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NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · VOL. CXXXVII, NO. 24 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

RAINY CLOUDY

72 58

CROSS CAMPUS

CRIME VIDEOS AFFECT BIAS, STUDY FINDS

SPRING FLING

SYRIA

Committee invites students to discuss performer sensitivity

Connecticut legislators split vote on anti-ISIS measures

PAGE 10 SCI TECH

PAGE 3 UNIVERSITY

PAGE 5 CITY

VOLLEYBALL WOMEN’S VOLLEYBALL NOTCHES WIN OVER BROWN PAGE 12 SPORTS

In historic win, Yale defeats Army

Entering the thicket Ben Carson ’73 said that “the likelihood is strong” that he will pursue a run for the presidency in 2016 in a Monday interview with conservative talk show host and Harvard graduate Hugh Hewitt. In the interview, Carson highlighted his unconventional background as a potential strength as he attempts to secure the support of the Republican party. Formerly a pediatric neurosurgeon, Carson found love — if not political experience — at Yale, marrying Lacena Rustin ’75 soon after her graduation.

National Champs (for the week) The good times keep

rolling for the football team, which received the Football Writers Association of America’s National Team of the Week award for its 49-43 overtime win over Army on Saturday. Additionally, commentators on ESPN’s Monday Night Football mentioned the victory, likely compensating for the network’s snubbing of Elis everywhere after electing not to host its College Gameday show in New Haven last weekend.

Squirrels go viral Another

novel social media account entered the mix on Monday, when “Squirrels of New Haven” went live on Facebook.

The page takes a “Humans of New York” approach to its posts, appending life stories and introspective insight to pictures of rodents roaming the streets of the Elm City.

Within 24 hours, the page had accumulated almost 1,000 likes, reaffirming Yale’s affinity for its squirrel population a year after the University responded to concerns that it had exterminated the bushytailed animals.

Bragging rights An article

published last week by The Exonian, Phillips Exeter Academy’s student newspaper, reported that two-thirds of the students accepted to both Exeter and rival Phillips Academy Andover last spring chose to attend Andover.

Check back in four years to see how many of those students end up choosing to don blue once again by picking Yale over Harvard.

Nebulous The Yale Center for

British Art’s “Art in Context” series continues today with a talk by University of Oxford PhD candidate Damian Taylor. He is set to give a talk entitled “Cloud Studies” this afternoon. Promotions for the event feature pieces including John Constable’s “Study of Clouds,” which is either a realist take on a patchy sky or an abstract view of something else.

THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1982 Calhoun’s Thursday night Happy Hour gets relocated to the Colony Inn Hotel at 1157 Chapel St. Students involved in the move expressed disdain for the college’s SAC and excitement for the opportunity to move the event off-campus.

It will feature hor d’oeuvres, drinks and a dance floor.

y MORE ONLINE goydn.com/xcampus

STEVE MUSCO/YALE ATHLETICS PUBLICITY

Tyler Varga ‘15 tied the Yale football rushing touchdown record with five scores on Saturday. He currently leads the Ivy League in rushing yards per game with 168.5.

BY GREG CAMERON STAFF REPORTER Riding on the back of five touchdowns by running back Tyler Varga ’15, the Yale football team made history on Sat-

urday, defeating Army 49–43 in overtime without once holding a lead during regulation.

The Bulldogs (2–0, 0–0 Ivy) emerged victorious over a Football Bowl Subdivision opponent for the first time

since 1981, and over Army (1–3) for the first time since 1955, by employing the same method they used in their comeback win over Lehigh the week before: Put up big numbers on offense, and let the defense

make stops when it counts.

Varga rushed for 185 yards on 28 carries, while quarterback Morgan Roberts ’16 completed 23 of 40 attempts for 290 yards and two total touchdowns. The Bulldogs stayed

with Army’s offense the entire way, never trailing by more than 14 points and eventually stopping the Black Knights’ triple option attack on four SEE FOOTBALL PAGE 4

Students unfazed by safety report

BY MICHELLE LIU CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The University released its annual report on campus and fire safety last Friday, revealing fluctuations in campus crime over the past three years.

Deputy Vice President for

Human Resources and Administration Janet Lindner sent a campus-wide email, outlining the report and ways students could access the document. The report, a document mandated by federal law, spans three years’ worth of campus crime and fire statistics, in addition to

Downtown Crossing progresses

BY NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH CONTRIBUTING REPORTER City planners are preparing to move forward with the second phase of an economic development project that would connect downtown New Haven and Union Station.

At a Monday meeting at the New Haven Public Library, city representatives presented the plans for phase two of the New Haven Downtown Crossing/ Route 34 East project, which aims to link downtown with Union Station and the Hill.

The Downtown Crossing project has been in the works for a decade. The project’s goal is to increase New Haven’s livability, walkability and connectivity while moving away from the wide, one-way boulevards favored by city planners in the post-World War II period. It aims to connect New Haven’s downtown, the Medical Center and the Hill by constructing city streets.

The first phase of the project,

including security policy statements, fire safety information and instructions on how students, faculty and staff should report crimes. The writers used two primary sources in collecting the crime statistics for the annual disclosure — police agencies and school officials

with knowledge of formal and informal complaints and disciplinary referrals. The report revealed an increase in the number of burglary incidents, but revealed mixed results in other areas of campus safety.

Many students interviewed said they did not read the report and

expressed confidence in Yale’s security.

Yale administrators included several new metrics as a part of the 2013 report, most notably statistics on domestic violence cases and West CamSEE SAFETY REPORT PAGE 6

Thousands flock to Fall Fest

the construction of the Alexion Pharmaceuticals building at 100 College St., is currently underway. The planners hope that the project will boost New Haven’s economy while making southern downtown a mixed-use, pedestrian- and bike-friendly community easily accessible from the train station.

The goal is to make the walk downtown to the train station more welcoming.

MICHAEL PISCITELLI Deputy economic development administration, New Haven Meanwhile, the second phase of Downtown Crossing focuses on the intersection of Route 34 SEE DOWNTOWN PAGE 6

LARRY MILSTEIN/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

On Sunday, Old Campus hosted Yale Dining’s sixth annual, “Fall Fest.” Students had the opportunity to sample global cuisines at the event, and each residential dining hall prepared a specialty.

BY LARRY MILSTEIN STAFF REPORTER With music blasting, flags waving and food for sampling, the University came together Sunday to celebrate the start of fall.

Over 2200 students visited Old Campus on Sunday for Yale Dining’s sixth annual “Fall Fest.” The event featured global street food, with each residential dining hall responsible for a different geographic SEE FALL FEST PAGE 4

PAGE 2

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “It's very relevant albeit inconvenient for you.” yaledailynews.com/opinion

What happens to us?

Make Yale free B

ig news: Yale is extremely well endowed. Yes, just last week we learned that our school’s already ample endowment swelled by 20.2 percent, to reach a mind-numbing $23.9 billion. But who says size matters?

These numbers lead me to an inescapable conclusion: we could, and should, make Yale free.

Conceding the fact that I am perhaps the opposite of an economics or math major, let’s do a little arithmetic. Yale has approximately 5,400 undergrads. For the 2014-15 fullfee paying student is expected to pay roughly approximately $63,000 dollars. When you multiply 5,400 students by $63,000, you arrive at the sum of $340 million. That’s how much Yale would receive if every student here paid sticker price.

Now, let’s subtract from that number $120 million, which is the approximate amount of money Yale will give out in financial aid this year. That leaves us with $220 million.

Now let’s revisit the latest endowment number: $23.9 billion. That was the approximate value of Yale’s endowment announced last week, after subtracting roughly $1.1 billion, which will go toward the university’s total operating expenses.

Add to that $1.1 billion another $2 billion (representing revenue derived from grants, contracts, medical services, gifts, tuition, etc.), and you arrive at the approximate operating expenses of the university.

Last year’s endowment was $20.8 billion, and the 20.2 percent increase reported in the News actually pushed that number to $25 billion. The $1.1 billion subtracted from that, for the operating expenses, amounts to about 4.4 percent of the $25 billion. Now, let’s add $220 million to the $1.1 billion, which represents how much it would cost for Yale to do exactly what it was intending to do this year anyway and make college free for every undergrad to boot.

That adds up to $1.32 billion, or 5.3 percent of the original $25 billion pot.

In other words, the difference between the current status quo and making Yale completely free for every single undergrad is less than 1 percent of the endowment.

Is this something the university could continue to do every year? In a word: yup. The endowment grows pretty much every year, and it does so faster than does tuition and room and board. In the past 10 years, the endowment has increased by 87 percent (it was $12.75 billion in 2004-05), while the cost of tuition and room and board grew by 62 percent (it was $38,850 in 2004-05). Looking over the last twenty years, the endowment has grown by 677 percent (it was $3.53 billion), while a year at Yale College has swelled by a comparatively puny 239 percent (it was $26.350 — I know, right?).

There is no reason to believe that the famed “Yale model” won’t continue to outpace the

very August, new freshmen stream through Phelps Gate with an unmistakable light in their eyes: the belief that they can make the world a better place.

Indeed, it’s a mantra we will hear repeatedly during our time at Yale — from professors, guest speakers and our own classmates.

Even University President Peter Salovey, in his Freshman Address to the class of 2017, challenged us to lead “a life of growth, meaning and significance.”

And, at least for a few months, most of us genuinely believe we can do it.

But somewhere in the midst of our time at Yale, passion soon fades to cynicism, noble purpose to convenience and a yearning for impact to a yearning for salary.

By the end of our four years here, we manage to convince ourselves that the world doesn’t need healing, or that one person can have only a negligible impact.

We start to ask ourselves, Why bother? We give up on starry-eyed dreams of soothing the world’s ailments in favor of something more practical.

For nearly 25 percent of us, giving up will mean one of two paths: finance or consulting.

The severity of the change in thinking is truly shocking.

According to a survey sent out to

SCOTT STERN is a junior in Branford College. Contact him at scott. stern@yale.edu .

his fall marks the launch of the Special Academic Program in Human Rights, strengthening Yale’s institutional support for undergraduate human rights study.

Either as a citizen or as a student, it is impossible to ignore the idea of human rights. Today, they constitute a powerful and influential language of law, politics and morality, of culture and philosophy. They structure our ability to think through the great political and ethical challenges of our time — whether migration, terrorism or the rise of new technologies — and older yet ever-present struggles of citizenship, nation and class. They are our central moral lexicon.

And, more than a moral language, human rights underwrite a robust legal framework. They are not only established in thought but also institutionalized in extensive systems of international, regional and national human rights law.

They offer real remedies for real problems.

Human rights also have their own history, steeped in contradictions and controversies, with emancipatory triumphs and troubling hypocrisies. And one cannot appreciate the strength, limitations and possibilities of human rights without carefully studying all of these facets. The subject crosses disciplines by definition, and it requires its own literacy and training.

