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NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · VOL. CXXXIV, NO. 121 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

SUNNY SHOWERS

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CROSS CAMPUS It’s all happening. Rising star

Allison Williams ’10 was on campus Monday evening for a 7:30 p.m. screening of the first episode of “Girls,” the HBO series she’s starring in.

Williams held a questionand-answer session after the screening ended. “Girls” — directed by Lena Dunham and produced by Judd Apatow — premieres this Sunday.

WALL ST. ETHICS MORALITY OF FINANCE DEBATED

POLICING

LATINOS AT YALE

LIGHTWEIGHT CREW

Eidelson arranges meet and greet with NHPD, YPD chiefs

NEW STERLING EXHIBIT TRACES GROWTH

Elis sweep Georgetown and MIT to keep control of Joy Cup

PAGES 8-9 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

PAGE 3 CITY

PAGE 5 NEWS

PAGE 14 SPORTS

In race for rankings, SOM weighs identity

We knew it first. Yale College Council President Brandon Levin ’13 was included on an email of five “campus cuties” sent out by the women’s interest website Her Campus on Sunday. Levin, who according to the website is single, was selected from “among the cuties at all 200+ of our campus chapters,” according to Her Campus.

Taking shape. Robert A. M.

Stern Architects officially completed the technical designs for Yale’s 13th and 14th residential colleges on March 30. To see the renderings, check out a slideshow posted to yaledailynews.com.

Parodied. Next Media Animation, a Taiwanese website that creates CGI parodies of recent news stories, released a video on Monday depicting the controversy surrounding Yale-NUS. Highlights include University President Richard Levin helping Singaporean students do a keg stand, the Yale faculty wielding torches and a surprisingly detailed depiction of the Sterling Memorial Library’s front steps.

Winners. Six Yale College

teaching prizes for 2012 have been awarded to professors in departments ranging from history to psychology to geology and geophysics, the Dean’s Office announced Monday. The following professors won awards: George Chauncey, Laurie Santos, Andrew Casson, Anne Fadiman, Ronald Smith and Moira Fradinger.

A little confusion. The Yale

College Council on Monday sent out an email enumerating how much summer storage students in each college could access — Silliman students get six boxes, Berkeleyites get five, Stilesians get zero — but it turns out the email contained a few errors. The numbers of boxes for Saybrugians and TDers alike were misstated.

It’s coming. Dean of Student Affairs Marichal Gentry sent an email to the student body on Monday reminding everyone that Thursday is tap night for senior societies, that hazing is against state law, that underage students cannot consume alcohol and that blindfolds are not allowed. OK. THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1969 Harvard University students voted to strike after 300 students were arrested and 22 were hospitalized when police broke up a protest in front of Widener Library.

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BY DANIEL SISGOREO STAFF REPORTER When the School of Management began looking for a new dean three years ago, Jim Baron, the professor who led the search, cast a wide net.

UPCLOSE “Suppose you had absolutely no constraints, and you could pick anybody to be the dean of SOM regardless of whether they’re living, dead, available or not,” Baron told professors and deans at other business schools as he hunted for names.

A former member of a search committee at another business school suggested Edward Snyder, then the dean of the University of Chicago’s Booth

School of Business. “You’ll never get him,” Baron said the search committee member added.

But in July 2011, Snyder assumed office as the 10th dean of SOM. Widely recognized as an expert in business school management, Snyder’s nine-year tenure at Booth drew national acclaim.

He doubled the school’s endowed faculty chairs and tripled its student scholarships. In 2008, he brought in a $300 million donation from alumnus David Booth — the largest gift ever made to an American business school.

Snyder’s impressive track record came with a hefty price tag. At Booth, Sny-

der earned a base compensation of $702,606 in 2010, according to the University of Chicago’s 2010 tax filings. That same year, Yale’s highestpaid dean, School of Medicine Dean Robert Alpern, earned $647,949. University President Richard Levin and Provost Peter Salovey made $1,042,049 and $522,544, respectively. Though Snyder declined to say whether his current salary at SOM surpasses $700,000, he said he is “probably [Yale’s] highest-paid dean.”

Baron said Snyder arrived at a “unique point” in SOM’s history, with the school’s curriculum recently revised by former SOM Dean Joel Podolny and construction of a new campus underway on Whitney Avenue. Snyder is “stimulated” by the challenges and strategies behind business school manage-

Occupy runs out of time

BY NICK DEFIESTA STAFF REPORTER

When Yale administrators fashioned SOM in the mid1970s, they aimed to fill a hole in business education at

Nearly six months after Occupy New Haven set up camp on the Green, federal judge Mark Kravitz ruled that the city has the right to evict the protest.

In a decision released Monday afternoon, Kravitz ruled that the city acted within its rights when it asked protesters to leave the Green last month. Unless a higher court grants protesters a third stay, Occupy New Haven protesters will have until noon Tuesday to pack up, at which point the Green can be legally cleared of all Occupy structures.

While some protesters have already left, others plan to protest peacefully should police come to clear the Green.

“This decision, the first ruling to address the full range of legal arguments and facts involved in this case, means that the New Haven Green will once again be a place for all and not serve as a private residence for a few,” Mayor John DeStefano Jr. said in a statement following the decision.

“The city will honor the court’s request and we expect the members of Occupy New Haven to do the same.”

In his 26-page-long decision, Kravitz rejected Occupy attorney Norm Pattis’ argument that evicting Occupy New Haven infringed on the protesters’ First Amendment rights. While he acknowledged that members of Occupy New Haven are exercising speech rights protected by the First Amendment, he ruled that the city’s regulations governing the Green were constitutionally valid and therefore could be used to force protesters to leave.

In his ruling, Kravitz also described the relationship

SEE SOM PAGE 4

SEE OCCUPY PAGE 7

ment, Baron said, and is known for working to “create something that’s more enduring than just himself.”

For his part, Snyder said SOM’s status in the broader business school landscape is “really interesting and challenging and intriguing.” His goals as dean focus on building SOM’s reputation and elevating its placement in the national business school rankings, and he said he would never have left Booth for a school that lacked “a distinctive path to greatness.”

Though students, faculty and alumni interviewed applauded Snyder’s appointment as an administrative success for the University, it remains to be seen whether his agenda can fit with the school’s unconventional ideals of preparing students for work in the public, private and nonprofit sectors. And some in the SOM community fear the school’s original identity will be lost in a quest to rise through the rankings.

NOT ‘JUST ANOTHER’ BUSINESS SCHOOL

Directors compete for lighting designers The profits of free tuition YA L E S C H O O L O F M U S I C

BY AKBAR AHMED STAFF REPORTER Laurel German ’15, a lighting designer in Yale’s undergraduate theater community, worked on tech weeks for six productions in February.

But, she noted, “there aren’t even six weeks in February.”

Students involved in lighting design have always been scarce in the theater scene at Yale College, nine students interviewed said. But with significantly more theater and dance productions this semester than in the fall, designers said the pressure on them is particularly high, and large numbers of shows are going up understaffed, without designers.

“You have an overabundance of actors and an underabundance of people who are really passionate about doing tech work …

There’s a real sense of urgency, especially this semester,” said Amelia Urry ’13, a student lighting designer and vice president of the Yale Dramatic Association. Urry is a deputy editor for the Yale Daily News Magazine.

Urry added that this deficit of technicians is especially problematic for theater and dance productions funded by Creative

and Performing Arts awards through the residential colleges, rather than Dramat shows, some of which hire outside designers.

This year, theatrical shows have been unusually skewed towards the spring calendar, with only 23 productions in the fall compared to 46 this semester, according to the online records of the Yale Drama Coalition. Andrew Freeburg ’13, who has been involved with lighting, set, sound and costume design and is a board member of the Dramat, said that the situation this semester has been a “perfect storm.”

“Everybody and their grandmother thought, ‘Oh, let’s do a show in the spring!’” Freeburg said. “But where will you find a designer with the time to do more than arts and crafts projects?”

But in the midst of a packed theater season, finding a lighting designer with the time to do more than a cursory job has created a competitive process for directors.

Zoe LaPalombara ’13, a lighting designer and the marketing director of the Dramat, said directors often try to convince SEE LIGHTING PAGE 7

JOYCE XI/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Students admitted to the School of Music pay no tuition.

T

he Yale School of Music has been tuitionfree since receiving a record-breaking gift from alumni in 2006, but other factors come into consideration as admitted students decide whether to take the free ride. AKBAR AHMED reports.

In 2005, billionaire couple Stephen Adams ’59 and Denise Adams donated $100 million to the Yale School of Music, enabling the school to provide a

full tuition award and fellowship to all students.

“This generous gift will enhance the ability of the school to attract the world’s finest musi-

cians and will support a number of important advances at the school,” University President Richard Levin said at the time.

Musicians paid attention: according to the school’s Director of Admissions, Daniel Pellegrini, 1,496 prospective students applied for admission the first year that tuition was free in 2006–’07, up from 777 the year before.

Seven years on, the 125 students most recently admitted to the School of Music are now in the midst of weighing their offers from graduate music programs.

But the opportunity to enroll in a school with no tuition will not necessarily be the determining factor in their decision-making process, 10 students and three professors interviewed said.

With students’ concerns ranging from a desire to study under specific faculty to the city in which they want to be based, selecting a graduate music program is not just a question of cost.

BENEFITS OF A GIFT

Having completed a master’s degree in music at the Yale School of Music and now nearing the completion of a doctorate SEE MUSIC PAGE 7

PAGE 2

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “Ah, moral relativism. What next? Yale-in-Kabul? Yale-in-North-Koyaledailynews.com/opinion

Taking responsbility Some of my most vivid memories from my time as a small child are from my family’s Passover Seders. I remember falling asleep to the sounds of my relatives debating the meaning of a biblical verse. I remember the first time I stayed awake for the entire procedure, triumphantly singing the strange children’s song that concludes the Seder as the clock struck 2:30 a.m. Even now, each year I return to school energized by the image of my family sitting around a long table clothed in white, our cups of wine raised in our right hands as we sing songs of God’s praise late into the night.

The central section of the Seder is the “maggid,” when the story of the Exodus — indeed much of Jewish history — is ritually retold. But the story is not just recounted; it is debated, analyzed and interpreted. And despite our annual return to the same texts, much is left eternally unresolved.

There is one such passage that I feel particularly unable to escape. We recite: “Blessed is the One who keeps His promise … that He did as he said to Abraham … ‘I surely know that your children will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, and they will be enslaved and oppressed, but the nation whom they serve I shall surely judge.’”

Each year, we struggle with this passage. How can we praise God for his beneficence in letting us go free without blaming him for placing the Israelites in Egypt in the first place? After all, in this very passage we recall God’s foreknowledge of the Egyptian slavery.

And so we struggle. The texts of the Passover Seder ascribe our salvation to God but blame our enslavement on the Egyptians.

Positive experiences are thus acts of divine grace, while evil is the product of human choice. Is that mindset justifiable, or is our tradition hypocritical and hopelessly naive?

Critics of religion smugly delight in pointing to alleged inconsistencies in the religious public’s worldview. But religion’s opponents’ need for a surfacelevel consistency is more a reflection of their small-mindedness, a surrender to their internal hobgoblins that understand little about the human soul.

Indeed, each year, I marvel appreciatively at this inconsistency that seems to undermine the entire Passover narrative. We attribute goodness to the eternal; evil, to ourselves. But is this not precisely the opposite of what our inner demons exhort us to do? There is nothing more comfortable — or more natural — than the desire to take credit for things that go well and pass the buck for actions that go south.

But the religious mind inverts that infantile paradigm. We praise God for the greatest

moment in our history, and we berate ourselves for having remained in Egypt of our own will.

Nor is YISHAI this didacSCHWARTZ tic inversion limited to The Gadfly the Passover story.

Any time a disaster befalls us, the Talmud demands that we examine our own deeds. And when we are saved, we are obligated to ritually give thanks.

In doing so, we try to rise above the emptiness of an existence bereft of responsibility. For those who understand that evil is human and goodness divine, there can be no sitting on one’s laurels. There is only introspection and hard work in the service of a better world.

It is always difficult to take responsibility for those things we do wrong. It’s simple for the Yale faculty to adopt a resolution lambasting a foreign country while patting themselves on the back for their tolerance; far harder to consider that the moral relativism bred by the American academy is precisely what gives cover to the administration’s acceptance of authoritarianism.

It’s simple for fraternities to absolve themselves of responsibility for partying- and rushrelated problems; far harder to think critically about how to solve those problems. It’s simple for the Yale administration to sit satisfied in its support of freshmen and blame fraternities for unpleasant incidents; far harder to re-examine the woeful inadequacy of the moral education students are receiving.

It’s simple for the undergraduate community to sit confident in the knowledge that its Class Day speaker is named Barbara and consider misogyny a thing of the past; far harder to consider why society seems to elevate so many more men than women to positions of prominence. And it’s simple to file a legal complaint against a well-meaning Yale administration; far harder to think critically about how our own supposedly liberated sexual norms might be at fault.

So as we leave this holiday season, perhaps believer and atheist alike might take a page from the Haggadah. Reflect on how you have contributed to society’s troubles, and give thanks for all that we have been given. And by doing so, we might yet come to live in a world where songs of gratitude sweep away the sources of our critical reflection.

rea?”

‘PHANTOMLLAMA’ ON ‘SHOW SINGAPOREANS SOME RESPECT’

Why ask big questions?

This weekend, abandoning my problem sets and senior thesis, I crashed the birthday party of a complete stranger. After introductions, we talked for hours about philosophical questions — the kind of stereotypical college palaver that I usually sidestep for sleep.

Fellow undergraduates can easily imagine what we discussed: What does it mean to be a chair? Is there a canvas on which our experiences must be painted? Who is screaming in the bathroom? How do I know that you really exist?

Does anyone want pizza?

At first, I wondered why we should pursue these absurdly basic inquiries. Obviously, I exist, and if I don’t, I certainly don’t want to know. Outside the mental Disneyland of college, most people shy away such thoughts in favor of finding a job, a partner and the like.

In hindsight, however, these vague questions were actually quite audacious. Although my new friends were comfortable extemporizing without hesitation, fully answering our questions would require a rigorous description of reality — a scientific rather than philosophical task. I remained keenly aware that the universe is a big, big place and we know almost nothing about it. We’re not even

sure if life exists on Mars, not to mention a thriving civilization orbiting Alpha Centauri. And don’t get me started on dark JOSEPH O’ROURKE energy.

Studying problems comSpace Cadet pletely orthogonal to daily life is an odd use of limited scientific resources, but primal human curiosity must exist for a reason.

In fact, this hunger for knowledge may represent incredible foresight, invaluable in a universe replete with unexplored wonders. Despite dealing with currently intractable problems, this mode of inquiry dovetails with people’s instinctive grasp of normal science.

People demonstrate remarkable mastery of the science of everyday experience, though scientific formalism is relatively inaccessible. Most people, for instance, can throw a ball with reasonable accuracy, but writing down differential equations of motion is a rare ability; some people cook well, but few chemists could precisely describe the myriad phase transi-

tions occurring during the preparation of a meal.

Doing science to unfamiliar phenomena is a difficult, piecemeal effort. No one has an intuitive grasp on the existence of dark matter, the behavior of the Higgs boson or the lives of critters at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. But armchair evolutionists like me would be shocked if it were any other way.

Human intelligence, formidable as it may be, is the product of evolution, which may produce the occasional useless thing like the appendix or the squirrel but is generally expected to favor utility. After countless generations, therefore, we have been hardwired to learn the rules governing the behavior of objects that are roughly our size and move on time scales relevant to our lives.

Unfortunately, our lives are confined to the surface of a small, rocky planet in close orbit around a rather ordinary star. The billions of other stars in the Milky Way and the innumerable galaxies in the universe? They are largely irrelevant, absent something like an alien invasion. The origin of mass? It’s linguistically simple to ask about it, but nearly impossible to describe in practice.

Still, people obviously do ask

these questions. A simple explanation is that such exercises are like calisthenics for the mind, expending effort in preparation for useful pursuits. Physicists could, say, debate the origin of the stars as inspiration for harnessing nuclear fusion to inexpensively produce clean energy.

The framing of basic science as practice for applied research, however, is tremendously lame. I prefer to think that scientists are playing the long game, preparing for a future in which cosmic mysteries become relevant. The Kepler space telescope, which NASA announced last week would receive funding for an additional two years of operations, has already discovered thousands of planet candidates in a sample size of roughly 100,000 stars. A universe teeming with intelligent alien life is very different from a universe in which we are alone.

Of course, we probably won’t find aliens, or understand the essence of chairs, for a long time.

But until we do, I’ll keep crashing birthday parties.

JOSEPH O’ROURKE is a senior in Silliman College. His column runs on alternate Tuesdays. Contact him at joseph.orourke@yale.edu .

G U E ST C O LU M N I ST S GA B E M U R C H I S O N A N D H I L A RY O ’ C O N N E L L

Defend trans students, YCC As the foremost representatives of undergraduates to Yale’s administration, members of the Yale College Council occupy a unique position on campus. This status gives the YCC a responsibility to work on the problems that most affect university life. Unequal treatment by the University on the basis of personal characteristics — including, but not limited to, sexual orientation and gender identity — seriously damages affected students’ ability to get the most out of their time at Yale. The YCC must stand against it now.

Although the administration has paid lip service to the concerns of transgender and gender-nonconforming students, its actions over the last year have demonstrated little interest in or respect for those students’ needs. Not only does this decrease the quality of life of current transgender and gender non-conforming students, it also deters others from applying — denying us the company of classmates who would have made great contributions to Yale.

The administration showed particular disrespect for transgender and gender-nonconforming students by inviting the military’s Reserve Officers’ Training Corps programs to return to campus in 2013. Yale College administrators

YISHAI SCHWARTZ is a junior in Branford College. His column runs on Tuesdays. Contact him at yishai. schwartz@yale.edu .

are fully aware that, despite the repeal of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell, all branches of the military continue to exclude transgender and gender-nonconforming people from service. They know but do not care that the ROTC programs will violate the University’s Equal Opportunity Statement.

Even after members of the Faculty Committee on ROTC met with representatives of Trans/ gender Awareness Week and the LGBT Co-op last year, the administration said almost nothing about the LGBTQ community’s concerns in its final report, mentioning the meeting only in passing and misidentifying the students’ affiliations. The YCC never commented on the committee report’s failure to acknowledge that ROTC discriminates against transgender people and again failed to mention the exclusion in its own report on the program.

