Today's Paper by Yale Daily News

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · VOL. CXXXVII, NO. 85 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

CLOUDY CLEAR

33 15

CROSS CAMPUS

COFFEE FIX LOWERS RISK OF MELANOMA

EASTERN LANGUAGES NOT ALL CAFFEINE Richard U. Light Fellowship sees drop in applications.

ENERGY DRINKS MAY CAUSE HYPERACTIVITY.

PAGES 10–11 SCI-TECH

PAGE 3 UNIVERSITY

PAGE 5 SCI-TECH

Admissions alters outreach tactics

For God, for country, Forelle.

This afternoon, the Yale Economic Review will join us in hosting Charles Forelle ’02, a former managing editor of the News, for a discussion on Europe’s economic future. Thanks to Forelle’s work on “The Perfect Payday” and “How the Journal Analyzed Stock-Option Grants” the Wall Street Journal won the 2007 Pulitzer Prize. All hail.

Since you’re going out to sea.

Might as well hop across the pond to the United Kingdom. For details, stop by today’s Center for International and Professional Experience information session on the London School of Economics summer sessions. We’ve heard reports that LSE’s version of Toad’s is ROXY on Rathbone Place. You’re welcome.

Undocumented QPac student discusses immigration with Obama. PAGE 5 CITY

Law school clinic files lawsuit BY PHOEBE KIMMELMAN STAFF REPORTER

year. Dean of Undergraduate Admissions Jeremiah Quinlan said last week that it is common for peer institutions to drum up application numbers by marketing to students who are unlikely to be competitive applicants. In contrast, he said, Yale only targets high-achieving students who are likely to gain admis-

Seeking information about why service academies enroll so few women — roughly 20 percent of their student bodies — the Veterans Legal Services Clinic at Yale Law School has filed suit against the Department of Defense. The suit, which the clinic filed on Feb. 3, claims the defense department violated the Freedom of Information Act when it denied access to records about military academy admissions and recruitment. The clinic partnered with the Service Women’s Action Network, the American Civil Liberties Union and the ACLU of Connecticut to file the suit. “We want the records to find out why it is that the government is running these premier, elite, free colleges that have classes with no more than a quarter of the class being women,” said ACLU Senior Staff Attorney Ariela Migdal. “If you look at other top 20 colleges, you’re never going to see classes that are 75 percent or more men.” Currently, 16.6 percent of West Point’s student body is female, compared to 22.4 percent in the Air Force Academy and 21.6 percent in the Naval Academy. The Veterans Legal Services Clinic enables law school students to participate in veteran advocacy. Ashley Anderson LAW ’16, who interns at the clinic, said the events leading up to the

SEE OUTREACH PAGE 6

SEE YLS LAWSUIT PAGE 6

“Zombies can’t swim.”

Speaking of economics, yesterday’s Intro Macro lecture — given by professor Aleh Tsyvinski — included a slide full of survival tips in the event of a zombie apocalypse. Among them: “Go out to sea (zombies can’t swim)” and “Sacrifice Ms. Barbra, the old lady across the street.” Let’s just say Tsyvinski’s style is a bit different from Robert Shiller’s.

I DREAMED A DREAM

IHNA MANGUNDAYAO/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Unlike its Ivy League peers, Yale did not see an increase in applications this year. BY TYLER FOGGATT STAFF REPORTER Yale is the only school in the Ivy League that did not see an overall increase in applications this year — an outcome that may have resulted from new outreach strategies targeted at specific groups of applicants. Yale received 30,227 applications for the class of 2019. While

this is the second-highest number of applications ever submitted to the college, it remains a 2.2 percent decrease from last year’s figure. Across the Ivy League, Dartmouth and Brown reported slight increases in the number of applications received, while Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton and Columbia each reported alltime high application totals. Cornell has not yet released numbers for this

Gonna need a bigger boat.

