Romanesque Architecture by Eric Fernie | Bibliography & Index

Select Bibliography introduction barral i altet, xavier, The Romanesque: Towns, Cathedrals and Monasteries, Cologne, 1998. conant, kenneth j., Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 800 to 1200, Harmondsworth, 1974; first published 1959. kubach, hans, Romanesque Architecture, London, 1988; first published as Architettura romanica, 1972; first published in English, 1975. mcclendon, charles b., The Origins of Medieval Architecture, New Haven and London, 2005. stalley, roger, Early Medieval Architecture, Oxford, 1999. vergnolle, éliane, L’Art roman en France, Paris, 1994.

1

the romanesque style in architecture: past and current definitions

barral i altet, xavier, Contre l’art roman? Essai sur un passé réinventé, Paris, 2006. bizzarro, tina waldeier, Romanesque Architectural Criticism: A Prehistory, Cambridge, 1992. quintavalle, arturo carlo, ‘I medioevi delle nazioni: art roman e art gothique in Occidente’, in Quintavalle, 2007c, 11–24. sauerländer, willibald, ‘Romanesque Art 2000: A Worn Out Notion?’, in Hourihane, 2008, 40–56.

2

the political and cultural contexts

bartlett, robert, The Making of the Middle Ages: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950–1350, London, 1994. le goff, jacques, L’Europe, est-elle née au moyen age?, Paris, 2003. mckitterick, rosamund, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987, London and New York, 1983.

3

the romanesque style in context

grodecki, louis, L’Architecture ottonienne, Paris, 1958. krautheimer, richard, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1975. stalley, roger, Early Medieval Architecture, Oxford, 1999. ward-perkins, j. b., Roman Imperial Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1983.

4

the carolingian state from 768 to 843

heitz, carol, L’Architecture religieuse carolingienne, Paris, 1980. hubert, jean, jean porcher, and w. f. volbach, Carolingian Art, London, 1970. jacobsen, werner, leo schaefer, and hans rudolf sennhauser, Vorromanische Kirchenbauten. Katalog der Denkmäler bis zum Ausgang der Ottonen, Nachtragsband, Munich, 1991. krautheimer richard, ‘The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture’, Art Bulletin, 24, 1942, 1–38. mcclendon, charles b., ‘Carolingian Art, II: Architecture’, Macmillan Dictionary of Art, 1996, vol. 5, 793–6. oswald, friedrich, leo schaefer, and hans rudolf sennhauser, Vorromanische Kirchenbauten: Katalog der Denkmäler bis zum Ausgang der Ottonen, 3 vols, Munich, 1966.

5

the division of the carolingian empire in 843 and the origins of the german, french and italian romanesque traditions

a. The eastern and central states, 843–1024 beuckers, klaus, johannes cramer, and michael imhof, eds., Die Ottonen. Kunst, Architektur, Geschichte, Petersberg, 2001. grodecki, louis, L’Architecture ottonienne, Paris, 1958. puhle, matthias, ed., Otto der Grosse, Magdeburg und Europa, 2 vols, Mainz, 2001. reuter, timothy, Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056, London, 1991. b. The West Carolingian Kingdom, 843–987 mckitterick, rosamund, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987, London and New York, 1983. stratford, neil, ed., Cluny 910–2010: onze siècles de rayonnement, Paris, 2010. c. Lotharingia and the First Romanesque style, 843–c. 1050 armi, c. edson, Design and Construction in Romanesque Architecture: First Romanesque Architecture in Burgundy and North Italy, Cambridge, 2004. donati, maria teresa, and sara masseroli, ‘Lombardia romanica: caratteri generali e specificità locali’, in Bertelli, 2002, 226–41. porter, arthur kingsley, Lombard Architecture, New York, 1967; first published 1917. puig i cadafalch, josep y casals, Le Premier Art roman, Paris, 1928. puig i cadafalch, josep y casals, La Géographie et les origines du premier art roman, Paris, 1935. puig i cadafalq, josep y casals, a. de falguera, and j. goday, L’arquitectura romànica a Catalunya, vol. 2, Barcelona, 1911. vergnolle, éliane, ‘Les Débuts de l’art roman dans le royaume franc (ca.980–ca.1000)’, Cahiers de la Civilisation Médiévale, 43, 2000, 161–94.

6

the other states of western christianity from the ninth century to the eleventh

a. The Iberian peninsula dodds, jerrilynn d., Architecture and Ideology in Early Medieval Spain, University Park, Penn., and London, 1990. puig i cadafalch, josep y casals, L’Art wisigothique et ses survivances, Paris, 1961. b. Anglo-Saxon England fernie, eric, The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons, London, 1983. gem, richard, Studies in English Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque Architecture, London, 2004. c. Central Europe benešovská, klara, tomáš durdík, and zdeněk dragoun, Architecture of the Romanesque, Prague, 2001. świechowski, zygmunt, Romanesque Art in Poland, Warsaw, 1983.

7 the german empire north of the alps gall, ernst, Cathedrals and Abbey Churches of the Rhine, London, 1963. genicot, luc-fr., Les Églises mosanes du XIe siècle, Louvain, 1972. kubach, hans, and albert verbeek, Romanische Hallenkirchen an Rhein und Maas, Neuss, 1972. kubach, hans, and isolde köhler-schommer, Romanische Hallenkirchen in Europa, Mainz, 1997. kuile, engelbert h. ter, De Romaanse Kerkbouwkunst in de Nederlanden, Zutphen, 1982. plant, richard, ‘Architectural Developments in the Empire North of the Alps: The Patronage of the Imperial Court’, in Hiscock, 2003, 29–56. singleton, barrie, ‘Köln-Deutz and Romanesque Architecture’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 143, 1990, 49–76. stiegemann, christoph, and matthias wemhoff, eds., Canossa 1077. Erschütterung der Welt. Geschichte, Kunst und Kultur am Aufgang der Romanik, exh. cat., 2 vols, Munich, 2006. von winterfeld, dethard, ‘The Imperial Cathedrals of Speyer, Mainz and Worms: The Current State of Research’, in Engel and Gajewski, 2007, 14–32.

8

the italian peninsula and its islands

bertelli, carlo, ed., Lombardia medievale: arte e architettura, Milan, 2002. brucher, günter, Die Sakrale Baukunst Italiens im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert, Cologne, 1987. d’onofrio, mario, ed., I normanni, popolo d’Europa, 1030–1200, Venice, 1994. kappel, kai., S. Nicola in Bari und seine architektonische Nachfolger, Worms, 1996. krautheimer richard, Three Christian Capitals: Topography and Politics, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1983. magni, mariaclotilde, Architettura romanica comasca, Milan, 1960. peroni, adriano, ed., Il Duomo di Pisa, Modena, 1995. quintavalle, arturo carlo, Il medioevo delle cattedrali: chiesa e impero: la lotta delle imagini (secoli XI e XII), Milan, 2006. quintavalle, arturo carlo, ed., Medioevo: la chiesa e il palazzo, Parma, 2007. thümmler, h., ‘Die Baukunst des 11ten Jahrhunderts in Italien’, Römisches Jahrbuch für Kunstgeschichte, 3, 1939, 141–226. tronzo, william, The Cultures of His Kingdom: Roger II and the Cappella Palatina in Palermo, Princeton, 1997.

9

northern france and the east-west section of the loire valley

aubert, marcel, Cathédrales, abbatiales, collégiales et prieurés romans de France, Paris, 1965. baylé, maylis, L’Architecture normande au Moyen Age, 2 vols, Caen, 1997. enlart, camille, Manuel d’archéologie française. Première partie: architecture religieuse, 3rd edn, vol. 1, Paris, 1927. gaborit-chopin, danielle, et al., La France romane au temps des premiers Capétiens (987–1152), exh. cat., Musée du Louvre, Paris, 2005.

This bibliography is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

select bibliography • 

lasteyrie, robert de, L’Architecture réligieuse en France á l’époque romane, Paris, 1929; first published 1912. prache, anne, Ile-de-France romane, La-Pierre-qui-Vire, 1983. vergnolle, éliane, L’Art roman en France, Paris, 1994.

salvini, roberto, ‘Conques, Compostella e León: problemi di cronologia alle origini della scultura romanica’, in Stratford, 1987, 171–7. whitehill, walter m., Spanish Romanesque Architecture, Oxford, [1941], 1968.

10 france south of the loire

13 england, wales, ireland and scotland

camus, marie-thérèse, and claude andrault-schmitt, eds., Notre-Dame-la-Grande de Poitiers: l’oeuvre romane, Paris, 2002. maxwell, robert a., ‘Modern Origins of Romanesque Sculpture’, in Rudolph, 2006a, 334–56. maxwell, robert a., The Art of Medieval Urbanism: Parthenay in Romanesque Aquitaine, University Park, Penn., 2007. shaver-crandell, annie, and paula gerson, The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela: A Gazetteer, London, 1995. vergnolle, éliane, L’Art roman en France, Paris, 1994.

a. England clapham, alfred, English Romanesque Architecture after the Conquest, Oxford, 1934. crook, john, The Architectural Setting of the Cult of Saints in the Early Christian West c. 300–c. 1200, Oxford, 2000. fergusson, peter, Architecture of Solitude: Cistercian Abbeys in Twelfth-century England, Princeton, 1984. fernie, eric, The Architecture of Norman England, Oxford, 2000. gem, richard, Studies in English Pre-Romanesque and Romanesque Architecture, London, 2004. goodall, john, The English Castle, 1066–1650, New Haven and London, 2011.

11 france east of the loire, with the kingdom

of burgundy and the crusader states a. France east of the Loire baud, anne, Cluny: un grand chantier médiéval au coeur de l’Europe, Paris, 2003. conant, kenneth john, Cluny: les églises et la maison du chef d’ordre, Cambridge, Mass., and Mâcon, 1968. stratford, neil, ed., Cluny 910–2010: onze siècles de rayonnement, Paris, 2010. b. The Kingdom of Burgundy borg, alan, Architectural Sculpture in Romanesque Provence, Oxford, 1972. hartmann-virnich, andreas, ‘L’Image de l’art monumental antique dans l’architecture romane Provençale: nouvelles réflexions sur un ancient débat’, Cahiers de SaintMichel de Cuxa, 39, 2008, 47–64. vergnolle, éliane, ed., La Création architecturale en Franche-Comté au XIIe siècle: du roman au gothique, Besançon, 2001. c. The Crusader states folda, jaroslav, The Art of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, 1098–1187, Cambridge, 1995. pringle, denys, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, 4 vols, Cambridge, 1993–2009.

12 the iberian peninsula a. Santiago de Compostela castiñeiras, manuel, ed., Compostela and Europe: The Story of Diego Gelmírez, Santiago de Compostela and Milan, 2010. shaver-crandell, annie, and paula gerson, The Pilgrim’s Guide to Santiago de Compostela: A Gazetteer, London, 1995. williams, john, and alison stones, eds., The Codex Calixtinus and the Shrine of St James, Tübingen, 1988. b. The kingdoms castiñeiras, manuel, ‘Verso Santiago? La scultura romanica da Jaca a Compostella’, in Quintavalle, 2007c, 387–96. dodds, jerrilynn d., maría rosa menocal, and abigail krasner balbale, The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture, New Haven and London, 2010. durliat, marcel, L’Art roman en Espagne, Paris, 1962.

b. Wales thurlby, malcolm, Romanesque Architecture and Sculpture in Wales, Little Logaston, Herefs., 2007. c. Ireland ó carragáin, tomás, Churches in Early Medieval Ireland: Architecture, Ritual and Memory, New Haven and London, 2010. o’keeffe, tadhg, Romanesque Ireland: Architecture and Ideology in Twelfth-century Ireland, Dublin, 2003. stalley, roger, ‘Ecclesiastical Architecture before 1169’, in Dáibhi Ó Cróinín, ed., The New History of Ireland, vol. 1, Oxford, 2005, 714–43. d. Scotland fawcett, richard, Scottish Medieval Churches, Stroud, 2002. fawcett, richard, The Architecture of the Scottish Medieval Church, 1100–1560, New Haven and London, 2011. sharratt, france and peter sharratt, Écosse romane, La-Pierre-qui-Vire, 1985.

14 central europe and scandinavia a. Central Europe bachmann, e., ed., Romanik in Böhmen, Munich, 1977. benešovská, klara, tomáš durdík, and zdeněk dragoun, Architecture of the Romanesque, Prague, 2001.

Merhautová-Livorová, Anežka, Romanische Kunst in Polen, der Tschechoslovakei, Ungarn, Rumänien, Jugoslavien, Vienna and Munich, 1974. świechowski, zygmunt, Romanesque Art in Poland, Warsaw, 1983. szakács, béla zsolt, ‘The research on Romanesque architecture in Hungary: a critical overview of the last twenty years’, Arte Medievale, n.s. 4, 2005, 31–44. b. Scandinavia andersson, aron, L’Art scandinave, 2 vols, La-Pierre-quiVire, 1968–9. hohler, erla bergendahl, Norwegian Stave Church Sculpture, 2 vols, Oslo, 1999.

15 romanesque versus gothic bony, jean, French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries, Berkeley, 1983. frankl, paul, Gothic Architecture, rev. Paul Crossley, New Haven and London, 2000; first published 1962.

kimpel, dieter and robert suckale, Die gotische Architektur in Frankreich: 1130–1270, Munich, 1995. kubach, hans, Romanesque Architecture, London, 1988; first published as Architettura romanica, 1972; first published in English, 1975. trachtenberg, marvin, ‘Desedimenting Time: Gothic Column/Paradigm Shifter’, Anthropology and Aesthetics, 40, 2001, 5–28.

16 the boundaries of the romanesque style austin, david, and leslie alcock, eds., From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology, London, 1990. ćurčić, slobodan, Architecture in the Balkans, New Haven and London, 2010. faensen, hubert, and vladimir ivanov, Early Russian Architecture, London, 1975. power, david and naomi standen, eds., Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700, Basingstoke, 1999.

17 patronage, design and construction alexander, jennifer s., ‘The Introduction and Use of Masons’ Marks in Romanesque Buildings in England’, Medieval Archaeology, 51, 2007, 63–81. barnes, carl f. jr, The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, Burlington, Vt., 2009. binding, günther, Romanischer Baubetrieb in zeitgenössischen Darstellungen, Cologne, 1972. binding, günther, Medieval Building Techniques, Stroud, 2004. bork, robert, The Geometry of Creation, Farnham, 2011. coldstream, nicola, Masons and Sculptors, London and Toronto, 1991. hahnloser, hans, Villard de Honnecourt. Kritische Gesamtausgabe, Graz, 1972. hartmann-virnich, andreas, Was ist Romanik? Geschichte, Formen und Technik des romanischen Kirchenbaus, Darmstadt, 2004. kidson, peter, ‘Systems of Measurement and Proportion in Early Medieval Architecture’, PhD thesis, 2 vols, Courtauld Institute, University of London, 1956. lugli, emanuele, ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: The Pietre di Paragone and the Preeminence of Medieval Measurements in Communal Italy’, Gesta, 49, no. 2, 2010, 77–95. macready, s. and f. h. thompson, eds., Art and Patronage in the English Romanesque, London, 1986. mark, robert, ed., Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1993. tosco, carlo, Architetti e committenti nel romanico Lombardo, Rome, 1997. yeomans, david, ‘The Geometry of a Piece of String’, Architectural History, 54, 2011, 23–47. wu, nancy, ed., Ad Quadratum: The Practical Application of Geometry in Medieval Architecture, Aldershot, 2002.

18 church buildings: function blaauw, sible de, Cultus et decor, 2 vols, Vatican City, 1994. braunfels, wolfgang, Monasteries of Western Europe: The Architecture of the Orders, London, 1972. doig, allan, Liturgy and Architecture: From the Early Church to the Middle Ages, Aldershot, 2008. heitz, carol, Recherches sur les rapports entre architecture et liturgie à l’époque carolingienne, Paris, 1963. krautheimer, richard, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1975. mcclendon, charles b., The Origins of Medieval Architecture, New Haven and London, 2005.

This bibliography is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

 • romanesque architecture 19 church buildings: iconography

21 secular buildings

baldwin smith, e., The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas, Princeton, 1971; first published 1950. bresc-bautier, geneviève, ‘Les Imitations du St-Sépulchre de Jerusalem (IXe–XVe siecles): archéologie d’une dévotion’, Revue d’histoire de la spiritualité, 50, 1974, 330–7. fernie, eric, ‘The Use of Varied Nave Supports in Romanesque and Early Gothic Churches’, Gesta, 23, 1984, 107–17. kiilerich, bente, ‘Antiquus et modernus: Spolia in Medieval Art – Western, Byzantine and Islamic’, in Quintavalle, 2006b, 135–45. kinney, dale, ‘The Concept of Spolia’, in Rudolph, 2006a, 232–52. krautheimer richard, ‘The Carolingian Revival of Early Christian Architecture’, Art Bulletin, 24, 1942, 1–38. malmström, r. e., ‘The Colonnades of High Medieval Churches at Rome’, Gesta, 14, no. 2, 1975, 37–45. traeger, jörg, Mittelalterliche Architekturfiktion. Die Allerheiligenkapelle am Regensburger Domkreuzgang, Zürich, 1980.

barral i altet, xavier, The Romanesque: Towns, Cathedrals and Monasteries, Cologne, 1998. garrigou grandchamp, pierre, ‘Observations sur l’habitat et le tissu bâti des villes aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles en Languedoc occidental’, Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 33, 2002, 97–141. meirion-jones, gwyn, Edward Impey and Michael Jones, eds., The Seigneurial Residence in Western Europe, AD c. 800–1600, BAR international series 1088, Oxford, 2002. renoux, annie, Palais royaux et princiers au moyen âge, Le Mans, 1996.

20 monastic buildings braunfels, wolfgang, Monasteries of Western Europe: The Architecture of the Orders, London, 1972. brenk, beat, ‘Zum Problem der Vierflügelanlage (Claustrum) in frühchristlichen und frühmittelalterlichen Klöstern’, in Ochsenbein and Schmuki, 2002, 185–215. fergusson, peter, Canterbury Cathedral Priory in the Age of Becket, New Haven and London, 2011.

Gesta, 12, 1973. horn, walter, and ernest born, The Plan of St Gall, 3 vols, Berkeley, 1979.

22 research methods baxandall, michael, Patterns of Intention: On the Historical Explanation of Pictures, New Haven and London, 1985. dacosta kaufmann, thomas, Towards a Geography of Art, Chicago, 2004. derrida, jacques, ‘Limited Inc, abc . . .’ Glyph, 2, 1977, 162–254. elsner, jaś, ‘Style’, in Nelson and Schiff, 2003, 98–109. lowden, john, and alix bovey, eds., Under the Influence: The Concept of Influence and the Study of Illuminated Manuscripts, Turnhout, 2007. onians, john, Neuroarthistory: From Aristotle and Pliny to Baxandall and Zeki, New Haven and London, 2007. rodwell, warwick, The Archaeology of Churches, Stroud, 2012. sauerländer, willibald, ‘From Stilus to Style: Reflections on the Fate of a Notion’, Art History, 6, 1983, 253–70. summers, david, ‘Heinrich Wölfflin’s Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe, 1915’, Burlington Magazine, 151, 2009, 476–9.

This bibliography is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Bibliography aceto, francesco (2007), ‘La corte e la chiesa: l’incompiuta Trinità di Venosa. Un ipotesi sulla sua destinazione funeraria’, in Quintavalle, 2007b, 403–13. achter, irmingarde (1958), ‘Zur Datierung der Periode VII’, Kölner Domblatt, 14–15, 185–8. adam von bremen, see Schmeidler, 1917. adam, ernst (1968), Baukunst des Mittelalters, Berlin; first published in French, 1965. addiss, james (2002), ‘Measure and Proportion in Romanesque Architecture’, in Wu, 2002, 57–81. alberti, leon battista ([1475], 1988), On the Art of Building in Ten Books, trans. J. Rykwert, N. Leach, and R. Tavernor, Cambridge, Mass., from the edition by Hans-Karl Lueke, 1975. albu, emily (2005), ‘Imperial Geography and the Medieval Peutinger Map’, Imago Mundi, 57, no. 2, 136–48. alexander, jennifer s. (1996), ‘Masons’ Marks and Stone Bonding’, in Tatton-Brown and Munby, eds., 1996, 219–36.

— (2004), ‘Villard de Honnecourt and Masons’ Marks’, in Zenner, 2004, 53–69.

— (2007), ‘The Introduction and Use of Masons’ Marks in Romanesque Buildings in England’, Medieval Archaeology, 51, 63–81.

— (forthcoming), Stonemasons’ Marks on Buildings in Britain: Origins, Meanings And Purpose, Farnham. allsopp, bruce (1971), Romanesque Architecture, New York. andersson, aron (1968–9), L’Art scandinave, 2 vols, LaPierre-qui-Vire. andrault-schmitt, claude (2000), ‘Le Succès des tours-porches occidentales en Limousin (XIe–XIIe siècles)’, in Sapin, 2002b, 233–50.

— (2006), ‘L’Architecture de la grande église en questions’, in Claude Andrault-Schmitt, ed., Saint-Martial de Limoges: ambition politique et production culturelle (Xe–XIIIe siècles), Limoges, 219–40.

— (2013a), ‘D’Angoulême à Poitiers, la voûte en majesté pour l’évêque (1118–1167)’, Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 44, 39–53.

— (2013b), ‘Archaism or Singularity? The Nave Clerestory in Romanesque Architecture between the Loire and Dordogne’, in McNeill and Plant, 2013, 95–108.

— and élisabeth lorans (2002), ‘Le Massif occidental de la collégialle Saint-Mexme de Chinon’, in Sapin, 2002b, 251–9. armi, c. edson (1975), ‘Orders and Continuous Orders in Romanesque Architecture’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 34, 173–88.

— (2000), ‘The Corbel Table’, Gesta, 39, 89–116.

— (2001), ‘The Nave of St Philibert at Tournus’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 60, no. 1, 46–67.

— (2004), Design and Construction in Romanesque Architecture: First Romanesque Architecture in Burgundy and North Italy, Cambridge. arslan, edoardo (1954), ‘Larchitettura romanica milanese’, in Storia di Milano, vol. 3, part III, Milan, 395–521. armitage, ella s. (1912), The Early Norman Castles of the British Isles, London. ashbee, jeremy (2006), ‘Cloisters in English Palaces in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 159, 71–90. association culturelle de cuxa (2002), Les Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 33: Naissance et renaissance de la ville à l’époque romane.

— (2009), Les Cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa, 40: Le Monde d’Oliba: arts et culture en Catalogne et en Occident (1008–1046). atkinson, richard (1979), Stonehenge, London. atroshenko, v. l., and judith collins (1985), The Origins of the Romanesque: Near Eastern Influences on European Art, 4th to 12th Centuries, London. aubert, marcel (1965), Cathédrales, abbatiales, collégiales et prieurés romans de France, Paris. austin, david, and leslie alcock, eds. (1990), From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology, London. autenrieth, hans peter (1984), ‘Il colore dell’architettura’, in Castelnuovo et al., 1984, 241–64.

— (1991), ‘Architettura dipinta’, in Enciclopedia dell’arte medievale, vol. 2, Rome, 380–97. baccache, e. (1979–80), Eglises de village de la Syrie du nord, 2 vols, Paris. bachmann, e., ed. (1977), Romanik in Böhmen, Munich. bachrach, bernard (1998), ‘Pirenne and Charlemagne’, in Alexander C. Murray, ed., After Rome’s Fall: Narrator’s and Sources of Early Medieval History: Essays Presented to Walter Goffart, Toronto, 214–31.

