of O3 and No2 concentration appeared in the days with highest temperature (14th16th and 25th). Air pollution will put pressure on the ecosystems and the health of residents.

â&#x201E;&#x192; 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

h 4t

O3 Pollution in two suburb of Melbourne Jan 2014 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

14th

16th

NO2 Pollution in two suburb of Melbourne Jan 2014

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

25th

14th 16th

Energy consumption Gr

tM elb ba M n ar our ajo ea ne r bo Si un gn road da ifi ca Gr ry n ee t p n ub op Ri lic en ve fa r sp cil ac ity e Ur

Urban heat background

The two samples show that the highest records of electricity consumption concentrated in 13th to 18th in January 2014, the pressure can further affect air quality.

Electricity consumption of two samples (6PM-12AM) Jan 2014 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0

13th

18th

Heat Stress of health especially for the seniors Older age groups have consistently been reported to be more vulnerable to high summer temperatures in Australia however increased rates of mortality and morbidity among younger age groups have also been reported. During the 2009 heatwave in Victoria, there was a 55% increase in deaths of people aged 5 to 64 years compared to the same period during the previous five years. There were 374 excess deaths compared with exactly the same period the year before. That is a 62 per cent increase in total or all-cause mortality, with the greatest increase of deaths in those 75 years of age or older.

at As he LG an rb U % % 0 6 <1 -1 % % 0 10 -2 % 17 0% >2

0℃

62%

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Heat Stress of The Socio economic DisadvantagE groups Extreme heat events often occur in association with power blackouts, infrastructur failure and fires leading to other impacts on population health. Other indirect health impacts of hot weather reported in the literature include increased risks of violence, crime, suicide, and injury in children and adults. This poses a great threat to communities in a socio-economic disadvantage. Because these communities often have poor infrastructure and high crime rates. The Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) is a general socio-economic index that summarises a range of information about the economic and social conditions of people and households within an area. Unlike the other indexes, this index includes only measures of relative disadvantage.

at As he LG an b r U 2 4 38 5 0 1 9-

0℃

Brimbank

gREAT DANDENONG

van

A low score indicates relatively greater disadvantage in general. For example, an area could have a low score if there are: • many households with low income, • many people with no qualifications, or • many people in low skill occupations.

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Ind

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Urban heat background

(I age

The relationship among urban heat Urban Heat Island and heat vulnerability

Climate change

urban sprawl

Extreme heat waves •

•

population growth

Urban heat background

The frequency of extreme weather increases

The urban area increases with reducing natural vegetation area decreases

More and more people live in the town. The density of people affected by extreme weather increased

Increased frequency and intensity of drought Building and road paving materials increase the urban heat absorption The loss of green space reduces the cooling efficiency of urban area

Extreame heat stress

Low cooling efficiency

Increased dependence on private vehicles For metropolitan Melbourne, a large increase in immigration and concentration has resulted concentration of vulnerable groups.

Urban Heat Island Effect

Heat vulnerable suburbs and communities

heat vulnerable areas The health impacts of extreme heat events depends on the vulnerability of individuals and communities. In the context of urban heat, vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of heat stress. Heat Vulnerability is determined by a combination of environmental, economic and social factors, and is a function of the level of exposure, sensitivity of the exposed population, and capacity to adapt.

NORTHWEST REGION

Hume Melton brimbank Great dandenong casey Legend Legend LGA

Heat vulnerable LGAs include Melton, Brimbank and Hume.

NORTHWEST REGION

LGA UGB LGA

(not vulnerable)

UGB HVI_INDEX UGB UHI18_M 00

1-31- 5

- 10 26 2

Heat vulnerable LGAs include Great Dandenong and Casey.

3113- 15

(most vulnerable)

44 55

Urban heat background

Part 1 conclusion The analysis in the first stage proves that the northwest of Melbourne is the region which is most seriously threatened by heat. Then, suitable regions in the northwest region need to be found for further analysis and landscape design.

Part 2 Suburb choose In this part, through the analysis of the causes of the severe urban heat effect in the northwest region, we can understand the climate situation in the northwest and find the possibilities for the future design. At the same time, according to the future development and population density, determine Sunshine as the design site and analysis its urban context and heat stress.

The causes of heat threats in the northwest region weather condition Rainfall in Melbourne is unevenly distributed, with the south-east getting twice as much as the north-west. The three heat vulnerable LGAs have annual rainfall of about 600-900 in 2019, however, the average rainfall of the northwest region is around 500mm.

As LG T S E y W ar TH und R o NO A b m m m LG 00 0m 2 0 >1 -12 mm Hume 0 0 90 -90 mm 0 0 0 60 -6 0 Melton 40

Brimbank

Rainfall affects the soil moisture content and directly affects the heat tolerance and vegetation types in the region.

The most significan bioregion in the northwest is Victorian Volcanic Plain which is dominated by Cainozoic volcanic deposits. The soils are variable supporting Plains Grassy Woodland, Plains Grassland, Plains Grassy Wetland, Stony Rises Herb-rich Woodland, Basalt Shrubby Woodland ecosystems. In general, it is dominated by grassland vegetation and is significant for native grassland protection in Melbourne. However, the lack of tree canopy brings severe issue of urban heat threats. 8

Suburb Selection

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Bioregion

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As LG in T la s ES ry ic P and HW da an pl RT oun olc n U NO A b n V ria a to LG tori Vic ain l c al i P V tr nd n a Ce psl ds ip n G hla ig H

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Vegetation cover Due to the average rainfall and bioregion within the north-west region, the vegetation composition is single, covered by grassland with few shrubs and trees compared to the CBD and south-east Melbourne. However, the vegetation cover especially the tree canopy would strongly affect urban heat and the mitigation effeciency. Since there are more residents living in north-west Melbouorne, grassland cover is also facing distory and fragmentation, it is important to introduce more trees and protect the existing Legend vulable native grassland. LGA

UGB

PERGRASS

Legend LGA UGB

PERSHRUB

0 - 10

11 - 20

21 - 40

41 - 96

41 - 100

LGA boundary UGB 10% 20% 40% >40%

Legend Legend LGA LGA UGB UGB PERGRASS PERGRASS 0 - 10 0 11- 10 - 20 11 21 - 20 40 21 41 - 40 96 41 - 96

Grassland cover

Shrub cover

Tree canopy cover Suburb Selection

an increasing threat under urban development The population growth forecast shows that there will be more people choose to live in northwest Melbourne in 2036. With in the three LGAs of northwest Melbourne, Brimbank contains the highest population density, propotion of the seniors and almost half of the residents are born overseas. The Special population composition with high propotion of heat vulnerable groups results in severe heat threats.