Tonight, the Asian American Students Alliance will screen the primetime debut of ABC’s “Fresh off the Boat,” a sitcom following an AsianAmerican family’s antics around Orlando, Fla. But to keep things serious, AASA plans to close tonight’s event, taking place in Silliman, with a conversation about the show’s handling of larger social issues. E-I-E-I-O. You probably got

the campus-wide email, but applications to become a Harvest leader are due today. Sign us up if life on a farm is anything like country music makes it out to be.

Beyond housing, Yale explores gender neutrality BY VICTOR WANG STAFF REPORTER With several universities around the country responding to evolving views on gender identification, plans for similar action at Yale are in the works. Last week, The New York Times reported on the University of Vermont’s groundbreaking decision to formally recognize a third gender option, “neutral,” on university docu-

mentation. Meanwhile, Yale’s Office of LGBTQ Resources has continued to push for progress in increased gender-neutral identification and integration. Maria Trumpler, director of the office, said that, though she has been working toward these ends for over a decade, there remains much to be done. Students in the affected communities echoed these sentiments. “Yale is committed to allowing students to use any first

name and any gender marker for any lists or IDs internal to Yale,” Trumpler said. “[Although] we are a bit behind University of Vermont on implementation, the commitment is there.” One of the office’s major initiatives has been to establish the option for each student to be able to detemine the first name and gender that appears on University paperwork. Further, the system would offer separate identification labels: gender

identity and gender. The former would be used for internal University records and would offer students five options — male, female, transgender, genderqueer and unidentified. “Gender,” on the other hand, would apply to federal financial aid forms, social security and national accrediting bodies such as law boards. The only options for gender would remain male and female in accordance with external standards.

Beyo n d i m p l e m e n t i n g increased options for gender identification, the Office of LGBTQ Resources also works on a personal level with students who are transitioning. “If a student talks with me about a non-binary gender identity or a gender transition, we work out how to communicate with faculty and ask them to use the correct name and proSEE GENDER PAGE 6

This Yale team’s good.

Yesterday’s USCHO.com Div.-I Men’s Hockey Poll slotted Yale at 15th in the country, immediately behind Quinnipiac and Harvard, who have beaten the Elis a total of zero combined times this year.

This one’s... getting there.

Meanwhile, Baseball America’s season preview of the Ancient Eight showed little love for the Bulldog boys of summer. 2015’s team to beat? Penn and its topflight pitching staff. Back for more. The official Senior Class Council album from Masquerade’s photo booth went up last night, in case you hadn’t already gotten your fill of seniors prancing around in masks and things. THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1993 The University begins issuing short-term bonds to finance various campus development projects, including the renovation of Wright Hall.

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Feds deny grounds for Rowland retrial BY SARA SEYMOUR STAFF REPORTER Prosecutors denied on Friday that there are grounds for a retrial of John Rowland, a threeterm Connecticut ex-governor who was found guilty in a corruption scandal. A jury found Rowland guilty of violating federal election law last September after he was accused of conspiring with Brian Foley SPH ’81 — owner of the nursing home company Apple Rehab — to hide Rowland’s involvement in the 2012 congressional campaign of Lisa Wilson-Foley SPH ’88. Rowland was allegedly paid for his work on the campaign through a sham contract with Apple Rehab. Based on an affidavit submitted by Wilson-Foley’s lawyer, Craig Raabe, Rowland’s lawyers have claimed prosecutors withheld evidence pertinent to the case, and that federal Judge Janet Bond Arterton should therefore grant a new trial. Arterton has already indefinitely postponed sentencing Wilson-Foley and

Rowland because of these complications. The government submitted a memorandum last Friday in opposition to Rowland’s request for evidentiary hearing regarding Raabe’s affidavit. “The government exhaustively reviewed its disclosure and the trial record to demonstrate that an evidentiary hearing is unnecessary because the information set forth in counsel’s affidavit, even if credited, was disclosed to Mr. Rowland, available for presentation to the jury and immaterial to the jury’s verdict,” the memorandum said. A violation of due process is sufficient to merit a new trial, according to federal law. Rowland’s lawyers requested an evidentiary hearing in hopes that Arterton will find that the evidence withheld is a sufficient indication of a violation of due process. The evidence that Rowland claims was withheld is in an affidavit filed by Raabe on Jan. 16. SEE ROWLAND PAGE 4