— and david s. bachrach (2008), ‘Continuity of Written Administration in the Late Carolingian East c. 887–911’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 42, 109–46. baldwin brown, g. (1925), Anglo-Saxon Architecture, London. baldwin smith, e. ([1950], 1971), The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas, Princeton.

— (1956), Architectural Symbolism in Imperial Rome and the Middle Ages, Princeton. ballardini, antonella (2007), ‘Hic requiescit Abundius episcopus: la chiesa di Sant’Abbondio di Como e il suo arredo in età carolingia’, in Quintavalle, 2007c, 88–105. bandmann, günther ([1951], 1979), Mittelalterliche Architektur als Bedeutungsträger, Berlin.

— (1965), ‘Die Bischofskapelle in Hereford. Zur Nachwirkung der Aachener Pfalzkapelle’, in G. von der Osten and G. Kauffmann, eds., Festschrift für Herbert von Einem, Berlin, 9–26. bann, stephen (1996), ‘Semiotics’, in Dictionary of Art, Macmillan, London, vol. 28, 396–7. barford, paul m. (2003), ‘New Directions in Polish Early Medieval Archaeology’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 156, 1–26. barley, m. w., ed. (1977), European Towns: Their Archaeology and Early History, London. barnes, carl f. jr (2009), The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, Burlington, Vt. barnwell, paul (2004), ‘The Laity, the Clergy and the Divine Presence: The Use of Space in Smaller Churches of the 11th and 12th Centuries’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association, 157, 41–60. barraclough, geoffrey, ed. (1978), Times Atlas of World History, London. barral i altet, xavier (1989), Belgique romane et GrandDuché de Luxembourg, La-Pierre-qui-Vire.

— (1998), The Romanesque: Towns, Cathedrals and Monasteries, Cologne.

— (2006), Contre l’art roman? Essai sur un passé réinventé, Paris.

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Glossary Numbers in square brackets refer to figure references. aisle narrower and normally lower space flanking a larger one, usually as one of a pair.

In churches the central space is referred to as the nave [3, 20, 251, 310]. ‘Three-aisled’ is also used, especially for secular halls where the term nave is not appropriate [388]. alternation traditionally used for any repeated mixture of supports, regardless of the numbers of units involved [3, 61]. ambulatory continuation of the aisles of the east arm around the head of the main vessel [105, 175]. A furniture ambulatory is one consisting of screens and not forming part of the building [211, 212]. angle roll see Moulding. apse semicircular space for ritual purposes [28a].

—enclosed apse: one which is semicircular on the inside and rectangular on the outside [105]. arcade, arcading row of arches; the main arcade in a church or hall is the ground floor of an elevation, consisting of the arches between the main vessel and an aisle [3].

—blind arcade, arcading: row of arches forming part of a wall [106 and 208].

—interlaced arcading: two rows of superimposed blind arcading with the arches seemingly placed alternately in front of and behind their neighbours [313]. ashlar see Masonry. atrium courtyard at the entrance to a church [147]. attached shaft see Shaft. bailey enclosure in a castle [234, 265]. barrel vault see Vault. basilica in ecclesiastical architecture, a longitudinal building with aisles, the central vessel of which rises above the aisles to form a clerestory [3, 24, 29, 61]. The type can be both wood-roofed and vaulted. In Antiquity and the Middle Ages the Latin word basilica was used for any grand building, whether longitudinal or centralized (Einhard, for example, refers to Aachen Palace Chapel by the term). billet see Moulding. bonding see Masonry. buttress thickening of the wall to increase stability or to provide resistance to the thrust of an arch or vault [200].

campanile see Tower. capital member at the head of a column, half-shaft, or pier; in the case of the column and half-shaft providing a visual conclusion to the shaft and a transition from it to the arch or beam being supported [3, 33, 37, 38].

—abacus: slab placed on top of the capital to provide a regular surface to support an arch or beam.

—Corinthian capital: bowl with four volutes supporting the four corners of the abacus; bowl decorated with rows of leaves [29, 38].

—crocket capital: derived from the Corinthian variety, but with volutes on the face of the capital as well as under the corners of the abacus.

—cushion capital: in theory spherical in its lower half and square in its upper, providing a transition from the cylindrical shape of the shaft to the rectangular section of the arch, forming a shield or lunette shape on each face. At its most geometrical the type is formed by the intersection of a cube and a sphere, the diagonal of the side of the cube forming the diameter of the sphere [33, 90, 139, 289]. Sometimes called a cubic or cubical capital.

—prismatic capital: simplified type formed of a plain body combined with an inverted triangular shape representing the volutes and abacus of the Corinthian capital [57, 322].

—scallop capital: formed when one face or shield of a cushion capital is divided into two or more shields [67, 288].

—volute capital: one in which the transition from circular base to square abacus at the top is effected by the presence of a volute (scroll) at each corner [37, 61, 62]. The basic form of the Corinthian capital. chamfer bevel at approximately 45 degrees between two surfaces at right angles to one another; common on abaci and plinths [386]. chancel see Presbytery. chevron see Moulding. choir a. where the choir stalls are located, with the presbytery to the east and the choir screen to the west; b. also used to describe the east arm of a church; see also presbytery.

—choir screen: screen at the west end of the choir, separating it from the nave sanctuary. chord line from which the curve of an apse is struck.

church —hall church: an aisled building in which the aisles are approximately the same height as the main vessel, placing the three elements under a single roof and excluding a clerestory. In the pure version of the type the arches and vaults of the aisles spring from the same level as those of the nave [201]; in the secondary or extended type the vaults of the nave spring from the tops of the arcade arches and those of the aisles from the capitals of the arcade [203]. The hall church is therefore distinguished from the basilica, which has a storey such as a gallery or clerestory between the arcades and the vault of the nave. The term ‘hall church’ is sometimes used for buildings consisting of a single space without aisles, but as these are simple boxes it seems more useful to restrict the label to the aisled type.

—magnate’s or private church or chapel: one built for the use of the magnate or feudal lord.

—proprietary church: one built for the use of a magnate but outside their immediate dwelling and intended to serve the inhabitants of the manor. ciborium altar canopy. claustral pertaining to the cloister, as in ‘claustral square’. clerestory storey of a central vessel which stands above the level of the aisles and allows light to enter the main space [3, 61, 137]. cloister vault see Vault. column supporting member consisting of a cylindrical shaft carrying a capital and normally resting on a base [3, 27]. Its cylindrical shape distinguishes the column from the pier, which relates to the wall and hence has a rectangular core [17]. A column composed of blocks of coursed masonry as opposed to cylindrical drums is often referred to as a columnar pier [258].

—half-column: half of the base, shaft and capital of a whole column [2]. compound pier see Pier. corbel support protruding from a wall, without its own column or pilaster. crossing formed by the intersection of the axis of the east arm and nave on the one hand and that of the transept on the other.

This glossary is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

 • romanesque architecture crypt room or rooms below or in close relationship with the sanctuary of a church, often used for burial, especially of saints; it need not be subterranean; usually vaulted [139, 156, 257].

—outer crypt: crypt lying outside the apse wall [55, 113].

—ring crypt: semicircular passage under the sanctuary following the curve of the apse wall, permitting access to the space under the high altar [28a, 353a]. diaphragm arch arch between two walls which does not help carry a vault [135]. dome vault in the form of a hemisphere. Where it is built over a square the transition from the square to the circular base of the dome is performed in one of two ways. Pendentives or spherical triangles are segments of a dome which has as its diameter the diagonal of the square, whereas that of the dome itself uses the side of the square [212]. Squinches are composed of arches placed across the corners of the square, getting broader as they rise to the base of the dome [356].

In a pendentive dome the pendentives continue in order to form the dome, without a separate base and therefore producing a shape much lower than a hemisphere. Also called a sail vault. donjon

see Great Tower.

doppelkapelle

type of chapel with a cross-insquare plan with two storeys joined by an open central bay. Used by magnates and especially popular among bishops.

eaves gallery wall passage at the level of the eaves, open to the exterior [7, 149, 295]. echelon east end main apse flanked by apses or other units at the ends of the side aisles, often with more off the transept arms as well, forming an echelon or V shape of three, five, or seven apses [56, 209]. exedra semicircular form like an apse but not aligned with the main axis of a church [42]. façade —sectional façade: one which follows the section of the elements, such as the nave and aisles, of the church behind it; also known as a screen façade [154, 162]. gable triangular shape at the end of a roof [154, 162, 268], or over a portal [270, 371]. galilee a structure at the west end of a church used for burial rituals [56, 216]. The name derives from Christ’s appearance in Galilee after the Resurrection. A kind of narthex. gallery in churches, the storey of a nave elevation between the main arcade and the clerestory [3] or vault [8]. French usage,

which has been adopted by most art historians, distinguishes a tribune gallery with an exterior wall and windows (like an aisle at first-floor level) [3, 8, 22, 61] from a triforium gallery consisting of the aisle roof space, without an outer wall or windows [184]. The distinction is complicated by English ‘tribune’ also referring to the gallery of a magnate or the head of an institution, normally placed at the west end and on the axis of the church [85]. In this book I have used gallery for the large, aisle-like form, triforium for the storey representing the aisle roof space, and tribune or tribune gallery for the one used by the magnate.

—platform gallery: a platform in the arm of a transept at the level of the galleries in the nave and east arm [187]. garderobe the place set aside for defecating and urinating has spawned a large number of euphemisms, as much in the Middle Ages as in modern times, including necessarium, reredorter, latrine, lavatory, toilet, privy, W.C., garderobe, and cloakroom. All have misleading overtones – latrines of the campsite, garderobes of Victorian gentility, and privies of the army camp. It is impossible to get it right, though garderobe tends to be used for the facility in castles and palaces and reredorter for that in monasteries. garth square area defined by the walks of the cloister [79, 368]. great tower the most prominent building in castles of the French type, used for display, defence and accommodation. Also called a donjon [182, 263]. giant order see Order. groin vault see Vault. half-barrel vault see Vault. half-shaft see Shaft. hall a large, normally imposing space used for feasting and administration [388]. jamb side of a doorway or window, often decorated with a nook shaft [190, 297]. lantern upper part of the crossing, rising above the roofs of the east arm, transept arms, and nave, and hence providing direct lighting to the crossing below [324]. The ceiling of the lantern forms the floor of the bell chamber in the crossing tower. lintel horizontal beam above an opening. masonry the cut stone of the period can be divided into three categories according to increasing size of block and, to some extent, sharpness of edge, as petit, moyen, and grand appareil. Broadly speaking, petit appareil was at its most popular in First Romanesque

buildings [106, 112, 123] and grand appareil in the later eleventh and twelfth centuries [179, 208].

—ashlar: squared stone, or wood.

—bonding: the unbroken coursing of blocks of stone, suggesting building in a single phase [261, 383, 384].

—opus reticulatum squared stones set diagonally [192]. motte artificial mound forming part of a castle. moulding —billet: a moulding consisting of rows of discontinuous rolls set so that the rolls and the spaces alternate, forming a checker-board pattern; sometimes rectangular in profile.

—chevron: a cylindrical moulding forming a zigzag [317]; variations: point-to-point, hyphenated, syncopated [298].

—keel: moulding or shaft with a section pointed like the keel of a ship [305].

—roll: a cylindrical moulding defined by its shape (half-roll, three-quarter-roll) or by its position on the angle [302, 314] or soffit [177] of an arch. mozarabs Christians living under Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula, some of whom moved into the Christian parts; Mozarabic: the manner of building of those Christians. mudéjar Muslims living under Christian rule. narthex building at the entrance to a church, ranging from a simple form to a complex westblock with towers. See Galilee. nave body of the church west of the apse or crossing, or, liturgically, of the sanctuary and choir [126, 127]. nook shaft see Shaft. oculus circular opening. opus reticulum

see Masonry.

order element on or forming a pier or arch, so that a simple arch on plain piers has one order [17, 135] and arches on compound piers tend to have two or more orders [22, 203]. Also a type of elevation, as with the Greek, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders.

A giant order is one in which a column, pier, or shaft rises unbroken through more than one storey [23, 24]. oversailing characteristic of a wall built with its upper parts substantially thicker than the parts lower down; the extra width is supported on the vaults and arches of the gallery, making it different from corbelling [188, 308]. Also known as false bearing. pastophory used for the two rooms flanking the sanctuary, one for the preparation of the eucharist and the other for the robing of the celebrant.

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glossary • 

pediment see Gable. pendentive see Dome. pier support with a square or rectangular core [17, 130], as opposed to the column which is cylindrical.

—compound pier: one with a square or rectangular core with combinations of orders, pilasters, half-shafts, nook shafts, etc. on one or more faces [2, 8, 22, 127, 148]. pilaster rectangular member attached to a pier or wall, frequently used to support the inner order of an arch [8, 18, 67]. platform gallery see Gallery. presbytery the place for the priests officiating at services; the liturgical centre of a church, containing the sanctuary with the high altar, and subsidiary spaces, therefore often synonymous with the central vessel of the east arm; also called the chancel. projection —axonometric: projection from a ground plan formed so that the right angles on the plan remain as right angles and the angle between the plan and the verticals can have any convenient value [109].

—isometric: projection in which the angles of the three axes (the two of the plan and the vertical one) are all at 120 degrees to one another. Often confused with the axonometric projection and sometimes with a perspectival view. quadrant see Vault. refectory the room in a monastery where the monks eat [368]. reredorter medieval euphemism for the monastic latrine; see also Garderobe. respond the other support of an arch; thus pier 4 in a nave is the respond to piers 3 and 5, and the pilasters or shafts on the aisle wall are the responds to similar features on the aisle face of each pier. rib vault see Vault.

soffit the underside of an arch [3].

—soffit face: the face of a pier supporting the soffit of an arch [3, 17]. soffit roll see Moulding. spandrel the triangular-shaped section of wall formed by the curve of an arch, the bay divider and the base of the storey above [22]. spolia material re-used from an earlier building. squinch see Dome. storey synonmous with floor. As far as possible floor is here used for an actual floor (as in a first-floor hall, a building with two or more floors [262]) and storey for a floor represented on an elevation (hence three-storey elevation, as on the wall of a nave [22]). stringcourse horizontal course of stone standing proud of the wall surface, often marking a division in an elevation [22]. terminus post quem and terminus ante

quem : the two dates after which and before which an event can be shown to have happened.

tower —on the shoulders (aux épaules): pair of towers placed in the corners formed by the transcept and the east arm [124]; —in the armpits (aux aisselles): the equivalents placed in the corners formed by the transept and the nave [141, 235, 352g]; transept a part of the church lying at right angles to and across the main east–west vessel.

—continuous transept: a space set across the end of the nave, separating the nave from the apse, its extent unbroken by arches, walls, or a crossing of any kind [28, 81].

—cross transept: one in which the intersection of the east–west vessel and the transept is marked by a crossing; each arm can be referred to as a transept [110, 126].

—half-barrel vault: vault in the shape of a quarter-circle; also known as a quadrant vault [188].

—rib vault: groin vault with ribs marking the groins. The simplest type over a rectangular or square bay is the four-part vault, with two diagonal ribs [148, 189, 258], but there are also six- and even eight-part rib vaults and variants over apse bays.

—webbing: the body of a vault; the actual form of barrel and groin vaults [8, 127], and what lies behind the ribs in a rib vault [258]. voussoir one of the wedge-shaped blocks forming an arch. webbing see Vault. westblock a large structure at the west end of a church, a fore-building or façade block.

Types extend from the simple [75, 131], to the complex, including a whole centralized arrangement with a ground floor providing an entrance, a chapel at first-floor level with its own aisles, galleries, and clerestory, and three towers [58, 85, 92, 176]. The complex type is also known as a westwork, but the term has proved problematic. westwork see Westblock. wood-roofed used to indicate that a building does not have a vault [159, 322], though buildings with vaults in northern Europe all have wooden roofs as well. The trouble with describing a building with a wooden roof as ‘unvaulted’ is that it defines something by what it lacks rather than by what it has.

tribune see Gallery. triforium see Gallery.

roll see Moulding. sanctuary see Presbytery. scallop capital see Capital. shaft the body of a column, between the base and the capital; either a single piece of stone [3] or composed of drums.

—half-shaft: semi-cylindrical or three-quarter form attached to a pier or wall, distinguished from a half-column by its greater height in relation to its thickness; coursed with the masonry of the wall [22, 255].

—nook shaft: shaft set into a corner between two orders on a pier or jamb [190].

tympanum semicircular feature over an entrance [151, 215]. vault masonry structure over a space: —barrel vault: tunnel vault [8, 21].

—cloister vault: vault composed of a series of narrowing vertical segments, like the end of a banana; also known as a domical vault.

[8, 21].

—groin vault: vault with the shape formed, in theory, by the intersection of two barrel vaults, in which the curvature of the groins arises from the intersection of the webs of the barrels [127, 231].

This glossary is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Index Pages with illustrations are in italics.

Where it might be helpful, main entries have been marked by an asterisk.

References to notes are only given for those subjects where the text does not lead directly to the note. The page number is followed by the chapter number in brackets and then the note number, as e.g. 110(6)26.

Place names are succeeded by their modern location, given in brackets.

Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) 10 palace 31–34, 42, 48, 238 chapel 13, 22, 31–34*, 32, 33, 37, 40, 61, 65, 68, 74, 78, 85, 104, 126, 153, 167, 208, 213, 216, 218–219*, 235, 251(1)12 candelabrum 218–219 copies of 34, 45, 46, 218–219 hall 31–32, 60, 239 Abbeyknockmoy (County Galway, Ireland) 197 Aberffraw (Anglesey, Wales), church 159 Aboba Pliska (Bulgaria), church 41 Abu Ghosh (Israel), crusader church 133, 214 Abu Mina (Alexandria Governorate, Egypt), monastery of St Menas 138 accident see research methods explanations Acerenza (Basilicata, Italy), cathedral 97 Acre (Israel), timber great tower 241 Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen (1000?– 1072) 73, 229 Adalbert, bishop of Prague, saint (956?– 997) 64, 164, 167 Adam of Bremen (1050?–1081/1085) 66, 73, 173 Adare (County Limerick, Ireland), abbey church 196 Adelard, abbot of Saint-Trond (?–1033/34) 75 Adelheid, empress, wife of Otto I (931–999) 42, 52, 254(95)29 Ademarus, abbot of Limoges (d. 1114) 121 Adriatic Sea 64, 168 Afonso I, king of Portugal (1109–1185) 145 Agde (Hérault, France), cathedral 214 Agen (Lot-et-Garonne, France) 117, 118 Agliate (Lombardy, Italy) baptistery 51 San Pietro 49, 50, 52, 68, 81, 89, 103, 168 Aime (Savoie, France), Saint-Martin 52, 126 Ainau (Bavaria, Germany), St Ulrich 79 Aix (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), cathedral of Saint-Sauveur 130 Ål (Buskerud County, Norway), stave church 172 Alan, count of Cornouaille (d. 1058) 110 Alba Iulia see Gyulafehérvár Albereda, sister-in-law of Richard I, duke of Normandy 104 Alberti, Leon Battista (1404–1472), De Re Aedificatoria 253(3)2 Albigensian crusade 114 Albrecht, archbishop of Magdeburg (d.

1232) 192 Alcántara (Extremadura, Spain), Roman bridge 235 Alcobaça (Centro Region, Portugal), Cistercian abbey church 188, 189 Alcuin of York (735?–804) 31 Alebrand, archbishop of Hamburg (d.

1043) 238 Alexandria (Alexandria Governorate, Egypt) 10, 88 Alfarano, Tiberio (1525–1596) 58 Alfonso II, king of Asturias (791–842) 60 Alfonso III, king of Asturias (848–910) 60, 135 Alfonso V, king of Leon (994–1028) 12 Alfonso VI, king of Leon and Castille (1040–1109) 124, 135, 138, 150, 235

Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons (849–899) 61 Al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph (985–1021) 216 Allen Brown, R. (d. 1989) 200 Almanzor, caliph (938?–1002) 135 Alpirsbach (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), St Benedict 77, 129 Alps 10, 12, 13, 66, 69, 76, 77, 80, 84, 90, 91, 126, 168 al-Qubaiba (Palestinian Territories), church 133 Alsace, province 11, 77, 78 altars see liturgy Altenstadt (Hesse, Germany), St Michael 78, 79 alternation see churches Altfrid, bishop of Hildesheim, saint (800?–874) 39 Amalfi (Campania, Italy), cathedral 96 Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, saint (337?–397) 81, 82, 217 ambulatories see churches Amer (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 56 Amsoldingen (Canton of Bern, Switzerland), collegiate church St Mauritius 52 Ancaster (Lincolnshire, England), St Martin 248 Ancona (Marche, Italy), cathedral of San Ciriaco 93, 94 Ancona, march 93 Andersson, Aron 170 Andrew, apostle, saint 162 Angers (Maine-et-Loire, France) 184 All Saints 184 cathedral 109, 118, 151 Saint-Aubin 211 Saint-Martin 113, 118 Saint-Nicolas 113 Saint-Serge 183–184 Angevin see Anjou Angilbert, abbot of Centula, saint (760–814) 34 Anglo-Norman, adj. see England Anglo-Saxons see England Angoulême (Charente, France) 114 cathedral 117, 120 Angoumois, county 114, 117, 128 Ani (Kars, Turkey), cathedral 20 Anjou, county 101, 109, 112, 113 Annals of St Bertin 252(2)11 Anno II, archbishop of Cologne, saint (1010?–1075) 74 Ansegisus, abbot of Fontanella, saint (770?–833/834) 229 Anselm III, archbishop of Milan (d. 1093) 82 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury (1033–1109) 151 Anspert, archbishop of Milan (d. 881) 50 Antioch (Hatay Province, Turkey) 131 Antioch, principality 134 Antiquity 10, 13, 14, 61, 66 end of 10, 14, 28 late Antique period 245 architecture 5, 8, 14, 16, 38, 40, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 66, 68, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 91, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 108, 182 post-Antique period 10, 12, 28, 63, 80 Anzy-le-Duc (Saône-et-Loire, France), church 128

Aosta (Aosta Valley, Italy), cathedral 50, 55, 58, 81, 152 apostles 136, 217 Apostolic Constitutions 215, 219 Apulia, county 80, 95, 247 Aqui (Saône-et-Loire, Italy), cathedral 57 Aquileia (Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy), cathedral 48, 208 Aquitaine, duchy 100, 114, 118, 124, 133, 181 Arabs 13, 80, 90, 91, 135 architecture 60, 82, 97, 99, 122, 126, 140, 141, 181 Caliphate 11, 56, 59, 66 civilisation 96, 114, 126, 139, 199 Fatimids 87, 95 invasions 10, 40, 58, 60 language 98 Umayyads 254(6)2 Aragon, kingdom 59, 122, 142, 247 archdioceses and dioceses 27, 45, 63, 73, 74, 76, 80, 101, 131, 138, 151, 157 arches diaphragm 50, 87 horseshoe 60, 61, 254(6)1 interlaced 98 pointed 24–25, 90, 93, 96, 98, 116, 117, 118, 120, 126, 128, 129, 133, 151, 155, 178, 180, 181, 200, 224, 225, 246 fornices spiculos 96 round 24, 60, 224, 225 architects see master masons Ardain, abbot of Tournus (d. 1056) 54 Ardara (Sardinia, Italy), Santa Maria del Regno 91 Aribertus, archbishop of Milan (970?–1045) 82 Arichis II, duke of Benevento (735?–787) 33 Arilje (Zlatibor District, Serbia), church 202 Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) 123 baths of Constantine 131 cryptoporticus 55 cathedral of Saint-Trophime 20, 128, 130, 132 Saint-Honorat-des-Alyscamps, monastic church 187 Armenia, kingdom 18, 60, 93, 181 Armi, Edson 55, 100, 103, 126 Armorica 109 Arnold, bishop of St Andrews (d.