For this reason, the Human Rights Program is a much-needed addition to undergraduate edu-

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NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

E

costs of college for years to come.

In 2008, the News a s k e d three leading economists to SCOTT analyze the STERN data and see if Yale could A Stern go free. The Perspective r e s p o n s e of Ronald G. Ehrenberg, the director of the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute, summed up the consensus: “It could if it wanted to.”

And if the endowment stopped returning profits for several years on end, we could simply reevaluate whether or not to be free (as Cooper Union just did).

All of this math — and I’m sure my simplistic calculations are flawed, but hopefully they get the point across — should reinforce what we’ve known for years: Yale College could be free.

By this point many of you are undoubtedly raising some of the many valid objections to such a proposal: (1) a Yale education is already subsidized; (2) we shouldn’t weaken the endowment; (3) much of the endowment is restricted by the intent of donors; (4) the University claims it provides aid to all who need it; and (5) should those who don’t need aid really get a free ride?

Please allow me to (try to) respond: (1) Sure, and that’s great, but it’s something the university is already doing — and will continue to do anyway; (2) This won’t weaken the endowment. Our endowment is massive, and this would represent such a tiny percentage of the endowment. Besides, it is quite likely the endowment would grow such that this percentage would shrink every year; (3) True, but 25 percent of the endowment represents unrestricted funds — we could pull from those; (4) Please. We all know people who have taken out loans, and, in spite of Yale’s generosity, the sky-high cost of this education is a significant burden for all but the richest families; and (5) I believe that the benefit of helping those who struggle to pay will outweigh the cost of helping those who don’t.

That last point actually brings me to the most important argument in favor of making Yale free: We will get better students. Imagine the recruiting tool! Imagine how many people’s lives will be made easier.

And imagine the message Yale would be telling extraordinary underprivileged kids who might assume they could not afford Yale, in spite of the existing financial aid. We could increase our socioeconomic diversity and the caliber of students in one fell swoop.

We can make this school so much better. And we can afford it.

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EDITOR IN CHIEF Julia Zorthian

'MXM123' ON 'WHEN PEACE REMAINS SILENT'

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COPYRIGHT 2014 — VOL. CXXXVII, NO. 24

freshmen earlier this year, a mere eight percent of the class of 2018 expressed a desire to enter finance or consulting after TYLER BLACKMON graduation.

What happens to us?

Back to Why is it that by the time Blackmon those freshmen graduate, roughly a quarter will choose to enter fields nearly all of them initially dismissed?

In part, it starts with Yale.

Despite evidence that freshmen have wildly different interests, the career infrastructure at Yale skews heavily toward finance and consulting jobs. Even the newly rebranded Office of Career Strategy describes consulting as “one of the hottest fields for top college graduates” and regularly facilitates recruiting sessions where firms from all over the country descend upon campus and inundate upperclassmen with flashy offers of six-figure salaries and signing bonuses.

Making matters worse, Yale administrators refuse to even acknowledge the problem. When pressed on the issue in an inter-

view with YTV, Dean Jonathan Holloway replied, “I’m not terribly concerned about it.”

But while the bureaucracy of Yale certainly deserves some of the blame, we must also admit the role each of us plays. To stop the slow march toward cynicism, we must overhaul the way we think about employment.

Too many of us have adopted the same hackneyed script: graduate from Yale, work for a few years in a high-stress, high-salary job that “gives us skills” or “helps us understand ourselves,” then pursue post-graduate education and eventually (perhaps by our thirties, maybe even forties) begin to use that knowledge to give back to the world that endowed us with so much privilege.

But such an approach seems overly obsessed with the idea of self-creation and wholly relinquishes our duty to create positive change right now for those who would benefit from our work.

Simply put, you don’t have to wait to make a difference.

Look around you. One student at Yale has already started a new business to promote science to young girls, our student body president has committed himself to implementing a critical White House initiative to curb sexual assault on campus and another group of students is literally

building a solar-powered house to move us toward a global goal of sustainability.

Two decades exclusively dedicated to self-cultivation is enough. At some point we have to stop making excuses for why we haven’t given back and start translating our education into actual results for the rest of society.

Fortunately, we’ve recently seen some encouraging trends among graduates. For example, more students are looking to teach after graduation because, as one student recently told me, “I can see the direct impact of my work on a daily basis.”

But building upon that progress will require leadership from the highest rungs of the Yale ladder, along with a paradigm shift in culture among the student body.

The world is a messed up place.

And if you believe you can fix it at a large consulting firm, you should pursue that McKinsey job with the fiercest of zeal. But don’t let a sense of inevitability or Yale’s corporate culture push you into a field that robs you of the light that once shone so bright on your first walk into Old Campus freshman year.

TYLER BLACKMON is a junior in Jonathan Edwards College. Contact him at tyler.blackmon@yale.edu .

G U E S T C O L U M N I S T S T A L YA L O C K M A N - F I N E A N D PA U L L I N D E N - R E T E K

Taking human rights seriously

THAO DO/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

T

cation at Yale — a coherent, and appropriately interdisciplinary, framework for undergraduate study.

In many ways, the power of human rights discourse has long been on display on Yale’s campus.

Courses related to human rights, among them David Simon’s The Rwandan Genocide in Comparative Context, are consistently oversubscribed. Extracurricular groups, such as the Yale chapter of Amnesty International, can be seen weekly outside Commons conducting advocacy campaigns.

But, before the Program’s creation, there was a lack of institutional support for systematic study of human rights at the undergraduate level, especially in comparison to other colleges: Bard, Barnard and Columbia offer majors in human rights; Berkeley, UChicago and nearby UConn offer minors.

In its previous lack of similar academic programming, Yale had sent a message to its students and to the wider community that the idea of human rights was not a discourse worthy of attention, nor a field that could be studied rigorously. It left students interested in human rights to craft courses of study within pre-existing majors, and without the guidance of committed faculty or the support of like-minded peers. In effect, the absence invited a crisis of legitimacy for the study of human rights on campus. Without institutional support, students could not gain the necessary analytical skills, rendering the statement “I’m interested in human rights”

— not yet grounded in deep content or knowledge — effectively meaningless. This paradoxically justified the University’s unwillingness to recognize the rigor of human rights scholarship.

This implicit illegitimacy contrasted not only with the credibility afforded to those studying human rights at Yale’s peer institutions, but also with other programs at Yale itself. For example, the creation of the Jackson Institute signified Yale’s endorsement of the study of international relations while providing students with skills deemed necessary for future work. It bestowed a legitimizing conceptual distinctness and clarity upon a field that similarly defies disciplinary categorization.

Of course, institutional support for human rights has by no means been completely absent from Yale’s intellectual and administrative landscape. The Orville H. Schell, Jr. Center for International Human Rights offers extensive programs and events on human rights. But it has operated largely within the Law School and has primarily served Yale’s legal community. The Schell Center’s original mandate, however, was to serve as a human rights center for Yale as a whole, making the Program a genuine fulfillment of a promise to extend this deep institutional support to the undergraduate community.

The Human Rights Program offers interested students an introduction to human rights theory and practice, a guided set of

electives drawn from existing Yale courses, a final capstone project driven by students’ interests and their summer experiences and support for internships and future careers. Most importantly, however, the Program supports a community of peers and scholars and provides a platform for critical engagement.

The Human Rights Program seeks to take human rights seriously as an influential object of study. It frames human rights not as an orderly discipline but rather as a set of overlapping strands brought into conversation. It does not simplistically valorize human rights but soberly explores their potential. And it seeks to offer students the institutional support to engage in human rights work with conviction and thoughtfulness. If current crises — the rise of ISIS or the struggle with Ebola, the flashpoint of Ukraine or the looming changes to our global climate — show no signs of abating, then engagement with human rights is a vital and shared task. With the Program’s creation, it is a task Yale and its students will be better equipped to undertake.

TALYA LOCKMAN-FINE is a senior in Pierson College. Contact her at talya.lockman-fine@yale.edu .

PAUL LINDEN-RETEK is a PhD student in Political Science. Contact him at paul.linden-retek@yale.edu .

They helped create the Special Academic Program in Human Rights and currently serve as the student members of its Faculty Advisory Committee.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“I discovered the wife’s got asthma. Thank God — I thought she was hissing at me.”

LES DAWSON ENGLISH COMEDIAN

CORRECTIONS FRIDAY, SEPT. 26

YCC plans for Spring Fling

The article “Biology building remains in flux” incorrectly stated the cost of the Biology building as around a quarter of a million dollars. In fact, it is about a quarter of a billion.

FRIDAY, SEPT. 26

The column “To Singapore — with love” incorrectly spelled Tan Pin Pin’s name.

MONDAY, SEPT. 29

Yesterday’s issue of the News was a joke.

Asthma rates rise in CT

BY LILLIAN CHILDRESS STAFF REPORTER New figures released by the Centers for Disease Control reveal that asthma rates in Connecticut have steadily risen over the past 10 years.

Between 2000 and 2010, asthma rates in the state have increased by 17 percent, according to Michelle Caul, manager of health education in the Connecticut office of the American Lung Association. These rates are growing even faster in Connecticut’s urban epicenters — most notably Bridgeport, Hartford and New Haven. In the past decade, the Elm City had the highest hospitalization rate for asthma patients.

“We were hoping that the prevalence was going to plateau in the past few years,” said Director of the Yale Center for Asthma and Airway Disease, Dr. Geoffrey Chupp, who added that he and his colleagues were disappointed that these recent reports have not shown progress in limiting asthma cases in the state.

According to Chupp, asthma is triggered by a combination of a given individual’s genetics, environment and lifestyle. He added that geography is also important, noting that he believes the high number of asthma cases in the New Haven Area can be attributed to environmental factors such as air quality or proximity to the highway.

Desmond Batts, community organizer for the Hartford branch of the Connecticut Coalition for Environmental Justice, said that this correlation between geography and asthma rates has negative implications for minorities both in New Haven and across Connecticut. Batts added that not only are the number of Black and Hispanic asthma patients in Connecticut rising, but also that, of all asthma related hospital admissions, 50 to 75 percent of these individuals were Black or Hispanic.

“One of the things that we look at — and something that the data suggests— is that [waste incinerators] that tend to cause asthma, by releasing particulate matter into the air, are situated near communities of color,” Batts said. “Moreover, whenever a new incinerator is built, neighborhoods with large populations of people of color don’t turn out to town meetings to voice their opinion. These incinerators burn trash, and certain incinerators also convert this waste to energy.”

Batts said that, when CCEJ analyzed a GIS-generated map of the asthma rates around an incinerator, they found that asthma rates are highest within a mile of the incinerator, which he believes suggests a correlation between the two. Batts added that the CCEJ’s goal is to educate communities on how they can utilize legal resources to help block the construction of incinerators and trash processing plants.