Community debates proposed charter school

SKYLER INMAN/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Local officials convened for the Board of Education’s hearings regarding a collaboration with a charter school school group. BY SKYLER INMAN STAFF REPORTER Despite wind and snow, hundreds of community members filled the auditorium of John S. Martinez Magnet School on Monday evening. Parents, educators, students and local officials convened for the Board of Education’s community hearing regard-

ing New Haven Public Schools’ controversial proposition for a collaboration with the charter school group Achievement First. At the heart of Achievement First’s proposal is their plan for the new, experimental K-5 charter school, “Elm City Imagine.” Pending approval by the Board of Education, SEE CHARTER SCHOOL PAGE 4

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “If you want to make Yale a better place, use your diploma to make a yaledailynews.com/opinion

For Mental Health Fellows D

uring my freshman year, I had a problem. My grades were sagging, my stress level was high and (though I didn’t realize it at the time) I desperately needed to talk to someone about how much I didn’t want to tell my parents I was gay. But I didn’t know what I was supposed to do about it. Was this the kind of thing I talked to my FroCo about? Maybe my master? What about my dean? Who were peer liaisons anyway? I’d heard something about peer counselors … somewhere. Did this merit a trip to Yale Mental Health & Counseling? And how do I even set up an appointment with those guys anyway? I remember that exhausting cascade of questions distinctly, and the experience only left me more confused than ever. And though I was eventually able to get the help I needed (through a combination of the options above), those memories recently came rushing back to me as mental health issues rightfully took center stage among students. Though several great ideas have surfaced over the last few weeks, I want to highlight one practical proposal that is not getting the attention it likely deserves. The plan, which the Yale College Council recently approved unanimously, would create a new group of student “Mental Health Fellows” who would bridge the gap between students and the complex array of mental health services at their disposal. Think of the Fellows as a cross between the Communication and Consent Educators and FroCos. For example, Fellows could run workshops to introduce freshmen to the University’s resources and encourage them to talk more openly about mental health concerns with their peers. In this setting, the Fellows could even incorporate a couple of ideas that have been pitched in these opinion pages: first, training students to become active mental health “bystanders” and second, educating them about different medications that they or their friends may be using. Each college would have their own Fellows who, in addition to running such workshops, would serve as a point of contact for those in their college trying to figure out which of Yale’s myriad resources to access. The implementation of such a program would make calling on mental health resources a simple routine for every incoming freshman and possibly even returning sophomores. It would simply be part of their normal routine. For while some may argue that Yale should expand mental health resources, an even greater problem is that students are not comfortable enough or familiar enough with

the resources that already exist. We can do more to maximize the utility of the resources we already have. TYLER sonBLACKMON ally,P eI rcannot claim to have Back to been deeply affected Blackmon by mental health issues in any long-term form during my life. But I know that when I did need help, the complexity of Yale’s mental health resources paralyzed me into inaction. It took a forced interaction with a therapist for me to realize how helpful such resources could be. And though I hated the University for that requirement at the time, I now realize the forced interaction helped me heal. It helped me realize I had a temporary problem and needed to talk to a professional about how to overcome it before it got worse. But I was lucky. Yale needs a more standardized process that makes interacting with Yale’s current resources far less intimidating. If an athlete breaks her leg

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ast week, the Higher Education Research Institute released the results of its annual “Freshman Survey,” a questionnaire given to over 150,000 first-year college students in the United States. The survey offers a wide range of data on nearly any conceivable topic from incoming freshmen’s high school experiences (43 percent fell asleep in class occasionally or frequently), to their political beliefs (76 percent believe that “through hard work, everybody can succeed in American society”) to their priorities (82 percent aspire to be “very well-off financially” while 45 percent hope to “develop a meaningful philosophy of life”). Some of the most interesting survey data had to do with incoming freshmen’s religious identities. In 2014, 27.5 percent of incoming college freshmen selected “none” as their religious preference, the highest rate since the survey began in 1971. Thirty years ago, the percentage of incoming students who answered “none” as their religion was below 10 percent; since then, the proportion has tripled and continues to rise steadily. According to a survey conducted by the News in September, the proportion of Yale’s class of 2018 identifying as having no religion — 34 percent — was greater than the national average. The secularization of college students in America has seemed a