1162/1164) 186 Arnoul, bishop of Orleans (d. 1003) 101 Árpád, Hungarian dynasty 167 Arras (Pas-de-Calais, France) 183 cathedral of Notre Dame 184 articulation see planning and designing Ascoli Piceno (Marche, Italy), SS Vincenzo e Anastasio 94 Ashir (Algeria), palace of Ziri 98 Askeby (Östergötland County, Sweden), church 173 Aslacton (Norfolk, England), round-tower church 172 Assisi (Umbria, Italy) cathedral 94 San Francesco 190 Asturias kingdom 60, 199 architecture 135, 145

Ath (Hainault, Belgium), Burbant tower 75, 241 Athens (Attica, Greece) 131 Atlantic 10, 199 atria 33, 34, 40, 76, 83, 84, 228 Aubrey de Vere, earl of Oxfordshire 156 Auch (Gers, France) cathedral 118 Saint-Orens 118 Audrieu (Calvados, France), Notre Dame 109 Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany), cathedral 46, 78, 168 Augustine, saint (354–430) 219 Augustinian rule 119, 138, 145, 151, 152, 162, 211, 212 Augustus, emperor (30BC–14AD) 246 Aulnay (Charente-Maritime, France), Saint-Pierre 116, 162 Autun (Saône-et-Loire, France) cathedral of Saint-Lazare 127, 129, 132, 154, 182 Porte d’Arroux 126 Auvergne, county 121, 122 Auxerre (Yonne, France) cathedral of Saint-Etienne 63, 103, 104, 106 Saint-Germain 37, 38, 39, 53, 82, 208 Avan (Armenia) church 20 Aversa, county 95 Aversa (Campania, Italy) cathedral 97, 262(19)22 San Lorenzo 97 Avignon (Vaucluse, France) cathedral of Notre-Dame-des-Doms 130 Pont Saint-Bénézet 187 Ávila (Castile and Leon, Spain) 141 cathedral 188, 262(19)26 San Vicente 141, 162, 262(19)29 town walls 141, 235, 241 Avolsheim (Bas-Rhin, France), rotunda 255(6)17 Azay-le-Rideaux (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 110, 111 Baalbek (Bekaa Valley, Lebanon), temple 55 Bad Gögging (Bavaria, Germany), church 79 Bad Segeberg (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany), church 79 Baghdad (Iraq) 13 Bagnacavallo (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), San Pietro 49 50, 101 Baituniya (Palestinian Territories), church 133 bald man paradox see research methods Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (1058?–1118) 131, 133 Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (d. 1131) 131, 132 Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem (1130–1163) 131 Baldwin II, count of Flanders (865–918) 241 Baldwin V, count of Flanders (1012–1067) 148 Ballintober abbey (County Mayo, Ireland) 185 Baltinglass (County Wicklow, Ireland), abbey 161 Baltic Sea 13, 68, 165, 172 Bamberg (Bavaria, Germany) cathedral 46, 68 palace chapel 218 St Andrew 218 Bangor, diocese 157 Bangor (Gwynedd, Wales), cathedral 159

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

index • 

Banu Hammad (Algeria), Al Qal’a 98 baptismal fonts 213, 217 baptisteries 51, 63, 85, 213, 221 Barbarossa, Frederick I, emperor (1122– 1190) 197, 218 Barberá (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 122 barbican see castles Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) 56 cathedral 179 Bari (Apulia, Italy) 96, 97, 107 cathedral 96 San Nicola 96, 168 Barnack (Cambridgeshire, England), St John the Baptist 263(22)24 Barral i Altet, Xavier 252(1)15 Barthes, Roland (1915–1980) 244 Barton-upon-Humber (Humberside, England), St Peter 27, 62 Barzanò (Lombardy, Italy), chapel 50 bases water-holding 25 basilicas 14, 16, 18, 19 Basilicata 97 Basques 199 Batuta (Syria), church 19 Battle of Poitiers 732 Baud, Anne 128 Baugulf, abbot of Fulda (d. 802) 37 Baume-les-Messieurs (Jura, France), church 53 Bavaria, duchy 68, 78 bays 25 Bayeux (Calvados, France) 97 cathedral 108, 111 tapestry 147 beakhead see decoration Beaufort (Lebanon), crusader castle 133 Beaugency (Loiret, France), castle tower 112, 156 Beaulieu-les-Loches (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 111, 116 Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne (Corrèze, France), Saint-Pierre 128 Beaumont-le-Richard (Calvados, France), manor house 237 Beaune (Côte-d’Or, France) collegiate church 127 houses 236 Beauvais (Oise, France) cathedral 102 Basse Oeuvre 110 Saint-Lucien 102, 180 Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, saint (1118?–1170) 157 Beirut (Lebanon), cathedral 132, 162 Béla I, king of Hungary (1016?–1063) 167 Béla III, king of Hungary (1148?–1196) 194 Belvoir, (Israel), crusader castle 134, 241 Benedict of Aniane (747?–821) 37, 47 Benedict of Nursia, saint (480?–547) 95, 101, 228, 230 Benevento (Campania, Italy) 73 Santa Sofia 33 Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück (d. 1088) 69 Beowulf 239 Bergamo (Lombardy, Italy) cathedral 86 Santa Croce 255(6)17 Bergen (Hordaland, Norway) 170 cathedral 170 St Mary 170, 172 Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux, saint (1090–1153) 129 Bernard, bishop of Parma, saint (d. 1133) 85 Bernardus Senex see master masons Bernay (Eure, France), abbey church 47, 97, 105, 106, 107, 108, 112 Bernold, bishop of Utrecht, saint (d. 1054) 76 Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim, saint (960?–1022) 42, 121 Berthold, Hungarian royal family 194 Berzé-la-Ville (Saône-et-Loire, France), abbot’s chapel 212 Besalú (Catalonia, Spain)

Santa Maria 142 San Pedro 122 Besançon (Franche-Comté, France), cathedral of St-Jean 78 Bethany (Israel), monastery 133, 241 Bethlehem (Palestinian Territories), church of the Nativity 74 Betrothal of the Virgin, Prado 5, 76 Beurey-Bauguay (Côte-d’Or, France), Roman monument 118 Bible 33, 47, 66, 217, 219, 223, 240 Bible moralisée 206 Biburg (Bavaria, Germany), abbey church 78 Biella (Piedmont, Italy), baptistery 51, 57 Birsay (Orkney, Scotland), church 172 Bisarcio (Sardinia, Italy), Sant’ Antioco 91, 92 bishops’ chapels see chapels Bitonto (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96 Blaauw, Sible de 58 Blois, county 104, 112 Blois (Loir-et-Cher, France) Saint-Lomer 261(18)3 Saint-Solenne 37, 42, 62, 104 tower residence 47 Blyth (Nottinghamshire, England), priory 208 Böckweiler (Saarland, Germany), church 64 Bogolyubovo (Vladimir Oblast, Russia), church of the Virgin of the Intercession 202 Bohemia, kingdom and duchy 61, 64, 163, 165 growth of towns 234 Boldva (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Hungary), church 168 Boleslav I, king of Poland (992–1025) 63 Boleslav II, the Bold, king of Poland (1039?–1079) 166 Bologna (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 80, 88, 92 San Francesco 190 Santo Stefano 93 sarcophagus 17 Boniface, archbishop of Mainz, saint (d.

754) 37, 45 Bonanno see master masons Bonn (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) 235 Bony, Jean (1908–1995) 108, 147, 155, 179, 182, 248 Boothby Pagnell (Lincolnshire, England), manor house 237 Bordeaux (Gironde, France), cathedral 117, 118 Borg, Alan 130 Borgund (Sogn og Fjordane, Norway), stave church 25 Bořivoj, king of Bohemia 63 Bork, Robert 206 Bornholm, island (Denmark) 169, 214 Borrie (Skåne, Sweden), church 172 Borutta (Sardinia, Italy), San Pietro di Sorres 91 Bosa (Sardinia, Italy), San Pietro 91, 92 Bourbon, county 129, 130 Bourges (Cher, France) 118 Boyle (County Roscommon, Ireland), abbey 161 Boves (Somme, France, France), residence 47 Brad (Syria), Julianos church 19 Bradford-on-Avon (Wiltshire, England), St Laurence 63 Bragança (Trás-os-Montes, Portugal), domus municipalis 238 Brantôme (Dordogne, France, France), church 121 Brauweiler (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St Nikolaus 74 Brechin (Angus, Scotland), abbey 161 Bremen (Bremen, Germany), cathedral 73 Brescia (Lombardy, Italy) cathedral 86, 216 palazzo comunale 237 San Salvatore 49 Břetislav I (1034–1055) 163 Břevnov (Prague, Czech Republic), monastic church 164, bridges 31, 165, 205, 234, 235

Brindisi (Apulia, Italy) San Benedetto 97 Santa Maria dal Casale 196 Britain 109, 148 Brittany, duchy 101 British Isles 103 Brixworth (Northamptonshire, England), All Saints 62 bronze doors 45, 202 Brook (Kent, England), chapel 212 Brotherhood of Saint-Bénézet see master masons Brun, archbishop of Cologne (925–965) 44, 241 Bruges (Flemish Region, Belgium) St Basilius 104 St Donatus 218 Bruno, bishop of Langres (d. 1015/1016) 53 Brunswick (Lower Saxony, Germany), Saints Blaise and John the Baptist 177 Brunus see Petrus Brunus Budeč (Prague, Czech Republic), Saints Peter and Paul 63 building breaks see construction Burgal (Catalonia, Spain), Sant Pere 56 Burgundy 11, 75, 77, 78 duchy 48, 51, 53–55*, 59, 68, 103, 124–128*, 130, 184 kingdom 48, 51–53*, 59, 68, 103, 186, 187 burhs 61 burhgeat 63 see also castles early tower residences burial see funerary practices Burlats (Tarn, France), Pavillon d’Adélaïde 236 Bury St Edmunds (Suffolk, England), abbey church 149, 172 gatehouse 231, 259(15)19 Buschetto see master masons buttresses, flying see Gothic architecture Byblos see Giblet Byland (North Yorkshire, England), abbey church 208 Byzantine Empire, see Roman Empire, Eastern Byzantium see Constantinople Caen (Calvados, France) 107 La Trinité 107, 109, 158 Saint-Étienne 15, 19, 107, 108, 148, 149, 150, 154, 179, 180, 247 Saint-Nicolas 108 Cahors (Lot, France), cathedral 86, 117, 118, 120 Cairo (Cairo Governorate, Egypt) gate of Bab el Futuh 132 mosque of Ibn Tulun 96, 126 Calabria 95, 97 Caliphate see Arabs Calixtus II, pope (d. 1124) 71, 90, 113, 119, 120, 136 Calvenzano (Lombardy, Italy), Santa Maria Assunta 83 cam see Carolingian dynasty technology Camaldolese order 58 Cambrai (Nord, France) 75 Cambridge (Cambridgeshire, England) Holy Sepulchre 216, 217 King’s College Chapel 205 Campania 95, 96 campanile see churches, parts, towers Canosa (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96 Canossa (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 88 Canterbury (Kent, England) castle 156 cathedral Anselm’s 151, 152, 181, 211 Lanfranc’s 148, 151, 207, 247 post-1174 186 Becket’s shrine 157 St Augustine’s 148, 153 Canute the Great, king of Denmark and England (990?–1035) 169 Canute IV, king of Denmark (1042?–1086) 169 Capetian dynasty 47, 66, 101

capitals angled 180, 182, 190, 194 Corinthian 42, 68, 69, 126 crocket 186, 190 cushion 18, 23, 24, 26, 37, 43*, 50, 68, 76, 87, 109, 148, 154, 171, 248 scallop 72, 74, 109, 155, 170 trumpet scallop 185 prismatic 50, 83 waterleaf 180, 185, 253(3)6 Carcassonne (Aude, France), Saint-Nazaire 120, 128 Cardona (Catalonia, Spain), Sant Vicenç 15, 16, 25, 56–57*, 93, 108, 121 Carolingian dynasty a. kingdom and empire 8, 11, 9–14, 26–28, 31–38, 63, 65, 66, 68, 78, 80, 92, 118, 245 architecture 1, 7, 8, 28, 31–38*, 46, 53, 60, 61, 63, 69, 100, 101, 108, 110 economics (cities, growth, tithes) 27, 28 monetary system (gold, silver) 11 legal aspects (charters) 12 technology (cam, collar harness, plough) 11–12 writing (classical texts, minuscule) 12 b. division of the empire into kingdoms in 843 10, 12, 26, 39, 40, 247 East 39, 40, 239 Central (Lotharingia) 34, 48–59, 59, 73, 103, 154, 218, 255(7)1 West 47, 48, 56, 66, 73, 100, 103, 104 Carpathian mountains 165, 167 Casander of Rome see master masons Cashel (South Tipperary, Ireland) cathedral 160 Cormac’s Chapel 159, 160 Castelseprio (Lombardy, Italy) San Paolo 246 San Giovanni 246 Castile, kingdom 141 Castle Acre (Norfolk, England), great tower 240 Castle Rising (Norfolk, England), castle 156 castles 2, 47, 66–67, 112, 133, 155, 156, 161, 239–241, 248 barbican 134 definition 239, 240 double-height space 156 false storey 155–156 great towers 31, 75, 157, 239 chapel over entrance 241 cylindrical 241 with protruding apse 213, 241 timber 241 tower residences 47, 63, 80, 241 wall passages 112, 113 Castor (Cambridgeshire, England), St Kyneburgha 224 Catalonia, county 5, 55–59*, 63, 92, 116, 122, 139, 142, 188 cathedrals see churches, types Caumont, Arcisse de (1801–1873) 5, 100 Cavagnolo (Piedmont, Italy), Santa Fede 193 Cavaillon (Vaucluse, France), cathedral of Notre-Dame 130 Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi 249 Cefalù (Sicily, Italy), cathedral 98 Celles-lès-Dinant (Wallonia, Belgium), Saint-Hadelin 75, 167 Celtic Church 61, 109, 161 Celts 109, 199 traditions 159 centralized buildings see plans Centula (Somme, France) chapel of the Virgin 218 Saint-Riquier 34, 35*, 37, 40, 62, 68, 101, 106, 111, 122, 213 Chalaisian order 129 Châlons-sur-Marne see Châlons-en-Champagne Châlons-en-Champagne (Marne, France) Notre-Dame-en-Vaux 259(15)11 tower residence 47

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 • romanesque architecture chamber blocks see houses Champagne, county 101, 103 Chapaize (Saône-et-Loire, France), church 53 chapels (for chapels forming part of a church see churches) types: architectural, centralized: 32 apsed rotundas: 51, 56, 63*, 64, 79, 163*, 164, 167, 172, 218 Doppelkapellen 21, 22, 71, 72, 74, 164, 212, 217 types: function bishops’ 22, 71, 212 burial 212 castle 222–223 see castles magnates’ 212, 213 palace 63, 87, 213 Charlemagne, king and emperor (742–814) 10, 12–13, 36–38, 216, 234, 235, 247 Charles the Bald, emperor (823–877) 47, 54, 240 charnel houses see funerary practices Charroux (Vienne, France), centralized church 116 Chartres (Eure-et-Loir, France) cathedral 66, 104, 105, 125, 136, 180, 184, 246, 248 tower residence 47 Châteaudun (Eure-et-Loir, France), La Madeleine 112 Château Gaillard (Eure, France) 133 Chatillon-sur-Seine (Côte-d’Or, France), church of Saint-Vorles 53, 256(9)6 Chauvigny (Eure, France), church 208, 209 Cheb (Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic) chapel 212 street grid 235 Cheddar (Somerset, England), two-storey hall 239 Chelmsford (Essex, England), excavated Roman building 34 Chepstow (Monmouthshire, Wales) castle 157, 158 St Mary 158 Cher, river 112 Chernigov (Chernihiv Oblast, Ukraine), churches 202 Chester (Cheshire, England) St John 158 St Warburgh 159 chevron see decoration Chinon (Indre-et-Loire, France) 122 church 110, 112, 113, 129 tower residence 47 Chios see Nea Moni choirs see liturgy Christchurch (Dorset, England), monastic church 158 Christianity 16, 36, 63 Chrodegang of Metz (d. 766) 229 churches parts apses, enclosed 24, 68, 98, 133 chancels, raised 89 chapels radiating 23, 24, 47, 48* contiguous 178, 180 tangential 74, 151, 153, 211 crossings compromise 41, 173 oblong 249 salient 154 crypts annular 47 hall 43, 96 outer 23, 35, 37, 38, 47, 58, 75, 93, 104 east ends ambulatory 2, 17, 23, 26, 43, 47, 73, 74, 86, 91, 97, 101–106*, 110, 111, 119, 120, 136, 137, 139, 148, 149, 150, 211*, 247 echelon 22, 24, 26, 47, 102, 118, 137,

138, 148 rectangular 48, 68, 71, 75, 155, 158, 172 three-apse 22, 47, 50, 52, 105 triconch 69, 73, 74, 86, 102, 104 with chamber above 60 elevations arcade alternation 24, 39, 72, 87, 93, 94, 106 four-storey 104 façades 40 screen 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91 two-tower 108 gables, tall 110, 159 galleries 37, 41 false 86 nave 73, 95, 96, 104 western 72, 73, 74 galilees 47, 221 jambs, inclined 159 narthexes 40 naves double aisles 42, 48, 90, 101, 119, 125, 220, 247 odd supports 77 square 62 niches, at eaves level 50 passages external 16, 66, 69, 70, 71, 76, 80, 83, 85, 93, 96 internal 42, 53, 87, 105, 106, 107, 148, 165, 201 pastophories 33, 219 porch, Lombard 86, 87, 96 scale 68, 147, 149 towers 211 armpit 77, 136 clocher limousin 121 crossing 18, 23, 24, 26 free-standing 40, 91 round 154, 159, 167, 172, 198, 249 shoulder 68, 73, 81 transept part of 75, 104 whole arm 50, 58, 81, 149, 150, 154 west 24, 26, 40 see also westblock and westwork transepts 210, 222 aisled 86, 90, 101, 111, 119, 120, 136, 149, 150 continuous 16, 18, 22–23, 36–37, 48, 62, 95, 96, 220 cross 23, 24, 26, 35, 41, 62, 63 double 39, 42, 125, 130 nave 76, 77, 84 platforms 104, 107 west 46, 75, 78 west apse 35, 37, 39, 45, 48, 71, 76, 78, 167, 220 westblocks 34, 37–38, 44, 46, 47, 61, 68, 72, 101, 106, 107, 148, 173, 213 westworks 213 types architectural centralized 19, 86, 87, 93, 169, 215, 216, 217 apsed rotundas 163, 166 cross-in-square 22, 71, 93 fortified 173, 213 longitudinal 19, 22 aisleless 44, 82, 109, 118, 122, 144, 151, 158, 211, 212, 223 columnar 9, 22, 25, 36–37, 66, 69, 76, 80, 91, 93, 95, 96 domed 65 double-ender 37, 42, 43, 75, 129, 164 hall 44, 47, 111, 113, 115, 120, 121 vaulted 69 wood-roofed 72, 86, 87, 89, 94, 101, 152, 226

types

institutional 211–214 cathedral 66, 211 double 84 collegiate 71, 72, 73, 211, 212, 223, 229 magnate’s 167 minster 222, 223 monastic 211, 212 monastic cathedrals 62, 98, 99, 148–157 See also monasteries parish 161, 211 See also chapels, and liturgy ciboria 222 Cieszyn (Silesian Voivodeship, Poland), castle chapel 255(6)23 Cistercian order 100, 129*, 131, 132, 151, 155*, 161, 162, 164, 181, 182 Bernardine plan 155 cities see towns Cîteaux (Côte-d’Or, France), abbey church 129 Civita Castellana (Lazio, Italy), cathedral 189 Civitaquana (Abruzzo, Italy), Santa Maria delle Grazie 93 Civate (Lombardy, Italy), San Pietro al Monte 50 Clairvaux (Aube, France), church 129, 155 Clapham, Alfred (1883–1950) 249 Clarendon royal manor house (Wiltshire, England) 233 Clement V, pope (1264?–1314) 199 Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme, France) cathedral 23, 48, 55, 66, 101 Notre-Dame-du-Port 121, 122 cloisters see monasteries Clonfert (County Galway, Ireland), cathedral 160, 161 Clonmacnoise (County Offaly, Ireland) Cross 161 Nuns’ Church 160 Temple Finghin 160 Clovis I, king of the Franks (466?–511) 218 Cluniac order 100, 135, 138, 144 Cluny (Saône-et-Loire, France) 66, 87, 88, 89, 104, 119, 124 abbey church Cluny I 47 Cluny II 22, 47, 48, 52, 55, 56, 77, 129 Cluny III 116, 118, 121, 124, 130*, 131, 132, 149, 150, 181*, 182, 184, 187 Cluniac school 128 houses 127, 236 Coimbra (Coimbra, Portugal), cathedral 137, 145, 146 Colchester (Essex, England), castle 126, 157, 241 Roman temple 156 Coliath (Lebanon), crusader castle 134 collar harness see Carolingian dynasty, technology collegiate churches see churches, types Cologne (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) 66, 73, 76, 104, 128, 169 cathedral 39, 42, 43, 45, 73, 78, 193 Great St Martin 191 St Cecilia 48 St Georg 74, 77 St Gereon 46, 218 St Johannis in Curia 212 St Maria im Kapitol 73, 74, 75, 86, 151 St Pantaleon 42, 44, 46, 53, 68, 73, 76, 151, 213 Roman tower 110 columns 14, 222 half- 23, 26, 44, 101 spiral 62, 151, 161, 221 comics 263(22)11 Como (Lombardy, Italy) broletto 237 museum porch of Santa Margherita 86 Sant’Abbondio 7, 70, 72, 80, 81, 85, 86

Saints Peter and Paul 80 San Fedele 86 Compiègne (Oise, France), chapel of the Virgin 218 Conant, Kenneth J. (1894–1984) 1, 2, 7, 125, 126, 128, 136, 138, 182, 245 Conques (Aveyron, France), Sainte-Foi 5, 6, 7, 119, 136, 137, 138, 179, 182 Conrad II, emperor (990?–1039) 68, 69, 73 Conrad, bishop of Konstanz (d. 1127) 222 Conrad, bishop of Utrecht (d. 1099) 76 consecration see liturgy Constantine the Great, emperor (272–337, 306–337) 9, 37, 41, 46, 87, 132, 148, 216, 219 Constantine Porphyrogenitus (912–59) Constantinople (Turkey) 56, 57, 66, 74, 97, 120 Constantine Lips (Fenari Isa Camii) 20, 21, 51 Hagia Sophia 20, 70, 82, 87 Holy Apostles 116, 217 Imperial palace 32, 238 Myrelaion church (Bodrum Camii) 1, 20, 51, 71, 93 St Mary of the Pharos 212 Saints Sergios and Bakchos 33, 213 Virgin of the Pêgê 215 construction 207–209, 249 building breaks 150, 151, 207, 246 oversailing 108, 150, 180, 182 reinforcements 34 see also masonry Continuatio hispana 252(2)11 Coorland see master masons corbel tables, arched 5, 18, 24, 45, 48, 49*, 65, 68, 75, 76, 77, 78, 92, 93, 94, 97, 123, 133, 145, 167, 191, 196, 197 Córdoba (Andalusia,, Spain) 13, 60, 66, 90, 136, 141, 143, 199 mosque 70 corrente comasca see Romanesque sculpture Corinth-Lechaion (Corinthia, Greece), St church of Leonidas 38 Cormac MacCarthaig, king of Munster (d. 1138) 160 see also Cashel Cormery (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 111, 115 Cornouaille 110 Corroyer, Edouard-Jules (1835–1904) 5, 25 Corrozet, Gilles (1510–1568) 251(1)3 Corsica 92 Corvey (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), abbey church 22, 25, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 61, 73, 101, 150, 213 Coucy (Aisne, France), tower residence 47, 157 Council of Clermont 131 Courajod, Louis (1841–1896) 5 Crac des Chevalliers see Krak Cravant (Indre-et-Loire, France), church 110 Cremona (Lombardy, Italy) baptistery 213 cathedral 86 palazzo comunale 237 Croatia, kingdom 64, 168–169, 194 Crook, Joseph 263(22)11 Cross of Cong 155, 160 crossing see transepts Crusader states 67, 100, 118, 126, 131–134, 162, 240, 241 crypt see churches Csaroda (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Hungary), church 197 Cunault (Maine-et-Loire, France), NotreDame 113, 116 Cunlife, Barry 239 Ćurčić, Slobodan 201 Cuthbert, saint (634–687) 154, 227 Cuxa see Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa Cyril and Methodius, missionaries 201 Czech, founder of Bohemia 163 Czerwińsk (Płońsk County, Poland)), church 167