Health care is another pressing issue for transgender students, and Yale’s contradictory policies on gender-related health care prevent students from accessing the care they need. Yale Health has stated that gender-affirming surgeries (also known as sex-reassignment surgeries) are medically necessary for many transgender people and covers those surgeries for employ-

ees and their dependents. In spite of this affirmation, gender-affirming surgery is explicitly excluded from the student health plan — a discriminatory policy with no medical, actuarial or moral basis.

Surgery is unaffordable to many students and their families, while its cost to Yale Health is insignificant. All students, not just those with access to wealth or secondary health insurance, must be able to access the surgeries they need, and the YCC should work with administrators and Yale Health to reconcile the student health plan with the employee version.

We applaud YCC’s successful campaign to expand mixed-gender housing to juniors. Unfortunately, half of all students are still banned from living with students of another gender. Perhaps the YCC’s silence on this issue stems from a belief that mixed-gender housing, like off-campus housing, is a privilege for students deemed mature.

Prohibitions on mixed-gender housing harm all students, but especially transgender students.

Living with friends of another gender is no special privilege. All the reasons to expand mixed-gender housing to juniors apply to younger students as well, and the YCC must campaign to lift the ban

for freshmen and sophomores.

Given all of these circumstances, the YCC candidates need to rethink their priorities. Candidates will not effectively represent the LGBTQ community — or any part of the Yale community — if they focus only on relatively trivial issues. Instead, they should commit themselves to solving the problems that affect our basic ability to get the most out of Yale.

The issues we have outlined are not the only ones that make a difference; financial aid, mental health and other concerns should be priorities as well. But questions about whether every member of the Yale community can participate equally in academic programs or even get the medical care he or she needs are undeniably more important than who comes to Spring Fling and what we can buy with a Durfee’s swipe. Candidates, please take seriously your responsibility to represent all Yalies, and spend time during and after your campaign thinking about how to best fulfill that duty.

GABE MURCHISON AND HILARY O’CONNELL are sophomores in Davenport College and Timothy Dwight College, respectively. She is coordinator of the LGBT Co-op.

G U E S T C O L U M N I S T J O S H UA R EV E S Z

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COPYRIGHT 2012 — VOL. CXXXIV, NO. 121

A specter is haunting Yale: the specter of feudalism.

When Yale’s class of 2016 descends on campus next week, they will be told about the richness of Yale’s extracurricular scene.

High school newspaper editors, debate captains and community service leaders will listen as an admissions officer tells them how friendly Yale College is to studentrun organizations.

They will, in other words, be deceived. For Yale is an increasingly inhospitable environment for extracurricular organizations requiring space on campus. And the culprit of this problem is the Yale institution perhaps most unquestioningly accepted: the residential college system, which imposes a byzantine, feudalist structure on organizations wishing to reserve rooms.

The residential colleges control virtually all non-classroom space available to Yale’s undergraduates.

Any group that wishes to watch television must go through one of the half-dozen residential colleges with a TV room. Organizations seeking to hold events in less formal atmospheres than WLH classrooms must seek out college common rooms. The residential colleges also provide the only public, on-campus space for groups wish-

ing to host weekend social functions.

Ideally, college masters would understand and make it easy for organizations to reserve space.

Instead, they enact policies that restrict groups’ abilities to hold meetings.

All college spaces are bookable only by members of that residential college. Some colleges impose additional constraints: The Branford Common Room, for example, is available only for one on-campus group. Other masters claim that their spaces cannot be reserved and must be used informally rather than for official meetings, an arbitrary distinction tailored to shut out extracurricular groups. (Those rooms, incidentally, are chronically underused.)

All college administrators pay lip service to the importance of student groups — they just don’t want them in their space. Like urban homeowners opposing muchneeded infrastructure, the residential colleges tell student groups to do what they want, just “not in my back yard.”

This problem has become particularly acute this year: Many of my friends’ organizations have been deprived space they once were free to use, and my own college’s interim master has dramatically

curtailed the use of common space.

I belong to an organization with the unambitious goal of watching an hour of television every Monday — we have recently been told that we cannot reserve a residential college’s TV Room because many of us do not belong to that college.

That sort of thinking is terrible for Yale College. Certainly, residential college life is an important aspect of Yale: Many new students will find their social group in the college to which they are randomly assigned, and they will spend their time planning and participating in college social events.

Others, however, will not.

And for students who choose Yale because of the beautiful chaos of the extracurricular fair, who find their friends in activism or community service or debate, it is essential that Yale be able to accommodate their groups’ needs. Those organizations require access to spaces and rooms that — in the absence of the student centers found in most universities — can be reserved solely through residential colleges.

So masters and their assistants should be more hospitable to extracurricular groups in their residential colleges. Students who ground their lives in their residential colleges should recognize that not all of Yale will be like them. Student

organizations should, in turn, be more respectful tenants of space than they have in the past. And candidates in the upcoming Yale College Council elections should propose measures that will satisfy the council’s various constituents.

But most of all, Yale College’s administration should act. The absurdity of the current regime cannot be lost on the Yale College Dean’s Office. If Yale truly takes seriously the flourishing of its extracurricular organizations, then its administrators should promulgate new rules to ensure groups’ ability to use space. Perhaps they could even create new spaces, outside of the residential colleges’ sphere, where groups can meet.

Yale is nothing without its extracurricular groups, some of which are centuries old and predate the residential college system. And yet, the colleges’ feudalism is quickly pushing organizations off campus or into extinction. If nothing is done, Yale will suffer as its extracurricular organizations find it more and more difficult to hold the activities that, for many, are the best part of the Yale experience.

JOSHUA REVESZ is a junior in Calhoun College. Contact him at joshua. revesz@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

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“To my mind, what we ought to have maintained from the beginning was the strictest neutrality.” GEORGE WILLIAM NORRIS FORMER SENATOR FROM NEBRASKA

Crossing faces lengthy approval

TODAY’S EVENTS TUESDAY, APRIL 10 5:00 P.M. CR Lawn on FedCo, Seed Saving, and the Cooperative Business Model. CR Lawn JD ’71 founded FedCo, a cooperative seed company that specializes in cold-hearty organic varieties particularly suited to sustainable growing in the northeast. The talk will cover his investment in seed-saving and interest in preserving the genetic heritage and diversity of American plants, as well as his business model. Kroon Hall (219 Prospect St.), Burke Aud.

CORRECTIONS WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4

The article “Senior director brings race issues to the stage” incorrectly paraphrased Timmia Hearn Feldman ‘12 as saying that non-minority audience members might have difficulty understanding issues of racial stereotyping in “The Shipment.” In fact, Hearn Feldman said that people from non-minority groups would have faced difficulty in creating the show, but they would be able to understand themes of racial stereotyping from watching the production.

MONDAY, APRIL 9

The profile of Daryl Hok ’14, a candidate for YCC vice president, misstated the position of current YCC Treasurer Archit Sheth-Shah ’13.

The profile of Eric Eliasson ’14, a candidate for YCC president, included an incorrect factbox of biographical information. The News regrets the error.

The caption for a photo of women’s tennis team captain Steph Kent ’12 incorrectly identified her as Elizabeth Epstein ’13. Also, the Stat of the Day said that Vicky Brook ’12 and Amber Li ’15 have won the last 16 of their 17 doubles matches. While the Yale team has won 16 of its last 17 doubles points, last weekend was the first time Brook and Li have teamed up.

A Cross Campus item misstated the class year of Ryan Nees ’13.

BY BEN PRAWDZIK STAFF REPORTER A $135 million proposal for the Downtown Crossing project released last week that aims to replace a portion of Route 34 with a new hub of business and commercial activity now faces an approval process that could take several months, city officials said.

After negotiating the terms of the development project for over a year, Mayor John DeStefano Jr. and real estate developer Carter Winstanley unveiled a 199-page proposal on Monday to repurpose the property at 100 College St., which will be made available after the downtown section of Route 34 is converted to a set of urban boulevards. The proposal, which follows 70 public meetings on the project, was submitted to the Board of Aldermen to begin the legislative approval process last week. City Hall spokeswoman Elizabeth Benton said the plan will need to be reviewed by the City Plan Commission and the Board’s finance and legislation committee before facing a vote by the full Board, a majority of which is necessary for the project to move forward.

“This project is transformational — we are talking about taking out a highway,” Benton said. “It will be a game changer in terms of the character and experience of the downtown area. It’s hard to determine how long the approval timetable is, but it will certainly be longer than a month.”

Under the proposal, the city, state and federal government would contribute a combined $35 million clearing and improving the 100 College St. site for real estate development.

Winstanley Enterprises, Winstanley’s limited liability corporation for the project, would be awarded ownership of the land and spend an estimated $100 million building a parking garage and 10-story office tower targeting biomedical companies as tenants. City officials said the plan would not only generate new jobs and tax revenue but also reunify the downtown area and medical district now bifurcated

by Route 34.

Benton said the City Plan Commission will be the first body to review the proposal, holding a public hearing on the plan as well as scrutinizing its land-use implications. The Commission will then make a recommendation to the Board of Aldermen on whether or not to approve the project and under what conditions. She added that the joint legislation and finance committee will then hold a public hearing on the plan, recommend amendments and issue either a favorable or unfavorable vote. The full Board of Aldermen will ultimately conduct two readings of the agreement, and a full Board vote on the details of the project will follow the second reading.

Benton said that the Downtown Crossing project is a major infrastructure and commercial development for the Elm City, and thus progress on the project must come “step by step.”

Mike Piscitelli, deputy economic development administrator for New Haven, said the proposal is also a “sound investment” for the city. Under the plan, the city must contribute $7 million to excavate and improve the 10 acre, 100 College St. property before further construction. The New Haven Parking Authority will also finance the project with $1.2 million, and the federal and state governments will put forward $16 million and $10.4 million, respectively. Winstanley Enterprises need only contribute $500,000 for initial site preparation and improvement under the deal.

“In most cities, the public has to be a partner making investments in site improvement because development is always more expensive in an urban environment,” said Anne Haynes, CEO of the Economic Development Corporation of New Haven.

After the site has been prepared for development and ownership changes hands, Winstanley aims to construct a parking garage and biomedical tower which city officials said could create as many as 900 jobs in the building alone and 4,000 jobs throughout New Haven.

Haynes added that for every one new biomedical job in the 100 College St. property,

as many as three indirect jobs to support new city workers and potential residents could be created as well. She said the added pedestrian traffic would spur further commercial development in the downtown area.

“Everything from retail to professional services, marketing, accounting, restaurants, coffee shops and haircuts could stand to see growth,” Haynes said. “These indirect jobs are highly important for the city.”

But Piscitelli said the project means more to the Elm City that just job growth.

“The most fundamental benefit of Downtown Crossing is it solidifies New Haven’s place as a destination for the life sciences industry,” Piscitelli said. “We have a lot of component parts here, in the form of an outstanding medical school, laboratories and hospitals, and Downtown Crossing is a way to truly leverage those resources.”

Piscitelli added that the Downtown Crossing proposal would generate significant new tax revenue, but no formal estimate of the proposal’s gross tax revenue impact has been conducted yet. He said the city tax assessor will prepare a fiscal impact statement and deliver it to the Board of Aldermen during the approval process.

Despite the business growth and tax revenue increases that city officials say the Downtown Crossing proposal would bring, some have criticized the project’s biomedical focus, arguing that the building will only create jobs for workers who will likely live outside New Haven.

Piscitelli said that while not all of the proposed building’s future occupants may live in the Elm City, biomedical positions are not the only new jobs that the project stands to encourage.

“This will create jobs at all levels of the career ladder — from low level jobs to jobs that require high skill and exceptional brilliance,” Piscitelli said.

New Haven is home to 39 of Connecticut’s 52 biotech firms.

Contact BEN PRAWDZIK at benjamin.prawdzik@yale.edu .

SOCIAL JUSTICE

Yale, New Haven police Dwight Hall impartiality questioned chiefs meet students

BY MICHELLE HACKMAN STAFF REPORTER

JOYCE LI/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Yale Police Department Chief Ronnell Higgins and New Haven Police Department Chief Dean Esserman addressed students at a meet and greet Monday.

BY JAMES LU STAFF REPORTER The Elm City’s police leadership packed into the Berkeley College Common Room Monday evening for a meet and greet with students.

New Haven Police Department Chief Dean Esserman and Yale Police Department Chief Ronnell Higgins were joined by four members of the Board of Aldermen and about 25 students in an hour-long session aimed at allowing students to get to know police leadership and understand their departments’ operations.

The meeting, organized by Ward 1 Alderwoman Sarah Eidelson ’12, who represents most undergraduates on the board, and members of the Yale College Council’s executive board, comes as police seek to strengthen relations with students as part of a broad-based community policing strategy.

“The fact that both Chief Higgins and Chief Esserman were so eager to do this is indicative of the fact they yearn for more student input on policing, and I think it’s incumbent upon students to step up to the plate and do that,” YCC President Brandon Levin ’13 said. “Students play a role in community policing and the chiefs mentioned repeatedly that they are eager to work with students and the YCC to find ways to do that.”

Since taking office in November, Esserman has reached out to the Yale community in a manner unlike his predecessor Frank Limon, said Ward 29 Alderman Brian Wingate, who chairs the Board of Aldermen’s public safety committee. Already, Esserman teaches a Yale Law School clinic on “Innovations in Policing” with Professor James Forman Jr. LAW ’92, and Yale College Dean Mary Miller said in February her office was working on details for a potential residential college seminar taught by Esserman.

Esserman said engaging with the Yale community is simply one part of a broader community policing strategy that involves developing relationships between police and all members of the community to both prevent and solve crimes.

“Yale’s an important part of the city, and its students are part of the community we serve,” Esserman told the News before the event.

Eidelson said she organized the event to facilitate more open lines of communication between students and the city’s police departments, adding that she hopes to combat a lack of information among students about how policing works.

“I just told the chief, these events show we’re moving in the right direction, so hopefully this can be sustainable,” Wingate said. “The community has high expectations, with the students in the community, I love it.”

Wingate added it was particularly exciting to see student leadership engaging with the city’s police.

All three YCC presidential candidates — Cristo Liautaud ’14, John Gonzalez ’14 and Eric Eliasson ’14 — attended the event, and all three agreed that students and YCC members should become acquainted with the police leadership.

“YCC can really help the Yale Police promote its resources and get in touch with students and manage expectations of students,” said Liautaud, who has met with Higgins to discuss student initiatives to improve public safety.

Gonzalez and Eliasson said events like Monday night’s meet and greet provide important opportunities for students to better educate themselves about local policing operations, particularly with the citywide rollout of community policing strategies and the NHPD’s aim to improve communication between police and residents.

Students asked the assembled police leadership — who also included YPD Assistant Chiefs Michael Patten and Steven Woznyk — a variety of questions about community policing, public safety around Toad’s Place and police-fraternity interactions.

When asked by a student about how fraternities can improve their relationships with the police, Esserman shot back: “Can I ask you a question? What’s the drinking age?”

Other groups Esserman has met with since being sworn in include the Dwight Hall Urban Fellows Program, the Yale Police Department’s Citizen’s Police Academy and Middleman.

Diana Li contributed reporting.

Contact JAMES LU at james.q.lu@yale.edu .

Last semester, the Dwight Hall executive committee approved the Yale Working Group for Occupy New Haven as a short-term member. The group, primarily comprised of Yale students, sought a physical meeting space and access to Dwight Hall’s resources, including cars and a copy machine, in its mission to promote discussion about economic inequality in America.

On the whole, the group utilized space in Dwight Hall about three times a month, said Alexandra Brodsky ’12, one of Dwight Hall’s 2011 co-coordinators, adding that the executive committee thought the working group’s goal fell within Dwight Hall’s mission.

But last year, under the purview of the same executive committee, Dwight Hall asked Yale Students for Christ and the Yale Christian Fellowship, who had reserved a room in the building, to move the location of one of their talks.

The speaker in question, minister Christopher Yuan, is an alleged supporter of the “ex-gay” movement that seeks to reverse homosexuality in individuals. After discovering the speaker’s identity, the committee asked the event’s organizers if they would be willing to move the event elsewhere.

“We found Yuan’s homophobic message to be counter to the mission of Dwight Hall,” Brodsky said.

Yishai Schwartz ’13, a staff columnist for the News, noticed a disparity in the organization’s practices.

In a January column, he questioned Dwight Hall’s exact mission and posited that it may be serving to promote a liberal agenda. The community service organization calls itself a “center for public service and social justice,” but, Schwartz noted, it is unclear what these terms truly mean given their wide usage.

“The diversity of those on the social justice train certainly does not help define the term,” he wrote, “but it does present fundamental challenges that should make thoughtful people nervous.”

ADVOCACY

On April 25, Dwight Hall will send its first-ever “Advocacy Bus” down to Washington, D.C., for the day so that various member groups can lobby for their causes.

In advance of the trip, the organization held a lobbying workshop on March 30, where students were instructed on how to prepare informational materials and reach out to their legislators.

As a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, Dwight Hall is forbidden from engaging in partisan political activity, such as supporting a bill

or candidate. It is, however, permitted to allot up to 20 percent of its annual budget to nonpartisan direct lobbying activities.

According to Jensen Reckhow ’13, one of Dwight Hall’s current co-coordinators, direct lobbying is defined as any communication with a legislator expressing a view about specific bills.

“This is a very basic and clear-cut distinction,” said Alex Knopp, executive director of Dwight Hall. “Dwight Hall cannot be associated with any of the partisan political activities of our member groups.”

In addition to this upcoming organization-wide lobbying trip, Dwight Hall’s 90 members include several traditionally left-leaning groups: Amnesty International, Yale Student Environmental Coalition, the Roosevelt Institution and the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union.

A ‘LIBERAL CLIMATE’?

When the Occupy Working Group applied for short-term membership, Dwight Hall members agreed that the group’s mission was in line with that of Dwight Hall in that it promoted service and advocacy, said Aaron Feuer ’13, a member of the 2011 Dwight Hall executive committee.

Dwight Hall cannot be associated with any of the partisan political activities of our member groups.

ALEX KNOPP Executive director, Dwight Hall “It was clear to all of us that whether or not we agreed with the Occupy New Haven cause, Dwight Hall’s job is not to be a political arbiter,” Feuer said.

The process of joining Dwight Hall is relatively intensive, said Leah Sarna ’14, Dwight Hall’s current new member coordinator. Members apply and then enter a provisional stage in which their group’s viability and devotion to service and advocacy are judged by the executive committee, she said.

