Studioairjournal part a xuelin feng by Xuelin Feng

STUDIO AIR 2016, SEMESTER 2, TUTOR: Manuel Muehlbauer Xuelin Feng 718708

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART A

CONCEPTUALISATION A1 Designing Futuring A2 Design Computation A3 Composition/Generation A4 Conclusion A5 Learning Outcomes A6 Appendix

PART B

CRITERIA DESIGN B1 Research Field B2 Case Study 1 B3 Case Study 2 B4 Technique: Development B5 Prototyping B6 Design Proposal

Introduction I am Xuelin, a third year architecture student in the University of Melbourne. I was born in China and I went to study in Singapore when I was 17. As my whole families are engineers, I chose engineer at first. But unfortunately, I was rejected and got an offer from green building in Polytechnique. During three years study, I was attracted by this course and its idea of sustainability in architecture. To complete my comprehension of architecture, I came to Melbourne to undertake bachelor of Environments. I learned a lot about technology related to building, such as simulation, facility management, building system, etc. But I still want to explore the potential of design field. Previous study has a lot of technological regulations. There are too much rules and standards to consider about during designing. The digital design provides a chance for me to illiterate my own idea smoothly. Additionally, the connection between technology and design also attracts me. The adventure of parametric design and form-finding is a new challenge for me. I believe that this study will enrich my comprehension of architecture to a new stage, the designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future. The photo on the right is my previous design: â&#x20AC;&#x153;A Place for Keeping Secret.â&#x20AC;?

A 6

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION CONCEPTUALISATION 7

CONCEPTUALISATION

A1 Designing Future With the development of technology and society, the design is also in a rapid space. People focus more on both quality and efficiency. However, an increasing number of environmental issues exist as one of the consequences of this development. Attentions and measures are required to solve this problem. The traditional design concept and process has been doubted due to its negative impacts on the environment. The idea of design future is required to â&#x20AC;&#x153;make a real differenceâ&#x20AC;? . Design future is an idea that defines design as a solution to solve problems which already exist and will exist in future. It integrates design and plan, engage the relationship between human, environment and future. It concerns the involvement of diverse and complicated data collection and analysis. However, no matter how creative or intelligent the ideas are, there still existing problem cannot be solved in practical. So the technology should be taken into more significant position, as it has been proved that designing with technology has positive effects to resist the potential problems. The concept of design future also provides possibility of shaping future1 . The product, which is the result of design, is part of future life. Various problems may occurred during its functioning. Design future is to consider those issues and propose the solutions during the design stage. The data collection and analysis, simulation technology and experience determine the success of the design. In the next pages, two precedents will be discussed about how the architecture shape the world and design future.

1 Tony Fry, Design Futuring (Oxford: Berg, 2009).

CONCEPTUALISATION 9

PR ECE D E N T 1

V I A 57 W E S T

IMAGE FROM :”West 57Th By BIG | Dezeen”, Dezeen, 2015 <http://www.dezeen.com/2011/02/08/west-57th-by-big/> [accessed 10 July 2016].

VIA 57 West Is a residential building designed by Bjarke Ingels Group in New York. It looks like a rectangular plan pulled up at one corner to form a triangular tower. The sloping roof will rise to a peak of 467 ft and its surface will be punctured by roof terraces. The other three façades will comprise balconies and bay windows serving each of the apartments. The building will strive for LEED Gold Certification. The design is distinctive and innovative as it keeps both efficient function and existed beautiful view of Hudson River by maximizing using the day lighting. As an apartment in Manhattan, this kind of consideration cared about occupation in the future. The unique shape of the building creates a courtyard inside which provide neat arrangement and reliable security.

CONCEPTUALISATION

The north-east corner up makes the courtyard opens views towards the Hudson River, which can perceive better view and avoid the urban anxiety at the same time. On the passive design aspect, it brings low western sun deep into the block to reduce the solar radiation. The slope provides a transition between the low-rise structures to the south and the high-rise residential towers to the north and west of the site. Every apartment gets a bay window or a balcony to amplify the benefits of the generous view and balconies which encourage interaction between residents and passers-by. West 57th will establish a new standard for architectural excellence and its creative design, sustainable-construction and operations and distinctive amenities.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The building is conceived as a cross breed between the Copenhagen courtyard and the New York skyscraper. The communal intimacy of the central urban oasis meets the efficiency, density and panoramic views of the tall tower in a new hybrid typology. The courtyard is to architecture what Central Park is to urbanism: a giant green garden surrounded by a dense wall of spaces for livingâ&#x20AC;?. - Bjarke Ingels, Founder, BIG

CONCEPTUALISATION 11

CONCEPTUALISATION

IMAGE FROM :”West 57Th By BIG | Dezeen”, Dezeen, 2015 <http://www.dezeen.com/2011/02/08/west-57th-by-big/> [accessed 10 July 2016].

PR ECE D E N T 2 H E Y DAY A L I Y E V CE N T E R Heyday Aliyev Center is designed by Zaha Hadid whose design has a strong modern style . It applied a fluid shape on its appearance and interior. It functions as an urban fabric and public cultural space. It fits into the landscape perfectly and the building itself will become a landmark building in this city. Continuous pattern flowing establish a distinctive connection between modern architecture and the past. It also refers a firmly and harmony interaction between modern and old culture. The site can be seperated into two parts according to the topographic sheer drop. The connections and routes between building and underground parking is a terraced landscape, which is used to avoid the improper lands and add the aesthetic of the design. The contour is claculate by computer precisely.

These seams were derived from a process of rationalizing the complex geometry, usage, and aesthetics of the project. The new material: Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) and Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) were chosen for cladding, as their appearance responds to different functional demands in various situations: plaza, transitional zones and envelope. Heydar Aliyev Center’s design evolved from investigations and analysis of the site’s tectonic and the Center’s role. By employing these computer design and simulation, the design is embedded within this context; performs the future cultural possibilities for the nation.

The whole construction consist a concrete structure and a space frame system. All the vertical structural elements are hided in the envelope and curtain wall system to achieve the sense of fluidity inside. The application of curved columns is also a distinction of the designThe space frame system enabled the construction of a free-form structure and saved significant time throughout the construction process, while the substructure was developed to incorporate a flexible relationship between the rigid grid of the space frame and the free-formed exterior cladding seams.

CONCEPTUALISATION 13

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION 15

CONCEPTUALISATION

A2 Design Computation

The technology of digital design has more and more significant influence on architecture design due to the accuracy and efficiency it bought with. The evolution of architecture are occupied by the digital technology. The design process are transformed from product generation to fabrication which contains exploration of architectural logic and science, operation and culture.

Digital design also has excellent contribution tectonic of material. The option of material is strengthened as the architect has more flexible control of material. The experimentation of design material system such as hybrid materials, fibered material and other more sustainable green are researched and developed. The collaborative design of architects and engineers produce more possibilities.

The combination of design and digital media makes the process become a continuing chain referencing to tectonics, parametric design, fabrication and production. It is an integration of design concept and production which emphasize innovative â&#x20AC;&#x153;free-formâ&#x20AC;? geometry1 . The fabrication of model at the end of design provide easier skills and more potentials of innovative and sustainable design.

The exploration of tectonic and material variability and creativity can be tested and achieved through design computation. The involvement of computation in design process makes the calculation more accurate and practical. The faster response is efficiency for numerous experimentations in design stage and it is a reliable guarantee for sustainable design in the future.

Parametric design is a new generation of digital design logic based on algorithm. It implements design idea with parameters into modulation in geometric scale. This kind of architectural

In the next pages, two precedents will be discussed about how conputation influence dsign in architecture.

1 Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman, Theories Of The Digital In Architecture.

CONCEPTUALISATION 17

PR ECE D E N T 1 I CD - I T K E R E S E A RCH PAV I L I O N ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 which developed by academics from University of Stuttgart’s Institute for Computational Design(ICD) and Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) is a structure fabricated using a custom-built system of robotics, which were here used to create a series of modular fibre-composite components. This carbon-fibre pavilion double-domed with web-like walls and ceilings. It has a lightweight shell like abdomen of a beetle as the external appearance. It covers an area of 50 square metres, but weighs just 593 kilograms. The team of researchers and students created highresolution 3D models of elytra by collaboratively analysing the internal structure through biological and paleontological researches. Then it is translated into design principles with experiments of materials. Finally glass and carbon-fibre are chosen to reinforce polymer construction. Fabrication of modules were processed by a pair of robotic arms, which wound the fibres around the steel frame in total 36 geometries. It is very efficient process due to the reduction of waste. The project express an innovative architectural fibre-composite structures and special experience. It achieved extremely lightweight and resource efficient which provides a effective research in computational design.