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index • 

Dalby (Skåne, Sweden) cathedral 169 church 169 Dalmatian coast 168, 169 Dalmeny (Lothian, Scotland), church 225 Dambeck (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany), church 73 Danube, river 77, 78, 167 Daphni (Attica, Greece), church 215 dating buildings 246 see also research methods David I, king of Scotland (1124–1153) 161, 248 David II, king of Georgia (1089–1125) 132 David, ‘the Scot’, bishop of Bangor (1120–39) 159 Davies, Martin 7 Davis, Michael 248 Dečani (Peć, Kosovo), monastic church 201 deconstruction see postmodernism decoration chip carving 107, 158 inlay, Cosmati work 189 mouldings 66, 154 beakhead 155, 160 billet 169 chevron 98, 109, 155, 161, 171, 194 roll angle 169 half 62, 63, 107, 154, 174, 253(3)14 stripwork 62 Deerhurst (Gloucestershire, England), St Mary 61, 62, 214 dendrochronology 246 Denis, saint (d. 250) 37 Denmark, kingdom 169–170 Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004) 243 Desiderius, abbot of Montecassino (1026?–1087) 95 design see planning Deutz (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), church 46, 218 Devenish (County Fermanagh, Ireland), church, round tower 160 Deventer (Overijssel, Netherlands), St. Lebuinus church crypt 76, 151 Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago (1070?–1140) 136, 205 Diego Peláez, bishop of Santiago (d. 1088) 135 Digne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France), Saint-Donat 130 Dijon (Côte-d’Or, France) Saint-Bénigne 53, 66, 218 Notre-Dame 184, 187 Diocletian, emperor (284–305) 34, 216 Dionysus, abbot of Regensburg 160 Dionysius the Areopagite 37 Diotisalvi see master masons Dixon, Philip 240 Doksany (Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic), Premonstratensian church 164, 165 Dolianova (Sardinia, Italy), cathedral of San Pantaleone 91, 176 documentary evidence see research methods 148 domes see vaults Domesday Book 157 Dominican order 193 Dömös (Komárom-Esztergom County, Hungary), church 168 Dompeter (Bas-Rhin, France), St Peter 17 Doña Mayor, wife of Sancho el Mayor of Navarre 141 Doña Sancha, daughter of Ramiro I 144 Doña Urraca, daughter of Ferdinand I 140 Donatus see master masons donjon see castle, great tower Dønnes (Nordland, Norway), church 172 Doppelkapellen see chapels dormitory see monasteries Doué-la-Fontaine (Maine-et-Loire, France) tower residence 47, 104 Dover (Kent, England), castle 62, 63, 157, 185 St Mary in Castro 62

Draper, Peter 183 Dublin (Dublin, Ireland), Christ Church 160, 185 Duisburg (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), palace hall 239 Dulzago (Piedmont, Italy), church 83 Dunfermline (Fife, Scotland), abbey church 161, 162, 172, 248 Dura Europos (Syria) church house 231 Durham (County Durham, England) castle 158 cathedral 151, 152, 155, 160, 172, 180, 211, 227 Durliat, Marcel (1917–2006) 142 Dyfed, principality 157 Earls Barton (Northamptonshire, England), All Saints 62 Ebbo, archbishop of Reims (770?–851) 37 Eberbach (Hesse, Germany), abbey church 191 Ebreuil, Saint-Leger 122 economic factors medieval 10-11, 27, 28, 154, 183, 207 castles 134, 239 towns 234 modern 11, 128 Roman 28 Edessa, county 131 Edessa (Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey), cathedral 215 Edward the Confessor, king of England, saint (1003–1066) 147, 154 Edward the Martyr, king of England, saint (962–978) 63 Eger (Heves County, Hungary) 167 cathedral of St Stephen 168 Egilsay (Orkney, Scotland), St Magnus 172 Einhard (775?–840) 32, 34, 37, 235 Einsiedeln (Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland), church of St Mary 53, 77 Eisenach see Wartburg Elbe, river 41, 68, 69 Elias, archbishop of Bari (d. 1105) 96 Elne (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), cathedral 116 El Run (Aragon, Spain), church 145 Elsner, Jás 245 Ely (Cambridgeshire, England), abbey and cathedral 149, 150, 151, 181, 211 Emeric, son of king Stephen of Hungary 168 Emma, daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy (985?–1052) 147 Emmerich (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), church 6, 76, 103 empiricism 243, 244 see also research methods England, kingdom Anglo-Saxon 12, 13, 36, 61–63 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 63, 66 architecture 61–63, 147, 154, 155 Norman 72, 95, 97, 98, 99, 104–105, 108, 109, 147–157, 169, 170, 172, 174, 180, 184 Anglo-Norman as an architectural label 147 Saxo-Norman 147, 154 dedications 154 Ephesus (Izmir Province, Turkey) St John 20, 21, 91, 136, 138, 150, 217, 218 grottoes 126 temple of Hadrian 17 Ercsi (Fejér County, Hungary), monastic church 193 Erfurt (Thuringia, Germany), church 77 Erik I, king of Denmark (1060?–1103) 169 Ermelo (Mondim de Basto, Portugal), church 146 Ermentarius, Miracula 54 Escalada (Leon, Spain), San Miguel 61, 200 Eschau (Bas-Rhin, France), St Trophime 77, 78 Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), Holy Trinity 62, 74, 75, 167, 218 Essen-Werden see Werden

Estagel (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), church 123 Estella (Navarre, Spain), house 25, 179, 238 Esztergom (Komárom-Esztergom, Hungary) 234, 235 archdiocese 167 cathedral 193 Étampes (Essone, France), Notre-Dame 183 Etheldreda, saint (636–679) 154 Ethelred II, king of England (968?–1016) 147 Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester (904/909– 984) 61, 62 Euclid (325BC?–265BC?) 206 Euphrates, river 60 Europe, central 67, 247 European age early 22, 28, 244–245 origins 12, 13, 14 European Economic Comunity 246 Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea (263?–339) 215, 221 Evans, Joan (1893–1977) 128 Evreux (Eure, France), cathedral 109, 184 evolution 246 see also research methods Évora (Alentejo, Portugal), cathedral of the Virgin Mary 188 Ewenny (Vale of Glamorgan, Wales), St Michael 158 Exeter (Devon, England), cathedral 153 Eystein, archbishop of Nidaros (d. 1188) 195 façades see churches Faith, saint 119 Fanum (Italy) 16, 25, 153 Farfa (Lazio, Italy) monastic church 48, 52, 58, 200 consuetudinary 47 Favila, king of Asturias (d. 739) 217 Fawcett, Richard 161 Fécamp (Seine-Maritime, France), Holy Trinity 105, 184, 211 Félibien, Jean-François (1658–1733) 5 Felsőörs (Veszprém County, Hungary), monastic church 194 Ferdinand I, king of Leon and Castile (1014–1065) 12, 138 Ferentinum (Lazio, Italy), market hall 14 Fergil 252(2)11 Fergusson, Peter 215 Fernández-Armesto, Felipe 199 Ferrara (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 72, 86 cathedral 87 feudal system 11, 47, 61, 63, 80, 94, 161 Fibonacci series 205 Filarete (1400–1469) 251(1)3 Flanders, county 75, 103, 104, 107 growth of towns 234 Flaran (Gers, France), abbey chapter house 229 Flavigny (Côte-d’Or, France), Saint-Pierre, outer crypt 53 Fleury see Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire Florence (Tuscany, Italy) 70, 80, 83 baptistery 90, 213 Santi Apostoli 92 Santa Croce 229 Santa Maria Novella 190 San Miniato 87, 89, 90, 92, 143 Santo Stefano al Ponte 189 Florin of France see master masons Focillon, Henri (1881–1943) 5–8, 24, 28 Fontenay (Côte-d’Or, France), abbey church 128, 129, 132, 182 Fontevraud (Maine-et-Loire, France), abbey church 111, 113, 117 kitchen 111, 230 Forma Urbis Romae 35 fornices spiculos see arches, pointed Fossanova (Lazio, Italy), monastic church 190 Fossier, Robert 11, 239 Foucault, Michel (1926–1984) 243, 244 Fountains (Yorkshire, England), monastery 230 abbey church 155

France 10, 11, 13, 47-48, 56, 59, 64, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 80, 86, 91, 97, 100–130*, 131, 135, 136, 138, 139, 147, 154, 162*, 178-183, 184, 199, 247. duchies 256(10)8 Franconia, duchy 45, 68, 71, 76 Frankfurt (Hesse, Germany), palace 234, 238, 239 Frankl, Paul (1878–1962) 181, 182, 244 Franks 10, 12, 17, 36, 64, 92, 103, 118, 255(7)1 architecture 17, 37 Freckenhorst (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St Boniface 73 Frederick I, Barbarossa (1152–1190) 84, 85, 197 Frederick II, emperor (1194–1250) 196, 216 Fréjus (Var, France) 56 Fréteval (Loir-et-Cher, France), great tower 241 Freyburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), Neuenburg castle 212 Frisia, province 76, 77 Froliuba, wife of King Favila 217 Frómista (Castile and Leon, Spain), San Martín 138, 141, 162 Fronto, saint 116 Frose (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 73 Froville (Meurthe-et-Moselle, France), priory church 171 Fulbert, bishop of Chartres (d. 1028) 104 Fulda (Hesse, Germany) abbey church 22, 37, 39, 45, 46, 48, 68, 69 St Michael 46, 218, 255(6)17 Fulk III [Nerra], count of Anjou (972– 1040) 112, 113 Fulk, king of Jerusalem (1089/1092–1143) 131, 132 function 2, 247, 248 funerary practices 212 chapter houses 232 charnel houses 163, 212 tombs 42, 63, 223, 224 Fyrkat (Jutland, Denmark), timber building 25, 239 gables see churches Gaillard, Georges (1877–1953) 141 galilees see churches Galicians 199 Gall, Ernst (1888–1958) 178 Gallarus Oratory (County Kerry, Ireland) 159 galleries see churches Galliano (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 51, 57, 63 Gamla Uppsala (Uppsala County, Sweden), cathedral 173 Gamle Aker (Oslo, Norway), church 171, 172, 173 Garamszentbenedek (Hronský Bénadik, Slovakia), Zent Benedek 168 Gascony, duchy 117, 118 gatehouses 31 Gauls 37, 61, 66, 100 Gauzlin, abbot of Fleury (d. 1030) 101 Geary, Patrick 11 Gebhard, bishop of Konstanz (949?–995) 222 Gelmírez see Diego Gelmírez Gelnhausen (Hesse, Germany), imperial palace 238 Gem, Richard 6 Genoa (Liguria, Italy) 48, 51, 56, 66, 86, 88, 92, 133, 247 cathedral 189 Sant’Agostino della Cella 51 SS Cosma e Damiano 133 Genum (Friesland, Netherlands), church 77 geometry see planning George, admiral of Antioch (d. 1151/52) 98 Georgia, kingdom 18, 132, 155 Gerace (Calabria, Italy), cathedral 97 Gerard, bishop of Cardaillac (d. 1112) 120

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

 • romanesque architecture Gerbert of Aurillac (946–1003) see Sylvester II, pope German Empire 13, 40–47*, 48, 51, 62, 67, 68-79*, 80, 81, 97, 100, 101, 103, 127, 130, 148, 160, 172, 190-193, 201, 212, 221, 241, 247 Germanic invasions 10 Germany 10, 11, 12 Germigny-des-Prés (Loiret, France), church 38, 93, 106, 212, 218 Gernrode (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 41, 43, 62, 68, 76, 78, 91, 176 Gero I, margrave (900?–965) 41, 64 Gero II, margrave (975–1015) 213 Gertrude, first wife of Vladislav II 164–165 Gerville, Charles de (1769–1853) 5, 14 Géza of Hungary, grand prince (945?–997) 167 Ghent (East Flanders, Belgium) altarpiece 209 St Bavo 104 giant order see orders Giblet (Lebanon) 133 crusader castle 134 Giebło (Zawiercie, Poland), church 27 Giecz (Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland), palace 63, 212, 238 Giles, saint 123 Giordano of Aversa 97 Giotto di Bondone (1266/1267–1337) 209, 255, 229 Girona (Catalonia, Spain), cathedral of Santa Maria 122 Glaber see Ralph Glastonbury (Somerset, England), Lady Chapel 184, 185 Gloucester (Gloucestershire, England) abbey church 153, 158 Roman basilica 153 Gniezno (Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland) 164, 165 archdiocese 64, 165 Godehard, bishop of Hildesheim, saint (960–1038) 74 Godiva, lady (d. 1067?) 63 gold see Carolingian dynasty, monetary system golden section see planning geometry Goltho (Lincolnshire, England), tower residence 63 Gontram, abbot of Saint-Trond (d. 1058?) 75 Gortyna (Crete, Geece), St Titos 74, 93 Gorze (Moselle, France), monastery 47, 48, 76 Goslar (Lower Saxony, Germany) imperial palace 72, 238 chapel of St Ulrich 72, 212 Neuwerk, church 225 chapel of St George 218 SS Simon and Jude 72, 74 Gospels of Otto III 252(2)15 Gothia, march 56, 122 Gothic architecture 1, 5, 8, 66, 108, 245 early 178–183 flying buttresses 125, 180 piers 179 medieval modernism 183 Gotland (Sweden) 174 government buildings 237–238 Gozbert, abbot of St Gall (763?–836) 35 Gravedona (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 213 Great Paxton (Cambridgeshire, England) Holy Trinity 62, 155 great towers see castles Greding (Bavaria, Germany) rotunda 79 St Martin 78 Greek language 98 Gregorian reform 8 Gregory VII, pope (1020?–1085) 71, 88, 124 Gregory, archbishop of Nazianz (329?–389/390) 217 Gregory, bishop of Tours, saint (538–594) 40, 217 grid systems see planning geometry

Grodecki, Louis (1910–1982) 7 groin vaults see vaults Groningen (Groningen, Netherlands), St Walpurgis 218 Grötlingbo (Gotland, Sweden), church 195 Gruffydd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd (1055–1137) 158-159, 160 Gubbio (Umbria, Italy), Palazzo dei Consoli 196, 197, 237 guest range see monasteries guild systems 204 Guimarães (Braga, Portugal) castle 145, 162 Guiscard, Robert, duke of Apulia and Calabria (1015?–1085) 95 Gunn, William (1750–1841) 5, 14 Gunzo of Cluny 125 Guy, count of Ponthieu (d. 1100) 252(2)8 Gwent, principality 157 Győr (Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary) 167 Gyulafehérvár (Alba County, Romania) 167 Haddington (East Lothian, Scotland), St Mary 197 Hadered (Västra Götaland County, Sweden), stave church 172 Hadid, Zaha (b. 1950) 248 Hadrian, emperor (117–138) 246 Hadrian I, pope (700?–795) 32 Hadstock (Essex, England), church 154, 155 Haimo, bishop of Verdun (d. 1024) 45 Hakon Paulsson, earl of Orkney 172 Halberstadt (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) 213 cathedral 73, 93, 193 Liebfrauenkirche 73, 77 half-roll see decoration, mouldings halls 31, 32, 239 vaulted or wood-roofed 239 Halltorp (Småland, Sweden), church 173, 214 Hamar (Hedmark, Norway), cathedral 171 Hamburg (Hamburg, Germany), palace of Archbishop Alebrand 238 Hamburg-Bremen, archdiocese 169, 198 Hammarlunda (Skåne, Sweden), church 172 Hamersleben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 77 Hariulf (1060–1143) 240 Harley, J. B. 243 Harold Blue Tooth, king of Denmark (d. 985) 169, 170 Harold Godwinson, king of England (1022–1066) 62, 246 Hartmann-Virnich, Andreas 131 Hartwig, bishop of Regensburg (d. 1164) 223, 226 Hastière (Namur, Belgium), Saint-Pierre 75 Hattin, battle of 131 Havdhem (Gotland, Sweden), church 174, 195 Havelberg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), cathedral 73 Hecklingen (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 203, 205 Hedingham (Essex, England), castle 156 Heeslingen (Lower Saxony, Germany), round-towered church 172 Heidenheim (Bavaria, Germany), minster 79 Heiligenberg (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), St. Michael, chapter house 229 Heilsbronn (Bavaria, Germany), minster 79 Heisterbach (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), abbey church 192 Heito, abbot of Reichenau (d. 836) 37 Helgaud of Fleury (d. 1048) 101 Héliot, Pierre (1901–1984) 244 Hemel Hempstead (Hertfordshire, England), church 226, 248–249 Hemingford Grey (Cambridgeshire, England), manor house 237 Henry I [the Fowler], king of the Ottonian Kingdom (876?–936) 40, 42, 72, 239, 241 Henry I, king of England (1068/1069– 1135) 109, 156

Henry II, king of England (1133–1189) 112, 157, 232, 241 Henry II, German emperor (973–1024) 42, 46, 84 Henry III, king of England (1207–1272) 189 Henry III, German emperor (1017–1057) 72, 75, 238 Henry IV, German emperor (1050–1106) 69, 70, 75, 88, 91, 127 Henry V, German emperor (1086–1125) 71 Henry VI, king of England (1421–1471) 205 Henry VII, king of England (1457–1509) 259(15)7 Henry de Sully, bishop of Fécamp (d.

1189) 184 Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (1098/1099–1171) 240 Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal (1066–1112) 145 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony (1129–1195) 72 Herdecke (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), church 37 Hereford (Herefordshire, England) bishop’s chapel 153, 212, 218 cathedral 154 Heribert, archbishop of Cologne, saint (970?–1021) 46 Herman, bishop of Old Sarum/Salisbury (d. 1078) 152 Hermopolis (Egypt), cathedral 138 Hersfeld (Hesse, Germany), abbey 69, 77 Heslop, Sandy 8, 9, 148, 241, 253(3)18 Heywood, Stephen 172 Hezelo of Cluny 125, 204 Hierapolis (Denizli Province, Turkey), martyrium 33 Hildemar of Corbie (d. 850?) 228 Hildesheim (Lower Saxony, Germany) cathedral 39, 42, 46, 47, 63, 74 St Godehard 73, 77 St Michael 24, 42, 43, 47, 48, 68, 90, 101, 106, 118 Hilduin, bishop of Paris (775–840) 38 hindsight see research methods Hinton, Ian 219 Hirsau (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) 47, 168 SS Peter and Paul 77, 129 St Aurelius 53 Historia Compostellana 135 historicism 183 history of art 244 Hoey, Larry (1951–2000) 186 Höfe (Hesse, Germany), church 63 Hohenstaufen dynasty 72, 97, 190 Hohler, Christopher 56, 257(12)3 Holy Land 67, 172 Holycross (County Tipperary, Ireland), Holy Cross 197 Holy Roman Empire 252(2)15 Honorius Augustodunensis (1080–1154) 215, 229 Horn, Walter (1908–1995) 6, 25, 35, 230 Hornby (Yorkshire, England), St Mary 263(22)24 Hørning (Jutland, Denmark), timber church 169 Hosios Lukas (Boeotia, Greece), monastic church 215 hospitals 230, 231 See also monasteries infirmary Hospitallers 100, 131, 134 Houdan (Yvelines, France), great tower 241 houses 127, 236–237 chamber blocks 237 Hrabanus Maurus (780?–856) 216, 218 Hroswitha of Gandersheim (935?–1002) 199 Hugh I, king of France (939?–996) 101 Hugh of Abbeville 240 Hugh of Semur, abbot of Cluny (1024– 1109) 124–127, 138

Hugh of St Victor (1096?–1141) 262(19)30 Hulín (Zlín Region, Czech Republic), church of St Wenceslas 193 humanism 243 see also research methods Hungarians 11, 40, 54, 167 Hungary, kingdom 167–168, 193–194 Husaby (Västergotland, Sweden), church 173, 198 Iberian peninsula 13, 60, 61, 66, 67, 72, 100, 131, 135–146*, 147, 187–189 Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) 199 iconography, churches 82, 84, 86, 90, 91, 215–227 cloisters 229 east end richer 225, 226 levels 223, 226 numbers 217, 221 supports as markers 166, 226, 227, 248 See also vaults, domes Idensen (Hannover, Germany) magnate’s church 73, 212, 213 magnate’s residence 239 Idwal, son of Gruffydd and abbot of Penmon 159 Iffley (Oxfordshire, England) 184 Iguácel (Aragon, Spain) Nuestra Señora 142, 143, 208, 209 Ilbenstadt (Hesse, Germany), abbey church 71 Ile-de-France 100 Ilmmünster (Bavaria, Germany), St Alsatius 78 Inchcolm (Firth of Forth,, Scotland), abbey refectory 197 Inden (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) St Saviour 37 St Stephen 37, 60 India 10, 127, 135 infirmary see monasteries influence see research methods Inge II, king of Sweden (d. 1125?) 173 Ingelheim (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), imperial palace 32, 104, 105, 238, 241 Innerleithen (Scottish Borders, Scotland), Traquair hunting lodge 237 Innocent II, pope (d. 1143) 125 Inowłodz (Tomaszów Mazowiecki County, Poland), round-towered church 167 Ireland, kingdoms 63, 67, 100, 147, 155, 159–161, 185 Isidore of Seville (560?–636) 139, 140, 219 Islam 131, 133, 198, 199, 217 Istanbul see Constantinople Italy, Italian peninsula 13, 25, 27, 48-51*, 56, 59, 61, 64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 80–99, 103, 114, 123, 126, 131, 148, 167, 168, 189-190*, 196–197, 198–201 growth of towns 234 ivories 35, 40 Ivrea (Piedmont, Italy) cathedral 50, 52, 81 Sto Stefano 81 Ivry-la-Bataille (Eure, France), great tower 104, 105, 112, 155, 241 Jaca (Aragon, Spain) cathedral 138, 143 Jacob’s Well (Palestinian Territories), church 132 Ják (Vas County, Hungary), Szent György 194 Jakub (Prague, Czech Republic), St James 27, 165 James, apostle, saint 135 Jaromír, bishop of Prague (d. 1090) 88, 164 Jarrow (Tyne and Wear, England), monastery 228 Jedburgh (Scottish Borders, Scotland), Augustinian church 161–162 Jelling (Jutland, Denmark) stone 169 timber church 169 Jerichow (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), monastic church 191