population growth

NORTHWEST DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR HUME MELTON BRIMBANK

400000 350000 300000

445.4/km²

250000

1691.4/km² 297.1/km²

200000

Principal Town Centre Major Town Centre Central Activity Area Specialized Town Centre International Job Cluster Major Road Major Railway Line

150000 100000 50000 0

2018 2036

Component of vulnerable residents The seniors (aged over 60) 13.8%

12.1% 87.9%

17.7% 82.3%

35.7%

29.9%

47.8%

64.3%

70.1%

52.2%

86.2%

The migrant groups

Suburb Selection

Provide more than 50,000 jobs

In addition, the metro and highway construction encourage people to work and live in north-west Melbourne. It also brings about faster urban development. Sunshine, Brimbank was planned as one of the most significant job cluster in metropolitan Melbourne. In other word, the environment condition in Sunshine not only impacts the surrounding residents but also people who work there every day.

Sunshine Brimbank Location

urban heat

Sunshine, Brimbank located in north-west Melbourne, is an important transportation hub connecting Melbourne with the western cities and towns like Ballarat, Geelong and Sunbury. It is 13km away from Melbourne CBD.

Urban heat effect in Sunshine is quite severe. The land surface temperature is 7-13 ℃ higher than the base line. The most affected areas are the town centre and Sunshine station as well as the surrounding residential and commercial areas.

>10℃ 5 - 10℃ <10℃

Sunshine centre

Sunshine station

13km from CBD

Suburb Selection

From the past to the future Change of Urban form

Garden City

Activity Centre

Based on the concept of garden city, it is designed as a garden industrial city

"Street Park"

Built the town centre and began to transform into a central town in the west

We began to develop ecological corridors and green infrastructure and will be a more livable central of Northwest Melbourne for its multicultural community. Business Multicultural community

Industry Started to build the streetscape, schools and gardens

Build the

town centre

1900 Railway

construction

Suburb Selection

Industry

development

2000

Sunshine College

2010

Multicultural2020 community

Existing landuse The existing map shows that the main urban heat is distributed in the existing town activity center and some residential areas with less green space. In the future, with the ueban development, the urban heat might become increasingly significant.

Legend landuse_Clip Legend

Legend

landuse_Clip

Sheet1__La <all other values> Legend Sheet1__La

Aged_facility landuse_Clip Aged_facility <all other values> Carpark Carpark Sheet1__La Community facility

Community facility

Indoor sports

Aged_facility Indoor sports

Industrial

Carpark Industrial

Parks Community Parks facility Indoor sports Recycle Recycle

Future development will put forward higher requirements for the environment around the central commercial district, so the central area is the focus of this design.

Industrial Reserve Reserve ParksResidential

Residential

Recycle School

School

Reserve Sewage

Sewage

Residential Sports outdoor

Sports outdoor School Telephone Sewage Transportation Telephone Vacant Sports outdoor Transportation children facilities Telephone

Vacant

commercial Transportation

children facilities

Vacant el

commercial children facilities electricity el trans commercial

ÂŁ

elelectricity boundary electricity

trans

boundary

Meters 062.5 125 250 375 500 Meters

062.5 125 250 375 500 Meters 062.5 125 250 375 500

Suburb Selection

Centre area existing confiti Lack of vegetation

Car dominant

lack of activity space

Shopping centre Food market Library Resaurant Green space Car park

The landscape design on the street needs to follow the needs of different programs 14

Suburb Selection

Sunshine planning

Sunshine town centre has experienced a significant role transitions, from industrial area to commercial centre to multicultral mixed use area. Such a shift puts forward higher requirements for its environmental comfort.

Building density

Land use planning Health and education services

A diverse and engaged community

A diverse and comprehensive place for shopping, recreation, entertainment, community, civic and cultural services

Population growth rate is 9.25%, from 210,321 to 230187. 2020

A destination for heritage based tourism

2036

A centre that has high quality, accessible and well maintained public places, streets and parks

Commercial growth zone Central area residential growth zone 10m 15m 20m 30m

Residential area Commercial area Mixed use area Streetscape

Suburb Selection

Part 2 conclusion After defining the design site, we need to find ways to mitigate the urban heat island effect. The design of the suburbs shifted the focus of the city away from the CBD. It provides the design idea and method for the future development area, especially the northwest resigon.

Part 3 Green infrastructure cooling effect According to research, Green Infrastructure is efficient to mitigate Urban Heat effect. Therefore, start from the metropolitan Melbourne, there are some possible green corridors are found to divide the large area of heat in north-west of Melbourne. Sunshine as a part of these corridors would not only assist mitigating local heat but also as a part of the northwest corridors.

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN HEAT MITIGATION urban heat map

Legend

Green Infrastructure

This is a day time map for the land surface temperature in March 23rd, 2014 which is one of the hottest day in the year. It clearly shows the hottest part of Melbourne is over 50 â&#x201E;&#x192;. However, there is a significant gap which divided the heat area into 3 parts. The answer can be found in the green infrastructure map.

Green infrastructure The middle are of Melbourne contains a large amount of green infrastructure as well as some efficient blue corridors. Central area of high density of buildings form the shadow also reduces the heat radiation during the day.

Therefore, the impact of green infrastructure will be limited. But it will have a greater impact in relatively low-density areas. Tree coverage

Legend <5% 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% 20-25% 25-30% >30% LGA

Green Infrastructure

GI in melbourne and improvement planing for urban heat PLANNING A GREEN BLUE CITY Urban scale Within the context of this guide, a planning and creation of a green-blue city refers the planned inclusion of extensive green-blue infrastructure throughout the built up area of a city or town. These planning would interact to form an infrastructure network to serve metropolitan Melbourne.

urban forest Neighborhood scale In terms of the neighborhood scale design, streetscape greening plays an important role in cooling Melbourne. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cooler and Greener Streetscapesâ&#x20AC;? provides specific strategies to different types of streets.

Green Infrastructure

Cooling effect of Green infrastructure Thermal radiation Drought

â&#x20AC;˘ Human health â&#x20AC;˘ Health of the environment such as plants and animals

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE green roof green corridor including streets

Urban heat effect

parks and gardens

Shading HUMIDITY

WETLAND

cONNECTIVITY large naturala reserves and forests

Cooling node

Through provide cooling node and cooling corridor, the large area of urban hear could be divided into small islands and then affected by the cooling areas with in the region. The idea is referenced the precedent in Shanghai, China for mitigating Urban Heat effect.