Nevertheless, CEO of Environment and Human Health Inc. Nancy Alderman ’94 FES ’97 said he believes another factor is contributing to the rise in Connecticut asthma rates. According to Alderman, unregulated wood smoke, such as fire pits and chimneys in the summer, and indoor woods stoves and outdoor wood furnaces in the winter, may lead to the high hospitalization rates.

The county with the highest asthma rates in the United States is Windham County, a rural, less affluent Connecticut county, where residents are more likely to be burning wood as a source of heat, Alderman said. Alderman added that wood smoke contains many of the same components of cigarette smoke, which is highly regulated throughout the state.

“There’s plenty of speculation, but no real causes,” Caul said.

Caul said she is reluctant to blame asthma rates among minorities on any one factor, because she said she believes it is difficult to blame health issues on a particular social determinant.

According to Caul, the rapidly growing asthma rates among minority populations could be attributed to any number of factors, including access to healthy food, exposure to environmental triggers like highway exhaust or mold growing in a house, proper education on how to use asthma medication and access to health care.

Between 30 and 40 percent of Connecticut residents currently living with asthma do not take proper steps to control their asthma, according to Chupp.

Still, Chupp said that proper inhaler techniques can treat the majority of asthmatics, keep them under control and maximize their quality of life.

Many of these untreated residents do not have adequate access to health care, Alderman said. Both Batts and Alderman suggested that recorded asthma rates, especially among minorities, could also increase by the time the next report, as more people get access to health care through the Affordable Care Act and more frequently visit hospitals.

“By the end of this decade, around 10 percent of the population is going to have asthma,” Chupp said. “We’re talking about 300,000 people [in Connecticut] having asthma — that’s a big number when you think about it.”

According to Caul, the Connecticut state government has started to combat asthma though asthma prevention programs in elementary schools, in addition to patient education programs for adults who already suffer from asthma.

Eleven percent of children living in Connecticut today have asthma.

Contact LILLIAN CHILDRESS at lillian.g.childress@yale.edu .

joseph britton, presiding robert bennesh, organ Music by howells, stanford, and bax

yale schola cantorum david hill, conductor

friday, october 3 · 5:30 pm christ church episcopal

evensong at chr i st church epi s copal

The Evensong service is open to the public. Yale Schola Cantorum is supported by Yale Institute of Sacred Music. ism.yale.edu

KEN YANAGISAWA/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Ja Rule faced backlash for performing at Yale Spring Fling last April. This year’s committee plans to feature artists with more sensitive lyrics.

BY YONDEEN SHERPA CONTRIBUTING REPORTER In response to the backlash that surrounded the performance of rapper Ja Rule at Spring Fling last April, the Yale College Council’s Spring Fling Committee decided to bring together students from across campus to discuss the selection of this year’s performers.

The meeting, held at the Women’s Center, solicited input from nearly two dozen people representing multiple student organizations. Attendees noted that the conversation was important and constructive for the future of Spring Fling.

“We just wanted to make sure that whoever we brought for Spring Fling, people would be excited,” YCC Events Com-

mittee Director Jaime Halberstam ’16 said. “Not just for their music but for who they are as a person and the values they represent.”

Thomas Marano ’16, head of the Spring Fling Committee, said that while this meeting was not held last year, he decided to hold it given the response to Ja Rule’s selection.

The committee needs to choose artists whose lyrics do not exclude any group on campus, Marano said.

The sentiment was echoed throughout the YCC. “It’s good to have a conversation to make sure that the event reflects the values of our community,” YCC President Michael Herbert ’16 said. “It’s very important that [in] everything we do … we are in line with the

values of the community.”

Halberstam added that the discussion centered on criteria to prevent selecting an artist who was considered offensive. She noted that one idea was to have Spring Fling committee members undergo sensitivity training. In particular, members would go to each of the cultural houses to get a clearer understanding of exactly what that particular cultural house might find offensive.

Members of the Spring Fling committee interviewed said that communication between the committee and the broader community should be improved.

Events should be organized so that there is an easy channel between the Spring Fling committee and the cultural houses, Marano said.

However, others at the meeting disagreed that the Spring Fling committee was advocating a sense of mutual responsibility.

“At the beginning of the meeting, it seemed like they were putting the burden of responsibility on members of the community ... to ensure that no offensive performer was chosen,” Alex Borsa ’16, a leader of the LGBTQ Co-op at Yale, said.

Still, Borsa was quick to note that by the end of the discussions, “everyone was much more on the same page.”

Last April, Spring Fling’s original headliner, Chance the Rapper, canceled his appearance three days prior to the event, citing health concerns.

Contact YONDEEN SHERPA at yondeen.sherpa@yale.edu .

JE alumni return for reunion

BY PHOEBE KIMMELMAN AND LARRY MILSTEIN STAFF REPORTERS Very late Friday evening, more than 20 pizzas arrived in the Jonathan Edwards buttery as 400 JE spiders — the customary nickname for JE members — spanning several generations of alumni played pool and pingpong.

This weekend marked Jonathan Edwards’s first college-wide reunion, making JE the fourth college to follow in a new tradition of college-specific reunions organized by the Association of Yale Alumni. The JE reunion hosted events including a panel discussion, a PowerPoint presentation of the college through the years, a dinner in Commons and a swing dance. Reunion cochair Jonathan Dach ’08 LAW ’13 said attending the reunion enabled alums to remember what made Yale both grand and familial.

“The class reunions echo the heady, happy days of convocation and commencement: thrilling in their way, but removed from the memory of daily life at Yale.

The homelike residential college reunions perfectly balance them,” Dach said. AYA Senior Director of Strategic Initiatives Stephen Blum ’74 said the purpose of having college-wide reunions is three-fold. The reunions, Blum said, enable alums to reunite with college friends who were not in their class year, see campus while classes are in session and reexperience residential college life.

Both Donald Werner ’55 and Kem Edwards ’49 said one of the highlights of the weekend was the singing performance that took place on Saturday night. The group who sang, Werner said, was made up of a “mixed bag of young and old, male and female.” A former Whiffenpoof from the Class of 1972 led the singers. Their performance included the JE anthem and the Yale classic, “Bright College Years.”

Other alumni said they most enjoyed how the reunion served as a time capsule to their days in JE. John Bowes ’95 said his favorite part of the reunion was after Sunday brunch, when he sat in the courtyard talking with Jonathan Edward Master Penelope Laurans and about 20 of his for-

STEPHANIE TOMASSON/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Jonathan Edwards College hosted a reunion for its spider alumni this weekend. mer classmates.

“It simply felt like we had traveled back 20 years and it was the average Sunday after brunch when we were all undergrads,” Bowes said in an email to the News. “It was the exact kind of community experience that I cherished during the four years I had the good fortune to be in JE.”

The class reunions echo the heady, happy days of convocation and commencement.

JONATHAN DACH ’08 Cochair, JE reunion Current members of the JE community had generally positive responses to the reunion as well.

Prior to the event, Laurans sent an email to JE students informing them about the opportunities for student involvement in the event.

All the events were open to JE students, except for the women’s breakfast and Commons dinner, for which students were required to sign-up in advance.

Stephanie Addenbrooke ’17, a staff reporter for the News who participated in the Commons dinner on Saturday night, said she enjoyed sharing a dinner with

JE alumni and witnessing the strong loyalty former spiders feel towards the college.

“Seeing all the alums this weekend made me even prouder to be a spider,” Eliza Dach ’17, whose brother and parents also attended the reunion, said. “The JE family clearly doesn’t end after graduation, and seeing so many alumni come back to campus, hearing them cheering for their masters and deans, and listening to stories from the first class of JE women solidified that feeling for me.”

Cindy Xue ’17, who participated in the Saturday afternoon musical performance, said she enjoyed performing alongside renowned alumni and fellow students. She said her favorite event of the weekend, however, was the women’s breakfast on Saturday morning since she learned about a time at Yale — not too long ago — when women did not have their own varsity sports or extracurricular organizations and were almost always a minority in classes.

But Xue also said one suggestion to improve future reunions would be to further encourage interaction between classes. She cited the Saturday night dance as an example of when some people self-organized into cliques based on graduation year.

Catherine Jameson ’16, who performed in both the musical

performance and the Commons dinner, said her favorite part of the performance was two fatherson duos and a sister-brother duo performing together, which demonstrated generations of JE alumni coming together over shared passions.

Despite the influx of visitors to JE, which doubled the college’s size from 439 to over 800, students said logistics for the event were very well organized.

“The administration and alumni association did a wonderful job in organizing and executing a flawless weekend,” Angela Chen ’16 said. “Everything from the 500 JE handkerchiefs ordered for dinner to the unlocked entryway doors for JE tours was accounted for.”

Kathryn Khalvati ’18 said she enjoyed each of the events she attended including the breakfast and dinner. To improve the event further, Khalvati said the organizers could have personalized the reunion with such events as networking fairs based on students’ career interests There are approximately 5,800 living Jonathan Edwards alums, all of whom were invited to last weekend’s reunion.

Contact PHOEBE KIMMELMAN at phoebe.kimmelman@yale.edu and LARRY MILSTEIN at larry.milstein@yale.edu .

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“I am not afraid of an army of lions led by a sheep; I am afraid of an army of sheep led by a lion.” ALEXANDER THE GREAT KING OF MACEDONIA

Yale topples Army in tight game FOOTBALL FROM PAGE 1 consecutive drives at the end of the game.

“It was really a team effort,” Varga said of the performance.

“The offensive line blocked incredibly for all the backs. It’s an awesome feeling to be able to rotate backs so I’m fresh throughout the game … It’s going to show up one way on the stat sheet, but ultimately it’s a team effort.”

Following a game-tying touchdown by Varga late in the fourth quarter, Army missed a 42-yard field goal as the clock ran out, sending the game into overtime with the score tied at 43. By college overtime rules, each team

was given a chance to score from its opponent’s 25-yard line.

Army started off the overtime period by bringing the ball all the way to the two-yard line, but Yale eventually forced a fourth down at the goal line. A false start penalty brought the Black Knights back to the eight-yard line, and they missed their kick again, giving Yale a chance to decide the game.

The Elis capitalized quickly, marching with the read option that Roberts and Varga had been executing perfectly throughout the game. Roberts ran the ball himself on three plays in overtime. Varga took it for the other three, eventually bowling over several defenders on his way to

the end zone for the three-yard score.

“When you get into the fourth quarter, or a situation in overtime, and you have Tyler Varga on your team as running back, he’s going to get the football,” head coach Tony Reno said.

The Elis outscored the Cadets 27–7 in the final 21 minutes of regulation plus overtime, with the help of several third-andshort stops by the defense. The rest of the game, however, was primarily a back-and-forth offensive battle, with Army leading by more than one score for just seven total minutes of play.

Of the 18 drives that the two teams executed in the first three quarters, 11 ended in touch-

YALEARMY THROUGH THE AGES Yale and Army meet for the first time on the gridiron, and the Elis come away with a 28–0 victory.