foregone conclusion for some time, yet it represents a momentous shift for our university and society at large that we have SCOTT yet come GREENBERG not to grips with. I submit that The Segue even the best of our secular institutions have not yet been able to replicate what religion used to provide to its followers. To put this claim in broader perspective: For centuries, religion has been losing influence in America and other Western societies. In 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche famously declared that God was dead. Yet the past few decades mark the first time that a large portion of our society stopped even nominally identifying with a religious tradition. A shift of this magnitude must necessarily have consequences for the way we live our lives and form our communities. Nietzsche himself was prescient enough to realize that the death of God was something to be feared, the beginning of a descent into nihilism and the end of humanity’s aspirations. Whether or not his analysis was correct, we should expect that the decline of religion has left voids in our society — areas of life in which the type of structure and meaning

provided by religion are absent. After all, religion used to represent all things for all people. It was a basis of strong communities and a provider of social fabric, a locus for collective altruistic action, a set of rituals that marked the passage of time, a source of structure in moments of crisis, an opportunity for spiritual experience and a way of bringing together remarkably different people as part of the same metaphysical family. Above all, religion was a way to spur every individual to moral selfimprovement and to constantly orient its members’ lives toward some good. Have these roles of religion been adequately filled by secular institutions? Let’s examine a strong potential candidate for a secular institution that might fill the void left by the decline of religion — Yale. The University supports many strong residential and extracurricular communities, perpetuates several hundred-year-old rituals, provides spiritual experiences in its museums and theaters and contains a diverse student body brought together by the common purpose of education. Yet, there is one traditional role of religion that few communities at Yale have figured out how to fill: the role of moral compass. Religion presented constant demands to its adherents about how to live better, using regular rituals and communal norms to spur members constantly to moral action.

On the other hand, there is no evidence that Yale has developed any comparable institutional frameworks for ensuring that Yale students are more ethical when they graduate than when they arrive. Morality isn’t something we talk much about as a campus — whether in the context of the widespread use of stimulants on campus or our future careers. This is not simply a criticism of Yale; the problem of how to encourage moral self-improvement after the decline of religion is a problem that our entire society will have to grapple with. There is obviously such a thing as morality without religion, yet secular society lacks the structure, the rituals and the authorities to push members to be their best selves. Violence, lying, cheating and greed remain rampant in our society, and few institutions have stepped up to help people to be better. Is the solution for our society and our University to return to religion en masse? As much as religious people might hope for this outcome, it is clearly not in the cards any time soon; people cannot be expected to have faith in something they do not believe to be real. Secular society will have to figure out new ways to encourage moral behavior, and Yale is the best place to start. SCOTT GREENBERG is a senior in Ezra Stiles College. His column runs on Tuesdays. Contact him at scott.greenberg@yale.edu .

THAO DO/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

TYLER BLACKMON is a junior in Jonathan Edwards College and a representative in the Yale College Council. His column runs on alternate Tuesdays. Contact him at tyler.blackmon@yale.edu .

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Hannah Schwarz

EDITORIALS & ADS

Filling religion's void

on the soccer field, she has no qualms about seeing a medical professional about her quite obvious problem. Nor do any of her teammates raise an eyebrow when she insists she needs to get her leg checked out. But we have not yet learned to talk so comfortably about seeking professional help for mental health. If Yale moves forward with the YCC’s proposal, we can start to move away from the hush-hush tone that dampens so many mental health discussions. Let’s institutionalize lowstakes interactions with Yale’s mental health resources. Let’s create a new class of Mental Health Fellows.

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difference in the world.”