Thermal comfort community

For urban cooling island to mitigate the surrounding urban heat effect.

Cooling corridor Divided continuous large urban hear area, provide continuing shelter for people and animals Green Infrastructure

Street trees

Shading in urban context In areas such as roads and large paved squares and car parks, the thermal environment is strongly affected by the shadings, which could provide by surrounding buildings, shelters and trees. The shading would not only influence the temperature in the daytime, it also determines the amount of heat absorbed by the material and the urban heat at night.

Building shade solar protection devices

Green roof Tree canopy shade

Car park

The picture is quoted in Urban Heat research of the City of Melbourne

Green Infrastructure

humidity Expect for wetlands, the humidity of urban area is highly related to the soil moisture, which could be maintain or improved by irrigation. On the other hand, tree canopy shading also reduce the water evaporation. In additon, public plaza with large area of gray paving can provide some fountain devices for cooling especially during heat wave periods.

Urban park and public square

The comparison of non-irrigated green space and irrigated green space

HUMIDITY FROM NATURAL SURFACE HUMIDITY FROM TREE CANOPY

humidity from fountain devices

Humidity from green patches with runoff harvesting design

The picture is quoted in Urban Heat research of the City of Melbourne Green Infrastructure

Connectivity To divided large urban heat area into smaller scale, it is important to build corridors as heat barriers. The map of potential green space for metropolitan Melbourne provides corridors for the north-west area. The calculate criterias was listed as well as the maps.

POTENTIAL GREEN SPACE

SUNSHINE

corridors for heat mitigation Large urban heat area

Green corridor

Cooling patches

Legend

LGAs Water body Potential green space landfill Landfill vacant landland Vacant UGB UGB open space Existing green space LGA

Water_area

Major_River

suitable_Clip.tif

N<VALUE> 01 5

20 Kilometers

1.000000001 - 2 2.000000001 - 3

Calculation criterias

3.000000001 - 4

DIVIDED INTO SMALL HEAT PATCH 0

Kilometers 40

Criteria

Natural

Human activity

Green Infrastructure

Landuse

Sub-criteria Water area Slope Open spacesO Green Wedges Aged facilities Public services4 Urban Heat Road Bushfire Existing land useF Landfill(pollution)L Vacant landR

54 Water >=20° pen space Green Wedge Facility 0m 15℃1 50mBushfire orest, water andfill ural

Layer Classification (Suitability) 32 100m 15°-20°1 300m 300m 40m8 -8 0℃-15℃ -3 Green spaceA 100m Industrial R

300m 0°-15° 500m 500m 0m 0m 8℃-10℃ 100m 00 griculturalR 300m ural residential

500m> 5°-10° 1000m> 1000m> 200m> 200m> 5℃-8℃ 200m> 500m> esidential-commercial 500m> Urban residential-

1 500m <=5° 1000m 1000m 200m 200m <=5℃ 200m 1000m Industrial 500m

Suitability of building green infrastructure Urban agrowth area Low

Green wedge

OPEN SPACE

SLOPE

water area

urban heat

major road

bushfire

landuse

public facilities

High

Green Infrastructure

a SARTING POINT sUNSHINE

Since Sunshine is located in the north-west of Melbourne, it could become a starting point for Green Infrastructure improvement. For building a more efficient cooling network, it is significant to understand its existing natural and constructed conditions, then provides shading, humidity and connectivity through the landscape design.

Sunshine Library

Green Infrastructure

Sunshine Station

Sunshine Brimbank

Sunshine kororoit creek

green infrastructure in sunshine Natural condition Legend

kororoit creek Kororoit creek is the most significant corridor in Sunshine, which contains open riparian woodland along the water way with significant rocky escarpments and grasslands. There is now having relatively good connectivity but the limited number of entries limits its accessibility.

e camaldulensis

Exocarpus cupressiformis

boundary

ÂŁ

Stony creek

Meter 062.5 125 250 375 500

Due to the construction of the city, Stony Creek has suffered great damage and lost most of its native plant communities. However, it is of great significance for the rainwater collection and utilization in the central region, and has the opportunities to build a good inner cooling corridor of the Sunshine town centre.

Callitris columellaris Pimelea curvillora chocolate lily Lepidosperma

Green space with simple structure

pussy tails Rakali

blue bells Sugar Glider

Cunningham SSkink

Fat tailed Dunnart Pink bindweed

Growling Grass Frog

Blue banded Bee

Green Infrastructure

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!! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !!! !! ! !! !! !! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! !! !! !!!! !!!!!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! !! !!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! !! !! ! !!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!!! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! !!!! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! !! !! ! !! ! !! !!!! !! ! !! !! !! ! !!! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! !! !!!!! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !!! ! !! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! !! !! ! ! !! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! !!!!!!!! !! !!!! ! ! !!!! !! !!! !!!! !! !! !! !! !! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! ! !! !! !!! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! !! !! !! !! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! !! !! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !

The constructed green infrastructure includs parks and streetscapes which mainly covered by lawns and tree canopys. In Sunshine, most of tree canopys are between 2-6m in a yound stage. It is significant to provided sufficient watering to satisfy their growing needs.

Legend

openspace_removed_tree streettree_removed boundary

Sunsh ne centre

Street trees

canopy

In addition, the lined area which would be the future centre growth area is little covered. On the one hand, the railway line did not provide the right conditions for the planting of trees. On the other hand, the parking lots and vacant land on both sides of the railway can be utilized more efficiently.

00-02 02-06 06-10 10-15

Legend

15-20

>20

Sunsh ne Stat on

Not Specified

BrimbankOpenSpaceTrees_Clip S ee ee !