The Yale Bowl opens in front of 70,000 fans, making it one of the largest venues in the country.

Yale football picks up a 14–12 win over the Cadets, its last win in the storied rivalry before this Saturday.

The Elis finished 9–1 in their last season as a member of what was then known as Division 1-A. This also marked Yale's last win over a team in the upper division of college football until this Saturday.

In the last matchup between Yale and Army until this season, the Black Knights routed the Bulldogs 39–13.

On the strength of five touchdowns by running back Tyler Varga ’15, Yale comes from behind to beat Army 49–43 in overtime.

JILLY HOROWITZ/PRODUCTION STAFF, MARISA LOWE/PRODUCTION STAFF

Old Campus hosts festival FALL FEST FROM PAGE 1 region and cuisine. Although last year’s celebration was moved inside due to rain, the sunny weather this year encouraged students to taste the different foods, amble among the tents and picnic on the grass.

“Today far exceeded our hopes for the event,” said Commons Dining Hall General Manager Maureen O’DonnelYoung. “People are having a great time and enjoying themselves. Plus, the good weather doesn’t hurt.”

I am from India, [so] this is exciting for me to get exposure of various foods.

MOHAMMAD AATISH KHAN, FES ’16 Each continent — with the exception of Australia and Antarctica — was represented with five dishes ranging from North America’s “Coney Island Chili Cheese Dogs” to Africa’s “Ethiopian Doro Wat with Iniera.” In addition, there was a dessert stand without country affiliation serving treats such as assorted cookies, brownies, blondie bars and fresh fruit.

Director of Residential Dining Cathy Van Dyke said this was the first year that African food was provided at the out-

door festival. She added that following requests from African students for their cultures to be represented, Director of Culinary Excellence Ron DeSantis met with students to help prepare their favorite recipes from home.

“It has the traffic of an Italian southern market, with people walking around and coming back,” said Luciana Koenig, who was on campus attending the Jonathan Edwards reunion with her husband Michael Koenig ’63.

“Today is spectacular — this is like the center square of a little town.”

Students interviewed commended Yale Dining’s attempt to increase multiculturalism in their preparation and service of food.

Jiye Park ’18 said she enjoyed sampling cuisines from different parts of the world, adding that she thought believed the food from each country seemed authentic.

“I am from India, [so] this is exciting for me to get exposure of various foods,” Mohammad Aatish Khan FES ’16 said.

S t i l l , so m e s t u d e n ts believed the food could better adhere to the true fare of the different regions.

Jose Martinez GRD ’20, who is from Puerto Rico, said some of the ethnic food could be improved, specifically the South American dishes, which included “Pork Carnitas” and “Carne Asada.” He added his favorite dish, however, was the burgers from the North American tent.

Another notable feature of the event was its effort to increase sustainability. All flatware provided was entirely biodegradable, Van Dyke said.

She added other initiatives included the presence of student volunteers to help direct proper trash disposal and a hydration station, organized

by Director of Hospitality and Maintenance Dan Flynn.

Maggie Lynn ’15, volunteer for the Sustainability Service Corps, said everything from the event — except for the Italian ice containers — could be used for composting.

She added that her team’s role was to serve as quality control and distinguish between what products were recyclable, compostable or trash.

Some students had further advice for Yale Dining to lower its carbon footprint.

Irene Chung ’17 said that if each student were given a larger, buffet-sized plate, it would be easier to handle and decrease the amount of paper used.

Students also expressed support for the process of exchanging Sunday meal swipes for bracelets required for entry , which most said they did in advance. However, Van Dyke noted that Yale Dining faced some technical difficulties with portable scanners during the day.

Morse and Ezra Stiles colleges were open for regular brunch service on Sunday.

Contact LARRY MILSTEIN at larry.milstein@yale.edu .

downs, and nine totaled over 60 yards. In total, Yale and Army combined for 1,222 yards of offense, narrowly surpassing the 1,204 yards produced by Yale and Lehigh the week before.

“When you play one of these teams, you need to be ready to score points,” Reno said. “You’re not going to beat these guys if you don’t score points. Our guys did an incredible job.”

The teams traded touchdowns twice in the first half, with Roberts and Varga each scoring on the ground for Yale. Army took a one-score lead going into halftime with a touchdown, and then picked off a Roberts pass for another seven points shortly into the third quarter.

The Bulldogs and Black Knights then exchanged scores again, and Yale finally closed the 14-point gap in the third quarter with two consecutive touchdowns. Running back Aaron Kemper then set up an Army touchdown just seconds later after a 74-yard run to bring the Cadets to the one-yard line, but Yale tied the score for the fourth time late in the fourth quarter with Varga’s fourth touchdown of the day.

Reno decided not to go for the win with a two-point conversion right there and then, he said, because he trusted the defense to do its job and win in overtime if need be.

Yale proved him correct, as the defense forced two consecutive missed field goals to allow Varga to win the game.

Though Varga was the source of most of Yale’s scoring, Roberts spread the ball around on offense, as nine players had receptions and four different rushers — Roberts, Varga and running backs Candler Rich ’17 and Kahlil Keys ’15 — recorded positive rushing yardage.

Notably, though, Yale showed off its ability to adjust its offensive scheme based on what was working.

While last week’s win over Lehigh featured a 376-yard, four-touchdown aerial assault

by Roberts, Yale transitioned to a running offense in Saturday’s game, keeping it on the ground 56 times and completing just 23 passes.

And though captain and wide receiver Deon Randall ’15 was Roberts’ primary target last week with 14 receptions, 172 yards and two touchdowns, receiver Grant Wallace ’15 was the leader this week, catching six passes for 101 yards.

The only touchdown through the air came from the fresh-

GRANT BRONSDON/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Quarterback Morgan Roberts ’16 completed 23 of 40 passes for 290 yards against Army. man class, as wide receiver Ross Drwal ’18 scored for 22 yards on just his third reception as an Eli.

A lot of hype and buildup went into this game. We weren’t really focused on that during the week.

GRANT WALLACE Wide receiver, Yale Football Prior to the game, the crowd of 34,142 fans in the Yale Bowl was treated to an impressive pre-game ceremony that celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Bowl as well as the 46th matchup between two historic

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rivals that had not played against each other since 1996.

Hundreds of Army cadets marched onto the stadium in unison, setting the stage for five cadets to jump out of a helicopter with parachutes and deliver the game ball. Bands from Yale and Army also combined to play the national anthem.

“A lot of hype and buildup went into this game,” Wallace said. “We weren’t really focused on that during the week, but stepping onto the field for warm-ups, you could really feel the energy … We fed off that.

We decided we weren’t going to let the moment be too big for us, that we were going to step up to the moment.”

Contact GREG CAMERON at greg.cameron@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 5

NEWS

“I don’t want to be Prime Minister of England, I want to be Prime Minister of the whole of the United Kingdom.”

DAVID CAMERON PRIME MINISTER OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

TD hosts Cyprist minister

CT members oppose ISIS bill

BY CAROLYN DESCHIFFART CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

JOHN CHIRIKJIAN/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

At a TD Master’s Tea, the foreign minister of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus spoke about peace for the island.

BY ANNA HECKLER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER While the world is focused on strife in the Middle East and Ukraine, Foreign Minister of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) Ozdil Nami directed students’ attention to a small Mediterranean island also facing turmoil.

Nami emphasized the need for reconciliation between the northern and southern regions of his country to a crowd of nearly 40 on Monday afternoon in Timothy Dwight College.

Nami, who previously held positions in the Cypriot military and presidential cabinet, said that the ongoing negotiations between the southern Greek-Cypriot Republic of Cyprus and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus have been tense. While the TRNC is still not recognized on the international sphere as a sovereign body, Nami said that he believes progress is possible.

“There will be times when tensions are high,” he said. “But we will not allow those to rule the day.”

According to Nami, economic incentives should catalyze the union of the two regions. Cyprus has a wealth of hydrocarbons in its soil, and though the island currently leans on agricultural exports and its tourist industry as its main sources of income, Nami said that the two Cypriot factions must unify their economies to focus on the export of hydrocarbons.

In response to questions from the audience, Nami broadened his discussion to look at the Cypriot tensions through the lens of other ethnic and territorial conflicts in Western Europe

and the Middle East. Because Northern and Southern Cyprus share many traditions and cultures, the Cyprus issue should be one of the easiest to fix, he said.

“The social [and] psychological barriers [between Northern and Southern Cyprus] must be overcome,” Nami said.

Timothy Dwight College Master Jeffrey Brenzel lauded Nami for his eloquence despite being “embedded in a complex situation that few people understand fully.” Brenzel said Nami struck a balance between trying understand exactly what fuels the conflict and lobbying for the reconciliation between the two regions.

Both Brenzel and Nami added that compromise has been difficult to achieve because of disjointed attempts at negotiation.

“When one partner was willing to dance, the other partner couldn’t find a partner,” Brenzel said.

As a representative of the TRNC, Nami’s job requires him to navigate this conflicted relationship.

The contemporary phase of the Cyprus issue was began with the 1974 invasion of Turkey into Cyprus. After the invasion, the island divided into northern and southern regions along the Green Line — a buffer zone established by the United Nations that runs from east to west across the island.

While Nami has spent most of his working life arguing for the legitimacy of the TRNC, the Republic is still not recognized on the international sphere. Neither the European Union nor the United Nations supports the region, instead considering it a military occupation of a member state.

Over the course of his career, Nami

has held several different political positions, including political advisor in the TRNC’s presidential office and representative of the Turkish Cypriot community at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

In 2008, Nami was appointed as the TRNC president’s special representative for Cypriot negotiations, holding that position until 2010. In September 2013, the politician was elected as the foreign minister of the TRNC. After graduating from college, Nami said he was ordered to enlist for mandatory military service. Once Nami left the military, he said he realized that he could not ignore the tensions in Cyprus. “[It is] difficult to isolate yourself from the political realities of your country,” he said.

Taha Ramazanoglu ’17 said he hoped that Nami’s presence on campus would foster dialogue between the Greek and Turkish sides of Cyprus on Yale’s campus. Ramazanoglu applauded Nami’s emphasis on the similarities — rather than the differences — between the Turkish and Greek regions of Cyprus. “[He did] a beautiful job putting forth how hard we have to try for a solution,” he said.

Ali Shawar ’18 said he admired the parallels that Nami drew between the conflict in Cyprus and others in the Middle East.

The talk was sponsored by five student organizations, including Yale Friends of Turkey, The Politic and the Yale International Students’ Organization.

Contact ANNA HECKLER at anna.heckler@yale.edu .

Only weeks after President Barack Obama promised in an address to the nation “to degrade and, ultimately, destroy” the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, a majority of the Connecticut Congressional delegation voted against legislation that would authorize the Department of Defense to arm and train moderate Syrian rebels.