A perceived institutional bias within Dwight Hall has led certain conservative organizations not to join for fear that they will not fit in, two student leaders said.

Isabel Marin ’12, the former president of Choose Life at Yale and cofounder of Undergraduates for a Better Yale College, said that she had never seriously explored the option of entering either of her organizations as a Dwight Hall member. The group’s “liberal climate,” she said, made her feel as though she would not

be accepted even if her work qualified as social justice.

“Even with some idea of how Dwight hall would be able to help, there seems to be a barrier of entry in the culture they seem to have established,” she said. “They just don’t have that many conservative groups.”

Sarna said that she doesn’t think Dwight Hall itself is left-leaning, but that most of the groups who approach it happen to be liberal.

Moreover, some of the most controversial groups thought to be affiliated with Dwight Hall, such as the Undergraduate Organizing Committee or Students for Justice in Palestine, are actually only affiliated with one of its networks, the Social Justice Network.

Though the Social Justice Network was originally founded to strengthen ties between Dwight Hall member groups with similar interests, it offers its organizational resources to non-members as well, Reckhow said.

Still, some conservative groups at Yale are engaging in service without the official Dwight Hall designation.

Nathaniel Zelinsky ’13, president of the William F. Buckley Jr. Program and a former member of the Dwight Hall executive committee, co-sponsored an event this winter with Dwight Hall’s Yale Hunger and Homelessness Action Project. During YHHAP’s week-long sponsorship of a homeless shelter, the Buckley Program paid for and prepared one of the meals. Zelinsky said his group got involved because, as supporters of small government, they support a vibrant private service sector.

“Service is at its core nonpolitical,” he said. “It is something that, regardless of your political views, you can and should engage in.”

But Amalia Skilton ’13, founder of Fierce Advocates and former head of YHHAP, disagrees with the notion of apolitical service. She says that arguments over Dwight Hall’s liberal leanings are unnecessary because every issue-based group will pursue any and all available political means to achieve their service goals.

“Volunteering at a soup kitchen indicates a certain ideology, a certain moral stance, an understanding about how people should relate to one another and their different places in a stratified class system,” Brodsky said. “Dwight Hall members obviously don’t have identical ideas about how society should function, but everyone is nonetheless engaged with these questions.”

Dwight Hall was founded in 1886 as the Young Men’s Christian Association at Yale.

Contact MICHELLE HACKMAN at michelle.hackman@yale.edu .

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

PEOPLE IN THE NEWS JOEL PODOLNY Former School of Management Dean Joel Podolny is now the dean of Apple University, an executive training program created by Steve Jobs that is rumored to teach future company leaders to think like Jobs did.

Snyder brings mainstream experience to unconventional school SOM FROM PAGE 1

just not interested,” she said.

the time. The lines between the public and private sectors were blurring, but traditional business schools had not altered their curricula to reflect the shift — leaving a segment of aspiring business leaders dissatisfied with educational offerings nationwide, SOM’s founding Dean William Donaldson said.

SOM was developed to teach business skills needed to work in nonprofits, private corporations and the public sector. To emphasize the distinctiveness of its education, the school initially offered a Master of Public and Private Management degree rather than the standard Master of Business Administration.

The goal, SOM professor Victor Vroom said, was for SOM to dissolve an “artificial divide” between teaching specific business skills and studying their underlying social sciences, and to be more than “just another business school.”

“It made no sense for us to duplicate Wharton or Harvard or Stanford or any other institution,” said Vroom, who helped establish the school. “Since we were a late entrant, we had to capitalize on our advantage, which was that we had no hostage to the past.”

In its early years, SOM was heralded by its first students as “a kind of laboratory” for a new model of business education, said Rob Quartel SOM ’78, a member of the school’s inaugural class. The school included students in developing its curriculum, making administrative decisions and navigating other “early growing pains,” he said.

But over the past three decades, some alumni have worried that SOM is compromising its founding principles and gradually abandoning its interdisciplinary approach to business education.

Though Vroom said many alumni considered the MPPM a source of pride and an emblem of the school’s uniqueness, SOM replaced the degree with an MBA in the early 2000s because employers often did not realize the two designations represented equal qualification for business administration. He said many alumni chose not to convert their degrees when given the opportunity.

Mark Tuckerman SOM ’78 said he sees his alma mater as “wasted potential.” Even though former SOM Dean Joel Podolny established a multidisciplinary curricular track in the mid-2000s, Tuckerman said the school has largely lost its integrated approach — stripping his MPPM of the values it was intended to represent. When SOM introduced the MBA, Tuckerman chose to convert his MPPM to its more mainstream equivalent.

“I’d been out of school for 20 years or so, and I hadn’t seen any evidence that what [SOM was] doing was different,” he said. “So I figured, why should I lie about [the MPPM] or tell somebody it’s something special when it isn’t?”

Marion McCollom Hampton SOM ’82 GRD ’87 said she feels SOM has deviated from its original academic principles. She stopped donating to the school a few years after graduating and currently has no plans to continue.

“If the idea is to make Yale School of Management a business school that’s like Wharton or Chicago or any of the other big traditional business schools, I’m

WHAT’S IN A RANKING?

25

While those affiliated with SOM differ over whether the school is straying from its original mission, few doubt that Snyder was brought in to elevate SOM’s status in the world of business education.

SOM has passed through the hands of 10 different deans during its 36-year history — an abnormally high rate of turnover for a business school, where most deans hold their posts for at least eight years. Podolny, a popular dean during his tenure, resigned abruptly in 2008 after just three years to take a position with Apple. Vroom said the school’s priorities have fluctuated according to the interests of each dean.

Faculty and alumni alike welcomed Snyder, who has said he hopes to serve as dean for 10 years if re-appointed for a second five-year term, as a muchneeded source of stability for the school. But some alumni worry Snyder will only shift the school further from its founding principles.

University President Richard Levin lists a number of credentials when explaining why Snyder was hired: he brought in the largest donation in business school history at the University of Chicago’s Booth School, helped internationalize Booth, and is regarded as “just about the most successful business school dean.” And he dramatically improved the Chicago business school’s ranking.

Under Snyder’s tenure, Booth consistently numbered among the top five business schools in the country and currently sits in the top three of most national rankings. SOM is not quite as highly regarded. Though SOM placed 10th in the 2013 U.S. News & World Report ranking, it has struggled to remain within the top 20 on other lists, placing 21st in BusinessWeek’s most recent ranking of the best full-time American MBA programs, published in 2010.

Snyder called rankings an integral part of the “competitive landscape” for business schools. Improving SOM’s ranking will ensure that the school is able to attract the best students and faculty, Snyder said, and will ultimately increase the value of an SOM degree. He aims to have SOM rank consistently in the top 10 business schools within the next four years, and in the top five within the next decade. “I think it’s not only correct for me to view this as part of my job, but I think it would actually be irresponsible for me to say I don’t care about rankings,” he said. “If we do better in the rankings, that means our students and alumni have better opportunity sets, for whatever they want to do, in all sectors, other things being equal.”

Still, many professors interviewed who have studied business school rankings cautioned that chasing a high ranking can cause schools to prioritize rating factors over the student experience when making policy decisions. U.S. News & World Report, for example, ranks schools on criteria that include students’ average starting salary, acceptance rate and evaluations by administrators at peer schools.

“That’s what rankings ultimately do — they tell schools what’s important,” said Richard Bunch ’85, managing director of the Erb Institute for Global Sus-

A SCHOOL WITHIN A BRAND

Despite struggling to earn top-10 rankings, SOM’s affiliation with an Ivy League university has helped it achieve widespread recognition.

Though the school will relocate to a new campus on Whitney Avenue in less than two years, SOM’s original buildings on Prospect Street and Hillhouse Avenue reside near those of other Yale departments and schools. Kline Biology Tower and Kroon Hall are visible to the north, while mansions housing the offices of social science faculty sit to the south.

SOM’s close proximity to the University’s central campus is not an accident: the school’s founders hoped it would build academic connections with the rest of Yale. SOM offers a total of 10 joint-degree programs — many with unconventional partners such as the Divinity School, the School of Forestry and Environmental Science and

GRAPH VARIOUS PUBLICATIONS’ RANKINGS OF SOM SINCE THE 1990S Business Week

20

US News & World Report

15 10 5

tainable Enterprise at the University of Michigan. “I don’t think that any place has enough standing to do that.”

Judith Samuelson SOM ’82, executive director of the business and society program at the Aspen Institute, a nonprofit think tank, said rankings often consider criteria like students’ “return on investment” — factors she said are unimportant to the actual educational experience.

Just seven months after taking office, Snyder is already enacting policies that will likely boost the school’s ranking. Among other efforts, Snyder is building partnerships with international business schools and restructuring SOM’s budget to increase spending on marketing and scholarships — measures that will raise the school’s visibility on the world stage and its desirability among prospective students.

Snyder said he has closely studied SOM’s founding mission and spoken with its students, faculty and alumni in an effort to keep the course he is charting for the school from defying its identity.

But John Byrne, a former executive editor of BusinessWeek who designed the publication’s business school rankings and currently runs the business school news site Poets and Quants, said it would be difficult for a school to increase its rankings without following a standard business school model. Byrne said SOM is disadvantaged in many rankings because a relatively small percentage of its graduates enter the private sector, making the salaries of recent alumni lower on average than those of students at peer institutions.

“The single most important factor in rankings across the board, other than with BusinessWeek’s ranking, is salary,” he said. “If you’re sending a certain percentage of students to the public sector, your salaries are just going to be lower.”

Byrne predicted that SOM will gradually admit fewer “nonprofit types” in order to improve its rankings. When informed of this prediction, Snyder said he no intention of shifting admissions priorities and that he would like to “take that bet.” His goal, he said, is to “raise demand for Yale MBAs in all sectors” rather than shift the makeup of SOM’s student body, though he acknowledged that students’ average salaries after graduation will pose an ongoing problem for some business school rankings.

Financial Times

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

SOURCE: BUSINESSWEEK, U.S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, FINANCIAL TIMES

the Drama School — in addition to more typical ones like the JD/ MBA. Many business schools are more distanced from their home institutions — both in geography and curriculum. Harvard Business School, for example, is separated from the rest of the university by the Charles River and offers only five joint-degree programs.

Though Vroom said Harvard Business School has grown more connected to its university in recent years, he added that SOM’s founders partly reacted to the relative independence of business schools like Harvard’s in designing SOM. “The Charles River is very wide at the point where [Harvard’s] business school’s on one side and the social sciences are on the other,” Vroom said.

“The students didn’t cross the bridges, and the faculty, with a few exceptions, didn’t cross the bridges.”

Samuelson, who said she took classes at other Yale schools during her time as an SOM student, described the school’s connection to Yale as “somewhat anomalous” within the world of business schools.

Snyder said he intends to strengthen SOM’s ties to the University during his tenure through measures such as increasing joint faculty appointments between SOM and Yale’s other schools. While Snyder said he has not taken a similar approach in leading other business schools, he said SOM has greater potential to benefit from connections with its home institution, considering Yale’s renown and breadth of academic resources.

The “Yale brand” has proven essential, Snyder said, as he solicits international business schools to join SOM in creating a network of partnerships. Guillermo Selva, the dean of INCAE Business School, a member of the network with campuses in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, said in February that he was immediately interested in participating in the endeavor because it carried the Yale name.

“If Yale is behind an initiative like this, it means they have thought about it and figured out a mechanism that will benefit all our schools,” he said.

Snyder said he feels the Yale name is also important for broader promotional efforts, as professors and students come to SOM in part “to come to Yale.” He added that SOM faces the constant challenge of teaching its students competitive business skills in the context of a “broadminded” education.

“To pull it off, we need to have our graduates be just as good as the Wharton grads in terms of things like pivot tables in Excel,” Snyder said. “We want to have people who can pivot, and see the world, and understand that complexity in ways that Yale people can — and that’s the sweet spot.”

CHANGING GOALS, PRESERVING CULTURE

So far, Snyder has carefully balanced his quest for a top ranking with preserving the intellectual foundation of SOM — particularly since one of his predecessors antagonized the majority of the SOM community by changing too much too quickly.

In the 1980s, then-University President Benno Schmidt hired Michael Levine, a new dean with an aggressive agenda. Schmidt had grown frustrated with a pronounced lack of consensus among the SOM faculty, who were divided over the academic direction of the school, Yale historian Gaddis Smith ’54 GRD ’61 said.

Within days of Levine’s hire, the new dean gutted the school’s organizational behavior and operations research faculty, allowing just a handful of tenured professors from those departments to remain.

“It was horrendous,” Smith said. “The worst of it from the University is that Benno Schmidt said, ‘He has full control of everything, what’s going to be taught, who’s going to be teaching it … and he reports to me and the faculty have no power, period.’”

Alumni were so unnerved by Levine’s actions at SOM that they rented a plane to fly over the Yale Bowl at the 1988 Yale-Harvard football game and flash a banner reading: “Benno — Save Yale School of Management.

EDWARD SNYDER’S ACHIEVEMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Snyder was the dean of the Booth School of Business from 2001 to 2010, after serving a three-year term as dean of the University of Virginia’s Darden School of Business. He is widely considered one of the nation’s most successful business school deans.

ENDOWMENT Under Snyder, Booth’s endowment rose from roughly $200 million in 2001 to more than $500 million by 2010.

DONATION Snyder brought in a $300 million donation to Booth — the largest in the history of American business schools.

RANKINGS Snyder led Booth to a top spot on several national rankings, including BusinessWeek’s and the Economist’s.

P O L I C Y C H A N G E S AT S O M UNDER DEAN SNYDER GLOBAL NETWORK

Snyder is forming a network of partnerships with international business schools to share curricular information and collaborate on projects. The network will be formally unveiled at launch events in New York and New Haven this month.

MARKETING BUDGET

Snyder established a $1 million budget for SOM’s marketing efforts. The details of how the funds will be allocated will be announced later this academic year.

SCHOLARSHIP FUNDING

Snyder plans to raise SOM’s budget for scholarships in an effort to increase the school’s admissions yield. Current funding for loan forgiveness and scholarships totals roughly $3 million.

Send Levine to HBS.” Weeks later, the Exchange, an SOM student newsletter, reported that 250 alumni gathered before Woodbridge Hall to shout “Save our school!” and “Where was Benno?”

Levine declined to comment for this article and Schmidt did not respond to requests for comment this month.

Though Snyder has a clear vision for the school, faculty and alumni said they are confident his leadership will not resemble Levine’s in style or substance.

“I don’t know Ted very well yet, but he is not Michael Levine,” said Quartel, an SOM alumnus from the school’s first class.

Throughout his inaugural year at Yale, Snyder has met with small groups of students in his office — meetings he said were designed to introduce him to the student body. Michael Gitner SOM ’13 said in January that attending one such meeting assuaged his concern over whether Snyder would be able to adapt his leadership style to SOM’s culture and high number of students interested in the nonprofit and public sectors.

Anna Meyendorff, a friend of Snyder’s from when he directed the University of Michigan Business School’s Davidson Institute in the early 1990s, said Snyder has an open mind that helps him adapt his administrative skills to the needs of different schools.

Meyendorff, who today is a manager at the economic consulting firm the Analysis Group, noted that the bulk of Snyder’s prior academic work had focused on industrial organization and antitrust policy in the United States, but that he was able to “branch out quickly” and study the same concepts on an international scale at the Davidson Institute.

“Some people, they have a model in their heads and that’s the model they’re most familiar with, and they continue to apply that model throughout their lives in a lot of different ways,” Meyendorff said. “I don’t think Ted’s like that.”

CEMENTING AN IDENTITY

In addition to taking the helm of a community with a strong sense of its identity and founding principles, Snyder has also entered an institution experiencing dramatic change.

In December 2013, SOM will open its new 242,000-squarefoot campus on Whitney Avenue to students and faculty, Snyder said, bringing the quality of the school’s facilities up to par with that of its education. Ravi Dhar, an SOM professor on the search committee that appointed Snyder, said the new campus will give a “distinct face” to the school’s identity and previously scattered layout.

“Having a physical structure helps with identity — that’s the first thing,” Dhar said. “Even

though identity is ironically in the mind, having a physical structure really helps.”

But construction of Edward P. Evans Hall, the new campus designed by renowned British architect Lord Norman Foster ARC ’62, has received mixed reactions from students and faculty.

School of Architecture professor Alan Plattus ’76 said the building resembles a “spaceship” that landed on Whitney Avenue and does not relate to the University’s architecture or that of its surrounding neighborhood. Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen ARC ’94, another architecture professor, said the new campus “sends a message about power and money, while the old one was more inconspicuous.”

The majority of students interviewed said they are looking forward to the move to Whitney Avenue, as the new campus will provide much-needed study spaces and common areas.

“SOM [currently] lacks in places where you can study quietly and places that are reservable,” Andrew Lebwohl SOM ’12 said in January. “There’s plenty of space at SOM where you can have meetings, but the question is whether you can reserve the space.”

Though the new building will unite the SOM community under one roof, Dhar cautioned that the sheer size of the facilities risks weakening the tight-knit character of the SOM community, which he said developed organically in the smaller campus.

Snyder said he will convene groups of students and faculty to find ways of ensuring that SOM’s culture transitions into the new building next fall. He added that housing the entire school in one building will likely have more benefits than drawbacks.

Even as SOM moves farther from Yale’s central campus, Snyder said he is not concerned that the relocation will prevent the school from strengthening its ties with the University.

“I think Evans Hall is going to become a destination, and a lot of people will want to walk that block,” Snyder said. “We want to be proactive about inviting people outside the school.”

SOM professor Douglas Rae said he will miss his office in 56 Hillhouse Ave., but added that members of SOM are exchanging Victorian mansion décor for something “unquestionably better” for the school’s development. Rae said he believes the scale and caliber of the new campus will ultimately signal that the University is “serious about the quality and stature” of SOM. “But, you know,” he said, “we’ve got to watch the movie to see.”

Contact DANIEL SISGOREO at daniel.sisgoreo@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

NEWS

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Activist condemns juvenile life sentences

BY ALEKSANDRA GJORGIEVSKA STAFF REPORTER Lawyer, professor and human rights activist Bryan Stevenson brought some audience members on Monday afternoon to tears as used personal stories to advocate that the American criminal justice system reevaluate how it tries juveniles.