Canopy

00-02 02-06 06-10 10-15 15-20

>20

Not Specified

park_and_reserves_Clip3 N

B mban OpenSpa eT ee Legend landuse_Clip wetland

C p

C openspace_removed_tree

0 2m

streettree_removed 2 6m 6 10m

boundary 10 15m

ÂŁ

15 20m >20m N

G n op n p w W nd B mC p

Legend

ÂŁ

openspace_ emoved_ Meters 062.5 125 250 375s 500 ee ee_ emoved bounda y

G een n as uc u e

Suitability of building green infrastructure

green infrastructure in sunshine

Low

possible area for existing green infrastructure improvement Nature features

Urban features Kororoit

Open Space

High

Human activitiy Landuse

Activity centre

Legend

Lege

boundary

Legend

2 3

boundary

Legend boundary

3 4

Slope

Urban heat

Legend

Transportation

Vulnerable sites

Legend

boundary

BrimbankFootpaths_Clip1

Lege

Legend boundary

When selecting suitable areas to add new green infrastructure, consideration should be given to their ecological connectivity, land use planning and residents' activity needs. The proportion and calculation of different categories is presentated in the booklet. Green Infrastructure

connectivity of existing green infrastructure The connectivity map shows thegap between existing green spaces. This gap could be connected by introducting new green infrastructures to build a greening network. Legend

landuse_Clip the priority of these gap areas need to be further However, <all other values> defineded by other factors while planning such as the urban Sheet1__La Legend heat condition and location of vulerable facilities. buildingprint_Clip Aged_facility Carpark park_and_reserves_Clip3 Community facility

boundary

Indoor sports

BrimbankFootpaths_Clip1

Industrial Legend

CostDis_XYParks1.tif Parks

buildingprint_Clip Recycle <VALUE>

Legend Reserve park_and_reserves_Clip3 0 - 0.006452022

Residential

boundary 0.006452022 - 0.01133038 School 0.01133038 - 0.016838203 BrimbankFootpaths_Clip1 Sewage

Sports outdoorneed- to Area add GI (with large gap) 0.016838203 0.025178622 CostDis_XYParks1.tif Telephone

0.025178622 - 0.040128428 <VALUE> Open space area Transportation

High connectivity

Vacant 0 - 0.006452022 children facilities

0.006452022 - 0.01133038 commercial Legend el 0.01133038 - 0.016838203

boundary

electricity 0.016838203

- 0.025178622

0.025178622 - 0.040128428 Low connectivity

trans

boundary

(gap area)

Meters

062.5 125 250 375 500 Legend

boundary

Meters 062.5 125 250 375 500

Green infrastructure

Meters 062.5 125 250 375 500

gi improvement planning in Sunshine urban forest The Urban Forest Strategy is a strategic approach to increasing canopy cover in Brimbank from 6.2% to 30% over the next 30 years. This strategy sets a strategic framework for planting trees on streets, urban parks, along waterways and to encourage planting in private open space. It aims is to deliver positive health, social, economic and environmental outcomes for the Brimbank community.

Why the Urban Forest Strategy is needed Brimbank faces several challenges in providing a liveable city for the community. The implementation of an Urban Forest Strategy will help to mitigate the impacts of heat, noise and pollution, while having a positive effect on the well-being of the community.

Developing the Urban Forest To develop urban forest, the actions includes Increasing Canopy Cover in the Streetscape, Achieveing 50% canopy cover in Urban Parks, Making available free trees for residents to plant on their own properties, Integrating open space grassland areas into the open space landscape, Supporting community led growing opportunities on publicly owned vacant land, Continuing to implement IWCM and WSUD opportunities Green infrastructure

corridor restortation

KOROROIT CREEK

STONY CREEK

SUNSHINE

Green infrastructure

There are three corridors definded in Brimbank are related to Sunshine,

RAILWAY

Design objectives for Sunshine gi renovation

Shading Urban forest construction in streetscape, urban parks and private gardens.

Natural corridor connectivity and restortation; Railway grassland corridor with trees

Water Sensitive Urban Design for streetscape and parks irrigation and Stony Creek restoration and reuse

A walkable streets improve the convenience and accessibility of city life

Connectivity

URBAN HEAT MITIGATION

A livable environment

Livable diverse and climate resilient suburban centre

HUMIDITY

MULTICULTURAL Friendly Convenient Community

Green infrastructure

Issues and opportunities for GI improvement In Sunshine, the street greening effect is in a poor condition, and the built-up area lacks green space that can be improved. However, a large number of vacant land were formed by natural succession of grassland, and the landscape on both sides of the railway provided ideas for further design. In addition because the area is mostly populated by immigrants and low-income groups, necessary communal activities such as cycling and community gardens are essential.

Green infrastructure

Wind speed test

Tree and shrub and grass (with terrain)

Tree and shrub and grass

Tree and shrub

Shrub and grass During the summer, the effects of the central Australian desert heat wave are particularly noticeable in Melbourne's northwest. Therefore, in summer, it is important to prevent hot wind for the mitigate urban heat. Tests show that trees and shrubs can form significant barriers in the presence of terrain.

Only grass Green infrastructure

Part 3 conclusion From part three, the cooling effect of Green Infrastructure has been proved meanwhile the shade, humidity and connectivity have been pointed out as factors which influence the cooling efficiency. The possible area for existing green infrastructure improving and gap area for building new green infrastructure are calculated for the next stage planning.

Part 4 precedents According to the analysis, Green Infrastructure has significant impact on urban cooling, but how does it be used in design is still not clear. Therefore, the precedents research would assist defining further design content.

prpesedents

urban planning

Moreland Urban Heat Island Effect Action Plan Based on the thermal image and vulnerability, City of Moreland defineds five priority areas for urban heat mitigation. This provides an idea of defineing design objectives and priorities. However, since Sunshine is a rapid growing and developing job cluster, the proposed high density residential area and commercial centre should also be considerded while planning for Green Infrastructure. In addition, the action plan also points out the targets for building green infrastructure, including urban forest, WSUD, cool roofs and cool roads. Thermal image

priority area

Strengthen and build green infrastructure

• URBAN FOREST: Increase vegetation cover in Moreland’s most vulnerable areas by 35% by 2020 (from Zero Carbon Evolution). • WAUD:Stormwater harvesting infrastructure supplying 30ML/a of treated water for open space irrigation by 2020 (from WaterMap 2020) • COOL ROOFS: Council will engage with all relevant stakeholders to encourage cool buildings and cool roofs • COOL ROADS: Moreland will research and investigate the trialling and installing of cool roads and paths infrastructure by 2020. 34

Precedents

urban vegetation patches for thermal comfort and urban cooling 1 Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Urban Park A Case Study

The Study tests different types od landscape space in urban parks in Chengdu, China in winter and summer. Although the weather condition is different in Chengdu and Melbourne, the research methods and theories are also applicable, because it emphasizes that it is important to balance the landscape elements for winter and summer. It also point out that in summer the most significant factor of thermal comfort is air temperature and in winter is radiation. A:Square B:Lakeside C:Lawn

D:Wood

Winter comfortable ranking: Lawn > Lakeside > Square > Woods. Sumemr comfortable ranking: Wood > Square > Lakeside > Lawn.