After four months of brutality led by ISIS in Iraq and Syria, Obama declared on Sept. 10 that the US will fight to combat terrorism in Syria and Iraq.

In the first step toward this goal, an amendment was added to a bill earlier this month authorizing the Secretary of Defense to spend money on training and arming moderate Syrian Rebels. Although the bill was ultimately approved by Congress, the Connecticut Congressional delegation voted against the amendment, with many members claiming that it was not well planned.

Four of Connecticut’s members of the House of Representatives voted against the amendment, which would provide $500 million that the Obama Administration was seeking to combat ISIS in Syria.

“I support air strikes and other counterterrorism measures,” Rosa DeLauro, D-3rd District said in a statement after the vote. “And I support the men and women of our armed services.

What I cannot support is overly broad authorities where we try and arm the ‘good guys’ without inadvertently making the ‘bad guys’ stronger too.”

Rep. Jim Himes, D-4th District, who also voted against the bill, said that although he supported airstrikes against ISIS and believed that an aggressive effort is needed to degrade ISIS capabilities, he doesn’t believe in creating a proxy army that the United States has no way of controlling. He also stressed the importance of addressing the underlying issues of groups like ISIS. “We are completely failing to talk about the deeper issue that arises, which is how to change the conditions that allow groups like ISIS form in the first place,” Himes said. He stressed the need to take the fight to ISIS and to adjust the underlying conditions in order to avoid “fighting the same war twenty years from now.”

Rep. Joe Courtney, D-2nd District, the only member in the House of Representatives from Connecticut to vote in favor of the bill, said in a statement

that the bill balances between supporting Obama in his vision while also allowing for Congressional oversight.

Once the amendment passed nationally with a 273-156 vote, the House voted on the Syrian issue again as part of a larger continuing resolution bill, which would provide funding for the government until Dec. 11. While DeLauro and Larson voted against the CR, Courtney, Esty and Himes voted in favor, despite the fact that Esty and Himes had voted against the Syria amendment. The House approved the CR bill, 319-108.

This savage terrorist organization is a clear and urgent threat.

RICHARD BLUMENTHAL U.S. Senator, Connecticut “Should the government shut down? No,” Himes said. He added that he had articulated his views on the arming and training of Syrian rebels to the House, but he decided to vote in favor in order to ensure that the government would stay open. Had the bill not passed, the government wouldn’t have been funded for the upcoming months.

The amendment was then sent to the Senate as part of the CR legislation.

In the Senate, Sen. Chris Murphy voted against the CR bill while Sen. Richard Blumenthal voted for the bill.

In a rare show of bipartisanship, the Senate approved the bill, 78-22.

“Inaction against ISIL is unacceptable,” Blumenthal said in a statement using an alternate name for the group.

“This savage terrorist organization is a clear and urgent threat. This narrow authorization enables training of moderate Syrians to fight ISIL in their own country.”

On the other hand, Murphy, who had expressed concerns about the bill from the beginning, reaffirmed his doubts in a statement. “I simply don’t believe an effective strategy to combat ISIL requires America to get more deeply involved in the Syrian civil war,” he said.

Congress will revisit this issue in December when the CR bill expires.

Contact CAROLYN DESCHIFFART at carolyn.deschiffart@yale.edu .

Law professor calls for social change

BY RACHEL SIEGEL STAFF REPORTER The future of the law depends on society’s ability to break free of a culture dependent on money, Edgar Cahn LAW ’63 said at a talk at Yale Law School on Monday.

In his talk, which drew roughly 50 audience members, Cahn claimed that advances in technology, climate change and the aging of the baby boomer generation will generate a change in the law profession. He also warned of the dangers brought on by the “moneculture,” a social culture defined by money that obstructs society’s ability to ensure justice.

Cahn is the founder of a law school based entirely on clinical education – the Antioch School of Law in Washington, D.C. He is now a distinguished legal professor at the school, which has been renamed the University of the District of Columbia David A. Clarke School of Law. Monday’s talk, entitled “The Change That’s Coming”, drew about 50 among students and faculty members.

“The legal system is in serious trouble,” Cahn said. “It’s all about the bottom line and money. Something bad is happening to our profession, so how do we reawaken that sense of calling?”

Cahn said that many of these changes in the law profession have already been set in motion. In regard to demographics, Cahn said he is seeing major shifts in the labor force, such as the fact that 10,000 baby boomers will turn 65 every day for the next 17 years.

He added that advances in technology are also changing the way people interact professionally. An example of this, he said, is LegalZoom, a website that provides affordable and efficient legal services to the public.

Cahn said society needs to move away from the moneculture, because human potential cannot be quantified as if it were money. “[The moneculture] is a prison for our imagination,” Cahn said. “We’re so busy figuring out how we survive that

we’ve forgotten how to dream.”

Cahn — who has had decades of experience working on behalf of small and impoverished communities — said the legal world has to equip itself to withstand the coming changes.

The legal profession as a whole has to change to deal with wealth disparities, gaps between social classes and the loosening of strong communities, he said.

One of the ways in which the legal world can prepare itself for change, Cahn said, is by using the simple knowledge they gain from experience.

Cahn said this simple method enabled him to provide legal services to the poor and make a significant impact on small communities.

Yale Law School Dean Robert Post introduced Cahn as an innovator and pioneer. Post said Cahn has dedicated his life to improving society and that Cahn had been one of his personal inspirations.

Rebecca Wilf ’14 LAW ’17 said that as a first year law student, it was a special opportunity to listen to such a distinguished figure.

“It is very inspiring to hear from someone who had a career in law based on principles I hold so dear,” she said.

Frank Dineen LAW ’61, a clinical professor at the Law School, said Cahn has demonstrated the way in which the law can empower people. The justice system, Dineen said, has become a commodity, and society is far from living up to the idea that everyone should find equal justice under the law.

Despite his years as a leader in the profession, Cahn said he still returns to his roots when thinking about the meaning of justice.

“My definition of justice was given to me by my father: It is a process of either remedying or preventing anything that would trigger our sense of injustice,” he said.

The Antioch School of Law was founded in 1972.

Contact RACHEL SIEGEL at rachel.siegel@yale.edu .

KEN YANAGISAWA/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

At his talk at the Yale Law School, Edgar Cahn warned against the monetization of the legal profession.

PAGE 6

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“I realized that my family was more important to me than downtown night life.”

GUY LAFLEUR CANADIAN ICE HOCKEY PLAYER

Downtown Crossing looks to next phase

ELENA MALLOY/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Construction on the Alexion Pharmaceuticals building is projected to be completed sometime in 2015. The constructions is part of a larger plan to improve Route 34.

DOWNTOWN FROM PAGE 1 with Orange Street. Currently, Route 34 cuts off South Orange Street from its northern section.

The plans for the second phase propose that Orange Street should be extended through Route 34 to join South Orange Street south of the highway.

“The goal is to make the walk from downtown to the train station more welcoming,” said Michael Piscitelli, the deputy economic development administrator for the city.

With the construction, Route 34 will meet a red light at the intersection with Orange Street, located east of the red light in place at Church Street. Piscitelli noted that with the proposed red light on Orange Street, pedestrians would no longer need to walk under the Route 34 bridge to reach Union Station, a point attendees received enthusiastically.

The project also includes adding a mixture of devoted and shared bike lanes as well as more clearly delineated pedestrian crossings.

“We’re seeking to make Route 34 into a 21st century urban bou-

levard,” said Executive Director of the City Planning Department Karyn Gilvarg, explaining that boulevards now tend to be more accessible to pedestrians and cyclists.

Max Reim, a director of the Coliseum redevelopment project — which aims to construct a mixed-use development on the 4.5 acre parking lot on Route 34 — described the project as “stitching the community together with the South Orange Street crossing.”

Mayor Toni Harp echoed this sentiment, similarly emphasizing that the project seeks to unify communities.

“The first of these [goals] involves knitting together a community that has been artificially separated now for decades,” she said in a press release.

Project planners hope the Downtown Crossing project will also spur economic development and attract new residents to downtown New Haven. The project includes the construction of 320 apartments and 200 hotel rooms, as well as nearly 400,000 square feet of university and research space. Plan-

ners added that the Downtown Crossing project is also necessary for the success of the Coliseum redevelopment project, which will add another 524 apartments and 160 hotel rooms to the city.

The Downtown Crossing project, according to its planners, seeks to make the area between downtown, the Medical Center and the Hill neighborhood feel more urban. “Route 34 will come to a stop on Orange Street, which is intended to make Route 34 feel more like an city street and less like a highway,” said Piscitelli.

Other components of the project, including reducing the width of lanes on Route 34 and making lighting on the highway more lane-specific, will hopefully limit speeding on the highway, Gilvarg said.

Construction on the Alexion Pharmaceuticals building began last year and is scheduled for completion sometime in 2015.

The Board of Alders approved the second phase earlier this year.

Contact NOAH DAPONTESMITH at noah.daponte-smith@yale.edu .

BY THE NUMBERS DOWNTOWN CROSSING 360

New hotel rooms

844

New apartments

50,000

Square feet of retail space

100,000

Square feet of office space

200,000

Square feet added to Gateway Community College

Safety report goes largely unnoticed SAFETY FROM PAGE 1 pus violence. While the Jeanne Clery Act mandates that colleges disclose information about crime, Congress’s reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act amended the Clery Act and now requires post-secondary institutions to disclose domestic violence, dating violence and stalking statistics.

Yale recorded seven incidents of on-campus domestic violence incidents in 2013, while 17 oncampus stalking incidents were reported to campus security over the course of 2013. In contrast to these numbers, the report stated that West Campus noted zero incidences of crime in the first recorded year.

Both police agencies and campus security authorities, who

have knowledge of formal and informal complaints and disciplinary referrals, contributed to the report. In prior years, the Department of Education has cited Yale for violating the Clery Act. Most recently, in 2013, the Department fined Yale $165,000 for inadequate reporting of campus crime statistics.

Over the past three years, the report revealed an increase in the number of burglary incidents — on-campus, the statistic increased from 28 to 38 to 52, while incidents taking place in campus residences rose from 18 to 27 to 41.

Disciplinary actions in liquor law violations, however, varied from year to year. Although Yale reported seven incidents in 2011, that number jumped to 52 in 2012 and then decreased to 33 in the

following year.

The report’s fire safety report included incidents of all fires in the 2013 calendar year, of which there were 19.

However, most students interviewed said that they did not take great interest in the findings. Of 14 students interviewed, only seven acknowledged that they attempted to read the email. Of those seven, only three went on to read the report.

Isadora Milanez ’18 said she believes the safety guidelines in the report seem to be common sense for most Yalies.

“I didn’t spend too long reading it, but it was helpful nonetheless,” Milanez said. “Yale has a lot of resources, so I’ve never felt concerned.”

Laurel Lehman ’17 said that while she did not read the report

closely, she does not believe that it emphasizes specific steps that students can take to ensure their own safety around campus.