CONCEPTUALISATION

IMAGE FROM :”University Of Stuttgart Unveils Woven Pavilion Based On Beetle Shells”, Dezeen, 2014 <http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/26/icditke-pavilion-beetle-shells-university-of-stuttgart/> [accessed 12 July 2016].

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The project is based on the development of a robotic fabrication process for modular, double layered fibre composite structures, which reduces the required formwork to a minimum while maintaining a large degree of geometric freedom. This enabled the transfer of functional principles of natural lightweight systems to architectural structures.â&#x20AC;? - Marshall Prado, ICD researcher and team member

CONCEPTUALISATION 19

CONCEPTUALISATION

IMAGE FROM :”Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall Is A Plywood Pavilion Made By Robots”, Dezeen, 2015 < landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-at-university-of-stuttgart-robot-prefabricated-plywood/> [accessed 13

<http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/24/ 3 July 2016].

PRECEDENT 2 L ANDESGARTENSCHAU EXHIBITION HALL The whole hall is built with digitally prefabricated wooden panels. The structure were assembled in four weeks only. It is made from 243 different plates of plywood that were created using a robotic off-site fabrication method which only took three weeks. The parametric design process were depended on computation. Each of the 50-millimetre thick panels has a different design so that when put together they create a shell that needs no additional support. The shape of these panels are calculated depends on the computational simulation and optimisation. The flexibility of the robotic process requires complicated data analysis and geometries to ensure the stability of construction and the cooperation with engineers are also necessary. The integration of digital design and robotic fabrication are more efficient compared to traditional process as the design process is informed, all the individual components are accurately controlled and constructing process are simplified. This kind of design combination are more efficiency and sustainable, and it will develop a creative and performative design process.

CONCEPTUALISATION 21

CONCEPTUALISATION

A3 Composition/Generation Since the computational technology was applied in architectural design, the industry has undertaken a revolution of innovation and construction. The traditional definition and boundaries of design is challenged due to the computational tools and techniquesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; influences. Computational design is not only about drawing with digital tools. The definition from Sean Ahlquist and Achim Menges explain computation as: â&#x20AC;&#x153;The processing of information and interactions between elements which constitute a specific environment; it provides a framework for negotiating and influencing the interrelation of datasets of information, with the capacity to generate complex order, form, and structure.â&#x20AC;? 1 Architecture is experiencing a shaft from composition to generation which refer to that the step-by-step process is changing to exploration of ideas and interaction of elements. Efficiency are demanded by contemporary market-oriented economy. Computation reduces the challenges of highly complex design and makes it more flexible and adaptable. Meanwhile, the design processes required more involvement of analysis, communication and cooperation.

The computational design focus more on the logic of algorithm, potential of parametric form and the relation to cultures. It extent the ability of designers by improving the precision and enhancing the connection between design and practical conditions. With these convenience, the public can applied and appreciate the aesthetic of mathematic more acceptable and directly. However, there are problems existing. First is about the suitability of computational style in local performance. Many countries, especially those historical cities, have strict regulation of the coordination of a new construction. Secondly, computational architecture is lack of the art engagement comparing to traditional architecture. Some designers may concentrated on the form finding to achieve the efficiency rather that the potential of architecture. While the incredible generation and computation have innovated and developed many exciting performance. Generative strategies will be proposed to design more harmoniously in the

1 Brady Peters and Xavier De Kestelier, Computation Works.

CONCEPTUALISATION 23

CONCEPTUALISATION

IMAGE FROM :”In Progress: Infinity Tower / SOM”, Archdaily, 2014 <http://www.archdaily. com/331128/in-progress-infinity-tower-som> [accessed 13 July 2016].

PR ECE D E N T 1 I N F I N I T Y T OW E R Infinity Tower in Dubai is designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. This twisting tower is the world’s tallest building with a twist of 90 degree. The unique shape is created by rotating hexagonal floors around circular cores and using cuttingedge techniques. Its creative, high-strength structure not only maximizes its views while maintaining the views of the neighbouring buildings, but also reduce the negative affection from climatic condition. The structural framework can be expressed through its exterior form. Deep concrete exterior columns structure rotates a hexagonal floor plate around a circular core. The wind forces are decreased. The digital model designing process require the engineers’ involvement closely. On the other hand, exterior cladding with a metal skin also provides shading for the interior which protects it from harsh desert sunlight.

Most of the perimeter columns have an identical shape and tilted relationship to the floor plate. They are simply shifted, a bit more than a single degree, from floor to floor - resulting in a standardised construction method typical to most concrete structures. Mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems are located in the core or within a zone between the central circulation corridor and the residential units to serve the occupants on each floor. The total design were processed through 3D model with complex simulation and analysis. Although the computation reduce a lot load, but it still shows an excellent computational potential.

CONCEPTUALISATION 25

PR ECE D E N T 2 FO U N DAT I O N LO U I S V U I T T O N M U S E U M Foundation Louis Vuitton Museum is designed by Gehry Partners, one of the and is adjacent to the Jardin d’Acclimatation in the Bois de Boulogne of the 16th arrondissement of Paris. The building is located on the edge of a water garden and function as an art museum and cultural centre. The appearance of the building is like an assemblage of icebergs clad in concrete panels. These fibrereinforced concrete panels are surrounded by twelve immense glass “sails” supported by wooden beams, which give the construction a dynamic sense from interaction with surrounding scenes. The huge glass wall provides the view of neighborhood and it is also part of experience of the museum. The building achieved HQE (Haute Qualité Environmentale) certification which could be considered equivalent to LEED Gold in France.

CONCEPTUALISATION

To reach this goal means that the project team have to do complicated computational simulation and analysis in the design stage. According to Gehry’s office, more than 400 architects and engineers made their effort on designing models, engineering rules and assembly constraints for this common web-hosted 3D digital model. As an innovative architectural design, more than 3,600 glass panels and 19,000 concrete panels are utilized for the façade. The simulation process involves mathematical techniques, advanced industrial robots (for molding) and even a new software which was developed specifically for sharing and working with the complex design. The project is a successful attempt in digital design and construction and establishes a new standard for architecture in generative design and fabrication.

IMAGE FROM :”Fondation Louis Vuitton / Gehry Partners”, Archdaily, 2015 <http://www.archdaily. com/555694/fondation-louis-vuitton-gehry-partners> [accessed 16 July 2016]. CONCEPTUALISATION 27

A4 Conclusion Conceptualization of air studio starts with designing future which is the closest to us. How to sustain the current environment and how is live sustainable are the most popular questions. They are challenging the architecture as well. Conventional designing is lack of flexibility and efficiency. Meanwhile the problems are severe, computational architecture are expected as a solution. Fortunately, the answer is correct contemporarily. The practices have proved that it is an effective and efficient method by fabricating modules and generating material. The design process becomes more complicated and urgent. The construction arrives to a new boom period. Increasingly number of unbelievable designs is come into the truth with the support of computational techniques. With the popularization of Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, architecture develops quite fast as the barrier is decreasing. However, I still have doubt that should we really abandon the traditional architectural design? Or do we choose the right way? Computational design performs gorgeously with incredible dynamic flow in the building. The traditional heavy sense of architecture is replaced by beautiful and frivolous design. Vernacular styles are not popular. Design is more like exhibition of technique. The local culture and behaviors have their distinctions to be explored and respected. Computational architecture should not be less performantive practice but more considering the local cultural conditions.

CONCEPTUALISATION

A5 Learning Outcome The studio provides some new views of computational architecture. The most impressive for me is the logic of parametric design and generation of materials. It is a new field for me as I always consider design with regulations. I also learned how a design project function and the differences compare to earlier. These views helped me to understand the precedents more clearly. With the study of logic of algorism, the aesthetic of architecture is not only about the fabulous or incomprehensible arts, it is also about the order arrangement of modules and the potential of forms. For me, grasshopper is the most difficult thing as I am not good at codes things. It does provide a simple method to produce more potential of designing. Through the study, I started to rethink the previous design I have done. I found that I can improve more geometric and dynamic. I am expecting to the future study of computational techniques and skills.

CONCEPTUALISATION 29

TWO CURVES

The two curves form relatively simple surfaces. The movement of lines help to form different surfaces. Three curves can form more complex surfaces by changing the points on middle line or the position of boundary lines.