The founder of the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), an Alabama-based organization that promotes human rights and social justice on behalf of groups such as children and the mentally ill, Stevenson spoke to a crowd of roughly 200 students and faculty about stories of adolescents in the South who are sentenced to life prison, which he said is an “inhumane” punishment for children. He said juvenile criminals often come from broken households or abusive families, so they need protection rather than severe punishment.

“We live in an era when our political leadership has engaged in a politics of fear and anger,” Stevenson said, “and this has led to policies such as mass incarceration; policies that have forever altered the mindset of American society.”

In the 1980s, Stevenson said, people began thinking of underprivileged children from broken households as “super predators” — products of “social decay” who are likely to harm others. He said the spread of this fear led states to enact changes between 1989 until 1994 that allowed children to be tried as adults. He added that 90 percent of children sentenced to life in prison for non-homicide offenses come from African-American and Latino families.

Over the past decade, Stevenson said people have begun to realize that these types of children are not necessarily dangerous to society, but he said the laws were already institutionalized and “hundreds of 13- and 14-yearolds” had already been sent to “some of the most dangerous prisons in America.”

With laws that allow children to be incarcerated along with adults, he said, children are subjected to traumas from which they often cannot recover.

Stevenson told the story of one particular 14-year-old boy accused of murder whom he represented legally. The boy, Stevenson

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explained, had shot his stepfather after the stepfather physically abused the boy’s mother while intoxicated, knocking her unconscious.

“When I finally got the boy to talk to me, he didn’t start talking about his stepfather or even about his mother,” Stevenson said. “He told me instead about having been continuously physically abused and raped during the first couple of nights he spent in prison.”

Stevenson represents the trajectory of where law students, activists and people need to go.

MICHAEL NANCE LAW ’14 Stevenson said that he wants to pioneer changes within the American criminal justice system by legally representing adolescents through EJI. He said he hopes his victory in the 2010 case of Sullivan v. Florida, which ruled that sentencing a child accused of a non-homicide offence to life in prison falls under the category of “cruel and unusual punishment,” will be the beginning of a broader movement condemning life without parole sentences for children.

Renagh O’Leary LAW ’14 and Michael Nance LAW ’14 both said Stevenson’s talk was powerful and inspiring.

“Stevenson represents the trajectory of where law students, activists and people need to go,” Nance said. “His cause has a very humanizing character, and his ability to reach out to people through narrative is one of a kind.”

Igor Mitschka ’15, who writes for the Yale Undergraduate Law Review, said he was “especially touched” by the personal stories Stevenson shared with his audience. He added that Stevenson’s work is “incredibly admirable,” and he is able to persuasively present his stance.

The U.S. Supreme Court outlawed the death penalty for juveniles in 2005.

Contact ALEKSANDRA GJORGIEVSKA at aleksandra.gjorgievska@yale.edu .

Percentage of non-international Yale University students who identify as “Hispanic of any race.”

Fewer than 1 percent of students identify as American Indian or Alaska Native, fewer than 1 percent identify as Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and 6 percent identify as black or African-American.

Exhibit traces Latino history at Yale

BY ALEKSANDRA GJORGIEVSKA STAFF REPORTER An exhibit documenting the historical growth of Latinos at Yale since the 1960s opened Monday at Sterling Memorial Library.

Conceived as a collaborative effort between Yale’s Latino Cultural Center and the Yale University Library, the exhibit features documents such as newspaper articles, letters and posters displayed in five glass cases that aim to convey a chronology of Latinos’ struggle to establish a niche on campus. Rosalinda Garcia, La Casa’s cultural director and assistant dean of Yale College, said the display of these “fascinating documents” allows the Latino community to share their story with others — a story that is “unfinished, but worth telling.”

“I think it’s crucial that our students know how hard their predecessors worked to secure all of the resources we have today,” Garcia said.

Garcia said students and librarians have been compiling materials for the exhibit since November 2010. Those students, along with Kerri Sancomb, exhibits preparator in the library’s preservation department, “spent countless hours going through bins and bins of historical documents, trying to identify items to include,” Garcia said.

“The exhibit was an opportunity for me to engage in cultural research, one that particularly inspired me due to its activist roots and provoked me to rethink my role as a student,” said Daniel Pizarro ART ’12, one of the students involved with putting up the exhibit. He said the exhibit highlights how Latino students engaged in active critical discussions in order to better understand how the University can serve their needs, adding that other students should follow their lead.

Garcia said while the aim of the exhibit is to provide visitors with a general sense of how Latinos evolved as a minority on campus, it does not convey a complete history. There are many documents that didn’t make the final cut due to space constraints, and many important documents are missing from La Casa’s archives, she said.

“We were unable to find many documents from the 80s or the 90s, so [the exhibit] does have somewhat of a 70s focus,” Garcia said.

Still, she added that she thought this should serve as an incentive for students to try to acquire this missing information, and for alumni to donate any documents they might have kept, especially in light of the upcoming Latino Alumni Reunion taking place later this month.

Garcia said the organizers were

YDN

A new exhibit at Sterling Memorial Library traces the history of Latinos at Yale. From left above, co-curator Luis Chavez-Brumell, Director of the Latino Cultural Center Rosalinda Garcia and exhibits preparator Kerri Sancomb. initially concerned that Latino alumni might think the exhibit overlooks their efforts that have yielded progress. The exhibit aims to balance portraying the difficulties the Latinos faced during their struggle for representation and showing the lasting, positive results of the Latino alumni’s efforts. Garcia said she hopes the final result is “not an overly heavy exhibit,” but one that gives a realistic overview of the historical events that led to the gradual growth of Latino presence on campus.

Still, Garcia said she hopes that the exhibit will engage Latinos and non-Latinos alike.

Russell Weiss-Irwin, a visitor from the City College of New York, said that even though he is not Latino, he thoroughly enjoyed the exhibit.

“I think it’s great that Yale is bringing attention to the Latino presence on campus, and I definitely learned a lot of things about the Latinos’ unique sense of community from the exhibit,” he said.

Jessica Tordoff ’15, also not a Latina, said that although the struggle of the Latinos certainly has its idiosyncrasies, she thinks the exhibit successfully universalizes their struggle and places it into a broader context. Paulo Costa ’14, who identifies as Latino, said he hopes the exhibit will give “a heads up to the Yale administration” to hire more Latino faculty.

According to information at the exhibit, there were less than 10 Latino students in 1968, and over 20 graduate and undergraduate Latino groups were created in the 2000s. The exhibit will be on display until June.

Contact ALEKSANDRA GJORGIEVSKA at aleksandra.gjorgievska@yale.edu .

TIMELINE LATINO HISTORY AT YALE 1960S The first Latinos arrive at Yale.

1968 Yale is the home of less than 10 Latinos.

EARLY 1970S The Yale administration provides facilities to Latino student groups.

1973 Puerto Rican Students Orientation Program — which would become Cultural Connections — is introduced.

1982 Chicano/Boricua Studies is declared a new concentration within the American Studies major.

1989 First Chicano tenured professor is appointed.

1994 A mural of Puerto Rican poet Julia de Burgos is unveiled at 301 Crown Street.

1999 Chicano and Puerto Rican students decide to merge their respective centers to create the Latino Cultural Center.

2000S Latino student groups proliferate; over 20 undergraduate and graduate Latino student organizations are created.

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NEWS

“A landscape does not exist in its own right, since its appearance changes at every moment; but the surrounding atmosphere brings it to life — the light and the air which vary continually.” CLAUDE MONET ARTIST

Lighting designers scarce Gift shapes Music School

EMILY MONJARAZ/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Student lighting designers at Yale are in extremely high demand and often find themselves overextended..

LIGHT FROM PAGE 1 lighting designers to help out for even half an hour, but that most designers know that is not realistic or the best decision artistically.

Rather than contributing the bare minimum to a show, she added, designers want to put in their best effort, which requires their full devotion to only a few projects.

That level of devotion requires that lighting designers be involved with shows from their inception, said Kate Pitt ’12, an actor and a former president of the Yale Drama Coalition.

“Lighting, costumes, sets, acting, script; it’s all part of the entire process,” Pitt said. “But, unfortunately, because there are so few lighting designers and those we have are overcommitted, lighting often becomes a simple question of ‘Can you see actors on the stage?’, and it’s devalued as an art form, because people are simply content if they can see actors.”

Five designers interviewed said that directors who do not manage to find lighting experts for their shows often handle the basic lighting cues themselves.

Ryan Bowers ’14, who directed last weekend’s “Pokemon: the Mew-sical,” said he eventually did the lighting for the show himself, as he was unable to find a lighting designer available that week.

“It led to not only poor lighting, but also took away from the time a director would traditionally use to tweak moments in his or her actors’ performances,” Bowers said.

German said that she would like to help out with other shows, but after her experience this year, she plans to become more selective with the shows she chooses to light.

“Being a freshman, you don’t really understand commitments,” she said. “It looked like, ‘That show goes up this week, I can do another one next week.’ I learned

that the process really starts a month and a half before the show, and you can’t do so many together.”

Urry and Freeburg, both juniors, said they would ideally commit to one show a semester and one each month, respectively.

Urry added that she has tried to scale down her own commitment to lighting shows over the course of her three years at Yale.

“I’ve gotten better at saying no,” LaPalombara said. “It’s a tricky thing, especially in the theater community — you know most people emailing you and respect their work, but you can’t work on all of [their shows].”

Pitt, a theater studies major, said she asked LaPalombara to light her senior project a year before it was scheduled and before she even knew what the show would be. Bowers said booking known lighting designers has become a task directors and producers realistically need to undertake months before even beginning auditions.

“This semester was booked in November for me,” German said.

“I got an email last week to do a show next week. I’ve started telling people that if they want me for next year, they need to tell me now.”

She added that she is currently booked through February 2013.

Still, Freeburg said, it can be very difficult to say no to productions, particularly those put up by friends or students who have put a great deal of effort into their show.

He added that he believes designers on campus feel “a moral burden” to help the community, no matter how overstretched they might be.

“What are three hours of sleep to me when it’s someone else’s entire semester?” Freeburg said.

LaPalombara said the lack of available lighting technicians results from insufficient classroom training in technical design

and an unwillingness among nontechnicians to learn the skills necessary to design basic lighting schemes.

“The main reason is that there’s little focus on the design or tech aspects of shows in the theater studies program,” Lapolombara said. “If you don’t support that in the program, it really affects how design is viewed on campus.”

Pitt said she audited a lighting design class in the Theater Studies Department last semester — the first lighting design class offered in the program since the fall of 2008.

“People are nervous about electrical things,” she said, adding that the class increased her comfort level with and respect for lighting design equipment.

The Yale Drama Coalition has also attempted to boost the technically competent community by offering workshops on lighting and sound design, Pitt said. Urry added that the Office of Undergraduate Productions also hosted a workshop on lighting design in February.

LaPalombara said she believes creating an organized, supportive lighting designer community will attract new recruits to the field. As a veteran designer, Urry said she is attempting to establish a community of lighting designers who can support each other via email.

Currently, potential technicians may be deterred by low audience appreciation, Urry said.

“I just don’t think lighting has very glamorous connotation for most people,” she added. “Your friends will tell you the lights look nice if they know you did them.”

Six theatrical productions and dance shows will go up this weekend. Three have student lighting designers and one will be lit by an OUP employee.

Contact AKBAR AHMED at akbar.ahmed@yale.edu .

City wins in Occupy suit OCCUPY FROM PAGE 1 between the city and the Proprietors of Common and Undivided Lands in New Haven — the centuries-old private organization that owns the park — as “troubling,” citing legal complications of a private organization exerting influence over the city’s decisions. But Kravitz’s finding did not affect his ruling on the Occupy question, and he did not forward the question of the proprietors’ ownership of the Green to the Connecticut Supreme Court as Pattis had hoped.

Following the decision, Pattis Tweeted that he would seek to appeal to a higher court in New York Tuesday morning in order to seek another stay for the protesters, potentially buying them more time. But several Occupy protesters on the Green Monday evening said they were not optimistic that the appeal would succeed.

While some protesters packed up and left, others said they would not leave until forced to by the city.

Those who chose to remain erected barricades around the center of the camp, though they said they would not physically resist police.

Danielle DiGirolamo, a plaintiff in the lawsuit who said she has lived with Occupy New Haven since the protest arrived in the city, encouraged a group of around 30 protesters to protest peacefully when police come.

“If you’re going to pick something up, pick up a sign,” DiGirolamo said. “This is not the end — we will still be here.”

Occupy New Haven, which officially began on Oct. 15, initially enjoyed a cooperative relationship with City Hall. At the time, thenCity Hall spokesman Adam Joseph said the city’s only concern about the protest involved public safety around the encampment.

With the arrival of warmer temperatures, city officials and the Green’s proprietors said they were concerned that Occupy New Haven’s presence on the Green was hindering the ability of other residents to use the space. They also worried that the effects of the encampment could cause longterm damage to the Green, including to the elm trees that give New Haven its nickname, the Elm City.

But protesters have claimed that the city sought Occupy’s removal at the behest of Yale administra-

tors who they say wished to clear the Green in time for the University’s May Commencement ceremony. But DeStefano, head proprietor Drew Days LAW ’66, University spokesmen Tom Conroy and Michael Morand all said that Yale has had no involvement in the city’s decisions about Occupy New Haven.

After two February meetings between city officials and protesters failed to reach a compromise, city officials issued a notice to the encampment that the Green would have to be cleared of tents

by March 14. But following a lastminute lawsuit by Pattis, judge Janet Hall gave Occupy protesters permission to remain on the Green through March 28, when Kravitz was to hear the case. Kravitz himself extended Occupy’s deadline to stay on the Green to Monday in order to give himself time to issue a decision.

Occupy New Haven is the oldest surviving encampment of the international Occupy protest movement in New England.

Contact NICK DEFIESTA at nicholas.defiesta@yale.edu .

degree, Jordan Kuspa MUS ’12 has been through the application process for graduate music programs twice. Kuspa said music departments at other universities, particularly within the Ivy League, are capable of offering accepted students greater financial assistance packages than Yale’s autonomous School of Music. Still, Deputy Dean Paul Hawkshaw said that, rather than being ranked among music programs at other Ivy League schools, Yale is often considered by applicants to be on par with top conservatories — which Kuspa said only offer tuition-free programs to a select few students.

Professor Martin Bresnick of the School of Music’s Composition Department said that because the school is largely independent from the University, it does not have as much access to endowment resources as music programs at other elite universities, which are departments within the universities’ graduate programs rather than separate schools.

Kuspa added that institutions like the Juilliard School, the New England Conservatory and the Cleveland Institute of Music are not “fundraising beacons” the way Yale or other large research universities are.

Between the School of Music’s two-year master’s and doctorate programs, 211 students are enrolled at the school. All receive free tuition, as a result of the Adams gift. Master’s students are also given a $3,500 stipend and doctorate students are given $6,000.

One student in a master’s program at the School of Music, Bresnick said, will pursue a doctorate program next year at Cornell, where he was offered a stipend of over $20,000, compared to the $6,000 that Yale provides to doctorate students.

“We have to make a case to students that although we can’t provide as much money, we provide a different kind of musical education, which for some people is more appropriate,” Bresnick said.

Yale’s name alone may cause many people with offers from other programs to come to the Yale School of Music, Hawkshaw said. Being at Yale means that students have opportunities to enroll in classes in any part of the University, Caroline Ross MUS ’13 said, one hand resting on the novel she was reading for her literature seminar at the Graduate School.

Since the School of Music is free, she added, students have time to “take advantage of other things at Yale,” instead of working one or more jobs.

School of Music Dean Robert Blocker said that while the School cannot attract especially talented students by offering them more money as their competitors do, the School of Music has seen an increasingly talented student body. He added that the school’s application rate has more than doubled and the yield of students offered admission is now higher than it was prior to the introduction of free tuition.

“What happened in the applicant pool was that it was not only getting larger, but as the reputation of the University and the school were moving upward, we were receiving a higher-quality applicants,” Blocker said. “The real key is that we are able to be far, far more selective.”

Bresnick said the impact of the gift has been felt differently in different departments. The string instrument program used to lose students to other schools with better financial assistance, and now has a better position in the “competition for the really best players,” Bresnick said. In the Composition Department, which

the former Stanford professor said has always been seen as particularly distinguished and thus managed to attract top applicants, the number of “viable applicants” has risen from 20 of 65 to 40 of 180.

“It doesn’t correlate exactly,” Bresnick said, explaining that the number of exceptional applicants has risen but not by the same proportion as total number of applications received.

A ‘TRANSFORMATIVE’ GIFT

Kuspa ultimately chose to complete both degrees at Yale because he had identified a professor under whom he wanted to study.

The key priority cited by all 10 students interviewed was neither the free tuition nor the ancillary benefits of the improved facilities, but rather the specific teacher one could end up studying with — be it for composition, guitar or tuba.

Everybody is pretty openminded as far as seeing that everybody has … different strengths.

IAN O’SULLIVAN MUS ’11 “I don’t think anyone applies to music school without knowing about the faculty they want to study with,” Noori said.

Blocker, who served as dean from 1995 to 2005 and then returned to the post in 2006, explained that the $100 million gift — the largest in the School’s 118-year history — has been used toward more than just providing financial support for students.

The gift, he said, has been “transformative” in boosting the quality of the experience the school can provide. Blocker added that the school has used the money to appoint 15 new full- and part-time faculty, renovate most of its facilities and launch new initiatives.

“It’s the whole package,” he added. “A lot of schools give you scholarships.”

Since 2005, Blocker said the School of Music has renovated all of its buildings — with the exception of Hendrie Hall, whose upcoming renovations are to be funded separately by the University — and developed new performance programs such as the Yale in New York performance series, which enables students to perform at venues including Carnegie Hall.

Blocker added another portion of the gift has been spent on acquiring top-of-the-line equipment for student use. Hawkshaw

said the Adams gift was a “gamechanging gift” and specifically mentioned the school’s purchase of a number of new pianos.

“I can remember that, not long ago, we didn’t have such good instruments for people to practice on,” he added.

Because the gift made possible a financial aid policy that does not discriminate among admitted students on the basis of relative talent, it has contributed to a less competitive environment than those at other graduate music programs, several students and faculty interviewed said.

Roberto Toscano, who completed a master’s degree at Tufts and will begin a doctorate program at Columbia in the fall, said that while the majority of top American music programs provide comprehensive support, they only select two or three candidates in what he called a “hyper-competitive and overly saturated” process.