2 Effectiveness of vegetated patches as Green Infrastructure in mitigating Urban Heat Island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne Inside of considering human thermal comfort, it is also important to understand the cooling efficiency of vegetation patches because in Sunshine, the objective is to mitigation the urban heat effect, it is not only about bring thermal comfort for human but also reduce the overall temperature of the region. The reseatch shows that by increasing fractions from 20 to 50%, Mixed forest reduces near surface (2 m) UHI (UHI2) by 0.6–3.4 °C, Mixed shrublands and grasslands by 0.4–3.0 °C, and Mixed forest and grasslands by 0.6–3.7 °C during the night, but there was no cooling effect for near surface temperature during the hottest part of the day. Mixed forest

Mixed shrublands and grasslands

Changes in T2 (experiment minus control) by using 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% vegetated patches averaged from 2100 to 0400 (when maximum UHI2 reduction occurs) local time over 3 days from 28 to 31 January 2009.

Mixed forest and grasslands

Green infrastructure

WATER FOR URBAN HEAT COOLING Cooling strategies include strategies which reduce surface temperatures (e.g. providing shade, tree canopy cover or cool pavements) and strategies which reduce local air temperatures, which rely on evaporation of water, either directly into the air or via evapotranspiration (via vegetation). If the most effective microclimate cooling strategies rely on water, we need to think about where this water might come from. “Rather than leaving heat mitigation to the technical experts, landscape architects and designers should claim a greater role in the WSUD space, as they are well placed to think about the urban public domain as an integrated system” – Alexa McAuley

Precedents

road cooling corridor Trees for Cooler and Greener Streetscapes Depending on the type of street, "Trees for Cooler and Greener Streetscapes" provides specific guidelines and design methods for street cooling design. Sunshine includes street types from 1 to 5, and the Boulevard can be used in car park design which is quite essential in Sunshine because the train station is a transportation hub connecting northwest of Melbourne and the CBD. Car parks which are grey paved causing severe nighttime heat. Since streetscape design is one of the most sigificant aspects in Urban Heat Mitigation, specific measures can be considered more systematically to form a water recycling system, for example streets rainwater harvest system can support Stony Creek rebuild.

Residential area

Neighborhood street

Suburban street

Precedents

road cooling corridor dawson street Dawson Street is located beside the Sunshine Leisure Centre within Sunshien Town Centre area. It contains commercial land uses and atgrade parking. The project creates a new public realm structure for the site that will serve the precinct well in the long term, creating an attractive pedestrian precinct, providing urban cooling possibility and accommodating change and development. Design outcomes including the reintroduction of the former waterway which passed through the site. However, the rain garden project is not on the main road, it is signidicant to find examples of rainwater harvesting on major roads.

By collecting runoff from surrounding streets and parking lots, the stream was created to improve the environment humidity.

Precedents

By choosing drought and waterlogging resistance plant, to meet the health of the rainwater harvesting system.

road cooling corridor STREETSCAPE RAIN GARDENS WITHIN ROAD CARRIAGE The project is located on WAYMOUTH STREET, ADELAIDE as a part of urben green infrastructure, to support the liveability, sustainability and resilience of an urban area. Waymouth Street is defineded as one of the hottest area in the City of Adelaide. In the futurem, weather of Melbourne would be more like Adelaide according to the weather forecast. Therefore, the street rain garden provides an example for cooling streetscape in Melbourne. CHALLENGES AND LESSONS: â&#x20AC;˘ Greening inner city streets with trees requires an innovative design approach because micro-siting the trees and rain gardens in the heavily developed streetscape was difficult. â&#x20AC;˘ It was imperative that all new works could be installed without reducing the capacity of the stormwater system to mitigate against future peak rain and storm events. Water capture and planting system

Precedents

civic square Centenary Square by JMDdesign The revitalisation aimed at improving connectivity and passive surveillance and re-establishing the space as the civic centre of the city to cater for large community events and gatherings. In order to allow for the upmost flexibility of activity and accessibility, the fountain was designed to have no permanent presence, no level changes and no standing water in ponds, pools, troughs or channels. As such when the fountain is switched off the square appears as an essentially flat paved space ready to accommodate anything from market stalls, music concerts, an audience in front of a large TV screen to a group game such as mini soccer on a rolled out synthetic turf surface. However, in Sunshine town centre area, there is no specific attraction spots or heritiges, urban arts can be introduced or pedestrians' attention needs to be focused on the square rather than surrounding car park. Tree canopy and lawns provide dynamic activity spaces and balance the summer and winter comfort.

Precedents

Daytime square with the fountain, which can provide cooling resource for residents.

In the evening also provides the activity space, enhances the community sense of security

URBAN PARK Victoria Park by Hassell Victoria Park located in Sydney is now a 24 hectare mixed-use development, incorporating medium and high-density housing, commercial and retail facilities and public domain for a population of 5,000. The design concept embodied four key principles that relate to its place: a site-wide environmental strategy, interpretation of the natural wetland systems, site connectivity, and community development. A variety of exceptional public settings were created for the enjoyment of the community. The plant selection and habitat creation support the local ecosystem, promoting biodiversity and the artworks express and celebrate the improved water quality achievements. A bio-retention swale infiltration system regulates the quality of first flush water from the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public roads. The filtered water is intercepted, recycled and visibly exposed at the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s notable water features. For Sunshine, Matthews Hill Reserve, a significant park of stony creek, is primarily to capture and utilize rainwater resources for support Stony Creek and creates a cool island. Therefore the bioretention and habitat creation strategies can be utilized in Sunshine. Seating area which provides cool point in Summer.

Bioretention in Victoria Park which can help clean the stormwater captured from surrounding roads.

Precedents

Part 4 conclusion The precedents provides ideas for vegetation patches design, street rain water harvasting system, public square and urban park design. These designes are all related to high efficient water use and catchment which determins the cooling effect of Green Infrastructure.

Part 5 Design The design is based on the research before and the ideas from precedents. It includes the priority areas with new green space or cooling square, streetscapes (green and blue streetscape), railway corridor and water reuse bioretention.

Conceptual design FOR SUNSHINE WEATHER CONDITION & VEGETATION COVER

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

EXISTING GREEN INFARSTRUCTURE (with higher tree canopy coverage)

GI NETWO

• Relatively low rainfall in Sunshine (around 500mm a year)

• Existing facilities which are vulnerable to urban heat, including community centre, service facilities and education facilities.

• Nature reserves

GREEN CO

• The original vegetation class was grassland, however, with urban development, grasslands are shrinking but urban forest has not been supplemented.

• In Melbourne 2050 planning, Sunshine would provide more than 50,000 jobs with about 10,000 residents.