THREE CURVES

Four curves have more options of surface forms. The surfaces are more meaningful and functional.

FOUR CURVES

More complex application of lines help to explore the fluency of lines and tracing the flow. The lines can be elegant no matter in a messy or order arrangement.

CONCEPTUALISATION

A6 Appendix Algorithmic Sketches This is an exploration of contour and surface designing. The tectonics help to design to fit into various conditions of the landscape. The practice help to understand how to trace the flow of the contour and how to connect the design and landscape smoothly.

The practices shows the potential of solid or rough hard form.

CONCEPTUALISATION 31

A7 Reference Definition of ‘Algorithm’ in Wilson, Robert A. and Frank C. Keil, eds (1999). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (London: MIT Press), pp. 11, 12 Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 1–16 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 1–10 pdf Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONCEPTUALISATION 33

B 34

CRITERIA DESIGN

CRETERIA DESIGN CRITERIA DESIGN

CRITERIA DESIGN

B1 Research Field - Patterning Pattern is arrangement of similar or same elements in some order. Its order and elements express aesthetic of sequence and logic. Pattern can be random, regular and both together. But no matter how many changes it has, there are similarities or connections.1 As pattern can be natural and manmade, it contains possibility and occasionality, such as Chinese cracks porcelain (Also called Ruyao Procelain). Sometimes, a trend can be observed from a pattern. For example, veins on a leaf is from centre to the edge. Pattern has been explored and developed for a long history. It used to be applied for decoration in ancient time. Nearly all cultures has some relation with pattern. With the development of technology, pattern are connected with mathematical and data analysis due to its order. Mover patter design is treated as a new design solution. It can be creative by new elements, or it can be reusable for out of fashion or unpopular design. Decoration is the earliest application of pattern. It often relates to religion and cultural symbol, such as the motifs in Sidi Saiyyed Mosque built in 1573. The complex repeat and elaborate pattern in large size can create a sense of solemn and holy. On the other hand, it is a reflection of wealth and status. The pattern also used as decorative elements in living, like the pattern on traditional porcelains. It is a relatively easier method to produce an aesthetic design. The scientists try to use the pattern in nature to find its regularity. According to these theories, scientists can discover the past and predict the future. Image Source: Up:http://www.chinesemasterpieces.com/s/cc _ images/ cache_13347385.jpg B o t t o m : h t t p s : // e d g e . i x i g o . c o m / i x i - a p i / img/511ce79ae4b0d051864ad0a0_600x315.jpg

1 Christopher Alexander, Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein, A Pattern Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977). CRITERIA DESIGN

B1 Research Field - Patterning Parametric design combined with pattern brings numerous innovative ideas to architecture. Patterns are not only decorative parts, but also involved into structure, geometry, material, urban design and etc. Firstly, as which we learned in part A, digital design is about form creation and performance.1 Patterns provide forms and arrangements and it is transformed from 2D to 3D. In ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion project in the University of Stuttgart shows how to construct structure and fabricate same material but different shape components via patterning design. The traditional decorative pattern design, natural pattern and new types all inspires designers. In addition, the long history of pattern design also gives us skills and knowledge of aesthetic, logic and amenity. The most exciting part for me during research is to explore the potential opportunities from antique and natural style.

1 Menges, Achim(2012). â&#x20AC;&#x153;Material Computation: Higher integration in Morphophonemic Designâ&#x20AC;?, Architectual Design, 82, 2, pp.14-21, p.20

CRITERIA DESIGN

Image Source: Up:http://www.dezeen.com/2011/10/31/icditke-research-pavilion-at-the-university-ofstuttgart/ Bottom:http://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/09/arboskin-spiky-pavilion-with-facademade-fromCRITERIA DESIGN

CRITERIA DESIGN

B2 Case Study 1: de Young Museum M.H. de Young Museum designed by Herzog & de Meuron is a redesigning project which intended to make old building revival. The external screen cladded with copper panel is an expression of its unique digital design associated with patterning. Unlike normal perforated metal plates, this design applied image sampling technique which makes pattern more variable and vivid.

Two natural trees images on same panel are depicted through two construction method, perforation and pebble extrusion.1 When light passing through the panel, dot light and shadow inside will produce another pattern. The pattern design in this case gives cold rigid metal panel flexible and liveable aesthetic sense. The pattern not only plays a decorative role, it also helps to complete amenity of the architecture. 2

Image Source: http://www.azahner.com/resources/exterior/images/de-young-surface.jpg 1 “De Young Museum”, Zahner, 2016 <http://www.azahner. com/portfolio/de-young> [accessed 23 August 2016]. 2 “M.H. De Young Museum / Herzog & De Meuron”, ArchDaily, 2010 <http://www.archdaily.com/66619/m-h-deyoung-museum-herzog-de-meuron> [accessed 23 August 2016].

CRITERIA DESIGN

Iterations- D Species 1 Circle Sizes

Species 2 Grid

Species 3 Image

CRITERIA DESIGN

Definitions Species 3 Loft and Extrude

Species 5 Metball

Species 6 Weaverbird

CRITERIA DESIGN

Iterations- D Species 1 Circle Sizes

Species 2 Grid

Species 3 Image

CRITERIA DESIGN

Definitions

CRITERIA DESIGN

Itera Species 4 Loft and Extrude

Species 5 Metball

Species 6 Weaverbird

CRITERIA DESIGN

ations

CRITERIA DESIGN

Successful Iterations The iteration is chosen due to its simple and continues lines. I tried to keep the most important image sampler component and patterning design of iterations. The fluent loft surface makes it very natural and relaxing. There are still double patterning system. The circle patterning is also changed with the wave of the curve. The pattern is still suitable as a decorative design of the facade.

Aesthetic: 凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹凹凹 Complexity: 凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸凸凸凸

CRITERIA DESIGN

Aesthetic: 凸凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹 Complexity: 凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸凸

The iteration is chosen due to its pattering which reminds me the patterning on medieval Damascus carpet. It is successful for connecting the traditional patterning and expressing it in modern dynamic and smooth way.

CRITERIA DESIGN

Aesthetic: 凸凸凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹 Complexity: 凸凸凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸 The reason for the iteration is similar to the previous one. This one is developed in a three dimensional way by using weaverbird. The patterning becomes more complex, elaborate and attractive. I reverse the corns to makes it looks more detailed rather than end at the top point. It is developing and movable to the top.

CRITERIA DESIGN

The patterning is more like a complete structure in this iteration. The pattern is transformed from 2D to 3D and operates as an individual structure. The remap points of image are still control the pattern. The gaps between each extruded component are small and arrange regularly, so there will be less chance to generation more possibilities.

Aesthetic: 凸凸凸凸 Fabrication: 凹 Complexity: 凸凸凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹凹 Controllability: 凸

CRITERIA DESIGN

B3 Case Study 2: Aqua Tower Aqua Tower designed by studio Gang is famous for its height and sculptural form in Chicago. The exterior of the building is like an extrusion of a landscape, a vertical topographical map. The unique form is considered as a solution for sunscreen and view. The dynamic vertical contours construct balcony for the occupants without blocking the others view. Its depth is carefully calculated to ensure that it can provide the shading as the same time. The impressive design is inspired by the limestone outcrops which shaped by natural geological forces in the Great Lakes area. 1 Architects combined the natural phenomenon and digital design successfully. The balconies of the building facades create the wave patterns. As the floors are changing from level to level, the patterning belongs to irregular mode which refers to the possibility of the design. The similar forms of floor connect in a simple but elegant way on four rectangular surfaces. The movement of the contours is light and smoothly which makes the patterning predictable. The valleys and mountains adjust the patterning to more performative.