“Merit-based aid programs are present at places like Stanford and Berklee,” Bresnick, who teaches composition, said. “I’m really glad we don’t think that way.”

Ian O’sullivan MUS ’11 said he believes the School fosters a “healthy environment” compared to other programs. He added that, within the Guitar Department at the music school in which he studied, students are more willing to be openly critical of one another as well as admit to their own faults.

“From what I hear, other schools like NEC or Juilliard are very competitive — students are sort of battling each other within the same studio,” O’sullivan said.

“I never really felt competition with the other guitarists here at Yale, because everybody is pretty open-minded as far as seeing that everybody has different abilities and different strengths.”

Justin Tierney MUS ’12 said students choose to attend music school for very different reasons from their peers at other professional programs.

“Higher education is always touted as an investment, [and with] more practical degrees like in law, medicine and engineering, it really is. You put money in and get more money back,” Tierney said. “But the investment you make for music school is really for your own intellectual fulfillment and skill. There’s really no award waiting for you.”

Tierney said he only applied to music programs that offer full scholarships. At Yale, he said, the faculty is a “huge draw,” and the money is “icing on the cake.”

Contact AKBAR AHMED at akbar.ahmed@yale.edu .

GRAPH APPLICATIONS TO MUSIC SCHOOL BEFORE AND AFTER 2005 GIFT 1496

1500

# of Applications Received

MUSIC FROM PAGE 1

1494 1432

1198

1200

1463

1269

1181

900 777 653 661

600

525

566

415

300

0

376

’99 ’00

’01 ’02 ’03 ’04

’05 ’06 ’07 ’08 ’09

Year

’10

’11

’12

SOURCE: YALE SCHOOL OF MUSIC

Fill this space here.

JOIN@YALEDAILYNEWS.COM

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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY G U E ST C O LU M N I ST H A N S T E JA

How to read minds, predict actions W ith case studies on how to get kids to eat their veggies and algebraic formulations explaining overeating, the syllabus might read like a course in nutrition planning. But actually this is the School of Management’s MGT 854, Behavioral Economics.

The course studies how individuals make decisions and how we can help them make better decisions (or worse decisions, if we’re employed by insurance companies). One success story is Michigan’s Save-toWin lottery. By rewarding lottery participants for every $25 saved, the program induced people to save for their futures by simultaneously increasing their chances of winning big. While hardly anyone won the lottery, it increased savings rates, counteracting the human tendency to undersave for retirement. Behavioral economists are also working to simplify the financial aid application process, with initial results suggesting that even simple changes like pre-loading information from tax returns markedly increase the college enrollment rate.

The course is co-taught by two SOM professors with different backgrounds: Keith Chen, an economics professor, and Shane Frederick, a marketing professor with background in psychology. The result is a convergence of the “rational” and “behavioral” schools of thought, leading to a particularly powerful way to accurately describe the majority of the population.

Economics brings formal tools like discount factors and utility to the table. For example, a hyperbolic discount theory suggests that the psychological effect of any event that happens in the future (i.e. not “right now”) is substantially reduced, probably by half at least. At the beginning of the semester, do you get that strange good feeling when you commit to taking a famously difficult course?

That’s because you’re getting the satisfaction of locking yourself to the benefits of taking that course, without having to undergo the pain just yet. A few months later, with the benefits still on the horizon and the work right in front of you, you’ll be singing a different tune. If you could drop the course at that point, you might choose to, but you’d regret it afterwards, which is why universities have drop deadlines.

The deadline for dropping courses serves as a “commitment device” that you impose on yourself when your decision-making process is at its peak, before it becomes warped by the workload of the course.

Other commitment devices range from alarm clocks which

“In the business world, the rearview mirror is always clearer than the windshield.” WARREN BUFFETT AMERICAN BUSINESS MAGNATE AND INVESTOR

Looking at the morality behind the money

BY CYNTHIA HUA STAFF REPORTER

roll around your floor forcing you to chase them, to savings plans from which you cannot withdraw money before a certain date.

Psychology brings a different perspective to the discussion by explaining how people behave irrationally under the effects of things, like biases, overconfidence and the occasional failures of our rules of thumb.

Should we be surprised if half of the incoming Class of 2016 believes that they’ll graduate in the top 10 percent of their class? With nearly all of them graduating in the top 10 percent of their high school class, combined with the typical student belief that we’ll study hard for all our future classes, it should be a surprise if the majority of them do not truly believe they’ll graduate cum laude. But that belief does not make it any less impossible for half of them to be in the top ten percent.

BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS EXPLAINS THE WAY WE ACTUALLY MAKE DECISIONS. Behavioral economics can frequently be applied to business. Firms aiming for product differentiation and/or profit maximization use a plethora of tools to help them achieve that.

You may notice that airlines have begun offering travelers a chance to upgrade their seats at the time of checking in. A traveler who initially declined the upgrade when purchasing the ticket may still choose to upgrade at the airport, which is when the soon-to-be-enjoyed benefit holds greater sway. That is an example of “choice architecture”, or structuring choices in a way that is more likely to achieve a certain result. Many of us will spend our lives — in marketing, consulting, government or at home — designing choice architecture, whether we know it or not.

Students come away from the course better prepared for complex challenges in their careers. Many also said they enjoyed the greater understanding and control they have over their own thoughts and actions. I know I’ll try to be more rational. At the very least, we’ll eat healthy and our kids will finish their carrots.

Contact HANS TEJA at hans.teja@yale.edu .

China’s rise to bring new problems

CREATIVE COMMONS

Yale professors argue that the financial sector has become overgrown and unstable, but the sector remains an industry that contributes to the economic vitality of the United States and therefore must be improved upon.

D

espite a soured public perception of Wall Street following the financial crisis, many Yale professors believe careers in finance can benefit society — after a few key changes are made. With proper regulation, they say, the financial sector can once again be an asset to our economy. MASON KROLL reports.

For professor Robert Shiller, there is a conversation that must be had about finance. After teaching the course “Financial Markets” for about 25 years and seeing it uploaded on Open Yale Courses in 2008 and again in 2011, he said he felt responsible for ensuring that his students understood the morality behind their career choices.

His book “Finance and the Good Society,” published March 20, aims to answer questions about the virtues of the field.

“I was worried that I was preparing young people for a career that was morally challenged,” Shiller said. “I wrote the book for my students. I didn’t know what else I would assign on that. I had to discuss basic moral issues that all of these people are going to confront in their career.”

Shiller said finance in its simplest form coordinates people and resources, a task that is essential for the functioning of the economy. He said that coordination will be critical for the progress of developing nations in the years to come.

“The world is being transformed by finance right now,” Shiller said. “The emerging world is growing at an extremely rapid pace. I think finance is indispensable to the advance of civilization.”

Professor Jeffrey Garten, who teaches “Understanding Global Financial Centers” at the Yale School of Management, said

working in finance can be socially beneficial in addition to being lucrative for its practicioners. Future investments in American manufacturing, developments in alternative energy and improvements in education all rest on financial underpinnings, he said.

“It is a socially redeeming activity to create value by merging two companies that can do better than either alone; it is a socially redeeming activity to help a country restructure its debts so that it can better provide for its citizens; it is a socially beneficial activity to help people manage their money so that they can have a secure retirement,” Garten said. “There are many aspects of our country which would never have happened without smart capable financiers.”

But the current state of finance is unsustainable, and the financial sector must reimagine itself, said economics professor John Geanakoplos ’75, who teaches “Financial Theory.” Geanakoplos said Americans now have to “rein in” the financial sector, whose out-of-control activities caused the financial crisis of 2008.

Regulation — both self-regulation and regulation by the government — will be necessary for finance to succeed, Shiller said.

Otherwise, Wall Street may see a “race to the bottom,” where finance firms feel forced to do “sleazy business” in order to compete

with their peers, he said.

Geanakoplos suggested regulating leverage as an important first step. Prior to the Great Recession, the Federal Reserve paid little attention to leverage rates in favor of a more free-market approach. However, he said, there is no reason to believe the economy can gauge the right level of leverage, so the Federal Reserve should step in.

“The Federal Reserve needs a complete rethinking on what its mission is and how best to achieve it,” he said. “Financial stability should be a priority instead of just full employment and moderate inflation.”

The emerging world is growing at an extremely rapid pace. I think finance is indispensible to the advance of civilization.

ROBERT SHILLER Economics professor Garten predicted that financial industry would shrink in size in the future, which would be a positive development because the oversized finance sector was prone to crises.

“In the future, I expect that financial services will be a smaller part of the economy than they have been in the last decade,” Garten said. “To me that is a good thing. I do believe there have been excess banking and excess financial capacity, and this has been part of the problem.”

It would be a healthy development, he

added, if more students pursued careers in production rather than financial services.

For years, Americans have considered finance an easy and morally sanctioned way to get rich. But last month, Goldman Sachs employee Greg Smith published a public resignation letter in the New York Times, calling the large investment bank’s culture “toxic” and declaring many of its employees to be “morally bankrupt.”

There are both good and bad people in every organization, Shiller said in response to questions about Smith’s letter. He said that any consideration of morality needs to take into account how bankers spend the money they earn, and he lauded Goldman Sachs’ chairman for his philanthropic contributions and activism in social causes.

“There probably are people who are still criticizable, and maybe the organization needs a refreshment of its principles, but it’s not black and white,” Shiller said.

“I think there’s a lot to admire in Goldman Sachs.”

The debate over finance’s moral implications bears particular relevance for Yale students, who often feel the field’s lure.

In 2008, 26 percent of Yale students were employed in business or finance one year after graduation, though that number fell to 14 percent in 2010. The stagnant economy might prompt some students to go into finance, but others to go into other economics-related fields instead, Geanakoplos said.

“The greatest generation of economists emerged after the Great Depression, and I expect to see a similar wave right now,” Geanakoplos said. “There’s obviously something wrong with how our economy works now, and whenever an area is in disarray, it’s an opportunity.”

Mary Liu ’12, director of corporate and campus relations for the Yale Undergraduate Economics Association, said that much of the current distaste for finance stems from a sensationalist media. Especially in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the media used overly dramatic rhetoric to discuss the economy, she said.

A strong financial services industry is necessary for a developed economy, she added, and as long as the financial sector practices transparency in its actions, students should not feel qualms about entering the field.

“Go into finance if you enjoy it and stick to your principles,” Liu said.

Shiller said he wished that more students from fields other than economics, such as engineering and the sciences, would take his course, because many career paths involve finance in some way. One argument he makes in his classes, he said, is that those who make money in finance have a moral obligation to give some of it back in philanthropy.

Shiller said he hopes that “Finance and the Good Society” will address these issues and give students the ethical background to approach careers in finance.

“I don’t whitewash it,” Shiller said. “The ethical standard has deteriorated recently.

The anger in the public view is not entirely unwarranted, but I think it will come around. There is a healing process after this crisis.”

Shiller will teach “Financial Markets” in the fall.

Contact MASON KROLL at mason.kroll@yale.edu .

Over the next decade, China will start to match the United States on a variety of economic issues.

The International Monetary Fund’s April 2011 World Outlook stated that China’s Gross Domestic Product would surpass that of the United States by 2016, Yale economics professor Robert Shiller said. Yale economists predict that as China continues to economic expansion, it will become more interdependent with the United States, requiring compromises by both countries on economic and political issues.

However, they warned that China is unlikely to maintain its current rate of growth.

For Shiller, the prediction that China’s economy will be the world’s largest by 2016 must be tempered by the knowledge that the population of China is four times that of the United States.

“For an economy with 1.3 billion people, you have to wonder why [the growth has] taken this long,” said Stephen Roach, a senior fellow at Yale University’s Jackson Institute of Global Affairs.

According to Roach, predictions about when China’s GDP will surpass America’s are “a superficial horse race” because GDP should be considered on a per-capita scale, not on a national one. Currently, China’s GDP per capita is approximately one-eighth that of the United States, Roach said.

China’s economic growth has been largely export-dominated. Lowcost labor and extensive production infrastructure allows China to be a cheap, efficient manufacturer, Roach said. Yet China’s reliance on foreign demand has created an unbalanced macroeconomic environment, he added, explaining that a move towards greater internal markets and

private consumption is necessary for sustainable growth.

Yet Zhiwu Chen GRD ’90, a professor of finance at Yale School of Management specializing in the Chinese economy, said he is doubtful China’s export-dependent growth model will change without a crisis or serious political reform. Government revenue growth must first be slowed and asset ownership must be put into private hands, Chen said.

Jeffrey Garten, a professor of international trade and finance at SOM, said the next step in economic progress will require a liberalization of China’s autocracy, which is not likely in the near future. Unless there is political reform, China will not be able to move beyond basic reforms, Garten said. He predicted that China’s reliance on exports will face challenges as demand from foreign markets drops in coming years due to cuts in government spending and high unemployment.

There is ample room for cooperation on a broad range of issues … but it will be hard work.

JEFFREY GARTEN Professor, Yale School of Management “One cannot simply copy and paste the past 30 years of growth to the next 30 years for China,” Chen said. “The next 10 years will not be smooth or crisis-free for China.”

China will face further barriers to growth from environmental degradation and income inequalities, Roach said.

Moreover, China must eventually move from manufacturing to highvalue innovation to truly grow its

economy, Roach said, pointing out that the Chinese supply chain is “63 percent dominated” by subsidiaries of western multinationals. Roach added however that the current lack of innovation in China is common for countries in this initial stage of economic development.

“Even as China surpasses America in sheer size, it is doubtful it will rival the innovative capacity of the U.S. for many decades to come,” Garten said. “It takes more than money to be creative, adaptive and inventive.

It takes an elaborate infrastructure of finance and education, plus a risktaking culture that takes many generations to build up.”

Shiller, however, said he is optimistic that China is entering a period of innovation. In his view, China has historically been a “great innovator,” though these periods of rapid progress occur only intermittently.

As the Chinese economy grows, China will become more entangled with international politics, Garten said. China will be expected to assume greater responsibilities for international economic order particularly in terms of trade, intellectual property, currencies, allowing foreign investment and providing foreign aid, he said.

Garten said he expects that China’s increased prominence may create tensions with the United States, but he is optimistic about a peaceful path forward.

“There is ample room for cooperation on a broad range of issues — trade, finance, investment, energy, climate change, science and technology, education and cultural exchanges,” Garten said. “But it will be hard work.”

The U.S.-China Forum at Yale concluded this Sunday.

Contact CYNTHIA HUA at cynthia.hua@yale.edu .

CREATIVE COMMONS

Yale economists predict that China’s geopolitical ascent will be marked by political entanglements with the United States.

Mandate better than tax, study says SOM professor explores subliminal influences on saving

BY MICHELLE HACKMAN STAFF REPORTER A new Yale study finds that mandate-based health care is the most cost-efficient form of universal health care.

The study, published by the National Bureau for Economic Research, examined workers’ wages in all 50 states before and after the Massachusetts universal health care bill was enacted in 2006.

The research found that workers in Massachusetts were willing to take a wage cut in order to gain employer-based health care, making the mandate the most efficient form of universal health care. Independent experts say that this study should dispel fears that the national health care reform of 2010 will cause employers to stop offering insurance.

“This means that relative to other ways that you can expand health insurance, the individual mandate effectively makes people value health insurance more than they did before the reform,” said Amanda Kowalski, assistant professor of economics at Yale and co-

author of the study. “It impacts the labor market less than other forms of health reform.”

The Massachusetts health care insurance reform law, which created the nation’s first individual mandate on health care, was passed in 2006. The authors examined workers’ employee status and wages in Massachusetts before and after the law was passed, using data from the 49 other states and the District of Columbia as controls.

The individual mandate effectively makes people value health insurance more than they did before the reform.

AMANDA KOWALSKI Assistant economics professor They found that, after 2006, jobs that offered health insurance paid an average of $6,058 less than they

did before the individual mandate went into effect. This large wage decrease indicates that workers valued their health insurance more after the reform went into effect, as they were willing to take a pay cut, Kowalski said. This is the case even though a firm’s penalty for not providing health insurance was only $295 per worker.

This system is more efficient than taxing wages to cover health care costs, because the money lost to a tax would force employers to either cut wages or eliminate jobs, Kowalski said. Under a tax system, employees would not recognize that their lower wages were contributing to their health care, and would thus be unwilling to work for lower pay.

Kowalski said that the mechanism by which the mandate increases labor supply may either be unconscious or the result of union wage negotiations.

The study said that the deadweight loss of mandate-based health reform was less than 5 percent of what it would have been if the government had instead provided health insurance by levying a tax on wages.

Jon Gruber, professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said that Kowalski’s paper provided evidence for a counterintuitive result.

“The main conclusion is that workers are willing to accept lower wages in order to get health insurance from their employers in the face of an individual mandate,” Gruber said. “This has the exciting implication that an individual mandate can promote employer-sponsored insurance coverage.”

Although the study did not examine the effects of the federal Affordable Care Act of 2010, Kowalski said that the national health care reform was likely to have a similar effect as the Massachusetts law, because both of them used an individual mandate instead of a tax.

“On the pure economics, because of the adverse selection and moral hazard, even conservative thinkers think that we need the mandate to work,” said Kenneth Chay, professor of economics at Brown.

Jonathan Skinner, professor of economics at Dartmouth, disagreed with the study’s distinction between a tax and a mandate. The

mandate is effectively the same as the tax, in his view, because both are designed to make sure that people who are healthy contribute to the health insurance system.

Nonetheless, he said that healthy people benefit from a system of universal health care because if they get sick they are covered from the minute they step into the hospital.

And if they remain healthy they also serve the valuable purpose of subsidizing the health care of the people who are sick.

“There’s a lot of fear that employers are going to stop offering coverage,” Kowalski said. “That’s not what we saw. We saw that about 6 percent of the Massachusetts population gained health insurance, and about half that new coverage was from employee sponsors.”

The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that the national healthcare reform will increase the number of non-elderly Americans with health insurance by roughly 34 million by 2021.

Contact MICHELLE HACKMAN at michelle.hackman@yale.edu .

BY DAN WEINER STAFF REPORTER A new field study out of the Yale School of Management is the first to show the influence of well-known psychological tendencies on how much employees choose to save for retirement. The study reports that employees at a big firm chose to increase their retirement savings by up to 2.9 percent of their income after reading emails about the retirement plan containing certain cognitive cues, said James Choi, study coauthor and associate professor of finance at the Yale School of Management. The paper is currently under review at the Review of Financial Studies.

Q JAMES CHOI

James Choi, an associate professor of finance at the School of Management, coauthored a study about the psychological factors of savings patterns.