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

index • 

Jerome, saint (347–420), on towns 111, 235 Jerpoint abbey (County Kilkenny, Ireland) 197 Jerusalem (Israel) city 10, 131 Dome of the Rock 131, 133 Haram al-Sharif see Temple Mount Holy Sepulchre 131, 216 copies 34, 44, 46, 53, 86, 91, 93, 169, 216–217*, 218, 221 Holy Cross church 132 mosque of Al-Aqsa 126, 133 mosque of Omar 90 St Anne 132 Temple Mount 133 Temple of Solomon 215 Temple of the Lord 126 kingdom 133, 134 Jindřich Zdík, bishop of Moravia (1083?–1150) 164–165 Johannisberg (Hesse, Germany), round-towered church 172 John IV, Patriarch (d. 1019) 48 John, bishop of Genoa (641–669) 51 Josephus (37–100) 207 Judith, duchess, wife of Richard II, duke of Normandy (d. 1017) 105 Judith, second wife of Vladislav II (1135?–1174) 165 Jumièges (Seine-Maritime, France) Notre-Dame 24, 25, 87, 104, 106, 107*, 108, 121, 127, 143, 147, 154, 181, 213, 245 Saint-Pierre 37, 40, 46, 105, 107, 108, 253(3)11 Justinian I, emperor (482–565) 20, 33, 74, 87, 88, 116, 216 Kałdus (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), church 64 Källstad (Östergötland County, Sweden), church 173 Kalocsa (Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary), archdiocese 167 Kalundborg (Zealand, Denmark), church of Our Lady 195 Kasimir I, king of Poland (1016–1058) 165 Kelso (Scottish Borders, Scotland), Tironensian abbey 161, 162 Kerkrade (Limburg, Netherlands), monastic church 76 Kerr, Minott 126 Khirbat Iqbala (Israel), church 133 Kidson, Peter 8 Kiev (Ukraine) 13 Kilfenora (Kilfenora, Ireland), cross 161 Killaloe (County Clare, Ireland) abbey church portal reset from cathedral 176, 177, 185 St Flannan’s Oratory 159 Kilpeck (Herefordshire, England), Saints Mary and David 225 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 97 Kings Lynn (Norfolk, England), St Margaret 155 Kirkwall (Orkney, Scotland), cathedral of St Magnus 172 kitchens medieval 233 see also monasteries modern 245 Kleinmariazell (Lower Austria, Austria), monastic church 176, 177, 196 Kleincomburg (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), church 77 Klosterrath see Kerkrade Knights of St John see Hospitallers Kojice (Pardubice Region, Czech Republic), church 213 knowledge 243 see also research methods Koloman, king of Hungary (1074?–1116) 168 Kondrac (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic) church 213 Königslutter (Lower Saxony, Germany), collegiate church 72

Konstanz (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) 220, 222, 237 cathedral 46 rotunda 255(6)17 Kornelimünster see Inden Kościelec Proszowicki (Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland) church 193 Krak (Syria), castle 133, 241 Krakow (Kraków County, Poland) 64, 165, 166, 208, 235 Wawel citadel 64, 165, 166 cathedral of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus 165, 166 St Andrew 166, 167 St Adelbert 167 Krautheimer, Richard (1897–1994) 94, 215, 216 Kubach, Hans 1, 2, 25, 247 Kugler, Franz (1808–1858) 5 Kunstlandschaft see research methods, explanations Kursumlija (Toplica District, Serbia), St Nicholas 260(16)11 Kyje (Hradec Králové Region, Czech Republic), church 196, 213, 214 La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre, France), monastic church 127, 129, 130 laity see liturgy Lambert of Ardres (1160–1203) 241 Lambert, bishop of Konstanz 255(6)17 Landévennec (Finistère, France), church 110 Landsberg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), Doppelkapelle 222 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury (1005?– 1089) 148, 153, 154 Lanfranc of Modena see master masons Langeais (Indre-et-Loire, France), castle 112 Langres (Haute-Marne, France), cathedral 128 Lanleff (Côtes-d’Armor, France), church 216, 217 Lanmeur (Finistère, France) Notre-Dame de Kernitron 110 Saint-Melar 227 Laon (Aisne, France) 71 cathedral of Notre-Dame 108, 179, 180, 181, 259(15)19 hall of Louis IV 47 Templar church 133 La Pobla de Lillet (Catalonia, Spain), rotunda 56, 255(6)17 La Sauve Majeure (Gironde, France), monastic church 118 Lasko, Peter (1924–2003) 253(4)12 Lasteyrie, Robert de (1849–1921) 7, 28, 100, 101, 128, 131 Latin Church 1, 9, 10, 12, 26–28*, 34, 63–68, 80, 82, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 151, 154, 159, 161, 168, 176, 198–202 Latin language 98 lavabos see monasteries Lavardin (Loir-et-Cher, France, France) Saint-Genest 110 Saint-Gilderic 110 law 111, 183, 236, 240 Lechfeld, battle 40 L’Ecluse Haute (Haute-Savoie, France), church 56 Le Corbusier (1887–1965) 248 Le Dorat (Haute-Vienne, France), church 121 Le Goff, Jacques 246 Le Grand Pressigny (Indre-et-Loire, France), great tower 240 Le Mans (Sarthe, France) 109 cathedral 37, 66, 103 Notre-Dame-de-la-Couture 109 Notre-Dame-du-Pré 109 Saint-Junien 109 Le Puy (Haute-Loire, France), cathedral 121, 122 Le Thor (Vaucluse, France), church 187 Le Thoronet (Var, France) monastery 229 Lefèvre Pontalis, Eugène (1862–1923) 128

Łekno (West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland), apsed rotunda 167, 172, 255(6)23 Lenno (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 213 Leo III, pope (750?–816) 32, 34, 234, 239 Leo IV, pope (d. 855) 37 Leo IX, pope (1002–1054) 78 Leo of Ostia (d. 1075?) 95 Leofric, earl of Mercia (1057) 63 Leofsinus (d. 1000) 261(19)13 Leominster (Herefordshire, England), church 211 Leon, kingdom 60, 139 León (Leon, Spain) San Isidoro 138, 139, 140, 212 Museu Sant Marc 254(6)1 Lepcis Magna (Libya), Severan basilica 14 Lérida see Lleida Lessay (Manche, France) abbey church 19, 108, 109, 151, 154 Leuchars (Fife, Scotland), St Athernase 162 Leyre (Navarre, Spain), abbey church 142 Liber Sancti Jacopi 135, 212 Pilgrim’s Guide 110, 114, 119, 123, 135 Liège (Wallonia, Belgium) cathedral 69, 74, 75 Notger’s burial church 45 Saint-Barthélemy 74 St Janskerk 218 Saint-Laurent 74 Liguria 51, 55, 87 Limburg-an-der-Haardt (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), collegiate church 69, 76, 77, 101 Limburg-an-der-Lahn (Hesse, Germany), cathedral 192, 193, 208 Limoges (Haute-Vienne, France), abbey church of Saint-Martial 102, 121, 136, 137 Limousin, county 121 Lincoln (Lincolnshire, England) castle 148 cathedral 148 Jew’s house 236 Lisbon (Alentejo Region, Portugal), cathedral 145, 188 Litani, river 133 liturgy 2, 199, 247 altars 47, 68, 210, 222 church divisions 210 consecration 210 Farfa consuetudinary 47 laity 40 Orthodox rite 95 Regularis Concordia 43, 62 Roman or Latin rite 12, 63, 65, 95, 109, 120, 122, 135, 144 Li Vaux de Moise (Jordan), crusader castle 133 Llandaff (South Glamorgan, Wales), cathedral 157, 186 Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Conwy County Borough, Wales), Capel Trillo 157 Llangennydd (Glamorgan, Wales), St Cennydd 158 Lleida (Catalonia, Spain) Casa de la Pahería 237 cathedral Porte des Fillols 188 Loarre (Aragon, Spain) castle 143, 241 chapel 143 Loches (Indre-et-Loire, France) castle 25, 26, 90, 112, 113, 156, 241, 246 Saint-Ours 111, 112 Loire, river 100, 110–113, 114 Lombard League 237 Lombards 12, 92 Lombardy, kingdom 7, 11, 48–53, 56, 68, 80, 81, 84, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 108 Lomello (Lombardy, Italy), Santa Maria 26, 50, 81, 82, 89, 213 London (England) cathedral of St Paul 149, 151, 260(17)2 houses 237

Roman wall 155 St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield 152 Temple Church 185 Tower of London, White Tower 155, 156, 157, 241 Westminster abbey 147, 154 palace 239 Lord’s Resistance Army 245 Lorraine, northern and southern duchies 11, 44–46, 48, 68, 71, 73–77, 88, 103, 104, 151 Lorsch (Hesse, Germany), monastery 35, 37, 40, 43, 228 cushion capital 23 Torhalle 22, 38, 42, 62, 101, 110 Lothar of Süpplingenburg, emperor (d. 1137) 72, 163 Lotharingia see Carolingian kingdom and empire Loudun (Vienne, France) church 153 great tower 156 Louis II, king of the Western Carolingian kingdom (d. 875/876) 239 Louis IV, king of the Western Carolingian kingdom (920–954) 47 Louis the Pious, Carolingian emperor (778–840) 31, 35, 37, 38, 239, 247 Louis VII, king of France (1120–1180) 179 Louvain (Flemish Region, Belgium), St Peter, octagon 212, 218 Lübke, Wilhelm (1826–1893) 5 Lucca (Tuscany, Italy) 91 cathedral of St Martin 91 San Frediano 91 San Michele 91 Lucciana (Haute-Corse, France), Santa Maria di Mariana 92 Ludlow (Shropshire, England), castle chapel 212 Lund (Skåne, Sweden) archdiocese 169 cathedral 169 timber church 169 Lunner (Oppland County, Norway), church 172 Lyman, Thomas 137 Lyon (Rhône, France) 55, 235 cathedral 187 Manécanterie 237 Saint-Martin d’Ainay 78 Maastricht (Limburg, Netherlands) St Servatius 75 Our Lady 46, 73, 173, 216 MacCarthaig abbot of Regensburg 160 dynasty 159 Macdara’s Island (County Galway, Ireland), monastic church 159 Madurai (India), temple 127 Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) cathedral 42, 192, 193 north building 42 Liebfrauenkirche 73, 77, 239 magistri comacini 204 Magnus, saint (d. 1115) 172 Maguelonne (Hérault, France), cathedral 123, 214 Maimonides (1135–1204) 219 Maine, county 109 Mainz (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 66 bridge 235 cathedral 7, 45, 46, 69, 72, 176, 190 chapel of St Godehard 71, 212 Maiol, abbot of Cluny, saint (d. 994) 47, 56, 130 Malaucène (Vaucluse, France), church 196 Malcolm III, king of Scotland (d. 1093) 161 Manresa (Catalonia, Spain), abbey 142 Mantua (Lombardy, Italy) 88 baptistery 88 Marast (Haute-Saône, France), church 53

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

 • romanesque architecture Marburg (Hesse, Germany), St Elizabeth 193 Margam (Neath Port Talbot, Wales), Cistercian abbey church 186 Margaret, Anglo-Saxon princess (1045?–1093) 161 Maria Laach (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), monastic church 76, 128 Marmoutier, (Indre-et-Loire, France), monastic kitchen 231 Marmoutier (Bas-Rhin, France), monastic church 78, 167 Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) 55, 56 Martin, bishop of Tours, saint (316?–397) 110, 111 Martindale, Andrew (1932–1995) 254(5)29 Marshall, Pamela 240 masonry 2, 11–12, 27, 33, 49, 52, 61, 66, 80, 100, 169, 246 appareil grand, petit 66 ashlar 49, 66, 80, 87, 139 brick 33, 49, 50, 149 coursing 207 dark 42 Purbeck 208 Tournai 104 masons’ marks 207, 246 polychromy 17, 90, 92, 110, 112, 122, 186, 189, 207, 208, 253(3)10 quarrying 12, 27, 207 Roman masonry tradition 14–26 masonry, master masons 204 agreed and/or suggested Bernardus Senex 135 Bonanno 91 Brotherhood of Saint-Bénézet 205 Buschetto 90 Casander of Rome 204 Coorland 114 Diotisalvi 91 Donatus(?) 169 Florin of France 204 Lanfranc of Modena 86 Maurice ingeniator 204 Petrus Deustamben 140 Raimundus Lombardus 204 Regnerus(?) 169 Rotbertus 135 Teinfrith 204 Wernher, architect to Vladislav II 164 William of Sens 204 Massa Maritima (Tuscany, Italy), palazzo comunale 237 Matilda, countess of Tuscany (1046–1115) 86, 87, 88, 91, 164 Matilda, duchess of Normandy queen consort of England (1031–1083) 107 Matilda, empress (1102–1167) 112 Matthew, apostle, saint 135 Maurice ingeniator see master masons Maurice, son of William de Londres 158 Maurus, bishop of Kraków (d. 1118) 166 Maximus the Confessor 211 Maxwell, Robert 27, 116 Mayenne (Mayenne, France), tower residence 47 McCormick, Michael 11 McClendon, Charles 35, 253(3)10 Mediterranean Sea 10, 13, 56, 87, 90 Mehun-sur-Yèvre (Cher, France), church 211 Meinwerk, bishop of Paderborn (975?– 1036) 44, 73 Melbourne (Derbyshire, England), church of Henry II 159, 172, 212 Melisende, queen of Jerusalem (1105– 1161) 131, 132, 133 Melkow (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 73 Mellifont (County Louth, Ireland), Cistercian abbey 161 Melrose (Scottish Borders, Scotland), Cistercian abbey 161 Memleben (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), abbey church 42, 43

Méobecq (Indre, France), church 112 Meriamlik (Mersin, Turkey), San Thecla 96 Mĕřín (Vysočina Region, Czech Republic), St John the Baptist 193 Merovingian dynasty 103, 118 Meschede (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St Walburgis 47, 106 Mesqui, Jean 241 metaphors 246 see also research methods metrology 207, 257(12)5 Mettlach (Saarland, Germany), Alte Turm 212, 218 Metz (Moselle, France) cathedral of St Stephen 45 tower houses 236 Meuse, river 51, 74, 75 Meusnes (Loir-et-Cher, France), church 112, 113, 122 Michael, saint 125, 200, 210 Middle Ages 10, 13, 14, 66 Mieszko I, king of Poland (ruled c.

960– 992) 63 Mikulčice (Pardubice Region, Czech Republic), church 63, 64 Milan (Lombardy, Italy) 56, 66, 81, 92 Holy Apostles 46, 82, 218 see also San Nazaro palazzo comunale 237 Sant’Ambrogio 49, 50, 81, 82, 85, 87, 108, 123, 181 Sant’Eustorgio 49, 50 San Lorenzo, Sant’Aquilino 218 San Nazaro 70, 77,81, 82, 83, 85, 97, 151 see also Holy Apostles San Simpliciano 46, 96 San Satiro 212 San Vincenzo in Prato 49, 50 Milevsko (South Bohemian Region, Czech Republic) church 213 millennium 66 Minden (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), cathedral 46, 68 Mljet (Dalmatia, Croatia), St Mary 260(16)11 Modena (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 66 cathedral 86, 87, 89, 143, 168 modernism 184, 245, 248 medieval modernism see Gothic Moissac (Tarn-et-Garonne, France), monastic church of Saint-Pierre 117, 118, 120, 121 Moje (Marche, Italy), monastic church of Santa Maria 93 Molfetta (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96 monasteries monasterium meaning ‘church; 102 monastic buildings 35, 228–233 chapter house 229, 230, 232 cloister 35, 228, 230 dormitory 35, 230 gatehouse 230, 231 guest range 35 infirmary 35, 230 see also hospital kitchen 111, 112, 230 lavabo 230 night stair 210 refectory 35, 230 reredorter 230, 232 school 35 scriptorium 231 treasury 230, 231 monastic churches see churches, types monastic orders 27, 109, 161 monastic reform 13, 27, 47, 76 Mondoñedo (Galicia, Spain), cathedral 140 monetary system see Carolingian kingdom and empire Monkwearmouth (Tyne and Wear, England), abbey 35 Monreale (Sicily, Italy), cathedral 98, 99 monastic buildings 262(20)7 Montbazon (Indre-et-Loire, France), great tower 112, 156

Montecassino (Lazio, Italy), abbey church 95, 96, 101, 126, 228 Monte Gargano (Apulia, Italy), shrine of St Michael 200 Montier-en-Der (Haute-Marne, France), monastic church 103 Montmajeur (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), Saint-Pierre 130 Montmorrillon (Vienne, France), octagon 116, 212 Mont-Saint-Michel (Manche, France), abbey church 106, 111 Montserrat (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Cecilia 56 Moralejo, Alvarez 142 Moravia, province 63, 64, 163 Moravské Budějovice (Prague, Czech Republic), apsed rotunda 163, 212 Morgannwg, principality 157 Morienval (Oise, France), Notre-Dame 102 Mortemer (Eure, France), abbey church 184 Moselle, river 51, 75, 76 mouldings see decoration Mount Garizim (Israel), church of the Virgin 74 Moyne Friary (County Mayo, Ireland) 197 Mozarabic architecture 61, 135, 145 Mudejar architecture 140 Muirchertach, king of Munster (1050?–1119) 160 Muizen (Antwerp, Belgium), St Lambertus 45, 218 Münchsteinach (Bavaria, Germany), abbey church 79 Munster, kingdom 159 Münzenberg (Hesse, Germany), castle 213, 240, 241 Murato (Haute-Corse, France), San Michele 27, 92 Murbach (Vosges, France), monastic church 78, 191 Murchadh, king of Ireland (d. 1036) 158 Muri (Canton of Aargau, Switzerland), abbey church 53 Myra (Antalya Province, Turkey) 96

Nikopolis (Epirus, Greece), Basilica A 18, 38 Nîmes (Gard, France), Temple of Diana 131 Nin (Zadar, Croatia), Holy Cross 65 Nitrianska Blatnice (Slovakia), St George 63 Nivelles (Wallonia, Belgium) St Gertrude 48, 74, 75, 219, 261(19)6 grave of St Gertrude 219 Noli (Liguria, Italy), San Paragorio 51, 93 Norbert, bishop of Xanten, saint (1080?–1134) 71 Norbertine order see Premonstratensian order Normandy, duchy 18, 25, 47, 87, 98, 101, 109*, 147, 156, 180, 184, 240, 247 Norman conquest of England 67, 147 Norman conquest of southern Italy and Sicily 95 Normans 80, 88, 95, 157 Nørre Jernløse (Zealand, Denmark), church 169 Norssunda (Stockholm County, Sweden), church 173 North Elmham (Norfolk, England), bishop’s chapel 220, 221 North Sea 172, 198 Northampton (Northamptonshire, England), palace 61 Norway, kingdom 170–172, 249 Norwich (Norfolk, England) castle 156, 246 cathedral 151, 172, 180, 181, 211, 246 Notker, biographer of Charlemagne (840–912) 12 Notger, bishop of Liège (940?–1008) 45 Novara (Piedmont, Italy) cathedral 83 Ognissanti 84 palazzo comunale 237 Novgorod (Novgorod Oblast, Russia), churches 202 Noyon (Oise, France), cathedral 179, 180 number symbolism see iconography Nuremberg (Bavaria, Germany), palace chapel 212 Nylars (Bornholm, Denmark), St Nicholas 170

Nabi Samwil (Palestinian Territories) 132 Namur (Wallonia, Belgium), Saint-Aubin 75 Nanteuil-en-Vallée (Charente, France), monastic treasury 231 Naples (Campania, Italy), cathedral 196 Naranco (Asturias, Spain) hall 239 Santa Maria 60 Narni (Umbria, Italy), cathedral 94 Navarre, kingdom 142 naves see churches Nea Moni (Chios, Greece), Katholikon 201 Nebbio (Haute-Corse, France), cathedral 92 Neuenburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), castle, Doppelkapelle 212 Neuss (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St Quirinus 191 Neustadt (Bavaria, Germany), abbey church 79 Neustadt-am-Main (Bavaria, Germany), St Saviour 37 Neuvy-Saint-Sepulchre (Indre, France), church 112 Nevers (Nièvre, France) cathedral 129 Saint-Étienne 122, 126, 129, 136, 178, 180 Nevers, county 129 New Shoreham (Sussex, England) 184 Niccolò, sculptor 72, 86, 87 Nicholas bishop of Myra, saint (270–343) 96, 107, 247 Nicolas de Biart (c. 1260) 204 Nidaros see Trondheim night stair see monasteries Nijmegen (Gelderland, Netherlands) royal palace St Martin 169 St Nicolas 45, 218

Oakham (East Midlands, England), hall 239 Oberfeldbrecht (Bavaria, Germany), Saints Mary and George 79 O’Briain, dynasty 159 Ockham’s razor 248 see also research methods Ocquier (Wallonia, Belgium) church 75 Odense (Southern Denmark, Denmark), St Alban 169 Oder, river 68, 165, 172 Odilo, abbot of Cluny (962?–1048/1049) 47, 52, 55, 66, 130, 254(5)29 Odo of Metz 32 Odo, Norman magnate (d. 1098) 108 Odolric, abbot of Conques (d. 1065) 119 Ohrid (Macedonia), St Sophia 20, 51 O’Keeffe, Tadhg 8, 247 Olaf Haraldson, king of Norway, saint (995–1030) 170, 172, 174 Olaf Kyrre, king of Norway (1050?–1093) 170 Olaf Tryggvason, king of Norway (960?–1000) 170 Olbia (Sardinia, Italy), San Simplicio 91, 92 old-fashioned see research methods Old Sarum (Wiltshire, England) bishop’s palace 232 castle 152 cathedral 152, 213 Old Shoreham (Sussex, England), church 226 Oleggio (Piedmont, Italy), church 103 Oliba, abbot of Cuxa and Ripoll, bishop of Vic (971–1046) 58* Olomouc (Moravia, Czech Republic), bishop’s palace 164 Olov Skötkonnung (c. 995–1022) 172 Omiš (Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia), St Peter 65, 168

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

index • 

Opatów (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland), church 167 Oporto (Norte Region, Portugal), Cedofeita, church 145 opus alexandrinum 95 opus reticulatum 122, 129 Orange (Vaucluse, France), triumphal arch 131 Orcival (Puy-de-Dôme, France), Notre-Dame 122 Orderic Vitalis (1075–1142?) 66, 124, 129, 204 orders arch 28, 66, 68 giant 16, 68, 153, 162 Orford (Suffolk, England), great tower 241 orientation 210, 219 Orkney, earldom 172 Orkneyinga Saga 172 Orléans (Loiret, France) 66, 100, 101 cathedral of Sainte-Croix 101, 103 Saint-Aignan 101, 103, 104, 111, 136 Orphir (Orkney, Scotland), round church or chapel 172 Orp-le-Grand (Wallonia, Belgium), church 75 Orthodox Church 19, 65, 95, 97, 131, 200 Oslo (Oslo, Norway) diocese 170 cathedral 171 Gamle Aker 171 Østerlars (Bornholm, Denmark), St Laurence 169, 170 Ostia (Lazio, Italy), houses 236, 237 Ostrogoths 33,36, 92 Ostrów Lednicki (Poland), palace 63, 238 Ottmarsheim (Haut-Rhin, France), monastic church 77, 78, 218 Otto I, emperor (912–73) 13, 40, 42, 64, 223, 224 Otto II, emperor (955–983) 41, 42, 58, 74 Otto III, emperor (980–1002) 44, 63, 64, 65, 238, 252(2)15 Ottonian dynasty and empire 12–13*, 28, 47, 48, 61, 64, 66, 68, 72, 84, 245 architecture 1, 7, 8, 24, 40–47*, 53, 64, 69, 73, 74, 107 Ovarra (Aragon, Spain), Santa Maria 145 oversailing see construction Oviedo (Asturias, Spain) San Miguel de Lillo (also Linio) 60 Santullano de los Prados 60 Oxford (Oxfordshire, England), St Frideswide’s 179 Paderborn (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) Abdinghofkirche 44, 73, 103 Busdorfkirche 44, 46 cathedral 73, 108, 198, 198 palace 44 St Bartholomew 44, 47, 68, 212 Paderna (Piedmont, Italy), castle chapel 167 Padua (Veneto, Italy), Arena Chapel 209 painting on buildings 207 palaces 31, 33, 34, 41, 42, 44, 60, 61, 63, 64, 72, 84, 88, 97, 98, 212, 213, 232–233, 238–239*, 240 to north of church 60, 238 See also chapels, palace palazzo comunale see government buildings Palencia (Castile and Leon, Spain), cathedral 139, 140, 144 Palermo (Sicily, Italy) 90, 97 Cappella Palatina 98, 212 cathedral 99 La Zisa 98, 200, 238 La Cuba 98, 238 Martorana 98, 200 Ponte Amiraglio 235 San Cataldo 98 San Francesco 196 San Giovanni degli Eremiti 98, 187 San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi 98 Palmyra (Syria) 40 Pamplona (Navarre, Spain), cathedral 142