Image Source: http://www.archdaily.com/42694/aqua-towerstudio-gang-architects 1 â&#x20AC;&#x153;Aqua Towerâ&#x20AC;?, Archidaily, 2016 <http://www.archdaily.com/42694/aqua-towerstudio-gang-architects> [accessed 3 September 2016]. CRITERIA DESIGN

Auqa Tower-

1b. Use same series of points to create inner box

1a. Use series of points to create reference brep 2b. Purlin reference brep, and amplitude to generate different moving

CRITERIA DESIGN

- Definition

2a. Generated planes on the surface of the building

3. Generate wavy curves and extrude to exterior surfaces; Cap the surfaces.

CRITERIA DESIGN

B4 Techinique Development Species 1 Original Definition

start b = 0.1 Perlin = 0.5 Framecount = 40

start b = 10 Perlin = 10 Framecount = 40

start b = 0.043 Perlin = 4.8 Framecount = 40

start b = 10 Perlin = 1.5 Framecount = 4

start b = 3.5 Perlin = 4.5 Framecount = 5 56

CRITERIA DESIGN

Species 2 Patch

Framexount = 40

Framexount = 40 Patch spans = 10

Framexount = 80

Framexount = 20 Patch spans = 50

Framexount = 80 Patch spans = 100

Species 3 Octree

Pop2D Count = 20 Oct square = true

Pop2D Count = 20 Oct square = false

Pop2D Count = 100 Oct square = true

Pop2D Count =500 Oct square = false

Species 4 Panelingtools 1

uN = 2 vN = 3

uN = 2 vN = 10

uN = 12 vN = 3

uN = 6 vN = 7

uN = 30 vN = 30

CRITERIA DESIGN

B4 Techinique Development Species 5 Panelingtools 2

uN = 2 vN = 3 move1 = 10 move2 = 10

uN = 6 vN = 9 move1 = 0 move2 = 10

CRITERIA DESIGN

uN = 6 vN = 9 move1 = 10 move2 = 10

uN = 6 vN = 9 move1 = -10 move2 = 0

uN = 6 vN = 9 move1 = -10 move2 = -10

Species 6 Panelingtools 3

uN = 3 vN = 3 Offset dis = -1

uN = 9 vN = 6 Offset dis = -1

uN = 6 vN = 9 Offset dis = -1

uN = 10 vN = 10 Offset dis = 0

uN = 10 vN = 10 Offset dis = 1

Species 7 Weaverbird

pop2dcount = 10 wbdistance = 1 wbinsetype = 0.5

pop2dcount = 80 wbdistance = 30 wbinsetype = 0.5

pop2dcount = 80 wbdistance = 1 wbinsetype = 0.5

pop2dcount = 80 wbdistance = 30 wbinsetype = 0.6

pop2dcount = 10 wbdistance = 100 wbinsetype = 0.9

Species 8 Mesh

radius = 5 segments = 3

radius = 25 segments = 4

radius = 25 segments = 3

radius = 25 segments = 6

radius = 5 segments = 8

CRITERIA DESIGN

B4 Techinique Development Species 9 Polygon

Iteration limit

Iteration = 3 limit

Iteration = 50 limit

Iteration = 50 limit = 1

Iteration =100 limit = 10 60

CRITERIA DESIGN

Species 10 Weaverbird

Species 11 Metballs

Threshold = 1 pop3d = 500

Species 12 Surfaces

Threshold = 0.1 pop3d = 500

Threshold = 0.3 pop3d = 300

CRITERIA DESIGN

Successful Iterations The structure is relatively normal model made with triangular frames. The pattern is regular arranged. In this case , I have to focus more on fabrication and controllability to ensure it is workable as an 3D model. The iteration is relatively easy to fabricate and control for both decoration and construction.

Aesthetic: 凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹凹凹 Complexity: 凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸凸凸凸

CRITERIA DESIGN

The pattering is complicated and elegant which like birds flying. It can be fabricated in a small scale in reality. The stability of the structure has to consider more as a large structure. Aesthetic: 凸凸凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹 Complexity: 凸凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸凸

The 3D model is more like irregular pattern in natural world. It is can be made by 3D printing as every component is different. However, the pattern is difficult to control as it is hard to change or adapt to various existed design.

Aesthetic: 凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹 Complexity: 凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹 Controllability: 凸

CRITERIA DESIGN

Successful Iterations The pattern is like combination of two types of decoration. One is regular waves and the other is irregular surfaces. It is likes louvre design with waves. The grid will be difficult to fabrication in real situation and the places of the surface are hard to control.

Aesthetic: 凸凸凸凸 Fabrication: 凹凹 Complexity: 凸凸凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸

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The pattern is relatively simple but it is easily to produce and has good stability. The pattern design is simple but easy to fabricate and control. The triangular surfaces make more spaces for inner model.

Aesthetic: 凸 Fabrication: 凹凹凹凹凹 Complexity: 凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸凸凸

The pattering is complex and irregular. But the model is difficult to be stable but its dynamic waves performs aesthetic. The fabrication will be difficult because of connection in large scale model.

Aesthetic: 凸凸凸凸凸 Fabrication: 凹 Complexity: 凸凸凸凸凸 Patterning Design: 凹凹凹凹 Controllability: 凸凸

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B4 Prototyping

Top: 3mm MDF The model is made by mdf and bolted to connect each part. MDF is easily crack, but the bolts are sturdy. The use one triangular structure as an unit and every part is flexible to rotate.

Bottom: Paper

This paper made structure is designed to show the aesthetic of folding and the reuse in material exploratio triangular form is relatively stable under pressure compare to other shape.

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model

on. The

Top: Polypropylene The surface is smooth and small thickness make the material difficult to drill compare to timber. I choose iron wire to connect as it is the most flexible and hard to be broken. However, the wire is too thin and lose of aesthetic.

Bottom: 3D Print 3D printing is failed because there is no smooth surface. There are only some pipe and the connections are not joined properly.

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B5 Prototyping MDF model has best performance but it is still rigid. The paper one has more visual aesthetic structure but paper is too soft. Polypropylene can be applied for the paper model to increase its stability. Polypropylene model is flexible and rigid. Consider the condition of the site, the design should be waterproof and stable. As it is supposed to design an attractive and innovative which can integrate with natural environment. The third design is chosen to develop. The leaves spiral to the top is similar to the plant in nature. It contains fluency shape and the component can shake slightly with wind in nature. Moreover, the pattern design can be observed though its design and shading which also improve the performative of the design.

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Site Analysis Hall Reserve area is relative quiet plain area. It contains less trees so the construction can attract people’s view and the pattern can be observed clearly. A road is next to this area which may bring noise. But the construction will be built near the creek area to avoid that. It is also next to the bike path, so people can come to have a rest. 1 The red triangle is the location. Imagae Source: Google Earth

1 “Rotunda Wetleand”, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2016 <http://www.mcmc.org. au/file/Site_notes/MCMC%20-%20Rotunda%20 Wetland%20web%20version.pdf> [accessed 12 September 2016].. 70

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B6 Design Proposal

The patterning is used to be ornament and decoration to express ancient people thoughts and lives. Since the dawn of human, peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind and living is profoundly affected. No matter various solar deities in different cultural myths or scientific researches and applications of solar energy, solar is significant to us. The exhibition is tend to introduce the history of exploration of the solar science and benefits of solar which is to promote sustainability of energy and culture. And also it is a place for people to enjoy the natural environment combine with modern designing.

AZTEC SUN STONE Image Source: http://psychedelicsutra.blogspot.com.au/2013/07/the solar-miracle-manifesting-soul-jim.html

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Translation of Exhibition Topic As a place for visitors to enjoy and learning, the exhibition has the three display boards which can exhibit the posters and solar symbolized design. A circular bench is placed for people to rest and appreciated the patterning created by sun light and shades of construction. The main construction is designed to be elegant and dynamic. Its location is surrounded by natural creatures, so the leaves and tree brunch can integrate in the environment. Moreover, it also contains the dynamic flow from digital design which adds more aesthetic for the design. The spread wings are made of waterproofed tent fabric material and supported by reused steel. It also transfers the ancient peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s respect to the sun. The top of this two-level high structure cannot be approved without stair or ladder.

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Summary of Design Intent The project expresses relationship between human and sun. With the proper application cooperated technology, the solar can improve our living attitude and energy efficiency. It intends to promote cleaning solar energy and environmental friendly.

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B7 Learning Objectives and Outcomes The research studies in B1 help me develop my interest to patterning. With the introduction of plug-in in grasshopper in lectures and studios, I make a better understanding of patterning design in architecture. It is not only a 2D ornament or decorative component, but becomes a more specific designing tool in computational design. To start my exploration of grasshopper in Part B, I choose De Young museum as case study 1. It is because that the patterning design is about circle arrangement which is closely related to most original patterning design at very first time. Though my exploration, I found that the grasshopper can help to develop regular or irregular patterning with plug-in. I tried to connect them with traditional cultural and religious patterning. I found many ancient pattern designs have stable structures when transferred to three dimensional structures. Then I tried to bring more irregular component in, like voronoi and weaverbird to make the model more fluency and smooth. As there are two image samplers in the definitions, I also tried to combine multiple systems together to explore the best performance.