[At] Yale, our police are here to be members of the community to help students, so we can explain the philosophy of community policing.

JANET LINDER Deputy Vice President for Human Resources and Administration Many students added that

they thought that the sheer amount of information included dissuaded them from reading the entire document.

“I’m more concerned about if I can walk home at 3:00 a.m. across campus than whether I’ve left my hairdryer plugged in,” Lehman said.

Some students said that they believe Yale Security is effective and did not need to see statistics to confirm those opinions.

Angus Mossman ’17 said that he has always felt safe walking around Yale, considering the amount of security officials in many different parts of campus.

He added that, if a dangerous situation were to arise, he would be confident it would be handled well.

Lindner said that Yale is constantly seeking improvements

to campus safety by developing programs tailored to student needs, and that the University also seeks student feedback.

“Some may not understand that at Yale, our police are here to be members of the community, to help students, so we explain the philosophy of community policing, and that Yale police see students as helpful partners in problem solving,” Lindner told the News in September. “In addition to police patrols, we have a great team of security officers who take great pride in helping to keep the campus safe.”

The University’s safety data is published electronically on the Department of Education’s website.

Contact MICHELLE LIU at michelle.liu@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS 路 TUESDAY,SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 路 yaledailynews.com

PAGE 7

OPINION. YOUR THOUGHTS. YOUR VOICE. YOUR PAGE. Send submissions to opinion@yaledailynews.com

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 8

SPORTS

“Winners never quit and quitters never win.” VINCE LOMBARDI FIVE-TIME NFL CHAMPION

Elis spike Brown Bears VOLLEYBALL FROM PAGE 12 and contributing career-highs of six kills, and defensively, with a solo block and six block assists.

“This year, I’ve had the opportunity to get much more involved on the court,” Feeley said.

“Our freshman setter Kelsey [Crawford ’18] and I had a great connection on Friday night.”

Feeley said the highlight for her was the match point in the third set when the Bulldogs officially brought home their first Ivy win.

The last match was the closest, with Yale besting Brown by just two points, 25–23.

“We have a tradition of holding our hands up with our pinkies connected in the final point before winning a game and then running onto the court as soon as we finish it,” Feeley said.

“It’s a lot of fun.”

Several other Elis performed at a high level

Late goal dooms Elis

on Friday. Setter Kelly Johnson ’16 and middle blocker Maya Midzik ’16 contributed nine and five kills, respectively. Libero Maddie Rudnick ’15 led the team in digs with 17.

Though the team hit with the most accuracy in the first set and each subsequent set saw a decrease in the margin of victory, Feeley asserted that the Bulldogs maintained control of their side of the net throughout the match.

“We might have lost a little bit of momentum or energy on the court for a few points,” Feeley said. “But for the most part, we always would bounce back quickly.”

The volleyball team will travel to Cambridge to face off against rival Harvard this Friday.

Harvard is currently 0–1 in Ivy play after losing to Dartmouth this past Friday.

Contact ERICA PANDEY at erica.pandey@yale.edu .

KEN YANAGISAWA/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Despite the best efforts of captain Meredith Speck ‘15, the Bulldogs lost to Princeton 1–0.

W. SOCCER FROM PAGE 12

WILLIAM FREEDBERG/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Mollie Rogers ’15 led the Bulldogs with a three-set match season high of 17 kills.

Tyler Lussi — who ranked third in Ivy League scoring last season — picked up a pass from Vanessa Gregoire. Lussi then slid the ball past Elise Wilcox ’15 on the left side of the net to give the Tigers their only goal of the game.

The Tigers (2–3–2, 1–0 Ivy) and the Bulldogs both finished last season in the lower half of the Ivy League, taking seventh and fifth places, respectively. Both Yale (5–3, 0–1 Ivy) and Princeton knew that this game would set the tone for the rest of Ivy League play, with every win crucial to lock up the Ivy League Championship at the end of the season.

“The results [of the Ivy League Championship] are based on a point system where the team with the best record wins,” midfielder Geny Decker ’17 said.

Heading into the game, the Elis had five days without games, a welcome break after two straight weekends with two games in a three-day span. Decker said that the players were rested and feeling strong at the start Saturday’s match.

Yale and Princeton started the match evenly with both teams taking corner kicks, but with Princeton taking most of the

shots. Yale’s first attempt at goal came from Decker four minutes into the game, but no other shots were taken for thirty minutes.

Substitutions kept the teams fresh as they continued to take the ball up and down the field.

Finally, a breakthrough occurred for the Elis when Sarah McCauley ’18 and Georgiana Wagemann ’15 took back-toback shots. Princeton goalkeeper Hannah Winner saved both. The half ended with the teams almost completely even in all categories except corner kicks, with Yale at seven and Princeton at three.

The second half started more explosively than the first, with the Tigers charging out of the gate with two shots in a row. The Elis fought back, with forward Melissa Gavin ’15 taking charge with two shots of her own. The opponents continued to battle, with shots taken on both sides, until fouls slowed the game down momentarily. Alessia Azermadhi of Princeton received a yellow card 66 minutes into the game, and Muriel Battaglia ’15 received one of her own just 20 seconds later.

Both teams bounced back, taking more shots and putting the pressure on the goalkeepers. Wilcox held the goal for Yale, making

two saves before Princeton struck the final blow of the game.

With only six minutes left in play, the ball was thrown in and Gregoire managed to take control, passing the ball to a wideopen Lussi. Lussi took advantage of the situation and sank the ball into the net, giving Princeton all they needed to win the game.

Yale never had the opportunity to retaliate on the scoreboard.

Though the loss is not ideal for the Elis, they still have a long road ahead of them in Ivy League play.

The pressure of the second half of the season will be higher than it was in the first half, with six of the remaining eight games being against other Ivy League schools.

“Ivy games always bring more intensity because they are ultimately what our season depends upon,” Rachel Ames ’16 said.

Emotions will be at an all time high for the Elis as they head to Cambridge to face off against Harvard this weekend. Decker said the game will be tough for both teams because they both have such a drive to win and the rivalry is so intense.

Play begins on Saturday, Oct. 4 at 4 p.m.

Contact SYDNEY GLOVER at sydney.glover@yale.edu .

Bulldogs fall to Quinnipiac M. SOCCER FROM PAGE 12 has yet to secure a win of the year.

However, the Elis have also dealt with what can only be described as simple bad luck during this scoring drought. The Bulldogs have played strong offense for most of the season by creating opportunities in almost every match.

Yale has repeatedly outshot their opponents during this stretch, doing so once more against Quinnipiac by recording 11 shots to the Bobcats’ 9. The Elis have also recorded double-digit shot numbers in six of their seven games. Unfortunately for Yale fans, the Bulldogs have proved incapable of finishing off their myriad of chances on goal, having scored just twice all year.

“It has been disappointing to not get the results we feel we deserve, but we have to keep our focus on the things we have control over: our effort, attitude and execution in games and in practices,” Tompkins said. “The mindset of the team has been good and they are positively focused on sharpening all areas of our play.

Although it seems that we are defying the law of averages at the

moment by not getting goals, we know that with belief and perseverance the goals will come.”

Teddy Mauze ’18, one of the Elis’ most promising freshmen, proved a bright spot in a frustrating evening for Yale. The first-year striker led the team with three shots, landing two on target that forced Quinnipiac’s Borja Angoitia into a pair of difficult saves. Angoitia now sits just four saves short of the alltime Quinnipiac save record, as Mauze’s shots provided just two of his six saves against Yale. But ultimately, Quinnipiac’s defense proved an impossible wall for the Elis as Angoitia turned aside each shooter for his 18th career shutout.

“We created lots of chances — but we just need to score them,” Henry Flugstad-Clarke ’17 said.

“You have to take the season one game at a time, and so all thoughts are focused on [today’s game versus Fairleigh Dickinson].”

Yale will take on Fairleigh Dickinson on Tuesday in their final game before their Ivy competition opener against Harvard on Oct. 4.

Contact MARC CUGNON at marc.cugnon@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS

Conner Lachenbruch ’15 took a yellowcard in the 85th minute prior to Quinnipiac’s red card.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST

TOMORROW

A chance of showers, mainly after 8am. Cloudy, with a high near 72.

THURSDAY

High of 70, low of 56.

High of 53, low of 69.

DOONESBURY BY GARRY TRUDEAU

ON CAMPUS TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 5:30 PM “Sir Fazle Hasan Abed: Leading Development in Bangladesh.” The Leaders Forum brings global CEOs and heads of organizations to campus to speak with students. Free admission. Register in advance. Edward P. Evans Hall (165 Whitney Ave)

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 01 4:30 PM “History of the Book Lecture: Henry Woudheysen.”

Henry Woudhuysen, Rector, Lincoln College, University of Oxford will lecture on Adulteration and Vampment: The ‘Improvement’ of Rare Books, 1750–1950. Free admission. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (121 Wall St).

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 02

XKCD BY RANDALL MUNROE

11:45 PM “Endeavors: The Federalists in the Black Atlantic: Revisiting an Episode in Anti-colonial World-making.” Adam Getachew’s dissertation excavates and reconstructs the account of self-determination offered by statesmen and intellectuals of the black Atlantic Free admission.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 03 2:00 PM Guided Tour of the Cushing Center. The Center includes more than 400 specimen jars of patients’ brains and tumors, Cushing’s surgical illustrations, personal diaries, black and white patient photographs, memorabilia, as well as historical anatomical and medical materials. Free admission. Cushing/ Whitney Medical Library (333 Cedar St.), Meet at the Circulation Desk in the Library.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 04 2:00 PM “Paradise Lost.” Clifford Odets’s Paradise Lost is a vibrant and philosophical exploration into a middle-class home, as its inhabitants work to maintain all they had gained in the early twentieth century at a moment when the very tenets of American life are being challenged. Iseman Theater (1156 Chapel St.).

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Los Angeles Times Daily Crossword Puzzle CROSSWORD Edited by Rich Norris and Joyce Lewis ACROSS 1 Cross in some hieroglyphics 5 Guinness of “Star Wars” 9 Most of its panhandle is in the Pacific Time Zone 14 “Star Wars” princess 15 “Hawaii Five-O” nickname 16 At lunch, say 17 Reminder to be polite 20 Pond growth 21 Churn up 22 “__-haw!”

23 Assets-andliabilities statement 27 Judge at a base 30 Flower pot filler 31 Something to brag about 32 Perform perfectly 36 Dance movements 39 Rower’s blade 40 “Congratulations!”

42 Be a contender 43 Word with whisper or fright 45 It’s a gas in Canada 46 Copper-plated coin 47 Without ice 49 Millionaire’s accumulation 51 1993 film about a novice Olympic bobsled team 56 Incoming flight info: Abbr.

57 Any minute now 58 Hop out of bed 62 What risktakers have ... and what the starts of 17-, 23-, 40- and 51Across can be?