Pannonhalma monastery (Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary) 167, 168 Panofsky, Erwin (1892–1968) 66, 178, 245, 251(1)2 papacy 8, 9, 12, 13, 19, 27, 31, 66, 76, 94, 96, 124 Gregorian reform 8 Papal states 47, 49, 80, 88, 92–94 Paray-le-Monial (Saône-et-Loire, France), abbey church 127, 128 Paris (Île-de-France, France) 100, 101, 218 cathedral 180 palace of the Louvre 102 Saint-Denis 36, 37, 38, 46, 101, 108, 178, 181 Saint-Germain-des-Prés 102 Saint-Pierre-de-Montmartre 180 Saint-Martin-des-Champs 178, 180 Sainte-Chapelle 212 parish churches see churches, types Parma (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 66, 88 baptistery 189, 213 cathedral 84, 85, 89, 165 Parthenay (Deux-Sèvres, France) Holy Sepulchre 115, 116, 235 St-Croix 115 Parthenay-le-Vieux (Deux-Sèvres, France), Saint-Pierre 115, 116 Paschal I, pope, saint (d. 824) 37 Paschal II, pope (d. 1118) 85 pastophories see churches patronage 1, 2, 204–205 Paul of Caen, abbot of St Alban’s (d. 1093) 148, 149 Paulinus, bishop of Tyre (d. 329?) 215 Paulinzelle (Thuringia, Germany), monastic church 77 Pavia (Lombardy, Italy) 50, 84, 169 cathedral 70, 77, 84 palace of Otto III 238 San Michele 72 84, 86, 172 Torre Civica 50 Payerne (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland), abbey church 52, 55 Pécs (Baranya County, Hungary) 167 cathedral 168 Pedro Deustamben see master masons Peers, Charles (1868–1952) 248 Peirce, Charles (1839–1914) 261(19)4 Peláez see Diego Peláez pendentives see vaults domes Penmon (Anglesey, Wales), priory 159 Perge (Antayla Province, Turkey), Basilica A 96 Perigord, county 114, 116, 117 Périgueux (Dordogne, France) houses 236 Saint-Étienne 116, 117, 213 Saint-Front 116, 117 periods 28, 244, 245 Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque 28 whole-culture 28, 245, 253(3)10 Western history, on three-part and two-part models 13, 14 Perpignan (Pyrénées-Orientales, France) 56 Perrault, Charles (1628–1703) 153 Perrecy-les-Forges (Saône-et-Loire, France), church 256(9)6 Perros Guirec (Côtes-d’Armor, France), Saint-Jacques 110 Perschen (Bavaria, Germany) rotunda 79 Saints Peter and Paul 78 Peter, apostle, saint 116, 121, 136 Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny (1092?– 1156) 125, 128, 231 Peterborough (Cambridgeshire, England), cathedral 162,180, 184, 196, 227 Petronell (Lower Austria, Austria), rotunda 79 Petrus Brunus, sculptor(?) 123 Petrus Deustamben see master masons Peutinger map 10, 11, 135 Pförring (Bavaria, Germany), St Leonhard 79

Philip I, king of France (1052–1108) 114, 138 Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, (810?–893?) 212 Piacenza (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 66, 72 cathedral 85, 86, 87, 205 Sant’Antonino 50, 150 San Savino 256(8)13 Piegut (Dordogne, France), great tower 263(21)12 piers 14, 15, 23, 24,26, 49 compound 51, 62, 66, 83, 87, 89, 101 cylindrical 55, 86, 153 rectangular 37 Pietro Orseolo, doge, saint (928–998) 58 Pilgrim’s Guide see Liber Sancti Jacopi pilgrimages 27, 47, 66, 96, 135, 210 Pineuilh (Gironde, France), tower residence 47 Pippin [the Short], king of the Franks (714?–768) 37 Pirenne, Henri (1862–1935) 10 Pisa (Tuscany, Italy) 51, 66, 91, 92, 247 baptistery 91, 213 cathedral 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 126 campanile 91 San Piero a Grado 92 Plaimpied (Cher, France), church 112 Plankstetten (Bavaria, Germany), Saints Mary and John 79, 258(13)4 plans, centralized 19, 46, 51, 53, 56, 63, 64, 71, 229, 230 See also chapels, centralized, and churches: types, centralized planning and designing 2, 205–207, 210–211, 248 geometry 205–207 golden section 205 grid systems 235 square root of two 205, 206 vesica piscis 205 tracing floors 206 types: ambiguous space 14, 15, 18, 20 articulation 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 20–42 passim, 41–42, 49, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, 101, 157, 204, 211, 249 Gothic 178, 179 units 206 Plasy (Plzeň Region, Czech Republic), Cistercian monastery 164 Plato (424/423BC–348/347BC) 206 Płock (Poland), bronze doors 202 plough, heavy-wheeled see Carolingian dynasty, technology Po, river 49, 55, 85, 86, 92 Poitiers (Vienne, France) 40, 115, 116 baptistery 18, 110 cathedral 186 Notre-Dame-la-Grande 115 Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand 114, 122, 256(9)6 Poitou, county 113, 114, 117, 128 Poland, kingdom 63–64, 79, 165–167, 193, 249 growth of towns 234 politics, political units 100, 247 polychromy see masonry Pompeii (Campania, Italy) Stabian baths 63 Villa of the Mysteries 228 Pomposa (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) abbot’s hall 239 church 49, 81 Pons de Melgueil, abbot of Cluny (1075?–1126) 128 Pontigny (Yonne, France), abbey church 182 Poppo, abbot of Stavelot (d. 1048?) 75 Poppo, archbishop of Trier (d. 1042?) 76 Poppo, bishop of Paderborn (in office 1076–1088) 73 Poppo, patriarch of Aquileia (1019–42) 48 Poreč (Istria County, Croatia), cathedral 58, 91 baptistery 213 Poříčí nad Sázavou (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic), church 213

Porto Torres (Sardinia, Italy), San Gavino 91 Portchester (Hampshire, England), tower residence 63 Port de Cize 114 Porter, Arthur Kingsley, (1883–1933) 83, 141, 142 Portocalia 145 Portofino see San Fruttuoso di Capodimonte Portonovo (Marche, Italy), Santa Maria 93 Portovenere (Liguria, Italy), San Pietro 196 Porto Torres (Sardinia, Italy), San Gavino 91 Portugal, kingdom 145, 146, 188 postmodernism 243, 244 see also research methods Poznań (Greater Poland, Poland) 63, 165 cathedral 64 Pozzuoli (Campania, Italy), Piscina Mirabile 14, 15, 58 Prague (Prague, Czech Republic) 63, 235 castle 165 bishop’s palace 238 chapel 213 cathedral of St Vitus 63, 164, 166 apsed rotunda 164 St George 164 Holy Cross the Lesser 163 Hospitallers, church 165 Judith Bridge 165, 235 Karlshof, chapel 218 residence of the Lords of Kunstat 236 St Longinus 163 St Martin on the Wall 165 Strahov, Premonstratensian house 165 Vyšehrad Castle 213 St Peter 212 St Laurence 164 Prandocin (Krakow, Poland), St John the Baptist 167 Premonstratensian or Norbertine order 71, 73, 129, 132, 164, 193, 212 Přemyslid dynasty 163 Procopius (500?–565?) 217 projections axonometric, isometric 281 Provence, county 52, 55, 56, 67, 100, 123, 128, 130, 131, 187 Provins (Seine-et-Marne, France), house 236 Prussians 64 public buildings see government buildings Pudsey, bishop of Durham (1125?–1195) 184 Puente la Reina (Navarre, Spain) bridge 235 street grid 235 Puig i Cadafalch, Josep (1867–1956) 7, 48 Pyrenees 114, 122, 135, 138, 142, 143, 199, 235 Qal’at Si’man (Syria), church 19, 90 Qairouan (Tunisia) 126 Qalb Lozeh (Syria) 19, 40 Quarante (Hérault, France), Sainte-Marie 122 quarrying see masonry Quedlinburg (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) St Servatius 72 Wipertikirche 43, 73 Querfurt (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), castle chapel 73 Quicherat, Jules (1814–1882) 100 Quimper (Finistère, France), Locmaria 110 Quimperlé (Finistère, France), Sainte-Croix 216 Quintanilla de las Viñas (Castile and Leon, Spain), church 61 Quintavalle, Arturo Carlo 8, 211, 215 Rab (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia), cathedral of St Mary the Great 168, 169 Radford, Ralegh (1900–1999) 248 Rahan (County Offaly, Ireland), main church 160 Raimundus Lombardus see master masons Rainaldus, abbot of Vezelay (d. after 1128) 128 Rainerus, bishop of Florence (d. 1113) 90 Ralph Glaber (985?–1047) 66, 207

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

 • romanesque architecture Ramiro I, king of Aragon (1007–1063) 60, 142 Ramleh (Israel) 126 Raphael [of Urbino] (1483–1520) 221 Rates (Norte Region, Portugal), San Pedro 145 Ratger, abbot of Fulda (d. 802) 37 Ravello (Campania, Italy), San Giovanni del Toro 96 Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna, Italy) 32, 40, 91, 92 Galla Placidia, oratory 217 Orthodox baptistery 18, 49 Sant’Apollinare in Classe 49, 216 Sant’Apollinare Nuovo 47, 49 San Vitale 20, 22, 33, 82, 93, 118 San Vittore 49 Raumverschmelzung 178 Reconquista 66 Red Tower (Plain of Sharon, Israel) crusader castle 134 refectory see monasteries Regensburg (Bavaria, Germany) bridge over the Danube 235 cathedral of St Peter 46 Allerheiligenkapelle 223, 224 St James 160 St Emmeram 38 Regularis Concordia see liturgy Reichenau (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) Mittelzell, monastery 228 St Mary 22, 37, 40, 43, 53 Oberzell, St George 40, 62 Reims (Marne, France) 58, 101,103 cathedral 6, 25, 37, 40, 103, 179 Saint-Remi 103, 111, 121, 136, 184, 211 tower residence 47 reinforcements see construction relics 13, 27, 47, 63, 96, 107, 210 Renaissance 13 Renoux, Annie 239 Repton (Derbyshire, England), St Wystan 62, 151 reredorter see monasteries research methods 243–249 bald man paradox 259(15)19 documentary evidence 148, 246 explanations 247 accident 248 design 248–249 Kunstlandschaft 247 hindsight 183, 192, 245 influence 248 old-fashioned 66, 69, 246 plans, placing of 248 semiotics 261(19)4 sources 248 tradition, traditional 66, 76, 77, 246 See also dating buildings, evolution, humanism, metaphors, Oakham’s razor, periods, postmodernism, teleology Resurrection 47, 216, 221 Řeznovice (South Moravian Region, Czech Republic), chapel 213 Rhine, river 41, 51, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 77, 82, 100, 102, 128 Rhône, river 55 rib vault see vaults Ribe (Southern Denmark, Denmark), cathedral 169 Richard I, duke of Normandy (933–996) 104, 147 Richard I, king of England (1157–1199) 241 Richard II, duke of Normandy (978/983– 1026) 104, 105 Richard Landes 66 Richmond (Yorkshire, England), castle 158, 239, 240, 241 Rio Mau (Porto, Portugal), São Cristóvão 145 Říp (Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic), St. George, apsed rotunda 163 Ripoll (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 57, 58*, 59, 103, 122 Rivolta d’Adda (Lombardy, Italy), church 67, 70, 83, 87

Robert II, king of France (972–1031) 56, 101 Robert Campin (1375?–1444) 76 Robert Fitzhamon, lord (d. 1107) 213–214 Robert Guiscard (1015?–1085) 95 Robert, abbot of Jumièges, bishop of London, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1052/1055) 147 Robert, abbot of Molesme, saint (1028?–1111) 129 Robert, archbishop of Rouen (989–1037) 105 Robert, bishop of Hereford (d. 1095) 212 Robert, bishop of St Andrews (d. 1159) 162 Robert, earl of Bellême (1056–1130) 204 Rochester (Kent, England) castle 156, 212, 234, 241 cathedral 155 Roda (Catalonia, Spain), Sant Pere 58, 106 Roda de Isábena (Aragon, Spain), cathedral 145 Roermond (Roermond, Netherlands), Cistercian abbey church 191 Roger II, king of the Two Sicilies (1095– 1154) 97, 98 Roger, abbot of Moissac (in office 1115–131) 121 Roger, bishop of Old Sarum/Salisbury (d. 1139) 158, 209, 232 Roger of Pont l’Evêque, archbishop of York (1115?–1181) 186 Rohr (Thuringia, Germany), St Michael 37, 43, 212 Rolduc see Kerkrade Romainmôtier (Canton of Vaud, Switzerland), monastic church 52, 55 Roman Empire 10, 11, 114, 252(2)15 administration 114, 157 architecture 5, 14, 15, 16, 25, 33, 35, 36, 66, 68, 70, 76, 82, 103, 126, 148, 153, 154, 158, 174, 224 law on cemeteries 111 masonry tradition 14–26, 155 towns 235 triumphal arches 34, 87, 114, 131, 148 Roman Empire, Eastern 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 33, 63, 80, 87, 95, 92, 134, 252–253(2)15 Byzantine architecture 5, 12, 19–22, 38, 41, 49, 51, 56, 57, 63, 64, 71, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 118, 167, 168, 173, 174, 201, 215 sculpture 81, 87 Roman Empire, Western 10, 17, 33, 49, 81, 92, 245, 252(2)15 Romance languages 5, 100 Romanesque architecture 1, 2, 5–9*, 14–28*, 38, 69, 80, 81, 87, 94, 95, 131, 157, 184, 245, 246 contexts 10–13 definitions 1–9, 10, 14 see also articulation First 7, 48, 48–59*, 58, 66, 68, 75, 77, 80, 82, 87, 92, 100, 101, 103, 116, 118, 122, 124, 126, 139, 140, 145, 246, 247 late 176–177, 195 origins 7, 8, 28 pre- 8 proto- 252(1)14 Second [], 66, 80, 103, 246 sources 25 square schematism 6 Romanesque sculpture 8, 24, 66, 70, 72, 84, 87, 93, 114, 135, 141, 142 corrente comasca 84 Romania 260(16)12 Rome (Lazio, Italy) 10, 48, 58, 61, 80, 81, 91, 94, 95, 97, 136, 172 Aurelian walls 16 Basilica Julia 26 Basilica of Maxentius 55, 70 churches Sant’Agnese 38 San Clemente 94, 97 Santa Costanza 212 San Giorgio in Velabro 94 SS Giovanni e Paolo 94

San Lorenzo 38 Santa Maria in Cosmedin 94 Santa Maria in Trastevere 94 Santa Maria Maggiore 47 Santa Maria sopra Minerva 197 St Paul’s Outside the Walls 16, 17, 35–37, 44, 47, 51, 80, 94 167, 229 St Peter’s 16, 17, 32, 34, 35–37,43, 46, 48, 51, 58, 63, 68, 69, 80, 90, 94, 101, 103, 106, 126, 149, 150, 219, 247 copies 220, 221 Santa Prassede 37 Santa Sabina 40 Santi Quattro Coronati 94 San Sebastiano 17, 38, 63 Santo Stefano degli Abessini 37 Colosseum 6, 15, 38 Domus Augustana 34 Forma urbis romae 35 Lateran cathedral of St John 222 cloister 189, 229 papal palace 234, 238, 239 triclinium 32 Milvian bridge 235 Minerva Medica 70 Palatine 41, 238 Pantheon 55, 90, 127, 246 Thermae of Diocletian 36 Villa dei Sette Bassi 70 Villa Mattei, sarcophagus 254(6)1 Romsey (Hampshire, England), abbey church 162, 248, 258(13)18 Romuald of Ravenna, saint (950?–1025/1027) 58 Ronceray (Maine-et-Loire, France), abbey church 113, 116 Roriczer, Mathes (d. 1495?) 205, 206 Roscrea (North Tipperary, Ireland), St Cronan’s 160 Rosheim (Bas-Rhin, France), church 171 Roskilde (Zealand, Denmark), church 169 Roslyn (Midlothian, Scotland), church 197 Rotbertus see master masons rotundas see chapels, centralized; churches, types, centralized; and plans centralized Rouen (Seine-Maritime, France) 61, 66, 101 cathedral 37, 40, 105, 106, 148 great tower 104 Petit Quevilly, church 184 street grid 235, 254(6)6 Royal Domain 100, 101, 178 R’safah (Syria), St Sergius 19 Rudolf of Altenburg, (count of Habsburg (985/990–1063/1064) 77 Rule of St Augustine see Augustinian rule Rule of St Benedict 231 Russia 173, 174 Sabiona (South Tyrol, Italy), monastic church 47 Sabratha (Tripolitania, Libya), theatre 62 Sagra di San Michele (Piedmont, Italy) 85, 87 Sahagún (Castile and Leon, Spain) San Facundo 140 San Tirso 140 Said, Edward (1935–2003) 243 Sa’id ibn Akhmad (d. 1070?) 199 Saint-Aignan (Loir-et-Cher, France), church 112 Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val (Tarn-et-Garonne, France), logis des Graulhet 236, 237 Saint-Aubin (Côte-d’Or, France), church 60 Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (Loiret, France), abbey church 47, 97, 101, 102, 103, 112, 122, 129, 136 Saint-Gabriel (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), church 131 Saint-Germer-de-Fly (Oise, France), Saint-Germer 180 Saint-Géneroux (Deux-Sèvres, France), church 113, 122, 256(9)6

Saint-Genis-des Fontaines (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), church 56 Saint-Genou (Indre, France), church 112, 130 Saint-Gilles-du-Gard (Gard, France) Saint-Gilles 123 house 236 Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (Hérault, France), abbey church 122 Saint-Jean-de-Cole (Dordogne, France), church 117 Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat (Haute-Vienne, France), collegiate church 121 Saint-Lothian (Jura, France), church 53 Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville (Dordogne, France) eleventh-century church 151 Saint-Georges 109 Saint-Martin-du-Canigou (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), abbey church 56, 101, 116, 130, 144 Saint-Martin-de-Londres (Hérault, France), church 123 Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), abbey church 58, 59, 152, 256(9)6 Saint-Michel d’Entraigues (Charente, France), church 116 Saint-Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme, France), church 122 Saint-Omer (Pas-de-Calais, France), Saint-Bertin 104 Saint-Paul-Trois-Chateaux (Drôme, France), cathedral 130, 131, 187 Saint-Philibert-de-Grandlieu (Loire-Atlantique, France), church 37, 38, 47, 50, 101, 107, 113 Saint-Pons-de-Thomières (Hérault, France), abbey church 214 Saint-Riquier see Centula Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe (Poitou, France), monastic church 115, 208, 209 Saint-Sever-sur-l’Adour (Landes, France), Saint-Sever 118, 229 Saint-Séverin-en-Condroz (Wallonia, Belgium), church 77 Saint-Trond (Flemish Region, Belgium), abbey church 75, 104, 150 Saintes (Charente-Maritime, France) 114 cathedral 116 Saint-Eutrope 116 Sainte-Marie-des-Dames 116 Saintonge, county 112, 114, 116, 117 Salamanca (Castile and Leon, Spain), cathedral 187 Saldes (Catalonia, Spain), rotunda 56 Salerno (Campania, Italy), cathedral 95, 96 Salet, Francis (1909–2000) 125 Salian dynasty 66, 68, 71, 101 Salona (Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia) 18, 43 Salonika (Central Macedonia, Greece), St Demetrios 5, 6, 18, 41, 44, 94, 95 Saltford (Somerset, England), manor house 237 San Benedetto Polironi (Lombardy, Italy), Cluniac abbey 89 San Claudio al Chienti (Marche, Italy), San Claudio 93, 167 San Fruttuoso di Capodimonte (Liguria, Italy), monastic church 51, 56, 57, 93 San Gimignano (Tuscany, Italy), tower residences 80, 236 San Juan de la Peña (Aragon, Spain), abbey church 144 San Juan de las Abadesas (Catalonia, Spain), San Juan 122 San Leo (Emilia-Romagna, Italy), cathedral of San Leo 93 Sancha, daughter of Ramiro I 144 Sancha, heir to the Leonese throne 139 Sancho el Mayor, king of Navarre (992?–1035) 138 Sancho Ramirez, king of Aragon (1042?– 1094) 144, 145

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

index • 

Sandomierz (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland), Dominican church 193 San Fruttuoso di Capodimonte (Liguria, Italy) 51*, 55, 56, 57, 59, 101 Sannazaro Sesia (Piedmont, Italy), San Nazaro 83, 84, 246 San Pedro de la Nave (Castile and Leon, Spain), church 60, 61 San Vittore delle Chiuse (Marche, Italy), church 93 Sangüesa (Navarre, Spain), Santa María la Real 142 Santa Cristina de Lena (Asturias, Spain), church 60 Santa Cruz de la Serós (Aragon, Spain) church of the Virgin 144, 262(19)22 San Caprasio 145 Santa Giusta (Sardinia, Italy), cathedral 91 Santa Maria de Melque (Castile–La Mancha, Spain), church 61 Santa Maria de Lebeña (Cantabria, Spain), church 61 Sant’Antimo (Tuscany, Italy), abbey church 91, 97 Sant’Antioco (Sardinia, Italy) 91, 92, 227 Santes Creus (Catalonia, Spain), monastery 181 Sant Llorenç del Munt (Catalonia, Spain), church 93 Sant Martí de Sescorts (Aragon, Spain), church 145 Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain) 136 archbishop’s palace 239 cathedral 60, 110, 135, 136, 137, 138, 150, 162, 165 narthex 188 sculpture of woman with skull 257(12)5 San Pelayo, monastery 136 pilgrimage 67, 121 Santiago de Peñalba (Castile and León, Spain), church 61 San Vittore delle Chiuse (Marche, Italy), monastic church 93, 167 Saone (Syria), castle 134 Saône, river 51 Sardinia 91, 92 Sárvármonostor (Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, Hungary), church 168 Sassanian architecture 55 Sassoferrato (Marche, Italy), Santa Croce 93 Saturninus, bishop of Toulouse, saint (d. 259?) 118, 119 Sauerländer, Willibald 1, 8, 71, 127, 244 Savanières (Maine-et-Loire, France), church 110 Saxl, Fritz (1890–1948) 148 Saxo-Norman architecture see England Saxons 37 Saxony, duchy 41, 68, 71–73, 76, 85, 172 Scandinavia 13, 25, 67, 169–174, 247 Schaffhausen (Switzerland), monastic church 53 Scheldt, river 68, 75 Schöngrabern (Lower Austria, Austria), church 196 Schönhausen (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), church 214 schools architectural 100, 128 educational 31, 35 see also monasteries Schwartzrheindorf (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), chapel 74 Scotland, kingdom 63, 67, 135, 147, 155, 161–162, 172, 185 Scotland, abbot of St Augustine’s, Canterbury (d. 1087) 148 scriptorium see monasteries Searle, J. R. 243 secular buildings 1, 2, 232, 233, 234–241 versus sacred 239 see also bridges, castles, houses, and palaces sedes apostolicae 136 Segovia (Castile and Leon, Spain)