Although this time, I am more familiar with the software and had more ideas, I found that the digital model cannot cooperate with the physical model properly. Most of models are not stable as I considered too much about the dynamic flow of the model. The joints may not suitable to achieve the flexibility as I expect. The 3D printing was failed due to joins of different components are not workable. And in reality, it cannot be printed in such large scale. The proper structure, joints and material are also required to explode when we design. During the studying in Part B, I learned more practical knowledge about computational design and the process of form-design. It is improved my view in Part A that computational design lack of artistic aesthetic and consideration. The computational design introduce an innovative method to reborn the traditional culture. The traditional design also shows peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s achievement in mathematics and science and they can be connected with modern design by using developed algorithm. It can be applied to reserve historical cultural values and achieve cultural sustainability.

When I started to explore the case study 2, I chose a more smooth and irregular patterning design. Unlike case study 1, the Aqua Tower is more like natural pattern. This time I tried to develop my own definition and it is more flexible to create iterations as I am familiar with the definition created by myself.

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B8 Appendix : Algorithmic Sketches - Fractal Patterns

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B8 Appendix : Algorithmic Sketches - Fields

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B9 Bibilgraphy Edge.ixigo.com, 2016 <https://edge.ixigo.com/ixi-api/img/511ce79ae4b0d051864ad0a0_600x315.jpg> [accessed 8 September 2016] Chinesemasterpieces.com, 2016 <http://www.chinesemasterpieces.com/s/cc _ images/cache _13347385.jpg> [accessed 18 September 2016] Alexander, Christopher, Sara Ishikawa, and Murray Silverstein, A Pattern Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977) Garcia, Mark, Patterns Of Architecture (London: John Wiley, 2009) Menges, Achim(2012). Matrial Computation: Higher Integration in Morphonemic Design”, 82, 2, pp. 14-21, p. 20 Frearson, Amy, “ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion At The University Of Stuttgart | Dezeen”, Dezeen, 2011 <http://www. dezeen.com/2011/10/31/icditke-research-pavilion-at-the-university-of-stuttgart/> [accessed 18 September 2016] “Arboskin Spiky Facade Made From Bioplastics By ITKE | Architecture”, Dezeen, 2013 <http://www.dezeen. com/2013/11/09/arboskin-spiky-pavilion-with-facademade-from-bioplastics-by-itke/> [accessed 18 September 2016] Company, A., “De Young Museum”, Zahner, 2016 <http://www.azahner.com/portfolio/de-young> [accessed 15 September 2016] “M.H. De Young Museum / Herzog & De Meuron”, ArchDaily, 2010 <http://www.archdaily.com/66619/m-h-de-youngmuseum-herzog-de-meuron> [accessed 15 September 2016] “Aqua Tower / Studio Gang”, ArchDaily, 2009 <http://www.archdaily.com/42694/aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects> [accessed 15 September 2016] JDM, monalisa, monalisa JDM, and View profile, “The Solar Miracle Manifesting The Soul -Jim Morrison Invocations To The Sun”, Psychedelicsutra.blogspot.com.au, 2013 <http://psychedelicsutra.blogspot.com.au/2013/07/the-solarmiracle-manifesting-soul-jim.html> [accessed 15 September 2016]

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C1 Design Concept

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Feedback from Part B

• Explode the relationship between ornament culture, future architecture and sustainability;

• Try to narrow down the concepts of design;

• Conclude an exact main topic and focus on it;

• Integrate the digital design and physical fabrication prototype properly;

• Consider more about feasibility of the design in reality.

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Human, Envir

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ronment, Architecture Over the last two decades, science has changed the relationship between human and natural environment. With the powerful technologies, we extract more and more resources and energy to maintain our living. We are not only living depending on the manufacturing and improving, we also create. Architecture is an anthropologically creations which reflects nature, culture, society, technology and development. The original requirement of architecture, a place to protect us from natural environment, cannot satisfy us anymore. We tried to improve the living condition by changing environment. But we all know that, we can never dominant it. Architecture is a bridge connect human and environment, a milestone indicates the developed relationship between human and environment. From the cottage to palace, form factory to green house, we are try to find a solution between human and environment through architecture.

IMAGE FROM : Amos Chapple, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Airâ&#x20AC;?, Amos Chapple Photography, 2012 <http://www.amoschapplephoto.com/air/> [accessed 18 October 2016]. DETAILED DESIGN

S ustain a bilit y A wa ren ess

We are facing an unsustainable defuturing condition.1 The more knowledge we explore and higher levelled success we achieved, the more arrogant we are. Unlike our ancestors, we are losing our respect to the world. It likes turning on an auto-destructive mode to the natural environment and immersed in illusion of an independent comfortable artificial world. But does the future also can be secured by technology? Obviouslyt the answer is NO. It is time to be aware of the moment. Nowadays, the renewable resources are being used up at 25 per cent faster than they can be renewed and the human’s carbon Footprint has increased 11-fold since 1961.2

Sustainability is introduced to solute the chaos of human and environmental surviving. Although there are challenges to take measures to urgent problems, the more attention focusing on the sustainability will be benefit to our future.

1 Tony Fry, Design Futuring (Oxford: Berg, 2009). 2 “Carbon Footprint”, Footprintnetwork.org, 2016 <http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/carbon_footprint/> [accessed 18 October 2016]. DETAILED DESIGN

IMAGE FROM : Bhar Dipayan, "Atkins CIWEM Announces 2015 Environmental Photographer Of The Year Winners", Inhabitat.com, 2015 <http://inhabitat.com/atkins-ciwemannounces-2015-environmental-photographer-of-the-year-winners/2015-atkins-ciwem-environmental-photographer-of-the-year-7/> [accessed 18 October 2016]. DETAILED DESIGN

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IMAGE FROM : Francesco Paleari, “Profiles Of Milan Residents Perfectly Merged With Architecture”, My Modern Met, 2013 <http:// www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/francesco-paleari-profili-di-milano-profiles-of-milan> [accessed 18 October 2016].

P roject Objective The proposal of this project is awake peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s awareness to sustainability by using an interactive visualize technology of architecture. It addresses the relationship between human impact and environment and reflect the relation through a dynamic architecture.

The origami surfacer reveal the

in-built sense of order of ornament which comes from the original human creation. The flexible form is affected by visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; movement but the power is supplied by solar energy. It intends to exhibit the human and environment impact on each other and it is performed through combination of architecture and technology.

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PR ECE D E N Origami pavilion | Tal Friedman

IMAGE FROM : Khalid Saeed, “Foldfinding - Origami Pavilion | Tal Friedman - Arch2o.Com”, Arch2O.com, 2015 <http://www.arch2o.com/foldfinding-origami-pavilion-tal-friedman/> [accessed 12 October 2016].

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It is inspirited by traditional Japanese paper-folding techniques;

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Use eight aluminium sheets to create rigid surfaces;

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Self-supported cantilever folded structure comprised of compound folds which provides a seamless aesthetic in front facing;

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The shape looks like growing flowers which support an efficient thin shell self-supporting mechanical system;

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Each flower is made for four unique sections which are folded into position whilst each folded piece contains around 12 to 20 inter connected;

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Save both fabrication time and building tolerances by utilizing individual panels;

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Folded structures can be fabricated to full scale while maintaining a selfsupported stiffness and stability;

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Reduces need for supporting structural systems and leads way to a new kind of true thin shell light weight structures made from just one material;

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Redefine elements of origami folding and imply them on an architecture scale.1

1 Khalid Saeed, “Foldfinding - Origami Pavilion | Tal Friedman - Arch2o.Com”, Arch2O.com, 2015 <http://www. arch2o.com/foldfinding-origami-pavilion-tal-friedman/> [accessed 12 October 2016].

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S T U DY AI Bahar Tower | Aedas •

It has a responsive façade which will change incidence angles according to sun exposure;

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The screen opperates as a curtain wall, sitting two meters outside the buildings’ exterior on an independent frame.

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Each triangle is coated with fiberglass and programmed to respond to the movement of the sun as a way to reduce solar radiation and heat gain;

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The screen will fold which means close at night;

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It is computer-controlled to respond to optimal solar and light conditions which firstly achieved on such scale.1

1 Karen Cilento, “Al Bahar Towers Responsive Facade / Aedas”, ArchDaily, 2012 <http://www.archdaily.com/270592/al-bahar-towers-responsive-facade-aedas> [accessed 13 October 2016].

IMAGE FROM : “Dominik Wolf”, Dominik-wolf.de, 2012 <http://www.dominik-wolf.de/architecture/-sun.html> [accessed 12 October 2016].