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G U E S T C O L U M N I S T WA B A N T U H L O P H E

Rethinking impact in Africa S

ocial entrepreneurship. I first encountered that term five years ago, while I was sitting in my living room in Mbabane, Swaziland watching a live debate on television between South Africa’s ruling political party, the African National Congress, and the main opposition party, the Democratic Alliance. Though the phrase itself was by no means moving, the description that followed it struck me as scarcely believable. Both sides painted social entrepreneurship as the solution to all of South Africa’s, Southern Africa’s and perhaps, all of Africa’s economic, social and political woes. The parliamentarians cited social entrepreneurship as the only realistic mechanism through which post-liberation generations of Africans could hope to create inclusive, sustainable economic growth and development. With so many young Africans increasingly disillusioned with the incompetence and corruption of their governments, social entrepreneurship quickly became the region’s buzzword. In fact, entrepreneurship and economics came to dominate

discourse in schools, universities and corporations alike. Firms like the Allan Gray Foundation rolled out corporate social responsibility programs that sought to promote “progress through entrepreneurship.” The foundation sponsored the university educations of Southern Africa’s best, brightest and most driven young minds in “the firm belief that high impact, responsible entrepreneurs will dramatically contribute to a positive economic, social and political change.” As I grew older, I was constantly bombarded with advice on how to start my own business, reminded that it was “never too early to start” and that my “success would help drag millions out of poverty.” Soon, my childhood dream of becoming president had been replaced with dreams of a seven-figure salary. However, the more I read, learned and understood the variety of issues facing the 55 members of the African Union, the more I worried that my new ambitions were misguided. It seemed I was being told only to consider an economic, individualistic, narrow solution to a variety of political, social and multi-faceted prob-

lems. Though the keynote speakers at international conferences and economic forums profess unlocking “Africa’s potential” through business, I fear they forget the potential value of being a president, editor or director. By the time I arrived at Yale, I was unsurprised by the regular ridiculing of African students who considered majors in anything other than health or wealth. As a prospective economics and political science double major, I realize that I too often quip, “How much money is in that?” when other Africans mention that they want to be humanities majors. Many African students, including myself, have become so focused on entrepreneurship and economic empowerment, both in America and in our respective nations, that other fields have become no more than momentary escapes from the “real work.” I find it problematic that so many young, talented people are shunning careers in politics and journalism because they’ve come to perceive government as inherently useless, and the pen not quite as mighty as the dollar. Art, literature, politics, jour-

nalism and music have become no more than distractions from what we perceive to be the real tool of empowerment — entrepreneurship. When elite American universities host conferences focused on development in African nations, the panels too often feature only entrepreneurs, advancing the false notion that making a positive impact requires the title “CEO.” Indeed sometimes, the phrases “youth empowerment” and “entrepreneurship” are used interchangeably even though the latter can only be a subset of the former. Entrepreneurship is just one of many ways in which youth can be empowered. That said, entrepreneurship has achieved, and will continue to achieve, astounding, necessary advances for thousands of people in Swaziland, Morocco and Gabon, among other countries. However, I think we stand to gain even more if we reflect the diversity of our passions in our definition of “the sources of positive impact.” WABANTU HLOPHE is a freshman in Branford College. Contact him at wabantu.hlophe@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“Own only what you can always carry with you: know languages, know countries, know people. Let your memory be your travel bag.” ALEKSANDR SOLZHENITSYN RUSSIAN NOVELIST

With strong stock market performance, Yale model scrutinized BY LARRY MILSTEIN STAFF REPORTER With some smaller, less highly managed endowments outperforming Yale in 2014, debate over the University’s reliance on alternative investments has once again surfaced. Over the past three decades, the Yale Investments Office has pioneered an investment strategy characterized by its emphasis on alternative, illiquid assets — such as private equity and hedge funds — over traditional investments such as stocks and bonds. However, with the strong stock market performance of 2014, endowment allocations to alternative assets have dropped 4 percent among wealthiest institutions since 2012, according to the NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments released last month.