San Millán 141 Vera Cruz 170 Sedlec (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic), Cistercian abbey church 164 seigneurial system see feudal system Selby (Yorkshire, England), abbey church 247 Seligenstadt (Hesse, Germany) palace 196, 238 Saints Marcellinus and Peter 37 Selje (Sogn og Fjordane, Norway), St Alban 170 Selles-sur-Cher (Loir-et-Cher, France), church 112 semiotics see research methods Senlis (Oise, France) Gallo-Roman enceinte 110 Saint-Vincent 151 Sens (Yonne, France) 101 Saint-Pierre-le-Vif 48, 53, 101 tower residence 47, 48 Selo (Goricko, Slovenia), rotunda 79 Sequeville-en-Bessin (Calvados, France), church 214 Serbia, kingdom 201, 202 Serlo, abbot of Gloucester (d. 1104) Seu de Urgel (Catalonia, Spain), San Miguel 122 shafts dark-coloured 42, 104 decorated 1, 76 half- 15, 24, 25, 42, 51, 52, 66, 68, 71, 80, 81, 112, 246 keeled 178, 180 nook 66 Sherborne (Dorset, England), palace of Bishop Roger of Sarum 232 Sicily 25, 27, 80, 95, 97–99, 133, 148, 200 Siegen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St Nicholas 195–196 Siena (Tuscany, Italy), cathedral 196 Sigrid, missionary 172, 174 Sigtuna (Stockholm County, Sweden) diocese 172 St Nicholas 173 St Olaf 173 St Peter 172, 173 Sigurd I, king of Norway (1090?–1130) 171 silhouette 40, 211 Silos (Castile and León, Spain), Santo Domingo 141 Silvacane (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), monastic church 187 silver see Carolingian dynasty monetary system Simeon, abbot of Ely (d. 1093) 150 Simon, apostle, saint 135 Siresa (Aragon, Spain), monastery of San Pedro 144, 151 Skånela (Stockholm County, Sweden), church 173 Skara (Västra Götland County, Sweden), diocese 174 Skripou (Greece), Panaghia; 20, 260(16)10 Slavs 41, 63, 64 Slesvig (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany), St Michael 169 Smith, Richard 243 Sobĕslav I of Bohemia (1125–40) 163, 236 Soest (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany), St Patroklus 73, 198 Soignies (Wallonia, Belgium), church 75, 104 Soissons (Aisne, France), Saint-Médard 38 Solignac (Haute-Vienne, France), church 121 Solomon, king 33 Somport Pass 142 Sompting (Sussex, England), church 154 Song of Roland 13 Sopočani (Raška District, Serbia), Holy Trinity 202 Sopronhorpács (Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary), abbey church 196 Sorède (Pyrénées-Orientales, France), Saint-André, sculpture 254(5)35,

Souillac (Lot, France), Sainte-Marie 117 sources see research methods Southwell (Nottinghamshire, England), minster 152 Souvigny (Allier, France), abbey church 130 Speyer (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 66 cathedral, Speyer I 25, 26, 48, 68*, 69, 70, 75, 80, 81, 84, 85, 101, 103, 108, 116, 147, 149, 150, 153, 207 Speyer II 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 108, 127, 169, 176, 212 Afrakapelle 69 St Emmeram 20, 71, 212 Spiez (Switzerland), church 52 Spigno (Piedmont, Italy), church 50 Split (Croatia), palace of Diocletian 34, 216 spolia 32, 42, 90, 92, 224 Spoleto, duchy 92 Spoleto (Umbria, Italy) cathedral 94 Sant’Eufemia 94 Spytihněv II, king of Bohemia (d. 1061) 148, 164 square root of two see planning geometry square schematism see Romanesque architecture squinches see vaults domes St Albans (Hertfordshire, England), St Alban 148, 149, 209 St Andrews (Fife, Scotland) cathedral 186 St Rules 27, 162 St Asaph’s, diocese 157 St David’s (Pembrokeshire, Wales), cathedral of St David 157, 185 St Dogmael’s abbey (Pembrokeshire, Wales) 158 St Gall (Switzerland), plan of a monastery 35–36*, 37, 38, 40, 47, 151, 205, 210, 228, 229, 230, 231 St Lars (Gotland, Sweden), church 202 St Macdara’s Island (County Galway, Ireland), church 159, 160, 199 Stachura, Norbert 35 Stalley, Roger 160 Stanford (Norfolk, England), church 263(22)24 Starý Plzenec (Plzeň Region, Czech Republic), church 63 Stavanger (Rogaland, Norway), cathedral of St Swithun 170, 171 stave churches see timber Stavelot (Wallonia, Belgium), monastic church 75, 104, 150, 151 Stazio, Attilio 207 Stefan Nemanja, [ruler of Serbia from 1166 to 1196] 201 Steinbach (Hesse, Germany), Einhard’s church 22, 37, 64 Stenkirke (Gotland, Sweden), church 198 Stephen Harding, abbot of Cîteaux, saint (d. 1134) 129 Stephen, king of England (1092/96–1154) 155 Stephen, king of Hungary, saint (970?– 1038) 167, 168 Stewart, Cecil 170 Ston (Dubrovnik–Neretva County, Croatia), St Michael 65 stone see masonry Stow (Suffolk, England), church 63, 152, 154 Stradella (Lombardy, Italy), San Marcello 83, 84 Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin, France), cathedral of Notre-Dame 46, 68 Stratford, Neil 124, 125 Straubing (Bavaria, Germany), St Peter 79 Strzelno (Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland) St Procopius 193 St Trinity church 193 Studenica (Serbia) church of the Mother of God 201

Styrnäs (Ångermanland, Sweden), church 173, 214 style 1, 176, 177, 244–246 styles 1, 8, 244 phases in 245 transitional 183, 246 Suger, abbot of St Denis (1081?–1151) 179 Summers, David 245 Süpplingenburg (Lower Saxony, Germany) 72 Svojšín (Plzeň Region, Czech Republic), church 213 Swabia, duchy 51–53, 77, 78, 85, 129 Swarzenski, Hanns (1903–1985) 8, 28 Sweden, kingdom 172–174 Swithun, saint (d. 862) 154 Sylvester II, pope (946–1003) 41, 58 symbolism see iconography Syria, province 18, 38, 40, 90 Székesfehérvar (Fejér County, Hungary), royal church of St Mary 168, 193 Szekszárd (Tolna, Hungary), church 167 Tahull (Catalonia, Spain), Santa Maria 122 Taq Eiwan (Iran), building 55 Taranto (Puglia, Italy), cathedral 96 Tarascon (Bouches-du-Rhône, France), Sainte-Marthe 187 Tarquinia (Lazio, Italy), Santa Maria in Castello 94–95 Tatev (Syunik, Armenia), church 20 technology see Carolingian dynasty Teinfrith see master masons teleology 245 see also research methods Templars 100, 131, 133, 134 Testamentum Domini 221, 223 testudo 153 Tewkesbury (Gloucestershire, England), abbey church 153, 158 Thaon (Calvados, France), Saint-Pierre 160 Theodora, empress, (497?–548) 33 Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths (454–526) 33 Theodulf, bishop of Orléans (750/760?–821) 31 Theophanou, empress (950/960?–991) 41, 42, 44 Theophanou, abbess of Essen, Holy Trinity (c. 1039) 74 Thiery, abbot of Saint-Remi (active c. 1049)103 Thietmar of Merseburg (975–1018) 42 Thionville (Lorraine, France) 34, 218 Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York (d. 1100) 151 Thomas, apostle, saint 135 thrones 33, 98 Thuringia 77 Tiberias (Israel), excavated church 132 Tickencote (Rutland, England), church 184 Tilleda (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), palace 212, 239 Timber architecture 35, 61, 171 northern tradition 25 stave churches 169–173 wood-roofs and ceilings see churches, and halls see also castles Tingstäde (Gotland, Sweden), church 195 Tironensian order 158, 161 Tismice (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic) 165 tithes see Carolingian dynasty, economics Tivoli (Lazio, Italy), Hadrian’s Villa 14, 15, 20 Toledo (Castile-La Mancha, Spain) 135, 141 Tomar (Portugal), Templar castle 146 tombs see funerary practices Toques (Galicia, Spain), church 140 Toulouse, county 117, 118, 119 Toulouse (Haute-Garonne, France) cathedral, Saint-Étienne 120, 186 La Daurade 120 Saint-Sernin 119, 125, 126, 136, 137, 142, 209 Touraine, county 110–112

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

 • romanesque architecture Tournai (Wallonia, Belgium) 76 cathedral of Our Lady 104, 211 Saint-Brice 64 Tournus (Saône-et-Loire, France) abbey church of Saint-Philibert 54–55*, 59, 75, 108, 113, 126, 153 houses 236 Tours (Indre-et-Loire, France) 101, 114 Saint-Martin 40, 97, 110, 111, 119, 136, 137, 182 towers see castles, and churches towns and cities 1, 11, 27*, 44, 48, 49, 50, 57, 61, 66*, 67, 80, 84, 87, 111, 148, 182, 222, 234, 235, 237, 253(3)18 growth 27 tracing floors see planning Trachtenberg, Marvin 8, 9, 183, 244 tracing floor see planning tradition, traditional see research methods Traeger, Jörg 223–224 Träkumla (Gotland, Sweden), church 195 Trani (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96 transepts see churches Transylvania (Romania) 167 Traquair hunting lodge see Innerleithen 237 Travanca (Norte Region, Portugal), São Salvador 145 Treaty of Verdun, 843 10, 13 Třebíč (Vysočina Region, Czech Republic), St Procopius 196 trebuchet 239 Trelleborg (Skåne County, Denmark), hall 239 Tremiti (Apulia, Italy), abbey of Santa Maria 200 Tremolat (Dordogne, France), church 117, 214 triclinium 32 Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) 66, 75, 76 baths 17 cathedral 75, 76, 83, 108 Porta Nigra 76 Roman hall, 16, 25, 32, 68 St Maximin 42 Trim (County Meath, Ireland), castle 240 Tripoli, county 133 Tripoli (Lebanon), church 133 triumphal arches see Roman Empire, architecture Trizay (Charente-Maritime, France), abbey church 116 Trogir (Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia), St Barbara 65 Troia (Apulia, Italy), cathedral 96 Trondheim (Sør-Trøndelag, Norway), cathedral 170, 195 Trpimir I, duke of Croatia (815?–864) 64 Tudela (Navarre, Spain), cathedral 176, 177 Tum (Łódź, Poland), collegiate church 166 Tunis (Tunisia) 87 Turkey 91, 96 Turlough O’Conor, king of Connacht (1088–1156) 155 Tuscania (Lazio, Italy) cathedral 94 Santa Maria Maggiore 94 Tuscany, march 83, 86, 8–92 Tveje Merløse (Zealand, Denmark), church 169 Tyre (Lebanon), cathedral 132, 215 Uchizy (Saône-et-Loire, France), Saint-Pierre 126 Údlice (Ústí nad Labem Region, Czech Republic), church of the Raising of the Holy Cross 201 Ulm (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), cathedral 127 Umm-es-Surab (Syria), monastery 228 Unterhaun (Hesse, Germany), chapel 255(6)17 Uppsala (Uppsala County, Sweden) 172 pagan temple 173 Urban II, pope (1042?–1099) 80, 83, 119, 121, 123, 124, 129, 131

Urban, bishop of Llandaff (1076?–1134) 158 Urnes (Sogn og Fjordane, Norway), stave church 171, 172 Uta (Sardinia, Italy), Santa Maria 91 Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands) Mariakerk 76, 84 St Peter’s 76, 151 Utrecht Psalter 35 Uzerche (Corrèze, France), church 121 Vä (Skåne, Sweden), St Mary 169, 172 Vác (Pest County, Hungary) 167 cathedral 168 Vaison (Vaucluse, France), church 52, 130 Valdediós (Asturias, Spain), San Salvador 60, 135, 146 Valenzano (Puglia, Italy), Ognissanti 96 Valle di Rostino (Haute-Corse, France), Santa Maria 92 Vasari, Giorgio (1511–1574) 5 vaults 7, 114, 226, 249 barrel vaults 55, 119, 126 domes 19, 22, 98 on pendentives 22, 51, 113, 116, 120, 121, 132 pendentive domes 113, 118 on squinches 46, 47, 52, 65, 85, 93, 97, 126, 142 symbolism 215 groin vaults 24, 66, 69, 81, 84, 128 rib vaults 24, 69, 70, 108, 151, 178, 180, 181, 222 sexpartite 85 square profile ribs 69, 70, 76, 80, 82, 83, 97, 108, 111, 115, 130, 173 Velay, county 122 Velehrad (Zlín Region, Czech Republic), Cistercian abbey church 193 Velezzo (Lombardy, Italy), baptistery 51, 56, 63 Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers (530?–600/609) 40 Vendôme, county 112 Vendôme (Loir-et-Cher, France), La Trinité 183, 229 Venge (Denmark), monastic church 169, 170 Venice (Veneto, Italy); 51, 58, 66, 87, 92, 235 St Mark’s 87, 116, 148, 217, 218 Venosa (Basilicata, Italy), cathedral 97, 262(19)22 Vercelli (Piedmont, Italy), Sant’Andrea 190 Verdun (Meuse, France), cathedral 45, 75 Vergil, bishop of Salzburg (700?–784) see Fergil Vergnolle, Éliane 6, 8, 100, 123, 211 Verhulst, Adriaan 11 Vernes (Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway), church 172 Verona (Veneto, Italy) 72, 86 San Lorenzo 87 San Zeno 87, 88 Verona, march 86 verticality 24, 25, 46, 150, 156, 181 Verulamium 148 vesica piscis see planning geometry Veszprém (Veszprém, Hungary) cathedral 167 Doppelkapelle 212 rotunda 167 Veszprémvölgy, church 168 Vézelay (Yonne, France) abbey of Sainte-Madeleine 128 Via Egidiana 123 Via Francigena 91 Vianden (Luxembourg), palace 238 Vibaldone (Lombardy, Italy), abbey church 190 Viborg (Jutland, Denmark), cathedral 169 Vic (Catalonia, Spain), cathedral 122, 145 Vicenza (Veneto, Italy), SS Felice e Fortunato 38 Vienna (Austria), cathedral of St Stephen 191 Vienne (Isère, France), Saint-Maurice 78 Saint-Pierre 106

Vignory (Haute-Marne), Saint Étienne 103, 104, 121 Vikings 11, 40, 54, 61, 63, 104, 198, 199 Villani, Giovanni (1276?–1348) 90 Villard de Honnecourt (active c. 1235), 204, 205 Villejoubert (Charente, France), hall 239 Vinec (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic), St Nicholas 193, 194, 213 Virring (Jutland, Denmark), timber church 169 Visby (Gotland, Sweden) 174 great tower 174 St Nicholas 198 Visegrád (Pest County, Hungary), church 167 Visigoths 36, 60, 118, 122, 135 Vistula, river 64, 165 Vita Bennonis Osnabrugensis 255(7)6 Vita Lanfranci 261(17)24 Vita Mathildis 88 Vita metrica Sancti Anselmi 91 Vitruvius (80/70BC?–15BC?) 16, 153, 205, 206, 219, 240 Vladimir (Vladimir Oblast, Russia) church of the Assumption 202 St Demetrius 202 Vladislav II, king of Bohemia (d. 1172) 164, 165 von Winterfeld, Dethard 127 Vreta (Östergötland, Sweden), church 173 Vratislav II, king of Bohemia (d. 1092) Vyšehrad see Prague Walafrid Strabo (808?–849) 215 Wales 63, 67, 147, 155, 157–159, 185 Walkelin, bishop of Winchester (d. 1098) 149, 150 wall passages see churches, and castles Walter of the Mill, archbishop of Palermo (d. 1191) 99 Waltham (Essex, England), abbey church 62, 246 Wareham (Dorset, England), church 154 Wartburg, Eisenach (Thuringia, Germany), castle 232 Waverley (Surrey, England) abbey 155 Wells (Somerset, England), cathedral 179, 186 Wenceslas I, duke of Bohemia (907?–935) 63, 164 Werckmeister, Otto Karl 128 Werden (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) St Lucius 74 St Liudger 196 St Salvator 39, 44, 46, 61, 220 Werla (Lower Saxony, Germany), chapel 212, 239 Wernher, bishop of Strasbourg (978/980–1028) 46 Wernher, architect to Vladislav II see master masons westblocks see churches westworks see churches Wickham, Chris 252(2)3 Whitehill, Walter M. (1905–1978) 142, 144 Widdington (Essex, England), Anglo-Saxon building 263(21)6 Wieselburg (Lower Austria, Austria), St Ulrich 46, 47, 212 Wigbert, abbot of Hersfeld, saint (d. 746) 220 Wiligelmus, sculptor 86 William Durandus, bishop of Mende (1230?–1296) 215 William I, duke of Aquitaine (875–918) 47 William I, king of the Two Sicilies (d. 1166) 98 William II, king of the Two Sicilies (1166– 1189) 98, 99 William II, king of England (1056–1100) 151 William of Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury (1070?–1136) 156 William, abbot of Hirsau (1030?–1091) 77 William de Londres 158 William Fitz Osbern, earl of Hereford (1020?–1071) 157 William of Malmesbury (1095/1096– 1143?) 147, 255(7)1

William, abbot of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire (1067–1080) 102 William of Sens see master masons William of Tyre 133 William of Volpiano (962?–1031) 53, 55, 66 William the Conqueror, king of England (1028?–1087) 107, 148, 150, 155, 156, 247 Willigis, archbishop of Mainz (940?–1011) 71 Wimmis (Canton of Bern, Switzerland), church of St Martin 52 Wimpfen-im-Tal (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), palace chapel 218 Winchester (Hampshire, England) 61 cathedral Anglo-Saxon 61 Norman 149, 151, 153, 156, 209, 246 street grid 235 residence of Bishop Henry of Blois 240 Wino, abbot 44 Wiślica (Busko County, Poland), church 64, 213, 238 Wittering (Cambridgeshire, England), All Saints 154, 263(22)24 Wölfflin, Heinrich (1864–1945) 244, 247 wooden buildings see timber architecture Woodstock (Oxfordshire, England), Everswell royal manor house 232, 238 Worcester (Worcestershire, England), cathedral 152, 153, 158 Worms (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany), cathedral 71, 191 Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867–1959) 248 Wrocław (Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland) cathedral 194 Mary Magdalene 193 Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester (d. 1095) 152 Würzburg (Bavaria, Germany) double-storeyed chapel 46 Our Lady of the Fortress 246 St Burkhard 79 Xanten (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) church 70 residence of Archbishop Brun 241 York (Yorkshire, England) cathedral 150, 151, 185, 186 exterior painting 208, 209 tracing floor 206 St Mary 229 Záboří nad Labem (Central Bohemian Region, Czech Republic), palace chapel 164, 212 Zadar (Zadar County, Croatia) cathedral 64 St Chrysogonus 194 St Donatus 64, 212, 213, 218 St Lawrence 65, 168 St Mary 168 Zawichost (Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland), rotunda 255(6)23 Zdík, see Jindřich Zeitz (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), cathedral 213 Zeno, emperor (d. 491) 74 Znojmo (South Moravian Region, Czech Republic), castle chapel, apsed rotunda 163

This index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Devenish Ballintober IRELAND

Modern locations of places mentioned in the text: map A, inner areas.