66 Nursery rhyme tart taker 67 Large cross 68 Blessing ender 69 Repaired, as a shoe 70 Approximate figs.

71 Ties the knot DOWN 1 __ mater

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9/30/14

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2 Astronaut Armstrong 3 Checkmate victim 4 Tasted, with “of” 5 “And now, without further __ ...”

6 2000s first lady Bush 7 2001 bankruptcy filer 8 Stand-up individual?

9 Road trip stopover 10 Crime family boss 11 Right in front of one’s face 12 New recruit 13 Beginning 18 Magazine subscription period 19 Many microbrews 24 “Stormy Weather” singer Horne 25 “Nothing special” 26 Bit of Google success 27 Sci-fi transports 28 Veggie platter’s lack 29 Like “The X-Files” cases 33 Thumbs-up vote 34 For what __ worth

Monday’s Puzzle Solved

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8 1 ©2014 Tribune Content Agency, LLC

35 Part of LAPD 37 Ice cream buy 38 “Family Guy” creator MacFarlane 40 Wash-and-__ 41 Prom attire 44 Hair goo 46 Source of legal precedents 48 Rear end 50 “Thick & Fluffy” breakfast brand

9/30/14

51 Big barrels 52 Maine campus town 53 Bete __ 54 Verboten things 55 Weighty gold bar 59 Weighty work 60 Pre-owned 61 Rollerballs, e.g.

63 First lady?

64 Actor Danson 65 QB’s scores

3 6 2 7 5 3 6

9 1 8 9 4 7

6 8 1 5 4 9 4 2 3 9 5 3 2

7 6

PAGE 10

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Deliberation determines selfishness, study finds

BY SARA SEYMOUR CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

ANNELISA LEINBACH/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

Deliberation may make individuals more selfish.

In a study published in early September, Yale psychology professor David Rand and graduate student Gordon T. Kraft-Todd GRD ’20 found that people who made intuitive decisions in a money-pooling game were more likely to act in the group’s interest.

When allowed to deliberate for more than ten seconds, participants were more likely to act out of self-interest.

“Intuition will favor cooperation for a lot of people, but when they stop and think about it in these one-off games, they’ll get more selfish,” Rand said.

Researchers gave study participants 40 cents to keep or contribute to a pool of money shared by four participants.

The contributions were then multiplied by a factor of “x,” and split evenly among the four members.

The study is a follow-up to Rand’s previous work, in which he developed a social heuristic hypothesis, arguing that people tend to cooperate in everyday life because it is socially beneficial.

According to Rand, the new findings clarify when and how people apply this heuristic.

The researchers had three hypotheses, all of which their research confirmed. First, the study’s one-off social situation, in which no social repercussions might occur, made people more likely to act selfishly.

“In these lab experiments, they’re totally anonymous, they’re oneoff interactions, [and] there’s really no future benefit from cooperating because they’re designed in this kind of artificial way,” Rand explained.

Second, when making quick choices, subjects who were intuitively trusting and unaccustomed to playing economic games were more likely to make cooperative decisions, even when not in their self-interest.

In one scenario, the researchers told participants that the contribution pool would double if they shared with others. When participants had time to do the math, they figured out they would lose money in this scenario and decided

not to pool their money. But those who were forced to make a decision in less than 10 seconds relied on their habitual tendencies to cooperate.

But more deliberation did not always preclude cooperation.

In cases where the interest of the group aligned with the interest of the individual, more deliberation did not negatively affect participants’ cooperative inclinations.

“Overall this work suggests that it is important to set up societal institutions that make cooperation advantageous, both socially and individually,” said Molly Crockett, a psychology professor at the University of Oxford who reviewed the study before it was published.

According to Rand, the study’s dependence on MTurk — an online forum where researchers can recruit study participants — skewed the subject pool. MTurk is commonly used by psychologists to recruit study participants, so they are often “fantastically experienced” in economic games, Rand said.

To address this issue, subjects were asked whether or not they had experience with this kind of game. Rand stressed that questions about naïveté were asked at the end, so as not to affect the way subjects answered questions.

According to David DeSteno, a Northeastern University professor who reviewed the study before publication, the only methodological improvement he would have liked to see would have been manipulating subjects’ expectations of the trustworthiness of their fellow participants, instead of simply relying on their self-reported expectations.

Rand suggested that further research would include looking into how intuitive responses are formed and changed, as well as how to allow deliberation without fear of increasing selfishness.

Earlier this month, Rand published another cooperation study, this time focusing on whether cooperation is an inherent trait.

Contact SARA SEYMOUR at sara.seymour@yale.edu .

Video evidence not immune from bias

BY ISABEL BENARES CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The more attentively people focus on crime video evidence, the less likely they are to arrive at objective conclusions about who is to blame, a new study suggests.

The study, published online in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in September, explains why observers reach different conclusions from the same video evidence. Researchers found that the more observers focused on out-group targets, the stronger the influence of their previous group identification on their decision.

“More attention doesn’t necessarily equate with more objectivity,” said lead author Yael Granot, a New York University graduate student.

Researchers conducted three experiments for the study. Participants viewed video evidence of altercations between police officers and civilians in the first two experiments, and video evidence of a staged conflict in the third. Who was to blame remained ambiguous in all videos. Participants were asked to determine who to punish and how severely to punish them after viewing the video footage.

According to Granot, the research was partly motivated by the 2007 Supreme Court case of police officer Timothy Scott. The primary evidence in the case was the officer’s dashboard footage of a car chase, in which Scott knocked the pursued car off the road. The judges struggled to reach a decision, despite being able to see the evidence with their own eyes.

Two years after the decision, which was called Scott v. Harris, researchers used the Scott video to better understand discrepancies in observers’ conclusions. They found that viewers’ group identifications, such as political beliefs and gender, impacted where they assigned culpability.

These 2009 findings “inspired the study,” said Dr. Granot.

“Sometimes there seems to be systematic group differences in legal judgment. We wanted to see how this interacts with how people are actually viewing video evidence,” she added.

In the two experiments that used video of civilians and policemen, viewers were first surveyed to determine the how strongly

EMILY XIAO/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

they identify with the officer depicted. They then watched footage of the altercation while researchers monitored their visual attention with eye-tracking software.

In general, the stronger the identification with one altercation participant, the harsher the penalty placed on the other participant.

During the second experiment, participants were randomly assigned to focus on either the officer or the out-group civilian.

“Only when those people were staring at that group member [did] polarization begin to happen,” Granot said. “The more we stare, the more we seem to make decisions in line with our group and our identity. If you are not staring at them intently … that difference goes away and everyone punishes equally,” she added.

The last of the three experiments utilized a video of a staged altercation between actors. Group identification was then assigned randomly by fake personality tests

that aligned viewers with a side in the conflict.

Those who identified strongly with their group were less likely to accurately recall what the out-group member actually did.

Researchers suggested that the lack of attention on the out-group member may be a potential cause of bias in punishment decisions.

“It makes you wonder what other domains it would generalize to,” said Jeff Kukucka, professor of psychology at Towson University.

According to Shana Cole of

Rutgers University, the research suggests “persevering and prevalent biases how people take in, interpret, and encode visual information.”

Granot clarified that researchers were “not trying to say that video evidence is bad,” but rather that “video evidence has a unique way of bringing out existing biases.”

According to Kukucka, because people can view the same video and come away with very different interpretations, “we have to

be careful to leave fact finders to their own devices,” especially as surveillance technology becomes cheaper and more feasible and video evidence becomes more prevalent.

In future research, Granot hopes to further study people’s motivations for focusing on either the out-group or in-group members as well as interracial altercations.

Contact ISABEL BENARES at isabel.benares@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 11

“We are just an advanced breed of monkeys on a minor planet of a very average star. But we can understand the universe.”

STEPHEN HAWKING ENGLISH PHYSICIST

Monkey business reveals theory of mind

BY MALINA SIMARD-HALM CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

KAREN TIAN/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

A new Yale study analyzing monkey brains during competitive activity may help scientists better understand strategic and social reasoning in human beings.

In a September study published in the journal Science Express, Yale School of Medicine researchers analyzed the single-neuron activity of three rhesus monkeys engaged in competitive behavior.

The researchers monitored several regions of the monkeys’ brains while they played a game against a computer program. By using brain monitoring equipment, researchers identified the region of neurons that is responsible for complex cognitive strategy in the monkey.

“The unique thing about our study was that we found that the activity of single neurons in a region of the brain … was responsible for the switch between complex and simple cognitive strategy in the monkeys,” the study’s lead author Daeyeol Lee said.

Researchers had the monkeys play a simple, reward-based game against a computer program. While the monkeys performed tokenbased tasks that required them to choose between two identical objects on the computer screen, researchers monitored several different regions of the animals’ brains.

Every time the monkey selected the same object as the computer, the animal won a token. After accu-

mulating six tokens, the monkey received juice as a reward. When the monkey chose a different target than the computer, it lost a token.

According to researcher Hyojung Seo, the monkeys’ object choices were first informed by “operant conditioning,” in which a subject’s behavior is modified by the consequences of its actions.

However, the researchers programmed the computer to exploit the reinforcement and punishment learning processes of the monkey, which disrupted the success of the monkey’s heuristic algorithms.

In a competitive environment, operant conditioning is not the best approach, Lee said.

But to the surprise of several of the researchers, the monkeys were still able to increase their payoffs over time by deviating from their simple operant learning reactions and countering the computer’s own strategy. The monkeys began to employ more complex decisionmaking by trying to understand the computer’s own actions. This ability to understand the thought processes and motives of others is called “theory of mind.”

“There is a controversy as to whether monkeys actually have full blown theory of mind or they only have very primitive precursors,” Lee said. “But it is clear from this particular experiment that they have at least some primitive form of theory of mind if not the equivalent of human theory of mind.”

The monkey’s deviation from simple learning strategy was spe-

cifically reflected by neurological activity in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. The researchers found that neurons in the dmPFC region allowed for the switch between heuristic learning algorithms to a more complex strategy. Seo said that, in the future, the team might consider conducting similar research with two monkeys instead of a monkey and a computer. But Yale psychology professor Steve Chang — who reviewed the paper and has studied social cognition in monkeys — said he recognizes the scientific advantages of using a computer opponent.

Through the study of monkeys’ strategic reasoning and decisionmaking, the researchers hope to learn more about social cognition of humans.

“The part of the monkey brain that is responsible for switch signals between simple and more complex strategy is probably analogous to the part of the human brain that is also involved in social computation,” Lee explained.

The study may give the scientific community insight into the human cognitive processes responsible for complex decision-making strategies, researchers interviewed said.

Future research on the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex may also be central to the treatment of psychiatric disorders in humans, Seo said.

The research was conducted over the course of almost a decade.

Contact MALINA SIMARD-HALM at malina.simard-halm@yale.edu .