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Site A nalysis The site is located in the suburb area of Melbourne, 4 km northern east far from CBD. The structure will cross the existed Merri Creek Trail to attract more attention of visitors. Most of the visitors are riders and strollers who come to exercise or walk their dogs. A bridge is next to the site, so the visitors have three direction to discover it. The location is near a football club and a market which intends to attract more viewers. The creek is relatively shoal at this area as a way to ensure safety especially for children. The existed trail will be reconstructed to make it flatter and broader to suit the structure. As the design is an interactive design which will respond to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement, the edge of the trail will be extended to both sides which will allow more visitors observe and explore. They can also appreciate the other side of the river which is relatively quiet and beautiful.

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Itera

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Front View Left Sided View

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Front View Concept 1.0

Concept 1.1

Concept 1.2 Folding state, fold = o.9

Concept 1.3 hinge

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Site View

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Front View

Concept 2.0 5 1.3

Concept 2.1 Combine of 1.0 to 1.3

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Site View

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Front View

Concept 2.3 Combine of 1.0 to 1.3

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La Sagrada Familia | Antoni Gaudi La Sagrada Familia is a typical example which shows how hanging system work in earlier architectural design. The architect designed a system of strings and weights suspended from a plan of the temple on the ceiling. The angles of the column, vaults and arches were calculated by using a 1:10 inverted model. As the Passion facades, the declined columns recall tensile structure but act in compression.1 The central nave soars to a height of 45 meters, and is designed to resemble a forest of multi-hued piers in Montjuïc and granite. The piers change in cross section from base to terminus, increasing in number of vertices from polygonal to circular. The slender, bifurcating columns draw the eye upward, where light filters through circular apertures in the vaults. These are finished in Venetian glass tiles of green and gold, articulating the lines of the hyperboloids.

IMAGE FROM : Pierre Dragicevic, “Gaudí’S Hanging Chain Models | List Of Physical Visualizations”, Dataphys.org, 2015 <http://dataphys.org/list/gaudis-hanging-chain-models/> [accessed 14 October 2016].

Mannheim Multihalle | Frei Otto Mannheim Multihalle is the largest timber gridshell structure in the world. The structure derives its strength from a double curvature surface. Like what Gaudi did, Otto also developed a model with real materials to calculate the perimeter to ensure that it is rigid enough to support the deadweight and loads. 2

T a e b

T a lo d f

1 IMAGE FROM : “Multihalle | Wikiwand”, Wikiwand, 2013 <http://www.wikiwand.com/de/ Multihalle> [accessed 27 October 2016].

1 Rennie Jones, “AD Classics: La Sagrada Familia / Antoni Gaudi”, ArchDaily, 2013 <http://www.archdaily.com/438992/ad-classics-la-sagrada-familia-antonigaudi> [accessed 14 October 2016]. 2 Marco Verde and Jordi Truco, “Case Study: Mannheim Multihalle -”, SMD Arquitectes, 2016 <http://www.smdarq.net/case-study-mannheim-multihalle/> [accessed 14 October 2016]. 108

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IMAGE FROM : “Block Research Group”, Block.arch.ethz.ch, 2016 <http://block.arch.ethz.ch/brg/project/venice-biennale-2016_beyond-bending> [accessed 14 October 2016].

Beyond Bending | Block Research Group, ETH Zurich

The exhibition is a modern design to explore new technologies and fabrication techniques by applying compression and tension form. The architect tries to use minimal steel and relatively weak material to reduce cost and human environment impart. An arch in compression with a tension tie makes more efficient use of material than a beam in bending. The tension ties are also used to stabilize compressive vaults which thrust onward on the supports.

The architecture is designed with a computational 3D model. Form and force diagrams simulated by software provide an explicit control over the geometry of a spatial network of compressive forces in equilibrium with a set of vertical oads. The form diagram defines the directions along which the horizontal thrust in the network can flow. And force diagrams shows the forces required with directions. All of these solutions intends to create a compression-only form supported on a circular base. 1

1 “Block Research Group”, Block.arch.ethz.ch, 2016 <http://block.arch.ethz.ch/brg/project/venice-biennale-2016_beyond-bending> [accessed 14 October 2016].

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Stage 2

Stage 1

Use Voronoi to create pattern

U m e

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Development Diagram

Trim the useless edges.

Stage 3

Stage 4

Use pipe to strengthen frame.

Use Kangaroo to create movable pattern and extrude the structure.

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Front View

Concept 3.0 rest length = 1.5 voronoi = 50

Concept 3.1 voronoi = 12

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IMAGE FROM : Xia Shi, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CIAB-Exterior2-%C2%A9XiaShi.jpg> [accessed 16 October 2016].

CIAB Pavilion | Zaha Hadid Architects CIAB Pavilion is constituted with highly structural and sculptural hypar shells. Its structural logic is to connect the three parts through their middle area. The disturbance formed by the grid-shell perform as a secondary tectonic logic. Karamba was used to generate and simulate the design in both engineering and architectural activities. The trajectories in the grid-shell was designed to follow the principal stress under gravity, which will reduce shear forces. The internal loads are transferred by pipes with different thickness.1 The image on the right shows the analysi of various bending moment and normal sectional forces. Image From: Bollinger Grohmann, Karamba3d. com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/CIAB-Analysis7%C2%A9BollingerGrohmann.jpg> [accessed 16 October 2016].

1 ”CIAB Pavilion – KARAMBA3D”, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/projects/ciab-pavilion/> [accessed 14 October 2016]. 114

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BIC Pavilion | AAU Anastas, Landolf RhodeBarbarigos & Yann

IMAGE FROM : Julien Lanoo, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www. k aramb a3d.com /w p - content /up lo ads/2016/03/ k aramb a3d _ BICpavillon-photo3.jpg> [accessed 16 October 2016].

“The BIC pavilion is a crossing between a hanging model and a vault. The first part of the structure (upper part) works only in tension while the central part (the vault) works only in compression.”1 Diagrams show how axial stress act on the structure in Karamba. The central green area represents compression and it has a heterogeneous behaviour to resist to bending forces (compression & tension stress). 2 Second set of diagrams show simulation of displacements. It shows the maximum movement spacing. All the stress values are indicated clear through calculation of Karamba.

1 “BIC Pavillon – KARAMBA3D”, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/projects/bic-pavillon/> [accessed 16 October 2016].

Karamba Karamba is used to explore applicable structural form for our geometric design. It is a grasshopper plug-in which perform as a parametric structural engineering tool. In our design, the structure is generated with simulation which provides more accurate information in practice. Here are some examples of Karamba involved projects.

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Front View

Concept 3.2 rest length = 1.5 voronoi = 50

Concept 3.3 voronoi = 12

Concept 3.4 rest length = 1.5 voronoi = 50

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Canopy View

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Front View

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Concept 3.6 voronoi = 12

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Final Design Site Plan The structure is arranged on the trail. The visitors can walk through the structure and the side trail is for riders. Benches are set to make rest area for passengers. Power is from the solar panel installed on the pavilion rooftop. Triangular phototropia panel is applied as solar panel. Reserved power supply and batteries are installed underground inner side of the trail. Motors are installed under the supporters (footings) at the deeper stage. There are sewages which help to drain water to the creek during flood season. It is also considered for safety issues which is to provide a protection for electric components.

MOTORS SEATINGS

EXTENSION TRAIL

STORMWATER PIPE

SITE LOCATION SITE ACCESS

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Final Design Section View

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Reflective

Prototropia Surface

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Welded Steel

Structure

Motor Box Pinned

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TRUSS LOCATION - TOP VIEW

Tension

Stress Analysis

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Compression

Final Design Structure

GENERATIVE FORM BY KARAMBA

The top view of the truss is shown in net shape. Stress analysis is simulated by Karamba. The distribution of stresses in all elements are shown in diagram. The warmer red colour in colour bar represents compression and the colder blue colour represents tension. The top truss has a homogeneous behaviour. Only some inner side connection joints working in tension. All of the connection joints are reinforced in designed model by using cocoon plug-in. The supporter pipes below are working in compression. The loads are transferred to the bottom at three points. Or if the structure is arranged reversely, the whole element can be hanged through these three points. The upon diagram shows the structure form generated by Karamba.