Can you give me a basic overview of the study?

A

The study was a field experiment run at a large technology company where we were sending emails to employees about their 401k retire-

ment savings plans. And what we were interested in testing was whether small savings cues in the email would influence employees’ subsequent savings choices.

QWhat is a savings cue?

A

It is basically an example savings rate, or savings level, that we constructed to try to activate some psychological mechanisms that had been previously documented in the psychology literature as affecting choices in the lab, but it was not clear whether those mechanisms would actually be effective for choices that were economically significant.

Q

Can you spell out the psychological mechanisms that the savings cues were trying to leverage?

A

There was the anchoring effect: an arbitrary numerical cue in the environment.

that they put in their communications, because even unintentional cues can have very large effects on subsequent choices.

There is goal setting, which is an ambitious goal presented to you causing you to perform at a higher level. And third is the use of salient savings threshold as a cognitive crutch as help for choosing a savings rate.

did the company QHow respond to your findings?

QWhat did the study find?

A

A

The take home message is that if you get high savings cues from your environment, then you will save more.

If you get low savings cues from the environment, you will save less. Also, the fact that these employees’ savings choices were so malleable, that they were so heavily affected by one or two sentences in the middle of their email, really casts doubt on how much access we have to our fundamental savings preferences. Finally, given that people are so influenced by action cues in communications, it really puts a burden on policy makers and people who run institutions to be mindful of the cues

The tech company was very happy with our study because their goal was to increase the savings of their employees. And even though we found that in the low cue conditions people saved less than in the high cue conditions, overall all groups of employees ended up saving more than they used to.

ethical is it to use cues QHow and anchors to fundamentally change peoples’ behaviors?

A

I think what we have documented is that there is this force that is potent and that can be wielded for good or for evil.

It is a tool, and the moral consequence of using the tool is going to be in the hands of those

who wield it. With all this said, I think we are exposed to cues all the time, and I think it is hard to construct environments where there are no cues, and so we want to be mindful how we wield the cues, rather than saying we shouldn’t have any cues at all. you planning any followQAre up studies?

A

We are still working with the same company, but we are exploring other phenomena.

We are trying to more rigorously evaluate whether financial education is effective in changing behavior. What we have shown in the current study is that information-free interventions can sway behavior a lot, and we want to go to the other extreme in asking the question whether providing a lot of information sways behavior.

Contact DAN WEINER at daniel.weiner@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY G U E ST C O LU M N I ST H A N S T E JA

How to read minds, predict actions W ith case studies on how to get kids to eat their veggies and algebraic formulations explaining overeating, the syllabus might read like a course in nutrition planning. But actually this is the School of Management’s MGT 854, Behavioral Economics.

The course studies how individuals make decisions and how we can help them make better decisions (or worse decisions, if we’re employed by insurance companies). One success story is Michigan’s Save-toWin lottery. By rewarding lottery participants for every $25 saved, the program induced people to save for their futures by simultaneously increasing their chances of winning big. While hardly anyone won the lottery, it increased savings rates, counteracting the human tendency to undersave for retirement. Behavioral economists are also working to simplify the financial aid application process, with initial results suggesting that even simple changes like pre-loading information from tax returns markedly increase the college enrollment rate.

The course is co-taught by two SOM professors with different backgrounds: Keith Chen, an economics professor, and Shane Frederick, a marketing professor with background in psychology. The result is a convergence of the “rational” and “behavioral” schools of thought, leading to a particularly powerful way to accurately describe the majority of the population.

Economics brings formal tools like discount factors and utility to the table. For example, a hyperbolic discount theory suggests that the psychological effect of any event that happens in the future (i.e. not “right now”) is substantially reduced, probably by half at least. At the beginning of the semester, do you get that strange good feeling when you commit to taking a famously difficult course?

That’s because you’re getting the satisfaction of locking yourself to the benefits of taking that course, without having to undergo the pain just yet. A few months later, with the benefits still on the horizon and the work right in front of you, you’ll be singing a different tune. If you could drop the course at that point, you might choose to, but you’d regret it afterwards, which is why universities have drop deadlines.

The deadline for dropping courses serves as a “commitment device” that you impose on yourself when your decision-making process is at its peak, before it becomes warped by the workload of the course.

Other commitment devices range from alarm clocks which

“In the business world, the rearview mirror is always clearer than the windshield.” WARREN BUFFETT AMERICAN BUSINESS MAGNATE AND INVESTOR

Looking at the morality behind the money

BY CYNTHIA HUA STAFF REPORTER

roll around your floor forcing you to chase them, to savings plans from which you cannot withdraw money before a certain date.

Psychology brings a different perspective to the discussion by explaining how people behave irrationally under the effects of things, like biases, overconfidence and the occasional failures of our rules of thumb.

Should we be surprised if half of the incoming Class of 2016 believes that they’ll graduate in the top 10 percent of their class? With nearly all of them graduating in the top 10 percent of their high school class, combined with the typical student belief that we’ll study hard for all our future classes, it should be a surprise if the majority of them do not truly believe they’ll graduate cum laude. But that belief does not make it any less impossible for half of them to be in the top ten percent.

BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS EXPLAINS THE WAY WE ACTUALLY MAKE DECISIONS. Behavioral economics can frequently be applied to business. Firms aiming for product differentiation and/or profit maximization use a plethora of tools to help them achieve that.

You may notice that airlines have begun offering travelers a chance to upgrade their seats at the time of checking in. A traveler who initially declined the upgrade when purchasing the ticket may still choose to upgrade at the airport, which is when the soon-to-be-enjoyed benefit holds greater sway. That is an example of “choice architecture”, or structuring choices in a way that is more likely to achieve a certain result. Many of us will spend our lives — in marketing, consulting, government or at home — designing choice architecture, whether we know it or not.

Students come away from the course better prepared for complex challenges in their careers. Many also said they enjoyed the greater understanding and control they have over their own thoughts and actions. I know I’ll try to be more rational. At the very least, we’ll eat healthy and our kids will finish their carrots.

Contact HANS TEJA at hans.teja@yale.edu .

China’s rise to bring new problems

CREATIVE COMMONS

Yale professors argue that the financial sector has become overgrown and unstable, but the sector remains an industry that contributes to the economic vitality of the United States and therefore must be improved upon.

D

espite a soured public perception of Wall Street following the financial crisis, many Yale professors believe careers in finance can benefit society — after a few key changes are made. With proper regulation, they say, the financial sector can once again be an asset to our economy. MASON KROLL reports.

For professor Robert Shiller, there is a conversation that must be had about finance. After teaching the course “Financial Markets” for about 25 years and seeing it uploaded on Open Yale Courses in 2008 and again in 2011, he said he felt responsible for ensuring that his students understood the morality behind their career choices.

His book “Finance and the Good Society,” published March 20, aims to answer questions about the virtues of the field.

“I was worried that I was preparing young people for a career that was morally challenged,” Shiller said. “I wrote the book for my students. I didn’t know what else I would assign on that. I had to discuss basic moral issues that all of these people are going to confront in their career.”

Shiller said finance in its simplest form coordinates people and resources, a task that is essential for the functioning of the economy. He said that coordination will be critical for the progress of developing nations in the years to come.

“The world is being transformed by finance right now,” Shiller said. “The emerging world is growing at an extremely rapid pace. I think finance is indispensable to the advance of civilization.”

Professor Jeffrey Garten, who teaches “Understanding Global Financial Centers” at the Yale School of Management, said

working in finance can be socially beneficial in addition to being lucrative for its practicioners. Future investments in American manufacturing, developments in alternative energy and improvements in education all rest on financial underpinnings, he said.

“It is a socially redeeming activity to create value by merging two companies that can do better than either alone; it is a socially redeeming activity to help a country restructure its debts so that it can better provide for its citizens; it is a socially beneficial activity to help people manage their money so that they can have a secure retirement,” Garten said. “There are many aspects of our country which would never have happened without smart capable financiers.”

But the current state of finance is unsustainable, and the financial sector must reimagine itself, said economics professor John Geanakoplos ’75, who teaches “Financial Theory.” Geanakoplos said Americans now have to “rein in” the financial sector, whose out-of-control activities caused the financial crisis of 2008.

Regulation — both self-regulation and regulation by the government — will be necessary for finance to succeed, Shiller said.

Otherwise, Wall Street may see a “race to the bottom,” where finance firms feel forced to do “sleazy business” in order to compete

with their peers, he said.

Geanakoplos suggested regulating leverage as an important first step. Prior to the Great Recession, the Federal Reserve paid little attention to leverage rates in favor of a more free-market approach. However, he said, there is no reason to believe the economy can gauge the right level of leverage, so the Federal Reserve should step in.

“The Federal Reserve needs a complete rethinking on what its mission is and how best to achieve it,” he said. “Financial stability should be a priority instead of just full employment and moderate inflation.”

The emerging world is growing at an extremely rapid pace. I think finance is indispensible to the advance of civilization.

ROBERT SHILLER Economics professor Garten predicted that financial industry would shrink in size in the future, which would be a positive development because the oversized finance sector was prone to crises.

“In the future, I expect that financial services will be a smaller part of the economy than they have been in the last decade,” Garten said. “To me that is a good thing. I do believe there have been excess banking and excess financial capacity, and this has been part of the problem.”

It would be a healthy development, he

added, if more students pursued careers in production rather than financial services.

For years, Americans have considered finance an easy and morally sanctioned way to get rich. But last month, Goldman Sachs employee Greg Smith published a public resignation letter in the New York Times, calling the large investment bank’s culture “toxic” and declaring many of its employees to be “morally bankrupt.”

There are both good and bad people in every organization, Shiller said in response to questions about Smith’s letter. He said that any consideration of morality needs to take into account how bankers spend the money they earn, and he lauded Goldman Sachs’ chairman for his philanthropic contributions and activism in social causes.

“There probably are people who are still criticizable, and maybe the organization needs a refreshment of its principles, but it’s not black and white,” Shiller said.

“I think there’s a lot to admire in Goldman Sachs.”

The debate over finance’s moral implications bears particular relevance for Yale students, who often feel the field’s lure.

In 2008, 26 percent of Yale students were employed in business or finance one year after graduation, though that number fell to 14 percent in 2010. The stagnant economy might prompt some students to go into finance, but others to go into other economics-related fields instead, Geanakoplos said.

“The greatest generation of economists emerged after the Great Depression, and I expect to see a similar wave right now,” Geanakoplos said. “There’s obviously something wrong with how our economy works now, and whenever an area is in disarray, it’s an opportunity.”

Mary Liu ’12, director of corporate and campus relations for the Yale Undergraduate Economics Association, said that much of the current distaste for finance stems from a sensationalist media. Especially in the aftermath of the financial crisis, the media used overly dramatic rhetoric to discuss the economy, she said.

A strong financial services industry is necessary for a developed economy, she added, and as long as the financial sector practices transparency in its actions, students should not feel qualms about entering the field.

“Go into finance if you enjoy it and stick to your principles,” Liu said.

Shiller said he wished that more students from fields other than economics, such as engineering and the sciences, would take his course, because many career paths involve finance in some way. One argument he makes in his classes, he said, is that those who make money in finance have a moral obligation to give some of it back in philanthropy.

Shiller said he hopes that “Finance and the Good Society” will address these issues and give students the ethical background to approach careers in finance.

“I don’t whitewash it,” Shiller said. “The ethical standard has deteriorated recently.

The anger in the public view is not entirely unwarranted, but I think it will come around. There is a healing process after this crisis.”

Shiller will teach “Financial Markets” in the fall.

Contact MASON KROLL at mason.kroll@yale.edu .

Over the next decade, China will start to match the United States on a variety of economic issues.

The International Monetary Fund’s April 2011 World Outlook stated that China’s Gross Domestic Product would surpass that of the United States by 2016, Yale economics professor Robert Shiller said. Yale economists predict that as China continues to economic expansion, it will become more interdependent with the United States, requiring compromises by both countries on economic and political issues.

However, they warned that China is unlikely to maintain its current rate of growth.

For Shiller, the prediction that China’s economy will be the world’s largest by 2016 must be tempered by the knowledge that the population of China is four times that of the United States.

“For an economy with 1.3 billion people, you have to wonder why [the growth has] taken this long,” said Stephen Roach, a senior fellow at Yale University’s Jackson Institute of Global Affairs.

According to Roach, predictions about when China’s GDP will surpass America’s are “a superficial horse race” because GDP should be considered on a per-capita scale, not on a national one. Currently, China’s GDP per capita is approximately one-eighth that of the United States, Roach said.

China’s economic growth has been largely export-dominated. Lowcost labor and extensive production infrastructure allows China to be a cheap, efficient manufacturer, Roach said. Yet China’s reliance on foreign demand has created an unbalanced macroeconomic environment, he added, explaining that a move towards greater internal markets and

private consumption is necessary for sustainable growth.

Yet Zhiwu Chen GRD ’90, a professor of finance at Yale School of Management specializing in the Chinese economy, said he is doubtful China’s export-dependent growth model will change without a crisis or serious political reform. Government revenue growth must first be slowed and asset ownership must be put into private hands, Chen said.

Jeffrey Garten, a professor of international trade and finance at SOM, said the next step in economic progress will require a liberalization of China’s autocracy, which is not likely in the near future. Unless there is political reform, China will not be able to move beyond basic reforms, Garten said. He predicted that China’s reliance on exports will face challenges as demand from foreign markets drops in coming years due to cuts in government spending and high unemployment.

There is ample room for cooperation on a broad range of issues … but it will be hard work.

JEFFREY GARTEN Professor, Yale School of Management “One cannot simply copy and paste the past 30 years of growth to the next 30 years for China,” Chen said. “The next 10 years will not be smooth or crisis-free for China.”

China will face further barriers to growth from environmental degradation and income inequalities, Roach said.

Moreover, China must eventually move from manufacturing to highvalue innovation to truly grow its

economy, Roach said, pointing out that the Chinese supply chain is “63 percent dominated” by subsidiaries of western multinationals. Roach added however that the current lack of innovation in China is common for countries in this initial stage of economic development.

“Even as China surpasses America in sheer size, it is doubtful it will rival the innovative capacity of the U.S. for many decades to come,” Garten said. “It takes more than money to be creative, adaptive and inventive.

It takes an elaborate infrastructure of finance and education, plus a risktaking culture that takes many generations to build up.”

Shiller, however, said he is optimistic that China is entering a period of innovation. In his view, China has historically been a “great innovator,” though these periods of rapid progress occur only intermittently.

As the Chinese economy grows, China will become more entangled with international politics, Garten said. China will be expected to assume greater responsibilities for international economic order particularly in terms of trade, intellectual property, currencies, allowing foreign investment and providing foreign aid, he said.

Garten said he expects that China’s increased prominence may create tensions with the United States, but he is optimistic about a peaceful path forward.

“There is ample room for cooperation on a broad range of issues — trade, finance, investment, energy, climate change, science and technology, education and cultural exchanges,” Garten said. “But it will be hard work.”

The U.S.-China Forum at Yale concluded this Sunday.

Contact CYNTHIA HUA at cynthia.hua@yale.edu .

CREATIVE COMMONS

Yale economists predict that China’s geopolitical ascent will be marked by political entanglements with the United States.

Mandate better than tax, study says SOM professor explores subliminal influences on saving

BY MICHELLE HACKMAN STAFF REPORTER A new Yale study finds that mandate-based health care is the most cost-efficient form of universal health care.

The study, published by the National Bureau for Economic Research, examined workers’ wages in all 50 states before and after the Massachusetts universal health care bill was enacted in 2006.

The research found that workers in Massachusetts were willing to take a wage cut in order to gain employer-based health care, making the mandate the most efficient form of universal health care. Independent experts say that this study should dispel fears that the national health care reform of 2010 will cause employers to stop offering insurance.

“This means that relative to other ways that you can expand health insurance, the individual mandate effectively makes people value health insurance more than they did before the reform,” said Amanda Kowalski, assistant professor of economics at Yale and co-

author of the study. “It impacts the labor market less than other forms of health reform.”

The Massachusetts health care insurance reform law, which created the nation’s first individual mandate on health care, was passed in 2006. The authors examined workers’ employee status and wages in Massachusetts before and after the law was passed, using data from the 49 other states and the District of Columbia as controls.

The individual mandate effectively makes people value health insurance more than they did before the reform.

AMANDA KOWALSKI Assistant economics professor They found that, after 2006, jobs that offered health insurance paid an average of $6,058 less than they

did before the individual mandate went into effect. This large wage decrease indicates that workers valued their health insurance more after the reform went into effect, as they were willing to take a pay cut, Kowalski said. This is the case even though a firm’s penalty for not providing health insurance was only $295 per worker.

This system is more efficient than taxing wages to cover health care costs, because the money lost to a tax would force employers to either cut wages or eliminate jobs, Kowalski said. Under a tax system, employees would not recognize that their lower wages were contributing to their health care, and would thus be unwilling to work for lower pay.

Kowalski said that the mechanism by which the mandate increases labor supply may either be unconscious or the result of union wage negotiations.

The study said that the deadweight loss of mandate-based health reform was less than 5 percent of what it would have been if the government had instead provided health insurance by levying a tax on wages.

Jon Gruber, professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said that Kowalski’s paper provided evidence for a counterintuitive result.

“The main conclusion is that workers are willing to accept lower wages in order to get health insurance from their employers in the face of an individual mandate,” Gruber said. “This has the exciting implication that an individual mandate can promote employer-sponsored insurance coverage.”

Although the study did not examine the effects of the federal Affordable Care Act of 2010, Kowalski said that the national health care reform was likely to have a similar effect as the Massachusetts law, because both of them used an individual mandate instead of a tax.

“On the pure economics, because of the adverse selection and moral hazard, even conservative thinkers think that we need the mandate to work,” said Kenneth Chay, professor of economics at Brown.

Jonathan Skinner, professor of economics at Dartmouth, disagreed with the study’s distinction between a tax and a mandate. The

mandate is effectively the same as the tax, in his view, because both are designed to make sure that people who are healthy contribute to the health insurance system.

Nonetheless, he said that healthy people benefit from a system of universal health care because if they get sick they are covered from the minute they step into the hospital.

And if they remain healthy they also serve the valuable purpose of subsidizing the health care of the people who are sick.

“There’s a lot of fear that employers are going to stop offering coverage,” Kowalski said. “That’s not what we saw. We saw that about 6 percent of the Massachusetts population gained health insurance, and about half that new coverage was from employee sponsors.”