Kororoit Creek • Urban parks and playgrounds JR Parsons Reserve HV Mckay Memorial Gardens Sunvale Community Park Street Reserves

GREEN INFARSTRUCTURE CAN BE IMPROVED • Nature reserves Stony Creek • Urban parks and playgrounds Neighborhood Parks Lynch Gardens Civic Square Car Parks • Urban streets and railway

Precedents

• Level

GREEN CO

• Level HV M Lynch Sunva Matth Civic

• Level Neigh Street

ORK FOR SUNSHINE

OOLING CORRIDOR

l 1_Railway corridor

l 2_Urban streets

OOLING SPOT

l 1_Large green space (>5000m2) Mckay Memorial Gardens h Gardens ale Community Park hews Hill Reserve square

l 2_Neighborhood green space hborhood parks t reserves

NATURAL SHADING

STRATEGIES

Green infrastructure would provide natural shading to reduce the radiation of roads and buildings.

• Cooling cycles and wind corridor • WSUD design • Urban forest

CIVIC SQUARE & PARK WALKSIDE GREEN SPACE

ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS

GREEN PEDESTRAIN

Green infrastructure would provide natural shading to reduce the radiation of roads and buildings.

URBAN CREEK

COMMUNITY ENGAGTMENT Green infrastructure would provide natural shading to reduce the radiation of roads and buildings. CHANGE IN TRAVEL MODE Green infrastructure would provide natural shading to reduce the radiation of roads and buildings. ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RETAIL AND CATERING INDUSTRY Green infrastructure would provide natural shading to reduce the radiation of roads and buildings.

Precedents

primary facilities COMMERCIAL CENTRE

Sunshine Marketplace

EDUCATION FACILITIES

Design

Sunshine Plaza Shopping Centre

SOCIAL SERVICE CENTRE

PARK & RESERVE

Design

layers planning heat condition and facilities

L AB

I PR

high priority area

Sunshine Plaza Shopping Centre

Sunshine Marketplace

Job centre

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The priority are is firstly defined by the vulnerable facilities. Meanwhile the area also includes the future developing residential and commercial area based on the planning on page 15.

Primary cooling zone

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The landuse map assist defining priority areas which includesexisting and future residential areas and public activity areas.

Secondary priority area Existing green space Education facility Commercial centre Sport playground Public service centre Design Design

4744

cooling road network and transportation While considering the street landscape planning, it is important to firstly improve the street within the most priority area. However, it is also important to include the existing bus line within the region because it is important to provide comfort environment for bus stops.

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cooling road network and transportation

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First, the streets in priority areas and roads with bus stops need to follow the Urban Forest Strategies to provide cooling street environment because with development, streetscape will become an increasingly important urban public landscape.

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In addition, Stony Creek is a component within the region. The WSUD design should be included to support the stream corridor. It then might become the cooling spot for Sunshine.

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Most priority area Secondary priority area

Existing green space

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Primary greening road Road with WSUD

Bus stop Train Station

Design

potential RAILWAY corridors and open space After the street planning, it is important to introduce new green infrastructure, the neighborhood park or cooling squares within the most priority areas to further mitigate the urban heat effect. According to the green corridor planning in Brimbank the railway grassland patches would be important for the local biodiversity. In addition, the urban heat map shows that the hosttest area of Sunshine are concentrate along the railway, so it is significant to make the railway gap as an opportunity to improving green corridor connectivity in Sunshine. The selected areas include public vacant land, existing playgrounds and carpark.

Existing green space for improvement Proposed new parks Railway corridor Most priority area Secondary priority area Existing green space Education facility Commercial centre Sport playground

Design

Public service centre

Potential bicycle and pedestrain circle To improve the community and encourage public and green travel mode such as cycling and walking, I planed the pedestrain and bicycle circle routes. It is important to make sure the routes are included in the cooling zone with shading and thermal comfort environment.

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Urban Forest road Rilway WSUD runoff harvasting road boundary Centre Pedestrain circle Cycling circle route New neighborhood park Railway corridor Existing green space Education facility

062.5 125 250 375 500

Commercial centre Sport playground

Public service centre

Design

CONCEPTUAL PLAN

GREEN COOLING CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT Level 1 Railway corridor

Level 2 Urban Street corridor

GREEN COOLING NODE IMPROVEMENT Level 1 Civic Green Space

Level 2 52

Design

Neighborhood park

Urban cooling nodes

Railway corridor

Existing green infrastructure

Urban street corridor

Green infrastructure in Sunshine

Based on priority area analysis, new GI would be would work with the existing green space to form a Urban Cooling Network, By providing a better living environment, Sunshine residents would establish positive lifestyle and form more inclusive communities. At the same time, more open public space and better environment will bring the development of urban retail and catering industry. Economic development and environmental construction together reduce the heat vulnerability of Sunshine. Design

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

Concept diagram

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RESIDENTS

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AN INCLUSIVE COMMUNITIE

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WALKSIDE PARK

RESIDENTS

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URBAN CREEK CORRIDOR PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

CIVIC SQUARE

URBAN REFORESTRATION

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STORMWATER REUSE

A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

URBAN

URBAN REFORESTRATION

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Design

Improve the hea Sunshine comm vulnerability of

URBAN STREET CORRIDOR

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A GREENER ENVIRONMENT

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Urban heat mitigation strategies MANIPULATING TOPOGRAPHY

URBAN CREEK WITH GREEN EDGE

STORMWATER REUSE

By changing the topography, heat waves are blocked and rainwater collects to form cool areas

By expanding the green space on both sides of the concrete bank, to form a wind corridior

Create rainwater collection system on the street and in urban parks to supplement the humidity of green space to mitigate urban heat.

PLANT SHADING

SHADING STRUCTURE

WATER FEATURE

Get more shade by planting trees.

Build shade structures with climbing plants in crowded areas or large lawn areas for shade.

In Sunshine (with dry and hot weather), water features could be added to increase the humidity.

AILING & CATERING t rke t a M Ar t e e Str

N HEAT RESILIENCE

at resilience of munity, reduce the heat f residents.

Design

Landuse plan with priority zone Most priority area Secondary priority area New neighborhood park Existing reserve and playground Existing green space Potential cooling square Green space for improving Potential Railway Corridor Existing commercial area Potential commercial area Existing public service facility Potential residential area Existing Residential area Bus stop Street Major street Train station Railway Road with WSUD Greening priority road Centre Pedestrain circle Cycling circle route

Design

Master PLAN of green infrastructure improvement

Detail 4 Neighborhood park About 1900m2 Detail 3 Public walkside park About 6000m2 Detail 2 Public city square About 12800m2 Detail 1 Albion station carpark About 28000m2

Small trees Large trees Creek region Existing green space New urban green space Rainwater collecting swale Playground reserve Contour line

Design

Urban street corridor Street corrdior is devided into six different types based on their surrounding conext and road width.