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Electric Component Detail 2: Simplified Circuit

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Final Design Construction

Movement Detail: Folding & Unfolding Controlled by Rotation

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Origami Surface Component Detail:

Gear Detail

Solar Panel

Battery Electric Component Detail 1: Solar Panel

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Connetion Detail 1: Spring Hinge

Connetion Detail 2: Flexible Joints

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t = 0s

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C2 Tectonic Elements & Prototypes

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Transition from digital to physical

During this phase, we made several models to explore and test the feasibility and possibilities of our design in real situation. The real physical fabrication is quite different from the visual designing. This process require knowledge of different material, their connection and even the market condition. We have to acquaint enough information before model making as the time is limited. But the cooperation between different components can only be known by testing in practice.

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Experimentation of Connections This prototype intended to test the connections on origami surfaces. We chose 3mm MDF which shaped by laser cutting in Fablab. The digital design is modelled by Rhino and the transformation between digital to physical is easier to control through this method. During the model making period, we found that it is difficult to buy spring hinge. So we change to normal hinges and installed springs on the edges to substitute. We choose relatively light and flexible single-sided hinge to joint. Holes are nailed on the edges of the triangular components which help to fix hinges and springs.

Light & Shadows The pattern of the prototype can be observed under the light which achieved our original aesthetic design intention. The offset triangles are developed from one centre which also indicate the load transfer in our digital design.

Springs The springs are installed on the inner sides of the prototype which help to reduce the stress. It resistant the outside force to fold and help to keep the model keep its original status. . We tried two types of springs.

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Foldability As we used single sided hinge, the prototype can be folded to one side. Every two triangles can be folded individually. The prototype with has resilience itself which means it can recover to its original unfolded state after being folded.

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Prototype 2 Movement Model

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Experimentation of Movement This prototype intended to test the movable process of our design. We use both single and multiple unitsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; model with different connection joints to test its folding and unfolding process. The forces are from electrical motor. Different special made gears and cams are tested. Also, different types of belt, ropes and switches with sensor are also explored. This phase will show our final model and related components.

Single Unit At first, we made a single unit of the kinetic surface. Two polypropylene triangles are set on the top and bottom of the central peak point. An iron wire with hooks on both sides is set in the central of the unit. Two ropes from up and down connect to hook to fix the unit at the positon. Ropes from top are used to hang the three vertexes of the unit.

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The movement is almost successful except some stuck from the friction of the material and ropes. But the triangles can be folded and unfolded as we expected. However, the surface cannot recover to its original status by itself as we did not install springs. (We could not find springs in such small size in the market.) Our solution was to change the upper hanging rope to elastic rope.

Multiple Unit Next, we made a multiple unit prototype to test the kinetic surface. We use smaller size triangle and connect them by gluing pieces of paper to edges. The hanging method is similar to the previous single unit prototype. There are two types of movement, one is a set of six small right triangle unit with patterning and the other one is flat equilateral triangle. The origami is happening on the set one. Although paper connection is not as flexible as metal hinge, the prototype still displayed how the kinetic surface works with different control points. The hanging forces were distributed on three central peaks of seven triangle sets. But there is no hanging rope at the vertexes of the units.

Flat Triangle

Paper Hinge

Triangle Set

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Light & Shadows We explored a new pattern by using different triangle frame and arrangement. The ornamental patterning can be observed though the model itself and the shadow. With the movement of the model, the patterning of the shadow is also changed. In real situation, the visitors will have closer interaction with the architecture through aesthetic of the shadow.

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Mechanical Components The mechanical system contains micro switches/infra sensor, battery with holder, three motors, breadboard, wires and three gears. Micro switch will keep the circuit on off-state (the prototype is static). The circuit will start working only we turned it on and it can be back to off- state by itself. We also tested the infra-sensor, but its reacting time is short and the give less influence on the kinetic surface. The movement of the model cannot be expressed clearly with the infra-sensor. We chose 12V DC reversible gearhead motors (70rpm) which is decides by the weight of gears and prototypes. For the gears, we tried plastic one at first. It was not stage and hard to fix at the position. We also made several cams to enhance the movable range, but our motor cannot drive such heavy one. Finally, we decide the current circle MDF gears. The gear and motor is glued with one roller in the middle. The nail on the side of the gear will move up and down and drive the control point on the kinetic surface. Finally, the surface will move due to the motion of the control points.

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Movement Testing

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Site Model

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Experimentation of Performance on Site The scale of site mode is 1:100. The contour model is made with 3mm MDF. The frame of the structure is made by 3D printing which is easy to create accurate irregular form. The structure is strictly regulated as its total size was calculated by Karamba. The transparency and origami surfaces are made with 0.6 mm polypropylene.

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C3 Final Detail Model

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Transition from digital to physical

Finally, we decide our model with complete function and it

help to explain our main idea and achieve our expectation.

We have developed from folding unfolding, connection detail,

material of structure and transparency and mechanical detail.

The total process help to establish deeper understanding of

computational design. We believe that the involvement of

origami and interaction make the parametric architecture

become a new solution to sustainability.

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Scale: 1:3

The accurate size of the prototype in different scale is calculated to fabricate. Multiple joints and moving systems are decided for proper prototypes to display different functions.

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Fabrication Process The gear is made by three pieces of circle MDF. The diameter of middle piece is 2mm smaller than the other two. The three pieces are connected by the motor roller in the centre with two nuts bolted on two endings to fix. The side roller will rotate with the gear and it is used to provide tensile force for origami surface.

Motor

Gear Motor Roller Nut Movable Side Roller Motor Holder

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Material Sheets Origami Roof Surface

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Material Sheets Origami Roof Surface Phototropia Roof Suface Phototropia is a solar powered application of smart material which was realized by the Master of Advanced Studies class at the Chair for CAAD. It combined electro-active polymer, electroluminescent displays, bioplastics, and thinfilm dye-sensitized solar cells together operated by solar energy. The energy generated form solar cells is stored in batteries under the structure.1 The material can response to the visitors nearby.

1 Kimber Streams, “Phototropia | CAAD. Blog”, Caad.Arch.Ethz.Ch, 2012 <http://www.caad.arch.ethz.ch/blog/phototropia/> [accessed 20 October 2016].

IMAGE FROM : Ludger Hovestadt, “Self-Sufficient Architectural Installation Phototropia Lights Up And Moves By Itself”, The Verge, 2012 <http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/4/3062688/self-sufficientarchitectural-installation-phototropia> [accessed 20 October 2016].

Reflective Origami Roof Surface For this surface, we chose 3mm sparking white Alpolic panel. It is an aluminium composite material which commonly used for cladding. It is right, fire resistant, light in weight and easy to assemble. It is a green material verified by green star and LEED. 1

IMAGE FROM : “Caret 6: Design V Studio | UTSOA [UT-Austin School Of Architecture]”, Soa.Utexas.Edu, 2014 <http://soa.utexas.edu/work/ caret-6-design-v-studio> [accessed 20 October 2016]. 1 “Alpolic”, Sgi-Architectural.Com.Au, 2015 <http://www.sgiarchitectural.com.au/products/alpolic/> [accessed 20 October 2016].

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Material Sheets Transparent PVC Fabric

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Material Sheets Transparent PVC Fabric Transparent PVC Fabric is a cost-effective roof material. It is a flexible, soft, fire resistant green material. 1 The material is can reduce oxidation and it is more durable in such wet and humid weather in Merri Creek. The other benefit of the material is self – clean and the sediments can be washed away by rain, which make it require less maintenance. It has good tensile and strength and hanged on the structure by steel rings. The clean and transparent surface also achieved aesthetic feature in natural environment.

1 “PVC Membrane Structures - Makmax Australia”, Makmax.Com.Au, 2015 <http://www.makmax.com.au/pvc/66> [accessed 20 October 2016].

IMAGE FROM : “What You Need To Know About Clear Polycarbonate Roofing Sheets”, Excelite Plas, 2014 <http://www.exceliteplas.com/clear-polycarbonate-roofing-sheets/> [accessed 20 October 2016].

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Material Sheets Welded Steel Truss

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Material Sheets Welded Steel Truss

IMAGE FROM : “SSEF - Fun Is In The Details - CISC AESS Category Matrix”, Tboake.Com, 2016 <http://www.tboake.com/SSEF1/aess4.shtml> [accessed 20 October 2016].