The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that the national healthcare reform will increase the number of non-elderly Americans with health insurance by roughly 34 million by 2021.

Contact MICHELLE HACKMAN at michelle.hackman@yale.edu .

BY DAN WEINER STAFF REPORTER A new field study out of the Yale School of Management is the first to show the influence of well-known psychological tendencies on how much employees choose to save for retirement. The study reports that employees at a big firm chose to increase their retirement savings by up to 2.9 percent of their income after reading emails about the retirement plan containing certain cognitive cues, said James Choi, study coauthor and associate professor of finance at the Yale School of Management. The paper is currently under review at the Review of Financial Studies.

Q JAMES CHOI

James Choi, an associate professor of finance at the School of Management, coauthored a study about the psychological factors of savings patterns.

Can you give me a basic overview of the study?

A

The study was a field experiment run at a large technology company where we were sending emails to employees about their 401k retire-

ment savings plans. And what we were interested in testing was whether small savings cues in the email would influence employees’ subsequent savings choices.

QWhat is a savings cue?

A

It is basically an example savings rate, or savings level, that we constructed to try to activate some psychological mechanisms that had been previously documented in the psychology literature as affecting choices in the lab, but it was not clear whether those mechanisms would actually be effective for choices that were economically significant.

Q

Can you spell out the psychological mechanisms that the savings cues were trying to leverage?

A

There was the anchoring effect: an arbitrary numerical cue in the environment.

that they put in their communications, because even unintentional cues can have very large effects on subsequent choices.

There is goal setting, which is an ambitious goal presented to you causing you to perform at a higher level. And third is the use of salient savings threshold as a cognitive crutch as help for choosing a savings rate.

did the company QHow respond to your findings?

QWhat did the study find?

A

A

The take home message is that if you get high savings cues from your environment, then you will save more.

If you get low savings cues from the environment, you will save less. Also, the fact that these employees’ savings choices were so malleable, that they were so heavily affected by one or two sentences in the middle of their email, really casts doubt on how much access we have to our fundamental savings preferences. Finally, given that people are so influenced by action cues in communications, it really puts a burden on policy makers and people who run institutions to be mindful of the cues

The tech company was very happy with our study because their goal was to increase the savings of their employees. And even though we found that in the low cue conditions people saved less than in the high cue conditions, overall all groups of employees ended up saving more than they used to.

ethical is it to use cues QHow and anchors to fundamentally change peoples’ behaviors?

A

I think what we have documented is that there is this force that is potent and that can be wielded for good or for evil.

It is a tool, and the moral consequence of using the tool is going to be in the hands of those

who wield it. With all this said, I think we are exposed to cues all the time, and I think it is hard to construct environments where there are no cues, and so we want to be mindful how we wield the cues, rather than saying we shouldn’t have any cues at all. you planning any followQAre up studies?

A

We are still working with the same company, but we are exploring other phenomena.

We are trying to more rigorously evaluate whether financial education is effective in changing behavior. What we have shown in the current study is that information-free interventions can sway behavior a lot, and we want to go to the other extreme in asking the question whether providing a lot of information sways behavior.

Contact DAN WEINER at daniel.weiner@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

NATION

T Dow Jones 12,929.59, -1.00% S

S Oil $102.67, +0.20%

Trayvon Martin death will not go to Fla. grand jury

BY MIKE SCHNEIDER ASSOCIATED PRESS ORLANDO, Fla. — A grand jury will not look into the Trayvon Martin case, a special prosecutor said Monday, leaving the decision of whether to charge the teen’s shooter in her hands alone and eliminating the possibility of a first-degree murder charge.

That prosecutor, Angela Corey, said her decision had no bearing on whether she would file charges against George Zimmerman, the neighborhood watch volunteer who has said he shot the unarmed black teen in self-defense.

Corey could still decide to charge him with a serious felony such as manslaughter, which can carry a lengthy prison sentence if he is convicted.

A grand jury had been set to meet Tuesday in Sanford, about 20 miles northeast of Orlando.

Corey has long had a reputation for not using grand juries if it wasn’t necessary. In Florida, only first-degree murder cases require the use of grand juries.

Corey’s decision means she doesn’t have to rely on potentially unpredictable jurors, said David Hill, an Orlando criminal defense attorney.

“Let’s give her the benefit of the doubt.

Maybe she knows there isn’t enough for firstdegree murder but she wants to maintain control and charge him with something else,” Hill said. “What does she need a grand jury for?

She cuts out the unpredictability of the grand jury. She goes where she feels she has more evidence.”

Corey took over the case last month after the prosecutor who normally handles cases out of Sanford recused himself. That prosecutor, Norm Wolfinger, had originally called for the case to be presented before a grand jury.

“From the moment she was assigned, Ms. Corey noted she may not need a grand jury,” said a statement from Corey’s office.

Prosecutors sometimes use grand juries to avoid the political fallout from controversial cases. But Corey was elected by voters more than 100 miles away in the Jacksonville area, so political problems are less of an issue for Corey, Hill said.

NASDAQ 3,047.08, -1.08%

Martin was killed Feb. 26 during a confrontation with Zimmerman in a gated community in Sanford.

Zimmerman has claimed self-defense, and Florida’s self-defense law gives wide leeway to use deadly force and eliminates a person’s duty to retreat in the face of danger.

Zimmerman’s attorney, Craig Sonner, said he didn’t want to comment on Corey’s decision.

An attorney for Martin’s parents said in a statement that he is not surprised by the decision to avoid the grand jury and hopes a decision is reached soon.

“The family has been patient throughout this process and asks that those who support them do the same during this very important investigation,” said attorney Benjamin Crump.

The case has led to protests across the nation and spurred a debate about race and the laws of self-defense. Martin was black; Zimmerman’s father is white and his mother is Hispanic.

In Georgia, a civil rights activist is challenging that state’s so-called stand your ground law. The Rev. Markel Hutchins said he sued Monday in Atlanta in response to Martin’s death. The lawsuit claims the law leads to the unnecessary use of lethal force.

On Monday, one protest led to the temporary closing of the Sanford Police Department offices to the public for most of the day as about a half dozen student activists blocked the building entrance.

Police officers took no action to remove the protesters, who were part of a group of students who marched from Daytona Beach to Sanford over the weekend.

Citizens wanting to do business with the police department were directed to City Hall.

Calling themselves “the Dream Defenders,” the protesters demanded Zimmerman’s arrest; a special investigation into the Sanford Police Department; a community meeting; and the firing of the city manager and the police chief who temporarily stepped down after Martin’s death, Bill Lee. Darren Scott, a 23-year veteran of the Sanford Police Department, was named acting chief. Lee is still employed with the department and receiving his salary.

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S&P 500 1,382.20, -1.14%

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Facebook buys Instagram for $1B

BY BARBARA ORTUTAY ASSOCIATED PRESS NEW YORK — Facebook is spending $1 billion to buy the photo-sharing company Instagram in the social network’s largest acquisition ever.

On the surface, that’s a huge sum for a tiny startup that has a handful of employees and no way to make money.

But the lack of a business model rarely dampens excitement about hot tech upshots these days. As Facebook has shown, itself without ads or revenue in its early days, money goes where the users are.

Instagram lets people share photos they snap with their mobile devices. The app has filters that can make photos look as if they’ve been taken in the 1970s or on Polaroid cameras. Its users take photos of everything from their breakfast egg sandwiches to sunsets to the smiling faces of their girlfriends.

In a little more than a year, Instagram attracted a loyal and loving user base of more than 30 million people. Apple picked it as the iPhone App of the Year in 2011.

Instagram’s fans, brand recognition and its potential are difficult to put a price tag on. Yet Facebook has — and can afford it. The company is preparing for an initial public offering of stock that could value the company at as much as $100 billion in a few weeks. What’s $1 billion? A drop in the bucket, really.

“Facebook after this IPO is going to be in a position to be predatory. They can make sure no one steps in their way and buy anyone who gets in their way,” said Wedbush analyst Michael Pachter, who follows social media.

Buying Instagram, he added, not only eliminates a rival but gives Facebook the technology “that is gaining crazy traction.”

Facebook is paying cash and

stock for San Francisco-based Instagram and hiring its dozen or so employees. The deal is expected to close by the end of June.

It’s a windfall not just for Instagram’s employees, but the venture capital firms backing the company. Last week, Sequoia Capital led an investment round that valued Instagram at $500 million, according to a person familiar with the matter. The person was not authorized to speak publicly and spoke on the condition of anonymity.

Facebook after this IPO is going to be in a position to be predatory.

MICHAEL PACHTER Wedbush analyst Going by the $1 billion price tag, Facebook is paying about $33 for each Instagram user. That’s a fraction of the $118 that Facebook investors will be paying per Facebook user if the company gets its expected $100 billion valuation after going public. By that math, Pachter said, $1 billon “doesn’t sound crazy.”

Getting Instagram is a big win for Facebook as it works to harness people’s growing obsession with their mobile devices and sharing every moment of their life. The company’s own mobile application is not as easy to use as Instagram, and sharing photos can be downright clunky. Facebook’s way, noted Pachter, has always been to buy technology if it’s better than what it can build on its own.

Facebook, which is based in Menlo Park, Calif., said it plans to keep Instagram running independently. That’s a departure from its tendency to buy small startups

and integrate the technology - or shut them down altogether just so it can hire talented engineers and developers.

“This is an important milestone for Facebook because it’s the first time we’ve ever acquired a product and company with so many users,” CEO Mark Zuckerberg wrote on his Facebook page Monday announcing the deal.

“We don’t plan on doing many more of these, if any at all.”

He said Facebook plans to keep allowing people to post from Instagram to other social networks, including Twitter. Users will also be able to keep their Instagrams off of Facebook if they want to.

“We think the fact that Instagram is connected to other services beyond Facebook is an important part of the experience,” Zuckerberg said.

Tech bloggers and analysts immediately began wondering whether Facebook’s commitment will be eternal.

“There’s a long history of companies acquiring other companies and saying that they are going to continue to support the service — and then not,” said Debra Aho Williamson, an analyst with research firm eMarketer.

One relatively recent example is Cisco Systems Inc., which killed off the much-loved flip video camera less than two years after buying the company behind it.

There were some mutterings online about users leaving Instagram now that Facebook has bought it, though in reality Facebook will probably make it more popular.

There’s a good reason for Facebook to keep Instagram going as a separate product, even if Facebook integrates some of its technology into its own service so that mobile photo sharing becomes easier. Google, for example, has kept YouTube separate even as it integrated some of its features into other products.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 11

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST

A slight chance of showers between 11am and noon, then a chance of showers and thunderstorms.

TOMORROW

THURSDAY

High of 56, low of 37.

High of 58, low of 37.

WATSON BY JIM HORWITZ

ON CAMPUS WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11 3:30 PM “Bright Lights and Bling: An Integrative View of Sexual Selection in Fireflies.” Sara Lewis, professor of evolutionary and behavioral ecology at Tufts University, will give this lecture, sponsored by the Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Fund and the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Class of 1954 Environmental Sciences Center (21 Sachem St.), room 110.

THURSDAY, APRIL 12 12:00 PM Tour of Kroon Hall. Register in advance for this tour of Kroon Hall, Yale’s greenest building and a symbol of the School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Part of Celebrate Sustainability.

Email melanie.quigley@yale.edu to register. Kroon Hall (195 Prospect St.), main entrance.

ZERO LIKE ME BY REUXBEN BARRIENTES

4:00 PM “Coexistence Regulations: Oops, Plants Can’t Read.” This event is part of the “Biotechnology in Agriculture” series and features Carol Mallory-Smith, a professor of weed science at Oregon State University. Her main areas of research are weed management in agronomic crops, weed biology, and gene flow and hybridization between crops and weeds. Kline Biology Tower (219 Prospect St.), room 1214.

4:00 PM “The Southern Tiger: Chile’s Fight for a Democratic and Prosperous Future.” This lecture, by former Chilean President Ricardo Lagos, will examine Chile’s journey from terror and repression to a thriving open society and from poverty to one of the wealthiest nations in Latin America. Dwight Hall (67 High St.), chapel.

SATURDAY MORNING BREAKFAST CEREAL BY ZACH WEINER

FRIDAY, APRIL 13 4:30 PM “A Moving Story: Concert Dance Interpretations of Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet.’” Amymarie Bartholomew ’13 will give this talk and demonstration examining the ways that Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet” has been presented.

Part of Shakespeare at Yale. Davenport College (248 York St.), Davenport/Pierson Auditorium.

y SUBMIT YOUR EVENTS ONLINE yaledailynews.com/events/submit DOONESBURY BY GARRY TRUDEAU

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CROSSWORD ACROSS 1 Dark, to a poet 5 Tony who played a sitcom 17Across employee 10 Sitters’ charges 14 Lee with frozen desserts 15 Barkley who served under 41Across 16 “... thunder, lightning, __ rain?”: “Macbeth” 17 It arranges pickups 19 Modest dress 20 Like a crowd in awe 21 End-of-week exclamation 22 Vagrants 25 Emir 28 Mocedades hit whose title means “you are” 30 Golf units 31 Slippery swimmer 32 How Dennis Eckersley pitched 36 Simple ... or a hint to the hidden puzzle theme in 17-, 25-, 50- and 59-Across 40 Desexes 41 FDR’s successor 44 Outbursts that provoke blessings 47 Harley alternative 50 Maryland seafood fare 54 The Lusitania, e.g.

55 Sidewalk border 56 Guitarist, slangily 58 Carlisle’s wife in “Twilight” 59 Sit-up relatives 63 It may be barred or bolted 64 Songs for two 65 English aristocrat 66 __, meeny ...

67 Muslim god 68 June 6, 1944 DOWN 1 Key to the left of F1 2 Sheepish reply?

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3 Heavenly body 4 Cheese-topped snacks 5 Electricity generators 6 ___-Bits: cereal 7 Pro hoopster 8 “The Prisoner of __” 9 Vague quantity 10 Tiny fairy tale hero 11 Starting point 12 Cleaned (up) 13 Searches like a detection dog 18 Give the boot 22 Donkey syllable 23 Cinnabar or magnetite 24 Lugosi of “Dracula” 26 Having a lot of nerve 27 Chef Cat __ 29 Patriotic Olympics chant 33 Believer’s suffix 34 Gray hair disguiser 35 Place for a ring 37 Elitism 38 Fed. antidiscrimination org.

Monday’s Puzzle Solved

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6

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39 Biggers’s detective 42 54-Across pronoun 43 Pit goo 44 Acquiesce 45 Defoe title surname 46 Longtime Tiger Woods coach Butch __ 48 Astronaut Shepard

4/10/12

49 Chopped, as garlic 51 Afghan capital 52 Stand out in a field 53 Mattress giant 57 Sled dog command 59 Drillers’ org.

60 “I’ve been __!”

61 Important time 62 Surreptitious

3 4 9 2 1

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PAGE 12

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

AROUND THE IVIES

“I hear all this, you know, ‘Well, this is class warfare, this is whatever.’ No. There is nobody in this country who got rich on his own nobody.” ELIZABETH WARREN U.S. SENATE CANDIDATE

T H E D A I L Y P E N N S Y L VA N I A N

LGBT students face challenges while abroad

BY SHELLI GIMELSTEIN STAFF WRITER Apart from learning a different language while studying abroad on another continent, the adjustment to a foreign country can be particularly difficult — especially when its culture may not be accepting of LGBT students.

For some LGBT students at Penn, part of preparing for a study abroad experience may involve learning how to deal with a different set of cultural norms and expectations about

sexual orientation.

A College junior — who wished to remain anonymous because she PENN has not disclosed her sexual orientation to her parents — said she was “unwittingly outed to her entire international student group” while studying abroad at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow, Russia last fall.

“Being outed was not a positive experience for me and I felt highly uncomfortable because people were telling everyone,” she said.

She believes “Russia isn’t a very welcoming place for homosexuals,” adding that throughout the semester, she heard numerous students and professors make negative remarks about LGBT students.

While she managed to get through most of her time abroad without any incidents of direct discrimination, everything changed when she decided to

write a final paper on Russia’s anti-gay law, which outlaws the promotion of homosexuality or transsexuality to minors.

Although her initial discussion about the law with her professor was “uncomfortable” as he “obviously didn’t see it as a rights violation,” the student’s topic proposal was approved.

However, after not receiving a response from her professor to several emails about her grade, she contacted her international coordinator in February for her transcript. Upon doing so, she said she learned

she had received an “Incomplete” for the course because the professor claimed they had never agreed on the topic.

She was later told that her paper was being delegated to another professor for grading.

Looking back, the junior feels that her experience with the paper marked a clear instance of discrimination based upon her sexual orientation.

Overall, she thinks that “the Abroad Office should be more clear about its policies. You should at least be able to tell the student what kind of discrimi-

nation could be going on.”

Penn’s bilateral exchange agreements with 59 universities worldwide include a non-discrimination clause, according to Penn Abroad Director Barbara Gorka.

“We don’t expect our partners to follow all of our policies and there’s no way we could comply with all of theirs,” she said. “But we still have an expectation that students will be able to study in an appropriate environment. We have less influence over the culture of the other country.”

T H E B R O W N D A I LY H E R A L D

Warren outpaces Brown in fundraising

BY NICHOLAS FANDOS STAFF WRITER Harvard Law School professor Elizabeth Warren announced Monday that her campaign for U.S. Senate raised $6.9 million in the first three months 2012— the largest single-quarter total seen thus far in the high-profile Massachusetts race and more than double the amount raised in the same time by her Republican opponent, Senator Scott Brown.

For the third consecutive quarter, Warren outpaced Brown, who raised a more modest $3.4 million in the first three months of this year. Warren saw a moderate increase from the final quarter of 2011, when she raised $5.7 million.

“The incredible enthusiasm we have seen from people across the Commonwealth who

a re c o n tributing to this campaign shows the strong g ra ss ro o ts momentum behind BROWN Elizabeth’s fight for middle class families,” Warren campaign manager Mindy Myers wrote in a statement.

Political analysts said that Warren’s totals are impressive and indicate that her campaign has attracted unusually high levels of attention.

“That’s a big number, especially for a fist time candidate,” Democratic consultant Daniel B. Payne said. “It demonstrates that a lot of politically aware people believe she’s credible and that Scott Brown is vulnerable.”

But the gains were not enough

for the first-time candidate to catch up with Brown, who has been bolstered by leftover funds from his 2010 campaign. Brown currently has roughly $15 million in his campaign till, while Warren’s camp has brought in roughly $12 million.