Street with stormwater harvest system Street with commercial context Street with industrial context Street with park context Street with residential context (<7m) Street with residential context (>10m)

Design

Conceptual urban street planting system

Street shading

6M RESIDENTIAL STREET (NS)

North-south roads provide shade on the left side of the road between 12pm and 18pm in summer.

East-West roads would not provide shade in summer between 12pm-18pm, which result in intense radiation on both sides.

Because of the intense radiation in summer between 12pm-18pm and lack of tree cover, the ground cover lawn is in poor condition. Convert it into mulch can assist reduce water consumption and maintain soil moisture.

6M RESIDENTIAL STREET (EW)

10M RESIDENTIAL STREET

The left area has good shade, which can maintain the soil moisture. However, due to the power line, trees are restricted. The area on the right has strong radiation, lower green belt can capture more rainwater to build street greening.

Reducing the ten-meter wide street intersection to six meters will slow traffic and increase access to rainwater harvesting systems, providing more irrigation resources. Design

STREET BESIDES INDUSTRIAL AREA

STREET BESIDES URBAN PARK

There is a large area of impermeable paved parking in the industrial area, which can be supported by the construction of rainwater collection ponds for parking shade and street greening.

STREET BESIDES INDUSTRIAL AREA

Design

A street on a drainage line may form a coherent bioretention on one side. More open waterways could increase the humidity of the air in nearby areas, mitigating urban heat effect.

There are high density residential area around urban parks without private green space. Therefore, it is important to build a cooler walking system to support nearby residents. Stormwater collection system can support street greening and build a boundary between park and street.

TOWN CENTER STREET(HAMPSHIRE RD)

Streets with high pedestrian flow and demand, more pedestrian space can be created by reducing the number of vehicle lanes. Meanwhile, through the design of street stormwater reuse system, more trees and planting ponds are added to mitigate urban heat effect in the center area.

In weekends, with cooler street and wider pedestrains, the activity street can be hold pop up events to provide more retail opportunities. Befor design

The design changes the original four lanes into two lanes, widens the pedestrain, increases the green space for rainwater collection, and adds bike lanes

<39.2℃ 39.2 - 39.5℃ 39.5- 39.8℃ 39.8 - 40.1℃ 40.1 - 40.4℃ 40.4 - 40.7℃ 40.7 - 41.0℃ 41.0- 41.3℃ 41.3 - 41.6℃ >41.6℃

After design <38.2℃ 38.2 - 38.5℃ 38.5- 38.8℃ 38.8 - 39.1℃ 39.1 - 39.3℃ 39.3 - 39.6℃ 39.6 - 39.9℃ 39.9- 40.2℃ 40.2-40.5℃ >40.5℃

Design

railway corridor design strategies IMPERMEABLE SURFACE

BREAK THE SURFACE

Public vacant space with concrete surface. SOIL SURFACE

ADJUST TYPOLOGY

POOR CONDITION PLAYGROUND

ADJUST TYPOLOGY

CONCRETE BANK OF STONY CREEK

CREATE SOME CRACKS

LOTS OF PARKING LOTS

DIGGING DOWN

Public vacant space with soil and gravelsurface.

Playground infrequently used and in poor growth condition

The railway corridor would than become a buffer between the railway and surrounding residential area to block hot wind. It would also colllect seeds in the soil as a seed bank. 62

Design

Stony creek with concrete banks no public accessibility.

Car parking that obstructs pedestrains and has no shade

种植 ADD TOPSOIL

ADD ROAD

FORM SLOPES AND DEPRESSIONS

WATER COLLECTION

CREATE A GROWING GAP

ADD PATH

PLANTS GROW IN CRACKS

SOIL IMPROVEMENT

COMMUNITY PLANTING

ESTABLISHING SWALE VEGETATION

完成 1ST YEAT AFTER PLANTING

变化 3 YEARS AFTER

A BETTER GROWING CONDITION

TRANSFORM INTO PUBLIC PARK

ADD TREE BUFFER

ADD SUBSTRATUM VEGETATION

TRANSFORM INTO PARK WITH LAWN

ADD WALKWAYS ALONG THE BANK

BANK RAINGARDEN

GREENING BOTH BANKS

BUILDING CREEK GREEN SPACE

SUCCESSION

BETTER SOIL CONDITION

REMOVE CAR PARK

TRANSFORM INTO GREEN SPACE

Design

Detail design

2 A

Runoff 3

A B

4 B

Passing

1 5

Planting

summer hot wind winter cood wind

Car park

"buffer"slope

bank side raingarden

Stony creek

corridor park

grassland

Topography Adjustment 6

N 64

Design

100

new trees existing tree driving road pedestrain raingarden walkway accumulating area digging area planting barrier rain garden grassland car park

Existing condition

Summer

Heat exchange Canopy shading

Heat exchange Hot wind passing through

Plant growing in cracks

Evaporation provide humidity

Runoff

A-A section

Heritage view Canopy shading

cool wind

Planting for heat barrier

Evaporation provide humidity

Runoff collection

B-B section Design

PERSECTIVES

Grassland landscape

Raingarden landscape

Recycled material

Design

John Darling and Son Flour Mill

Planting for heat barrier

Design

proposed cooling nodes

Detail 2 Public city square About 12800m2 Convert part of the existing car park into a city and restore its rainwater harvesting function. the stony creek line)

Detail 3 Public walkside park About 6000m2

Existing low-vegetation green space, incre tree coverage, and increase road access, enc residents to use.

Detail 4 Neighborhood park About 1900m2

The waste land next to the high-density apar is transformed into a community park to estim participation of residents and enhance the inte of the community so as to improve the heat resi

Design

square (along

ease its courage

rtments mate the egration ilience.

In the main activity area and residential area, parks with differnet scale can achieve the mitigation of urban heat through the reasonable collection and utilization of rainwater and appropriate hot wind barrier and planting.