Autism may be predicted by overgrowth

BY AMANDA MEI CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Researchers have identified another factor in the development of autism spectrum disorder: body overgrowth in early childhood.

The study, published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, found that boys with autism developed significantly larger heads and longer, heavier bodies than their normally developing peers in the first two years after birth. These effects were not significant in girls. When the autistic children were tested at four years old for verbal and nonverbal skills, large body size and overgrowth in the postnatal period correlated with lower performance. Lead author and associate professor in the Yale Child Study Center Katarzyna Chawarska said these growth patterns might help in autism diagnosis.

“I believe that somatic overgrowth might be an early marker of less optimal outcomes in ASD [Autism Spectrum Disorder], as atypical growth features in the first two years of life were associ-

ated with more severe symptoms one to two years later as well as lower levels of verbal and cognitive functioning,” she said.

The researchers performed statistical analyses of pediatric medical data from 259 boys and 88 girls recorded at frequent intervals between birth and twenty-four months, controlling for the effects of race and ethnicity, parental age, education, gestational age differences and gender sample size differences. They found that autistic boys had significantly larger head circumferences than their normally developing peers between 11 and 22 months and longer bodies after four months. They were also heavier after nine months. Meanwhile, growth patterns of autistic girls did not significantly deviate from those of their non-autistic peers.

The study also reported extreme rates of body overgrowth in 16 percent of all autistic children compared to four percent in their typically-developing peers, though the difference was only significant in boys.

Emanuel DeCicco-Bloom, a professor at Rutgers Universi-

ty’s Robert Wood Johnson Medical School who was not involved with the study, commended the authors for using a large sample group and contemporaneous community-based controls.

He said that the study showed a “strong correlation” between early body overgrowth and more severe autism cases, but did not explain why this was the case.

“Are there factors — genetic, or environment, or both — that work on the same process of growth of body and brain?” he asked.

DeCicco-Bloom suggested that future research should examine how embryonic growth factors, genes and hormones affect body growth in autistic children. George Anderson, a senior research scientist in the Yale Child Study Center, said he would like to see more research on how the gender effects of early body growth are distributed in an even larger and more representative sample group.

Study contributor and professor at Sacred Heart University Rhea Paul agreed that further research would clarify the mechanisms underlying the correlation between body overgrowth

ANNELISA LEINBACH/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

and autism.

“It’s very easy for people to just sort of focus on the brain and say everything that’s going on with autism happens in the brain, and the brain is what we need to study,” she said. “But what this study shows is that there may be larger patterns that affect the

entire organization of growth.”

Pursuing this line of research could open up new areas in early childhood intervention, which would alleviate the economic and societal burden of autism spectrum disorder, Paul said.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, autism affects

approximately 1 in 68 people and five times as many boys as girls.

Each year, it costs approximately $17,000 more to care for an autistic child than for a non-autistic child.

Contact AMANDA MEI at amanda.mei@yale.edu .

Q&A: Minjo Lee talks solar panels

BY SHREYAS TIRUMALA CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Minjoo Larry Lee is an associate professor of electrical engi-

neering at the Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science.

He recently won a $2.5 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research

Projects Agency for Energy to develop dual-junction solar cells that are operable at temperatures above 400 degrees Celsius. Lee will collaborate with Emcore Corporation and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to combine two major forms of solar cell technology: concentrated solar power (CSP) and concentrated photovoltaic technology. The News sat down with Professor Lee to understand the latest about his research. would you describe CSP QHow technology to the general public?

A

WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

Minjoo Larry Lee won a grant to develop dual-junction solar cells.

CSP involves [an] optical lens — basically like a huge magnifying glass — that collects a lot of light and focus[es] it down on a small location. What you do is you take that sunlight and turn it into heat. In some sense, that seems straightforward; if I had a black piece of metal, it would get pretty hot if I put a lot of sunlight on it.

But it’s actually more subtle than that. You need to find a material that can get really hot and survive being heated up and cooled down every day. The really interesting part is that you use fluids.

These are high-tech materials, often synthetic oils, [that] basically transport heat away from the target where the sun is shin-

ing on. The beauty is that the fluid can be stored rather efficiently in tanks. Once you have the fluid, it must travel in very well insulated pipes. The hot fluid in the tank is later redeployed. Its heat is converted to steam, and the steam is used to spin a turbine. are the disadvantages of QWhat CSP?

A

So far, the disadvantages have a lot to do with the specific implementation. The challenge is that for now, and for the foreseeable future, the cost [of implementing CSP] is a bit too high.

It’s not for lack of trying. CSP has been around and been prototyped for decades, but to date, there are really only a few operating plants in America and Europe.

is the difference between QWhat CSP and the normal photovoltaic solar cell panels [that you see on rooftops]?

A

The difference is that photovoltaics don’t use any fluids or moving parts. They simply take light and directly convert it to electricity. One of the nice things about photovoltaic cells is that you can make small installations, and it’s not cost-prohibitive. That said, there isn’t a very easy way to store it. You can certainly store

photovoltaic electricity in batteries, but it’s not very cost effective, it’s inelegant and it’s arguably not so great for the environment. mentioned that your QYou research bridges these two

technologies. Could you describe what your research focuses on?

A

Technically, we’re bridging a related area to CSP called CPV (concentrated photovoltaics). You use a different solar cell architecture for CPV — multijunction solar cells. These cells are really efficient, but they’re also a lot more expensive than conventional home silicon solar panels. I’m trying to bridge this world with CSP. ARPA-E asked people to marry CSP and CPV because one thing they realized is that solar cells deliberately give up some solar light. This is done in a very optimized way — it’s so difficult to convert into sunlight directly that we’re better off giving up on some of it. Some percent is [also] turned into heat [by the process]. What ARPA-E realized is that the heat is a bit of an opportunity. What if CSP could also even take the heat that was rejected by the photovoltaic conversion process? They took some of those what-ifs and realized that [by] operat[ing] a [combined CSP/CPV] solar cell at greater

than 400 degrees Celsius, you could get a higher system level efficiency than either technology by itself. We [also] want what’s called “dispatchability” — the ability to store energy to use when we want it. The idea here at Yale is to take all the UV, all the visible [light] and a bit of the IR, and turn that into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. Then, we’ll use the heat generated and the IR photons to heat the fluid. It would create some electricity that we’d have to deploy right away, plus a large portion that would be storable. applications do you see QWhat for this project in industry and for future research?

A

A small, but very interesting application is the use of electronics in extreme conditions.

There’s also been a lot of interest in getting satellites closer to the sun. A really interesting project out there is trying to design a satellite that’s going to get pretty toasty — 250 degrees Celsius. If this project is successful, and the next three years go the way we and ARPA-E hope they will go, we hope this will create all sorts of other applications, too.

Contact SHREYAS TIRUMALA at shreyas.tirumala@yale.edu .

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TYLER VARGA ’15 PLAYER OF THE WEEK Yale running back Tyler Varga ‘15 was named the Football Championship Subdivision player of the week by collegesportsmadness.com after putting up 185 yards and tying a school record with five rushing touchdowns, keying a 49–43 upset victory over Army.

MOLLIE ROGERS ’15 VOLLEYBALL The San Diego, Calif. native, who also serves as captain this season, had an outstanding game against Brown on Friday. She led the Elis with 17 kills, and she finished second on the team with seven digs. She is currently second in the Ivy League in kills per game.

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“When you get into the fourth quarter and you have Tyler Varga on your team...he’s going to get the football” TONY RENO

HEAD COACH, FOOTBALL

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

Volleyball records clean sweep VOLLEYBALL

MARISA LOWE/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The volleyball team took down Brown in a three-set sweep. The first set the Elis boasted a .419 kill percentage and averaged .340 over all three sets.

BY ERICA PANDEY STAFF REPORTER The Yale volleyball team opened Ivy conference play with a clean sweep this weekend, defeating Brown largely thanks to a powerful .340 hit percentage.

The Elis (5–5, 1–0 Ivy) beat the Bears (4–8, 0–1 Ivy) 3–0, taking control in the first set, in which they hit .419 and finished with an 11-point margin of victory against their Ivy foes. Brown mustered just a .195 hit percentage throughout the entire match, including a

measly .097 in the first set.

“Every time we play, we focus on representing Yale,” libero Tori Shepard ’17 said. “We have a very successful program, but that’s because we only envision the next game ahead of us.”

The Bulldogs have a record of

Elis fall in first Ivy matchup

BY SYDNEY GLOVER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

in the game, bringing the final score to 1–0.

After a bright start to the season, the Yale women’s soccer team looked strong heading into its first conference game against Princeton on Saturday. However, it fell just short after the Tigers scored with only five minutes left

WOMEN’S SOCCER

52–5 against Ivy opponents since the 2010 season, and several Elis said they were looking to build on past success in the Ivy conference this season.

Shepard added that the team had been eager to demonstrate its growth against Ivy competition

after facing top-25 teams in the preseason. She contributed seven digs to the three sets on Friday.

According to head coach Erin Appleman, captain Mollie Rogers ’15 played like a leader in the Brown game. The outside hitter delivered a match-high 17 kills.

Appleman added that middle blocker Claire Feeley ’17 also had a standout performance on Friday night. Feeley dominated offensively, hitting with the highest individual accuracy at .444 SEE VOLLEYBALL PAGE 8

Yale goes five games straight without score

On a throw-in play with just under six minutes in regulation, Princeton’s SEE W. SOCCER PAGE 8

YALE DAILY NEWS

Goalkeeper Blake Brown ’15 stopped three out of four shots against Quinnipiac on Friday.

KEN YANAGISAWA/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Melissa Gavin ‘15 took seven corner kicks and a shot on goal against Princeton.

STAT OF THE DAY 654.0

BY MARC CUGNON STAFF REPORTER

a 98th minute strike to Raphael Carvalho.

After four straight shutouts, the Yale men’s soccer squad (0–5–2, 0–0–0 Ivy) looked to get back on track in an in-state rivalry match against Quinnipiac University (3–4– 1, 0–0–0 MAAC) on Friday. However, the contest proved just more of the same for the Bulldogs, as they fell 1–0 to the Bobcats in overtime, giving up

MEN’S SOCCER Once more, Blake Brown ’14 started over Ryan Simpson ’17 and performed admirably, recording three saves.

However, the senior keeper was powerless in turning the tide of what head coach Brian Tompkins called Yale’s personal “Groundhog Day”: The Bull-

dogs defended hard for most of the game and yet again conceded a late winner. Yale has been unable to stave off these late game collapses all season, having lost four games thus far due to second-half winners.

As their late-game collapse streak continued, so did the Bulldogs’ scoring woes. Yale has now gone 480 minutes of game time without a goal, and SEE M. SOCCER PAGE 8

THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF OFFENSIVE YARDS THE FOOTBALL TEAM HAS ACCUMULATED PER GAME. The Bulldog’s 1308 total offensive yards leads the Football Championship Subdivision.