“Scott Brown still has $4 million more in the bank than we do, but this is the kind of support we need to be able to take on the big banks and corporations that are lining up against Elizabeth,” Myers wrote.

Both Warren and Brown have emphasized the grassroots, local nature of their campaigns.

Warren announced last week that her campaign had raised $2.5 million from 30,000 donors in Massachusetts. Eighty-three percent of those donations were $50 or less, and the donors came from 350 of the 351 cities and towns in the Bay State.

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 13

SPORTS

Baylor basketball teams have “major” violations A report released yesterday with the findings of a three-year investigation by the NCAA revealed that Baylor coaches made upwards of 1,200 illegal phone calls and text messages, according to ESPN.com. The report came on the heels of an outstanding year in Baylor athletics, including 80 combined wins across football, women’s basketball, and men’s basketball.

Home races produce mixed results

Golf teams look to Ivies GOLF FROM PAGE 14

HARRY SIMPERINGHAM/ PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

The women’s crew team’s varsity eight came in at the same time as Dartmouth, but Dartmouth was awarded the win after a video review.

BY MARIA GUARDADO STAFF REPORTER On Saturday, No. 13 Yale women’s crew hosted No. 19 Dartmouth, Boston University and No. 16 Cornell for its first home races of the spring season on the Housatonic River in Derby, Conn.

W. CREW Though Yale’s varsity eight fell in both its races, the second varsity eight, second varsity four and third varsity eight boats each earned two victories. The varsity four split its two races, defeating BU and Dartmouth in the morning before being edged by Cornell in the afternoon.

“I think many of our boats had solid performances,” Cathy McDermott ’12 said.

The Bulldogs started the day by facing off against Dartmouth and Boston University and notched

victories in four out of five races.

The closest race of the day came in the varsity eight race.

Yale and Dartmouth both clocked in at 6:22.8, while BU finished in 6:28.0. Because the race was too close to call, the officials had to use a video review to determine the winner. After reviewing the tape, the referees awarded the race and the Class of 1985 Cup to the Big Green. It was the first time Dartmouth had won the Cup since 1998.

“We had to look at the tape multiple times,” head coach Will Porter said. “It was very difficult to determine the winner of that race. I think it was fair. It was a matter of inches, but based on our limited technology at the boathouse, I think the right call was made.”

In the second varsity eight race, the Elis took first place by crossing the line at 6:25.5, while Dartmouth and BU finished at

6:31.4 and 6:42.3, respectively.

Yale’s varsity four, second varsity four and third varsity eight boats all put on dominant performances and captured their races by more than ten seconds.

“As a team we raced well,” Porter said. “Beating Dartmouth and Boston University in four out of the five races was a good performance for us.”

Though windy conditions delayed racing against Cornell for about two hours, the Elis took to the water for a second time to face the Big Red in the afternoon. In the varsity eight race, the Big Red edged Yale by nearly three seconds to take the Cayuga Cup for the second consecutive year.

“The outcomes of our races were disappointing but provided feedback on areas we need to work on moving forward,” said captain Kathleen O’Keefe ’12, who raced in the varsity eight.

Cornell’s varsity four also

Yale takes close race against Hoyas LIGHTWEIGHT CREW FROM PAGE 14 results: Yale maintained the lead for most of the race and posted a winning time of 6:24.3. MIT and Georgetown were neckin-neck for second place, but the Engineers edged out the Hoyas by just 0.4 seconds, 6:37.8 to 6:38.2.

Only Yale and Georgetown raced in the JV 8+, and Yale cruised to victory with a time of 6:20.9, 17.6 seconds ahead of Georgetown’s 6:38.5.

The final race in the regatta was the varsity race, in which the No. 2 Bulldogs took on No. 3 Georgetown and No. 11 MIT. Card said he expected the race against the Hoyas — the “Crew of the Week” on row2k, the American rowing record website — to be intense, and it was. Yale won the close race by only 1.9 seconds, finishing at 6:10.2. Georgetown finished at 6:12.1, and MIT was well behind at 6:43.0.

“I think the varsity had a poised race, although not perfect by any stretch,”

down to the all-important varsity race, and the V 8+ boats posted the fastest times of the day. Yale finished 6.2 seconds ahead of Dartmouth, with a time of 5:30.7 compared to the Big Green’s 5:36.9.

Head coach Stephen Gladstone said he was pleased with the outcome of the weekend and that he thought the crews raced aggressively. He added that although he is happy with the early victories, the team’s schedule gets increasingly challenging through the spring.

“The season will ultimately be

Contact MARIA GUARDADO at maria.guardado@yale.edu .

Contact MONICA DISARE at monica.disare@yale.edu .

Consistency makes for winning weekend

Card said. “Those were two very good crews out there, Georgetown and Yale.”

Next Saturday, the Bulldogs face a doubleheader in two different New Jersey locations: they will take on Penn and Columbia in the morning and Cornell in the afternoon.

Card said the three upcoming opponents will be hard to beat, and Ruck added that it will serve as a good measuring stick to see how the Bulldogs stand against three fast opponents while racing twice in a day.

“The rowing season seems like it takes a long time to get here, but when it does it goes by fast,” Card said. “Right now we are only two races in, but actually we are one-third of the way done. So far, so good.”

Yale has won the Joy Cup every year since 1979, except in 2006 when there was no race.

Contact LINDSEY UNIAT at lindsey.uniat@yale.edu .

Tailwinds challenge crew HEAVYWEIGHT CREW FROM PAGE 14

bested the Elis by a six-second margin to take the race and earn another win for the Big Red. Still, Yale’s second varsity eight notched its second win of the day by finishing 0.3 seconds ahead of the Big Red. The Elis also defeated Cornell in the second varsity four and third varsity eight races. Yale’s second varsity four enjoyed a nearly 17-second margin of victory, while the third varsity eight finished 0.6 seconds ahead of Cornell.

“I thought we raced well in our lower boats,” Porter said. “Our varsity is still working to put together a full race.”

The Bulldogs will battle for the Eisenberg Cup this Saturday when they travel to New Jersey to face Princeton and the University of Southern California.

members said they understand they played under difficult course conditions. Hatten said that the team may have lost some of its home course advantage because it is not used to playing in such high winds.

High winds were also a significant factor in the women’s tournament, team captain Lily Boettcher ’12 said. The first day had less wind, Seo Hee Moon ‘14 said, and the Elis placed fifth with a score of 316.

On the second day of competition, the wind kicked it up a notch and so did the Bulldogs. The team posted the best score of any team (313), which Boettcher said is a particularly impressive feat because of the challenging weather conditions.

The five women who contributed to the Elis’ team score were Sun Park ’14, Moon, Joy Kim ’13, Alex Lipa ’13, and Callie Kemmer ’12. In addition, Boettcher and Shreya Ghei ’15 competed individually. Moon had the lowest individual score on the second day of competition (72). Moon placed fourth in the overall individual competition and as followed by teammates Park and Boettcher who placed 12th and 15th respectively.

On the men’s team, the top five competitors were Hatten, Bradley Kushner ’13, Sam Bernstein ’14, Will Davenport ’15 and Carson Weinand ’13. Hatten posted the best score for the Bulldogs, +12, and tied for 14th in the individual standings. Other individual highlights of the tournament included Hatten and Kushner’s first round scores of 74, and Berstein’s second round score of 75. Despite these successes, no one walked away from the tournament satisfied with his play, Davenport said.

The men’s team members said they are looking forward to continued matchups in the upcoming weeks, particularly with Ivy League rival Dartmouth. The next three weekends Yale will compete in the same tournaments as the Big Green. Both Hatten and Davenport said that while they have the upmost respect for Dartmouth as a team, they hope the upcoming weeks will yield a different result in the YaleDartmouth contest.

Both the men’s and women’s teams are focused on the coveted Ivy League title. The men’s team has two more tournaments before the Ivy League Championships, including one this upcoming weekend at Princeton. Hatten said the team would like to gain more experience playing under pressure before Ivies and defend its first place finish from last year in the Princeton Invitational.

When it comes to the Ivy League Championships, Davenport said despite the team’s finish at this tournament, he thinks the Bulldogs will come together at the end of the season when it matters. Boettcher expressed a similar sentiment about the women’s team, saying that the team is headed in the right direction and will be ready for its Ivy League Championship tournament.

The Ivy League Championships will be held in Galloway, N.J., on April 27-29.

defined by the regional Eastern Sprints race, the historic Yale-Harvard Boat Race, and the IRA National Championship in May and June,” Gladstone said.

“We need to build off of each of the cup races, as the more experience we have going into the three big ones, the better we’ll do.”

Next Saturday, the Bulldogs will travel to Orchard Beach, N.Y., to compete against Columbia and Penn for the Blackwell Cup. Contact LINDSEY UNIAT at lindsey.uniat@yale.edu .

ZEENAT MANSOOR/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The coed sailing team faced difficult conditions in the Marchiando Friis Team Race hosted by Tufts.

SAILING FROM PAGE 14 a race is won by finishing in such a way that the sum of the team’s places is smaller than that of the other team’s.

May said that the lake venue created sailing conditions quite different than those they face in practices along the coast of the Long Island Sound. Saturday brought a 10 to 20 knot northerly wind followed by an east-southeast breeze of five to 12 knots, while Sunday’s northwest breezes ranged from five to 18 knots.

May added that the team dynamic was less familiar since the team members competed with different pairings than those they typically have in practice. Skipper Graham Landy ’15 substituted for Joe Morris ’12. However, she said their strong performance assured her that next year, the team will still remain competitive after veterans like Morris graduate.

Next weekend, the coed team will compete at the New England Dinghy Championships at Harvard, which serves as a qualifier for the

ICSA National Championships. The Bulldogs will also participate in the Oberg Trophy at Boston University and host the Short Beach Invitational in Branford, Conn. The women’s team is wrapping up its season, with the Emily Wick Trophy next weekend and concluding with the Women’s New England Championship the week after, which also serves as a qualifier for the national championships.

Contact CLINTON WANG at clinton.wang@yale.edu .

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MLB Miami 6 Philadelphia 2

MLB San Francisco 7 Colorado 0

NBA Orlando 119 Detroit 89

SPORTS QUICK HITS

MATT GIBSON ’12 IVY LEAGUE PLAYER OF THE WEEK Gibson, who plays attack for the men’s lacrosse team, earned player of the week honors after contributing seven goals to Yale’s scoreboard last week.

Against Providence he scored three goals, and he scored four against Dartmouth.

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MEN’S LACROSSE ELIS MOVE UP IN USILA RANKINGS The Bulldogs broke into the top-20 in the USILA Division 1 Coaches Poll yesterday at No. 20. Cornell is ranked No. 5, while Princeton is No. 15. The University of Virginia claimed the top spot with 216 points and nine first place votes. The Elis will face Brown on Friday.

NBA Indiana 103 Toronto 98

NBA Washington 113 Charlotte 85

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“If anything it [the Yale Spring Opener] will motivate us individually and as a team to step it up a little bit.”

JEFFREY HATTEN ’12 CAPTAIN, MEN’S GOLF YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 10, 2012 · yaledailynews.com

Elis retain Olympic Axe

Bulldogs keep Joy cup

BY LINDSEY UNIAT STAFF REPORTER The lightweight crew team dominated its second regatta of the season this Saturday, winning all four races against MIT and Georgetown on the Charles River in Boston. Carried by the momentum of last weekend’s four-race victory over Naval Academy, the Bulldogs took home the trophy of the annual boat race, the Joy Cup.

LIGHTWEIGHT CREW

In the first race of the day, Yale’s freshman eight managed to get a small lead on Dartmouth in the first half of the course and extended it in the last 750m, finishing 9.1 seconds ahead of the Big Green with a time of 5:45.2.

The junior varsity eights from each team raced next, and the Bulldogs finished with a similar result. Yale’s boatstarted the race slightly staggered behind Dartmouth’s JV 8+, but by the slight turn in the river mid-course, it had caught up to its opponent. In the last half of the race, Yale surged ahead to beat Dartmouth by 10.2 seconds — 5:38.5 to 5:48.7.

But the contested Olympic Axe came

Yale’s 3V 4+, 1F 8+, JV 8+, and V 8+ boats defeated those of MIT in each race, and head coach Andy Card said he considered the regatta successful in that it was the second sweeping victory in as many weeks.

Card said the race was slow — over six minutes for the 2000m course — due to a strong headwind, but that the water was calm and the weather conditions were not overwhelming.

The first race of the day was the 3V 4+, in which each team raced a four-person boat instead of the usual eight-person boat. Team captain David Walker ’12 said this was because MIT and Georgetown did not have enough rowers to fill a third varsity eight.

Oarsman Joshua Ruck ’13 said despite the early morning start, the team was energetic and the 3V 4+ set the tone with a solid first race.

Yale’s 3V 4+ pulled ahead of MIT and Georgetown early in the race, and finished in 7:18.1. MIT finished in 7:25.8 and Georgetown in 7:54.8.

The first freshman eight race followed and yielded similar

SEE HWT. CREW PAGE 13

SEE LWT. CREW PAGE 13

DIANA HEYS

The seniors on heavyweight crew competed in the final home regatta of their Yale crew careers on Saturday. The team will next face Columbia and Penn in New York.

BY LINDSEY UNIAT STAFF REPORTER On Saturday, the heavyweight crew team swept its second and last home regatta of the season, winning all three races against Dartmouth and retaining the contested Olympic Axe for the ninth straight year.

HEAVYWEIGHT CREW Since 2004, the winner of the annual Yale-Dartmouth race has received the battle-axe trophy — and the Big Green has yet to get a hold of it.

The Bulldogs are currently undefeated in their spring season, as two weekends ago they swept Brown on

the Housatonic in their season opening regatta.

“We were definitely excited to come away with another sweep — it’s great to keep up the positive momentum,” varsity oarsman Alexander Krey ’12 said, adding that it was a particularly special win because it was the seniors’ last home regatta ever.

But both Krey and team captain Tom Dethlefs ’12 said the team still has a lot of work to do at the Gilder Boathouse in Derby, Conn. Since the rowing season does not finish until June, the team will still practice and race amongst itself every day on the Housatonic.

Saturday’s tailwind and calm waters allowed the freshmen, junior varsity, and varsity boats each to finish the

2000m course about one minute faster than two weeks ago, when the strong headwind and choppy water slowed the crews down.

Varsity coxswain Oliver Fletcher ’14 said although tailwind conditions make for a faster race, it is a challenge to establish a separation of the boats in the shorter timeframe and the margin of error is much smaller.

Krey added that it can be difficult to row efficiently in a strong tailwind.

“You have to be really precise at the catch and at the finish, otherwise your stroke shortens up a lot, and you won’t move the boat as well,” Krey said. “I thought in all the boats we did a good job of keeping our strokes long and really moving together.”

W. sailing wins on Charles River

BY CLINTON WANG STAFF REPORTER The No. 3 women’s sailing team attained its first top finish this season last weekend when it captured the President’s Trophy Intersectional Regatta hosted by Boston University. Meanwhile, at the Marchiando Friis Team Race hosted by Tufts, the No. 1 coed team slipped following its threeweekend winning streak, taking second.

SAILING After falling from its No. 1 national ranking at the start of the season, the women’s team rebounded with the 34-point victory on the Charles River.

The coed team competed in two sailing regattas over the weekend, earning second place at the Marchiando and Friis Trophies on Mystic Lake in Medford, Mass., where they lost to Boston College by a single race. The coed team finished fourth at the Admiral Alymers Trophy hosted

by Massachusetts Maritime Academy on Great Herring Pond in Buzzards Bay, Mass. From the

sailors’ perspective, consistency was the dominant factor in their strong performances. “[We] had great communication about the conditions between sets, which helped lead to our consistency,” skipper Marlena Fauer ’14 said.

In its fleet race, the women’s team competed with a single boat in the A and B divisions, each racing against the 12 boats representing the other colleges in that division. Fauer and crew Eugenia Greig ’14 took second in the A division with 40 points to Bowdoin College’s 38, and Morgan Kiss ’15 and Amanda Salvesen ’14 captured the B division with 31 points for an 11-point margin over the University of Vermont and Boston University.

“I think that we stayed very level headed throughout the regatta, which is very difficult to do on the Charles River,” Fauer said. “It’s a very puffy and shifty venue, so it was really important not to be phased by unexpected changes.”

Saturday afternoon brought a strong northerly wind that caused three boats to capsize but soon gave way to an easterly

breeze.

Sailing head coach Zachary Leonard ’89 said he is pleased with the performance, though he added that the regatta’s participants did not include all the top competitors. He said he is more concerned about the ability of the teams to learn and train from the regattas than about their results. “[Our teams] are trying to improve their skills through these races, and they did a pretty good job this weekend,” Leonard said.

Fauer agreed, adding that the team is not as concerned about its rankings at each regatta as it is about building experience in preparation for the ICSA National Championships. This year, the championships will be held from May 30 to June 8 in Austin, Texas.

In the Marchiando Friis Team Race, the coed team came close to victory despite facing “tricky” conditions, crew Heather May ’13 said. In a team race, a team of three boats from one school races three boats from another, and

STAT OF THE DAY 9

SEE W. SAILING PAGE 13

Golf teams each take fourth

BY MONICA DISARE STAFF REPORTER A windy weekend produced mixed results for the men’s and women’s golf teams.

GOLF The men’s team kicked off its spring season with the Yale Spring Opener at the Course at Yale on Saturday. The men placed fourth out of 13 teams, falling to Tennessee (574), Dartmouth (591), and Seton Hall (602), with a score of 618. The women’s team, which competed at the Brown Invitational on Sunday and Monday in Providence, placed fourth out of 11 teams, with a score of 629 and scored the lowest of any team on Monday, posting a 313.

“Obviously we have a lot to work on… [but] I definitely don’t think we’re worried,” team captain Jeffrey Hatten ’12 said. “If anything it will motivate us individually and as a team to step it up a little bit.”

Although the men’s team said it was disappointed by its performance at the tournament, team SEE GOLF PAGE 13

MARIA ZEPEDA/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

William Davenport ’15 had a two-round score of 158.

THE NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE YEARS THAT HEAVYWEIGHT CREW HAS WON THE OLYMPIC AXE AGAINST DARTMOUTH. Dartmouth has not won the trophy since it was first contested in 2004.

Yale remains undefeated in the spring season, with victories against Brown and the Big Green.