Design

Detail design Civic square

5 7

8 9 10

12 13

N 70

0 Design

100

Raised garden bed

Supermarket front square

Artificial stony waterfall

Tree square

Slope lawn

Structure with climbing plants

Central lawn

water playing pool

9 Raised garden bed

Runoff & Water feature

Passing

10 rainwater harvesting system 11 Wooden platform 12 Car park pedestrain

Planting

13 Car park

Topography Adjustment

new trees existing tree driving road pedestrain accumulating area digging area lawn rain garden grassland car park atificial stony waterfall playing pool

Existing condition

Design

Cooling zone 1

Cooling zone 2

Collect condensate of air conditioning Hot wind barriar provide shading

provide humidity

pump

Section A-A

Design

Cooling zone 1

provide shading

Drain into the rain garden for reusing

water tank

irrigation system

Cooling zone 2 Design

PERSECTIVES Supermarket front square provide wide access while blocking some of the hot air through a combination of elevated gardens and stone waterfalls. Inside part of the raised garden creates a more private shaded resting area. Supermarket square

Design

The Shade Plaza provides an excellent space for public and performances. Located on the right side of the artific the shade of the plaza is cool and comfortable area in th

Tree square with climbing plant structure

gatherings cial waterfall, he summer.

The pool has become a favorite space for children, with different sitting areas, lawns and shade areas on both sides to meet the needs of parents.

Water playing pool

Design

Detail design walkside park

Runoff & Water feature Passing

Through the filling and digging within the site, the topography changes, creating a barrier to hot wind and shady areas for rainwater collection. Increase park access and rest areas. Provide a park for the development of surrounding high-density residential areas in the future.

Planting

Topography Adjustment

new trees existing tree driving road pedestrain accumulating area digging area lawn rain garden grassland paving area

Design

Existing condition

2 A

3 4

Digging green space

Heat barrier slope

Heritage garden bed

Passing square

Bus stop

lowest rain garden

100

provide shading Hot wind barriar provide humidity

Runoff A-A section

Runoff Design

Detail design Neighborhood park

Runoff & Water feature Passing

As the nearest public green space to residents, neighborhood parks will play an important role in community construction and environmental experience. For the high-density residential areas the green public space will directly affect the living health of residents.

Planting

Topography Adjustment new trees existing tree driving road pedestrain accumulating area digging area lawn rain garden grassland paving area sitting area sandy playground

Design

Existing condition

7 6

Wet garden

Sandy playground

Step seats

Raised path

Community garden

Raised seat

Raised garden bed

Playing water channel

2 3

100

provide humidity

provide shading

Hot wind barriar

water reuse

A-A section

Design

Public space for living ACTIVITY STREET

BEFORE DESIGN

<39.2℃ 39.2 - 39.5℃ 39.5- 39.8℃ 39.8 - 40.1℃ 40.1 - 40.4℃ 40.4 - 40.7℃ 40.7 - 41.0℃ 41.0- 41.3℃ 41.3 - 41.6℃ >41.6℃

Through comparison, it is found that the air temperature in the designed area is 1-2 degrees lower than that before the design, and the air temperature is the most direct and influential factor for human thermal experience. At the same time, the design site also has a certain impact on the surrounding environment. According to this information, it can be inferred that the better green infrastructure system will play a certain role in alleviating the urban heat. 80

Design

AFTER DESIGN

<38.2℃ 38.2 - 38.5℃ 38.5- 38.8℃ 38.8 - 39.1℃ 39.1 - 39.3℃ 39.3 - 39.6℃ 39.6 - 39.9℃ 39.9- 40.2℃ 40.2-40.5℃ >40.5℃

RAILWAY CORRIDOR

CIVIC PARK

WALKSIDE PARK

NEIGHBORHOOD PARK

Design

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ENVI MET Microclimate Studies and Thermal Comfort. (2019, January). Retrieved. from http://www.envi-met.com Erell, E., Pearlmutter, D., & Williamson, T. (2012). Urban microclimate: designing the. spaces between buildings. Routledge. Imran, H. M., Kala, J., Ng, A. W. M., & Muthukumaran, S. (2019). Effectiveness of vegetated patches as Green Infrastructure in mitigating Urban Heat Island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne. Weather and Climate Extremes, 25, 100217. Javanroodi, K., & Nik, V. M. (2020). Interactions between extreme climate and urban morphology: Investigating the evolution of extreme wind speeds from mesoscale to microscale. Urban Climate, 31, 100544. Kumarathunge, D. P., Drake, J. E., Tjoelker, M. G., López, R., Pfautsch, S., Vårhammar, A., & Medlyn, B. E. (2020). The temperature optima for tree seedling photosynthesis and growth depend on water inputs. Global Change Biology, 26(4), 2544-2560. Leers, M., Moore, G. M., & May, P. B. (2018). Assessment of Six Indicators of Street Tree Establishment in Melbourne, Australia. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 44(1). Lenzholzer, S., & Brown, R. D. (2013). Climate-responsive landscape architecture design education. Journal of Cleaner Production, 61, 89-99. MacLeod, T. A., Hahs, A. K., & Penman, T. D. (2019). Balancing fire risk and human. thermal comfort in fire-prone urban landscapes. PLoS one, 14(12). Maimaitiyiming, M., Ghulam, A., Tiyip, T., Pla, F., Latorre-Carmona, P., Halik, Ü., ... &. Caetano, M. (2014). Effects of green space spatial pattern on land surface temperature: Implications for sustainable urban planning and climate change adaptation. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 89, 59-66. MB Lynch Memorial Gardens Upgrade. (2020). Retrieved from http://brimbank.vic.gov.au/hampshirerd Rehan, R. M. (2016). Cool city as a sustainable example of heat island management. case study of the coolest city in the world. HBRC journal, 12(2), 191-204. Seed Consulting Services, EnDev Geographic and the CRC Water Sensitive Cities. (2019). City of Kingston Urban Cooling Strategy: Technical Background Report. Melbourne Vic.: City of Kingston.

Design

Shaker, R. R., Altman, Y., Deng, C., Vaz, E., & Forsythe, K. W. (2019). Investigating. urban heat island through spatial analysis of New York City streetscapes. Journal of cleaner production, 233, 972-992. Symes, P., & Connellan, G. (2013). Water management strategies for urban trees in dry environments: Lessons for the future. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 39(3), 116124. Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, M., & van den Dobbelsteen, A. (2015). Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Building and environment, 83, 65-78. Vico, G., Revelli, R., & Porporato, A. (2014). Ecohydrology of street trees: design and irrigation requirements for sustainable water use. Ecohydrology, 7(2), 508-523. Wesley, E. J., & Brunsell, N. A. (2019). Greenspace Pattern and the Surface Urban. Heat Island: A Biophysically-Based Approach to Investigating the Effects of Urban Landscape Configuration. Remote Sensing, 11(19), 2322. Wu, C., Li, J., Wang, C., Song, C., Chen, Y., Finka, M., & La Rosa, D. (2019). Understanding the relationship between urban blue infrastructure and land surface temperature. Science of The Total Environment, 694, 133742.

Design