1

St Macdara's Island

KINGDOM

Clonmacnoise Rahan

Clonfert

Durham

UNITED

Boyle

Richmond

Mellifont

Kilfenora Dublin Roscrea Killaloe Dublin Kincora Aberffraw Baltinglass Gallarus Oratory Cashel

Fountains York Kirkstall

Penmon Llandrillo-yn-Rhos Bangor Chester

Roche Barton-upon-Humber

Blyth Stow Goltho Newstead Lincoln Southwell Repton Melbourne Tickencote Castle Rising Stanton Lacy Wittering Barnack King's Lynn St Dogmael’s Norwich Brixworth Peterborough Worcester St David’s Northampton Ely Castle Acre Hereford Earls Deerhurst Tewkesbury Barton Great Paxton Bury Gloucester Llangennydd Margam Hadstock Hedingham Chepstow Malmesbury Iffley Colchester St Albans Ewenny Llandaff Waltham Bradford-on-Avon Westminster London Glastonbury Netheravon Rochester Old Sarum Winchester Waverley Canterbury Sherborne Milborne Romsey Exeter Port Dover Portchester Wimborne Bruges New/Old Shoreham Minster Christchurch Ghent Sompting BELGIUM Boulogne St Omer Tournai Therouanne Ath Lillers O Douai SoigniesNiv Centula Arras C Amiens Fécamp Cambrai H Mortemer

2

Jumièges St-Martinde-Boscherville Noyon Beauvais Laon Petit Quevilly Rouen Cérisy Saint-GermerCaen Audrieu Compiègne Lessay de-Fly Grimbosq Bernay Verneuil Senlis Morienval Falaise Ivry-la-Bataille St Denis Mont-St-Michel Evreux Reims Reims Paris Bayeux

C

Lanmeur

M

This map is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) 3 available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Perros-Guirec

Landévennec Quimper

Y

CM

Lanleff

Chartres

FRANCE

Quimperlé

MY

Le Mans

Étampes

K

4

Angoulême Montagrier Bordeaux La Sauve-Majeure

St-Jean-de-Côle Brantôme Uzerche Périgord Beaulieu Carennac

Souilhac St-Avit

Oviedo

San Miguel de Linio Valdediós

Agen

Sahagún

5

San Pedro de La Nave

Frómista

Palencia

Toro

A

Burgos

Quintanilla de las Viñas

Zamora

Salamanca Ávila Ciudad Rodrigo

Arthous Ostabat

León Escalada

St-Sever-sur-l’Adour

Santa Maria de Lebeña

Santa Cristina de Lena

Peñalba

Mo

Vig Orléans Germigny des Prés Azay-leLavardin Vendôme Beaugency Rideau Langeais Pontigny Chati Blois St-BenoîtAngers Montbazon Cormery Auxerre sur-Loire Cunault St Aignan Tours Fontena Selles Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu Fontevraud Avallon Loches Meusnes Thouars Chinon Cravant Vézelay St-Généroux Beaulieu-les-Loches Loudun St-Joiun-de-Marne Bourges Saulie St-Genou La CharitéAirvault Chatillon-sur-Indre Plaimpied sur-Loire Beau Poitiers Parthenay Méobecq Nevers Autun Chauvigny St-Savin-sur-Gartempe PerrecyCha Gensac-la-Pallue Melle Montmorillon Neuvy-St-Sepulchre les-Forges Chapaize Aulnay Civray Charroux Le Dorat Paray Saintes Anzy-le-Duc Cl Limoges Charlieu St-Léonard-de-Noblat

CMY

Naranco

Sens

St-Gildas-de-Rhuys

CY

Segovia

Auch

Clermont-Ferrand Orcival St-Nectaire Issoire Brioude

Solignac Le Puy

Marcilhac Conques Cahors Villeneuve d’Aveyron Moissac

Toulouse

Vaison Cavaillon Avignon

V

St-P M Le T

St-GuilhemNîmes Arles le-Désert A Aniane St-GillesRoncesvalles St-Gaudens Carcassonne Quarante Maguelonne du-Gard M Sangüesa Comminges Puente Alet Somport Pass La Reina Leyre Siresa Jaca Narbonne Silos Saint-Michel San Juan de la Peña Estagel Burgal -de-Cuxa Santa Cruz Iguácel de la Seros Canigou Perpignan Seo de Urgel Saint-Estève Loarre Tudela Saint-Martin du Canigou Cuxa L’Ecluse-Haute Huesca Roda de Ripoll San Juan Sant Pere de Roda de las Abadesas Isábena Amer Besalú Cardona Vic Sant Girona Ovarra Manresa Martí Lleida Sescorts Montserrat Barberá

B

Oloron

Morlaàs

C

Kalundborg

Jelling

Odense

Ribe

Tveje Merløse

Ringsted Roskilde

Hammarlunda Lund Borrie Dalby

Nylars

0

Slesvig

Feddersen-Wierde

Groningen

Kałdus

Hamburg

Gniezno

Bremen

NETHERLANDS

Strzelno Mogilno Gniezno

Ostrów Lednicki Łekno Poznań

Jerichow Brunswick

100

200 km

This map is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press 100 m www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Ǿsterlars

POLAND

Czerwinsk

Giecz Tum Königslutter Minden Hamersleben Utrecht Lubín Magdeburg Goslar Vreden Münster Inowłodz Gandersheim Halberstadt Quedlinburg Corvey Nijmegen Gernrode Emmerich Paderborn Querfurt Opatów Herdecke Soest Memleben Merseburg Essen Wąchock Neuss Wrocław Muizen Meschede Werden Sandomierz GERMANY Giebło M Louvain Siegen Rohr Maastricht Cologne Deutz Hersfeld Saint-Trond Kerkrade Höfe Heisterbach Marburg Prandocin Orp-le-grand Paulinzella Schwarzrheindorf ivelles Doksany Vinec Kościelec Proszowicki Roermond Aachen Ríp Fulda Namur Liège Inden Krakow Budeč Kjye Limburg-an-der-Lahn Maria Laach Celles Tismice Záborí nad Labem Ilbenstadt Ocquier Stavelot Prague Hastière Eberbach Frankfurt Jakub Olomouc Plasy Bamberg Seligenstadt Johannisberg Mainz CZECH REPUBLIC Steinbach L U X E M B O U R G Ingelheim Würzburg Lorsch Hulín Mĕřín Trier Steinbach Echternach Münchsteinach Worms Starý Plzenec Perschen Třebíč Sedlec Oberfeldbrecht Thionville Velehrad Limburg-an-der-Haardt Böckweiler Moravské Budejovice Heilsbronn S L O VA K I A Wimpfen Speyer Znojmo ss Mikulčice Plankstetten Regensburg Verdun Boldva Greding Biburg Metz Straubing Nitrianska Blatnice Kleincomburg Pförring Bad Gögging Bélapátfalva Schöngrabern Gorze Garamszentbenedek Sárvármonostor Neustadt Ainau ontier en Der Eger Heidenheim Strasbourg Wieselburg Ilmmünster Hirsau Petronell Nancy gnory Vienna Augsburg Clairvaux Dömös Visegrád Lechfeld Petronell Esztergom Pilisszentkereszt Alpirsbach illon-sur-Seine Sopron Kleinmariazell Murbach Vác H U N G A R Y Ottmarsheim Langres Győr Altenstadt Salzburg Scheiblingkirchen Zsámbék Schaffhausen ay Pannonhalma Sopronhorpács Reichenau AUST R I A Veszprém Flavigny Székesfehérvár Konstanz Ják Besançon eu Dijon Csempeszkopács Felsőörs Einsiedeln une Cîteax Muri Kalocsa Selo Saint-Aubin Payerne S W I T Z E R L A N D apaize Szekszárd Brixen Amsoldingen Lausanne TournusRomainmôtier Spiez Wimmis Pécs Uchizy Baume-les-Messieursa luny SLOV EN I A Saint-Maurice d’Agaune Deventer

Hildesheim

Como Galliano Aquileia Agliate Dulzago Venice Biella Poreč Vercelli Milan Calvenzano Verona Sannazaro Rivolta d'Adda Aime Sesia Novara Vibaldone Ivrea Velezzo Mantua Cremona Pavia Cavagnolo Po San Benedetto Pomposa Vallence Sagra di Lomello Stradella Piacenza Polirone Ferrara San Michele Parma Spigno Canossa Modena Paul-Trois-Château Bologna Ravenna Genoa San Fruttuoso Malaucène Sisteron Noli Bagnacavallo Thor Pistoia Digne Portovenere Senanque Lucca Tarascon Florence Silvacane Ancona Arezzo Pisa Aix Moje Empoli Fréjus Portonovo Sassoferrato Montmajour San Claudio al Chienti Marseille Le Thoronet San Gimignano San Vittore Assisi delle Chiuse Massa Maritima Ascoli Piceno Sant’Antimo Spoleto Lyon Vienne

Murato Valle di Rostino

D

C ROAT I A

Aosta

E

Nebbio Lucciana

Rab

SERBIA Nin Zadar Omiš Ston

Studenica Salona Split

Trogir

Narni I TA LY Farfa Tivoli Rome Ferentinum Casamari

Civita Castellana

F

Tremiti

M AC E D ON I A

G

H

Ohrid

Index to map A Aachen Aberffraw Agen Agliate Aime Ainau Airvault Aix Alpirsbach Altenstadt Amer Amiens Amsoldingen Ancona Angers Angoulême Aniane Anzy-le-Duc Aosta Aquileia Arezzo Arras Arthous Ascoli Piceno Assisi Ath Auch Audrieu Augsburg Aulnay Autun Auxerre Avallon Avignon Ávila Azay-le-Rideau

2d 1b 4c 4e 4d 3f 4c 5d 3e 3e 5c 3c 4e 5f 3c 4c 5c 4d 4d 4f 5f 2c 5b 5f 5f 2d 5c 3c 3e 4c 4d 3d 3d 5d 5a 3c

Bad Gögging Bagnacavallo Ballintober Baltinglass Bamberg Bangor Barberà Barnack Barton-upon-Humber Bayeux Beaugency Beaulieu Beaulieu-les-Loches Beaune Beauvais Bélapátfalva Bernay Besalú Besançon Biburg Biella Blois Blyth Böckweiler Boldva Bologna Bordeaux Borrie Boulogne Bourges Boyle Bradford-on-Avon Brantôme

3f 5f 1a 1a 3e 1b 5c 1c 1c 3c 3c 4c 4c 4d 3c 3h 3c 5c 4d 3f 4e 3c 1c 3e 3h 4f 4b 1e 2c 4c 1a 2b 4c

Bremen Brioude Brixen Brixworth Bruges Brunswick Budeč Burgal Burgos Bury

1e 4c 4f 2c 2d 2e 2f 5c 5a 2c

Caen Calvenzano Cambrai Canigou Canossa Canterbury Carcassone Cardona Carennac Casamari Cashel Castle Acre Castle Rising Cavagnolo Cavaillon Celles Centula Chapaize Charlieu Charroux Chartres Chatillon-sur-Indre Chatillon-sur-Seine Chauvigny Chester Chinon Christchurch Chur Cîteaux Ciudad Rodrigo Civita Castellana Civray Clermont-Ferrand Clonfert Clonmacnoise Cluny Colchester Cologne Comminges Como Compiègne Conques Cormery Corvey Cravant Cremona Csempeszkopács Cunault Cuxa Czerwinsk

3c 4e 2d 5c 4e 2c 5c 5c 4c 5f 1a 2c 1c 4e 5d 3d 2c 4d 4d 4c 3c 4c 3d 4c 1b 3c 2b 4e 4d 5a 5f 4c 4c 1a 1a 4d 2c 2e 5c 4e 3c 4c 3c 2e 3c 4e 4g 3c 5c 2h

Dalby Deerhurst Deutz Devenish Deventer Digne Dijon Disentis

1e 2b 2e 1a 2d 5d 4d 4e

Doksany Dömös Douai Dover Dublin Dubrovnik Dulzago Durham

2f 3g 2d 2c 1b 5h 4e 1c

Earls Barton Eberbach Echternach Eger Einsiedeln Ely Emmerich Empoli Escalada Essen Estagel Esztergom Étampes Evreux Ewenny Exeter

2c 3e 3d 3h 4e 2c 2d 5f 5a 2d 5c 3g 3c 3c 2b 2b

Falaise Farfa Fécamp Feddersen-Wierde Felsőörs Ferentinum Ferrara Flavigny Florence Fontenay Fontevraud Fountains Frankfurt Fréjus Frómista Fulda

3c 5f 3c 1e 4g 5f 4f 3d 5f 3d 3c 1c 3e 5d 5a 2e

Gallarus Oratory Galliano Gandersheim Garamszentbenedek Gensac-la-Pallue Genoa Germigny-des-Prés Gernrode Ghent Giebło Giecz Girona Glastonbury Gloucester Gniezno Goltho Gorze Goslar Grandlieu Great Paxton Greding Grimbosq Groningen Győr Gyulafehérvár

1a 4e 2e 3g 4c 5e 3c 2e 2d 2h 2g 5c 2b 2b 2g 1c 3d 2e 3b 2c 3f 3c 1d 3g 4h

Hadstock Halberstadt Hamburg Hamersleben Hastière Hedingham Heidenheim Heilsbronn Heisterbach Herdecke Hereford Hersfeld Hildesheim Hirsau Höfe Huesca Hulín

2c 2e 1e 2e 3d 2c 3e 3e 2e 2e 2b 2e 2e 3e 2e 5b 3g

Iffley Iguácel Ilbenstadt Ilmmünster Inden Ingelheim Inowłódz Issoire Ivrea Ivry-la-Bataille

2c 5b 2e 3f 2d 3e 2h 4c 4e 3c

Jaca Ják Jakub Jelling Jerichow Johannisberg Jumièges

5b 3g 3g 1e 2f 3e 3c

Kałdus Kalocsa Kalundborg Kerkrade Kilfenora Killaloe Kincora King’s Lynn Kirkstall Kjye Kleincomburg Kleinmariazell Königslutter Konstanz Kościelec Proszowicki Krakow

1f 4h 1e 2d 1a 1a 1a 1c 1c 2f 3e 3g 2e 3e 2h 2h

L’Ecluse-Haute La Charité-sur-Loire La Sauve-Majeure Landévennec Langeais Langres Lanleff Lanmeur Laon Lausanne Lavardin Le Dorat Le Mans Le Puy Le Thor Le Thoronet

5c 4c 4b 3b 3c 3d 3b 3b 3d 4d 3c 4c 3c 4d 5d 5d

This map index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Lechfeld Łekno León Les Baux Lessay Leyre Liège Lillers Limburg-an-der-Haardt Limburg-an-der-Lahn Limoges Lincoln Llandaff Llandrillo-yn-Rhos Llangennydd Lleida Loarre Loches Lomello London Lorsch Loudun Louvain Lubin Lucca Lucciana Lund Lyon

3e 2g 5a 5d 3b 5b 2d 2d 3e 2e 4c 1c 2b 1b 2b 5c 5b 3c 4e 2c 3e 3c 2d 2g 5e 5e 1e 4d

Maastricht Magdeburg Maguelonne Mainz Malaucène Malmesbury Manresa Mantua Marburg Marcilhac Margam Maria Laach Marseille Massa Maritima Melbourne Melle Mellifont Memleben Méobecq Měřín Merseburg Meschede Metz Meusnes Mikulčice Milan Milborne Port Minden Modena Mogilno Moissac Moje Montagrier Montbazon Montier-en-Der Montmajour Montmorillon Montserrat Mont-St-Michel Moravské Budějovice

2d 2f 5d 3e 5d 2b 5c 4e 2e 4c 2b 2e 5d 5e 1c 4c 1b 2f 4c 3g 2f 2e 3d 3c 3g 4e 2b 2e 4e 2g 5c 5f 4c 3c 3d 5d 4c 5c 3b 3g

index to map a •  Morienval Morlaàs Mortemer Muizen Münchsteinbach Münster Murato Muri Murbach

3c 5c 3c 2d 3e 2e 5e 4e 3d

Namur Nancy Naranco Narbonne Narni Nebbio Netheravon Neuss Neustadt Neuvy-St-Sepulchre Nevers New Shoreham Newstead Nijmegen Nîmes Nin Nitrianska Blatnice Nivelles Noli Northampton Norwich Novara Noyon Nylars

2d 3d 4a 5c 5f 5e 2b 2d 3f 4c 4c 2c 1c 2d 5d 5g 3g 2d 5e 2c 2c 4e 3d 1e

Oberfeldbrecht Ocquier Odense Ohrid Old Sarum Old Shoreham Olomouc Oloron Omiš Opatów Orcival Orléans Orp-le-Grand Ostabat Østerlars Ostrów Lednicki Ottmarsheim Ovarra Oviedo

3e 2d 1e 5h 2b 2c 3g 5b 5g 2h 4c 3c 2d 5b 1e 2g 3e 5c 4a

Paderborn Palencia Pannonhalma Paray Paris Parma Parthenay Paulinzella Pavia Payerne Pécs Peñalba Penmon Périgord Perpignan Perrecy-les-Forges Perros-Guirec Perschen Peterborough

2e 5a 3g 4d 3c 4e 4c 2f 4e 4d 4g 5a 1b 4c 5c 4d 3b 3f 2c

Petit Quevilly Petronell Pförring Piacenza Pilisszentkereszt Pisa Pistoia Plaimpied Planksetten Poitiers Pomposa Pontigny Poreč Portchester Portonovo Portovenere Poznań Prague Prandocin Puente La Reina

3c 3g 3f 4e 3g 5e 5e 4c 3f 4c 4f 3d 4f 2c 5f 5e 2g 3f 2h 5b

Quarante Quedlinburg Querfurt Quimper Quimperlé Quintanilla de las Viñas

5c 2e 2f 3b 3b 5a

Rab Rahan Ravenna Reichenau Reims Repton Ribe Richmond Ringsted Říp Ripoll Rivolta d’Adda Roche Rochester Roda de Isábena Roermond Rohr Romainmôtier Rome Romsey Roncesvalles Roscrea Roskilde Rouen

4g 1a 5f 3e 3d 1c 1e 1c 1e 2f 5c 4e 1c 2c 5c 2d 2e 4d 5f 2c 5b 1a 1e 3c

Sagra di San Michele 4d Sahagún 5a Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire 3c Saintes 4b Saint-Aignan 3c Saint-Aubin 4d Saint-Avit 4c Saint-Denis 3c Saint-Estève 5c Saint-Gaudens 5c Saint-Généroux 3c Saint-Genou 4c Saint-Germer-de-Fly 3c Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys 3b Saint-Gilles-du-Gard 5d Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert 5c Saint-Jean-de-Côle 4c Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes 4c Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat 4c

Saint-Martin-de-Boscherville Saint-Martin-du-Canigou Saint-Maurice-d’Agaune Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa Saint-Nectaire Saint-Omer Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux Saint-Philbert-de-Grandlieu Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe Saint-Sever-sur-l’Adour Saint-Trond Salamanca Salona Salzburg San Benedetto Polirone San Claudio al Chienti San Fruttuoso San Gimignano San Juan de la Peña San Juan de las Abadesas San Miguel de Linio San Pedro de la Nave San Vittore delle Chiuse Sandomierz Sangüesa Sannazaro Sant Martí Sescorts Sant Pere de Roda Sant’Antimo Santa Christina de Lena Santa Cruz de la Seros Santa María de Lebeña Sárvármonostor Sassoferrato Saulieu Schaffhausen Scheiblingkirchen Schöngrabern Schwarzrheindorf Sedlec Seligenstadt Selles Selo Senanque Senlis Sens Seo de Urgel Sesia Sesia Sherborne Siegen Silos Silvacane Siresa Sisteron Slesvig Soest Soignies Solignac Somport Pass Sompting Sopron Sopronhorpács Souillac Southwell Speyer Spiez Spigno Split Spoleto St Albans St David’s

3c 5c 4d 5c 4c 2c 5d 3b 4c 5b 2d 5a 5g 3f 4e 5f 5e 5f 5b 5c 4a 5a 5f 2h 5b 4e 5c 5c 5f 5a 5b 5a 3h 5f 4d 3e 3g 3g 2e 3g 3e 3c 4g 5d 3c 3d 5c 4e 4e 2b 2e 5b 5d 5b 5d 1e 2e 2d 4d 5b 2c 3g 3g 4c 1c 3e 4e 4e 5g 5f 2c 2b

St Dogmael’s St Macdara’s Island Stanton Lacy Starý Plzenec Stavelot Steinbach Ston Stow Stradella Strasbourg Straubing Strzelno Studenica Székesfehérvár Szekszárd

2b 1a 2b 3f 2d 3e 5g 1c 4e 3e 3f 2g 5h 3g 4g

Tarascon Tewkesbury Therouanne Thionville Thouars Tickencote Tismice Tivoli Toro Toulouse Tournai Tournus Tours Třebíč Tremiti Trier Trogir Tudela Tum Tveje Merløse

5d 2b 2c 3d 3c 1c 3f 5f 5a 5c 2d 4d 3c 3g 5g 3d 5g 5b 2g 1e

Uchizy Utrecht Uzerche

4d 2d 4c

Vác Vaison Valdediós Valle di Rostino Vallence Velehrad Velezzo Vendôme Venice Vercelli Verdun Verneuil Verona Veszprém Vézelay Vibaldone Vic Vienna Vienne Villeneuve d’Aveyron Vinec Visegrád Vreden Wachock Waltham Waverley Westminster Wieselburg Wimborne Minster Wimmis Wimpfen Winchester

3h 5d 4a 5e 4d 3g 4e 3c 4f 4e 3d 3c 4e 3g 3d 4e 5c 3g 4d 4c 2f 3g 2d 2h 2c 2c 2c 3g 2b 4e 3e 2c

This map index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Wittering Worcester Worms Wrocław Würzburg

2c 2b 3e 2g 3e

York

1c

Záborí nad Labem Zadar Zamora Znojmo Zsámbék

3f 5g 5a 3g 3g

Modern locations of places mentioned in the text: map B, outer areas.

1

Birsay Egilsay Orphir Kirkwall UNITED KINGDOM Brechin Abernethy Leuchars St Andrews Dunfermline Melrose Kelso Jedburgh

2

C

M

This map is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University3Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7 Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

Mondoñedo Santiago Toques

4

Braga Rio Mau Guimarães Travanca Ermelo Oporto Rates PORTUGAL Coimbra Alcobaça Tomar Toledo Lisbon Santa Maria de Melque Évora

Cardona

Barcelona Tarragona

Valencia

S PA I N Córdoba

5 Madeira

A

B

C

Dønnes

0

100 200 km 100 m

Trondheim (Nidaros) Selje

Styrnäs

N O R WA Y Urnes

Bergen

Lunner

Novgorod Bogolyubovo

Uppsala Skånela Sigtuna Norssunda

Oslo Stavanger

SWEDEN

Husaby Linköping Askeby Skara Källstad Varnhem Hadered

Vladimir RUSSIA

Visby Havdhem

D E N M A R K Fyrkat Halltorp Viborg Hørning Venge Vä Virring Hammarlunda

Chernigov

This map is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

UKRAINE

ROMANIA

Gyulafehérvár

Constantinople

Olbia Porto Torres Bisarcio Saccargia Ardara Bosa Borutta Santa Giusta Uta Dolianova

Trani Barletta Molfetta Montecassino Troia Bitonto Fossanova Bari Aversa Canosa Bitetto Brindisi Venosa Ruvo Naples Acerenza Pozzuoli Taranto I TA LY

Gerace

Palermo Cefalù Monreale

D

Lepcis Magna LI BYA

TURKEY

Salonika GREECE Nikopolis

Edessa

Antioch

Hosios Lukas Daphni Corinth

Nea Moni Ephesus

Hierapolis

Saone Coliath Giblet (Byblos)

E

F

G

SYRIA

Krak Tripoli

Beirut LEBANON Tyre Hattin Nabi Samwil Tiberias Acre Belvoir I S R A E L Jacob’s Well Red Tower Baituniya Ramla Jerusalem Abu Ghosh Bethany Khirbat ‘Iqbala al-Qubaiba Palestinian Te r r i t o r i e s JOR DA N Li Vaux Alexandria de Moise Abu Mina

Hermopolis

Cairo

H

Index to map B Abernethy Abu Ghosh Acerenza Alcobaça al-Qubaiba Antioch Ardara Askeby Aversa

2c 5h 4e 4b 5h 4h 4d 2e 4e

Daphni Dolianova Dønnes Dunfermline

5f 5d 1e 2c

Baituniya Barcelona Bari Barletta Beirut Belvoir Bergen Bethany Birsay Bisarcio Bitetto Bitonto Borutta Bosa Braga Brechin Brindisi

Edessa Egilsay Ephesus Ermelo Évora

4h 2c 5f 4b 4b

5h 4c 4e 4e 5h 5h 2d 5h 2c 4d 4e 4e 4d 4d 4b 2c 4e

Fossanova Fyrkat

4e 2d

Hadered Halltorp Hammarlunda Hattin Havdhem Hebron Hierapolis Hørning Hosios Lukas Husaby

2e 2e 2e 5h 2e 5h 5g 2d 5f 2e

Canosa Cardona Cefalù Coimbra Coliath Constantinople Córdoba Corinth Crac de Chevalier

4e 4c 5e 4b 5h 4f 5c 5f 5h

Jacob’s Well Jedburgh Jerusalem

5h 2c 5h

Källstad Kelso Khirbat ‘Iqbala Kirkwall

2e 2c 5h 2c

Gerace 5e Giblet (Byblos) 5h Guimarães 4b

This map index is published in Eric Fernie: Romanesque Architecture (Pelican History of Art) available from Yale University Press www.yalebooks.co.uk isbn 078-0300-20354-7

Lepcis Magna Leuchars Li Vaux de Moise Linköping Lisbon Lunner

5e 2c 5h 2e 4b 2d

Melrose Molfetta Mondoñedo Monreale Montecassino

2c 4e 4b 5e 4e

Nabi Samwil Naples Nikopolis Norssunda Novgorod

5h 4e 5f 2e 2f

Olbia Oporto Orphir Oslo

4d 4b 2c 2d

Palermo Porto Torres Pozzuoli

5e 4d 4e

Ramla Rates Red Tower Rio Mau Ruvo

5h 4b 5h 4b 4e

Saccargia Salonika Santa Giusta

4d 4f 5d

Santa Maria de Melque 4c Santiago 4b Saone 5h Selje 1d Sigtuna 2e Skånela 2e Skara 2e St Andrews 2c Stavanger 2d Styrnäs 1e Taranto Tarragona Tiberias Toledo Tomar Toques Trani Travanca Tripoli Troia Trondheim (Nidaros) Tyre

4e 4c 5h 4c 4b 4b 4e 4b 5h 4e 1d 5h

Uppsala Urnes Uta

2e 1d 5d

Vä Valencia Varnhem Venge Venosa Viborg Virring Visby

2e 4c 2e 2d 4e 2d 2d 2e