Precast

Steel

Origami Roof Surface

Structure The precast steel pipe is connected by cast node. The pipes and nodes are welded together inside. A smaller tube inside the node is used to backstop the weld. The seam will be grinded and filled to create smooth and seamless surface. This invisible connection is to ensure the aesthetic of the structure. High gloss painting will be finished to reduce

Truss

Transparent PVC Fabric

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Material Sheets Concrete Foundation

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Steel Plate

Hollow Section For Motor

Reinforcement

IN-SITU Concrete

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C4 Learning Objectives and Outcomes

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Presentation Feedback

The feedback we received after presenting out idea was very

helpful and practical. The advice about connection with

the site is what we did not focus before. Hence we did more

research about the site and adjust the design. Moreover, the

technological advice about material also help to develop

and improve the solar power system. Also, if timer and budget

permitted, the prototype would be more professional with

more research and testing.

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Objective 1. “interrogat[ing] a brief” by considering the process of brief formation in the age of optioneering enabled by digital technologies;

Objective 4. developing “an understanding of relationships between architecture and air” through interrogation of design proposal as physical models in atmosphere;

This subject makes me think more about the design during the process of brief formation. The digital tools help me to achieve the goal and it connect to the brief closely. I have to reconsider and adjust the design brief and check the digital all the time.

By studying precedents and making prototypes, I know the importance to connect architecture and its surrounding context. It also can be explained as “architecture is solution”. Now we are facing a de-futuring situation, the architecture combined with technology will help to solute many existed and future problems.

Objective 2. developing “an ability to generate a variety of design possibilities for a given situation” by introducing visual programming, algorithmic design and parametric modelling with their intrinsic capacities for extensive design-space exploration; After the practice of iteration in Part B and Part C, I have developed an ability to generate design possibilities. With the involvement of computational design, I started to explore feasible solutions in the given situation. The study and application of Grasshopper help me to transfer the idea into a complex parametric model.

Objective 3. developing “skills in various three dimensional media” and specifically in computational geometry, parametric modelling, analytic diagramming and digital fabrication; This subject makes the computational design closer and clearer to us by explain them through geometric, parametric and digital three dimensional forms. It also help me establish ability to create them. The process of part C help me to make more specified and practical model through grasshopper, such as Karamba and Cocoon. Especially the simulation tools provide the design a more applicable and higher than aesthetic level.

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Objective 5. developing “the ability to make a case for proposals” by developing critical thinking and encouraging construction of rigorous and persuasive arguments informed by the contemporary architectural discourse. This objective furthered the previous one in a more conceptual way. For our design, we consider the feasibility of the structure seriously by simulation its performance in practical and researching achievable materials in detail for real architecture.

Objective 6. develop capabilities for conceptual, technical and design analyses of contemporary architectural projects; To achieve this objective, the most important part is precedent study and iteration development. The former one help to establish comprehensive understanding of design concept. The later made us applied learning into our design.

Objective 7. develop foundational understandings of computational geometry, data structures and types of programming; Before the study of this subject, I had misunderstanding of computational designs. I thought they were focus too much on productivity, complex algorithmic design and efficiency which lose the original goal of architecture. With the studying and understanding in this semester, I realized that the effectiveness and sustainability of computational design and how it effects and improve the total industry to solute current social and environmental issues.

Objective 8. begin developing a personalized repertoire of computational techniques substantiated by the understanding of their advantages, disadvantages and areas of application. This is the most interesting and challenging part of this subject. Also, I learn most of this part through studio Air. I learned how to use parametric design as a tool to achieve complex design idea in to feasible scale. It is a powerful tool to arrive a higher level in architecture.

Thank you, Very much To Manuel for being a brilliant tutor and To Stanly for being an awesome groupmate.

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C5 Bibilgraphy Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 1–16 “Carbon Footprint”, Footprintnetwork.org, 2016 <http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/ carbon_footprint/> [accessed 18 October 2016] Lynch, Patrick, “Origami Pavilion Creates Shelter With 8 Folded Aluminum Sheets”, ArchDaily, 2016 <http://www.archdaily. com/781664/origami-pavilion-creates-shelter-with-just-3-folded-aluminum-sheets> [accessed 12 October 2016] Jones, Rennie, “AD Classics: La Sagrada Familia / Antoni Gaudi”, ArchDaily, 2013 <http://www.archdaily.com/438992/adclassics-la-sagrada-familia-antoni-gaudi> [accessed 14 October 2016] Verde, Marco and Jordi Truco, “Case Study: Mannheim Multihalle -”, SMD Arquitectes, 2016 <http://www.smdarq.net/casestudy-mannheim-multihalle/> [accessed 14 October 2016] “Block Research Group”, Block.arch.ethz.ch, 2016 <http://block.arch.ethz.ch/brg/project/venice-biennale-2016_beyondbending> [accessed 14 October 2016] “CIAB Pavilion – KARAMBA3D”, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/projects/ciab-pavilion/> [accessed 14 October 2016] “BIC Pavillon – KARAMBA3D”, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/projects/bic-pavillon/> [accessed 16 October 2016] Streams, Kimber, “Phototropia | CAAD. Blog”, Caad.Arch.Ethz.Ch, 2012 <http://www.caad.arch.ethz.ch/blog/phototropia/> [accessed 20 November 2016] “PVC Membrane Structures - Makmax Australia”, Makmax.Com.Au, 2015 <http://www.makmax.com.au/pvc/66> [accessed 20 October 2016]

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Chapple, Amos, “Air”, Amos Chapple Photography, 2012 <http://www.amoschapplephoto.com/air/> [accessed 18 October 2016] Dipayan, Bhar, “Atkins CIWEM Announces 2015 Environmental Photographer Of The Year Winners”, Inhabitat.com, 2015 <http://inhabitat.com/atkins-ciwem-announces-2015-environmental-photographer-of-the-year-winners/2015-atkinsciwem-environmental-photographer-of-the-year-7/> [accessed 18 October 2016] Paleari, Francesco, “Profiles Of Milan Residents Perfectly Merged With Architecture”, My Modern Met, 2013 <http://www. mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/francesco-paleari-profili-di-milano-profiles-of-milan> [accessed 18 October 2016] Saeed, Khalid, “Foldfinding - Origami Pavilion | Tal Friedman - Arch2o.Com”, Arch2O.com, 2015 <http://www.arch2o.com/ foldfinding-origami-pavilion-tal-friedman/> [accessed 12 October 2016] Cilento, Karen, “Al Bahar Towers Responsive Facade / Aedas”, ArchDaily, 2012 <http://www.archdaily.com/270592/albahar-towers-responsive-facade-aedas> [accessed 13 October 2016] “Dominik Wolf”, Dominik-wolf.de, 2012 <http://www.dominik-wolf.de/architecture/-sun.html> [accessed 12 October 2016] Dragicevic, Pierre, “Gaudí’S Hanging Chain Models | List Of Physical Visualizations”, Dataphys.org, 2015 <http://dataphys. org/list/gaudis-hanging-chain-models/> [accessed 14 October 2016] “Multihalle | Wikiwand”, Wikiwand, 2013 <http://www.wikiwand.com/de/Multihalle> [accessed 27 October 2016] “Block Research Group”, Block.arch.ethz.ch, 2016 <http://block.arch.ethz.ch/brg/project/venice-biennale-2016_beyondbending> [accessed 14 October 2016] Shi, Xia, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CIAB-Exterior2%C2%A9XiaShi.jpg> [accessed 16 October 2016] Bollinger Grohmann, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CIAB-Analysis7%C2%A9BollingerGrohmann.jpg> [accessed 16 October 2016]. Lanoo, Julien, Karamba3d.com, 2016 <http://www.karamba3d.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/karamba3d_ BICpavillon-photo3.jpg> [accessed 16 October 2016]

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Hovestadt, Ludger, “Self-Sufficient Architectural Installation Phototropia Lights Up And Moves By Itself”, The Verge, 2012 <http://www.theverge.com/2012/6/4/3062688/self-sufficient-architectural-installation-phototropia> [accessed 20 October 2016] “Caret 6: Design V Studio | UTSOA [UT-Austin School Of Architecture]”, Soa.Utexas.Edu, 2014 <http://soa.utexas.edu/work/ caret-6-design-v-studio> [accessed 20 October 2016] “What You Need To Know About Clear Polycarbonate Roofing Sheets”, Excelite Plas, 2014 <http://www.exceliteplas.com/ clear-polycarbonate-roofing-sheets/> [accessed 20 October 2016] “SSEF - Fun Is In The Details - CISC AESS Category Matrix”, Tboake.Com, 2016 <http://www.tboake.com/SSEF1/aess4.shtml> [accessed 20 October 2016]

Images 194

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Xuelin Feng 2016