According to the study, small endowments such as Villanova University, Babson College and the University of La Verne — to name a few — beat Yale’s 15 percent rise in market value. However, they amount to less than a twentieth of Yale’s endowment size. Though some experts see a trend among endowments of shifting towards more liquid assets, others cautioned Yale against chasing year-to-year fluctuations in the market. “More traditional asset classes had solid performance last year while alternative asset classes lagged,” said Rick Ferri, founder of Portfolio Solutions LLC. “Hence, smaller endowments that had higher allocations to traditional index exposures performed well.” Ferri said the movement away from alternative assets towards

traditional stocks and bonds may be a reflection of “performance chasing,” in which endowments officers try to adopt successful practices from other institutions. In recent years, the trend has been towards index tracking — investing in funds that track a broad market index — since the stock market has performed strongly. During the 2014 fiscal year, the S&P 500 rose 24.6 percent. Further, domestic equities, which include stocks and bonds, rose 22.8 percent, generating the highest returns among the five main asset classes surveyed by the study. Still, the Yale Investments Office only placed 6 percent of its $24 billion in this category of investments — 7 percent below the average among endowments of comparable size. “I am shocked that Yale’s

Light Fellowship sees decline in applications

JACOB GEIGER/SENIOR PHOTOGRAPHER

The Richard U. Light Fellowship funds students to study language in East Asia. BY JOEY YE STAFF REPORTER Despite a steady increase in interest over the past several years, this year the Richard U. Light Fellowship saw a drop in applications. In the past, the total number of applicants for the Light Fellowship — which gives students the fully funded opportunities for intensive language study in East Asia — has not been made public. However, this year Director of the Light Fellowship Robert Clough revealed that more than 220 students submitted applications for the program. Clough said this was a decrease from last year. Although Clough did not disclose the number of students who applied last year, he said 141 Light Fellowships were awarded for the summer of 2014. This year’s 140 acceptances were released on Thursday afternoon. “We have seen steady growth in student interest over the past five years,” Clough said. “We will continue to plan for gradual growth over the next five years as the new residential colleges are launched and student numbers increase.” The number of Light Fellowship applications often reflects the proportion of students at Yale who choose to study Korean, Chinese or Japanese, Clough said. Approximately 67 percent of this year’s fellowship recipients are studying Chinese, 24 percent Japanese and 9 percent Korean. The decline in candidates came from freshmen and seniors, Clough added. One reason for this, he said, could be that fewer freshmen enrolled in level one Chinese last semester as compared to previous years. Though applications may have fallen, the Light Fellowship still provides a major incentive for undergraduates studying any of the three languages, said Japanese professor Mari Stever. She noted that while many students at Yale want to study abroad, many other language programs do not offer the same benefits. “I think the Light Fellowship has a lot to do with why we have a good amount of learners for Japanese,” Stever added. “The fellowship definitely helps to stabilize our program.” Chinese professor Fan Liu also said that the fellowship encourages many

students, especially incoming freshmen, to begin Chinese language study. Another eight applicants and East Asian Language professors interviewed also suggested the fellowship benefits the three language departments. Light Fellowship awardee Makana Williams ’18 said most of the people in her Chinese class either had already completed a Light Fellowship program or applied this year. Meredith Derecho ’17, who is a member of the Light Fellowship Student Advisory Committee — a group of past awardees that advise applicants — said many of her friends enrolled in East Asian Language classes because of the fellowship. Still, according to the Office of Institutional Research, the number of undergraduates registered for Chinese and Japanese overall has steadily declined since 2008, falling 25 percent for Chinese and 55 percent for Japanese. The number studying Korean has remained roughly the same. “I think the drop in level one Chinese actually will continue because more and more high schools are offering Chinese classes,” Light Fellowship awardee Jae Hyung Kim ’18 said. “My school only introduced Chinese into the main curriculum last year.” Despite the recent decline in enrollment in Chinese classes, more than four times as many students are still studying Chinese as compared to Japanese. Chinese still remains the third most popular foreign language at Yale behind Spanish and French. Light Fellowship alumni Yafeng Gao ’16 and Serene Li ’17 said the fellowship provided them with their best summer experience at Yale thus far. Gao said many former Light awardees have applied to the program again, adding that he is considering taking a gap year using the fellowship. According to Clough, 22 of the current awardees are former recipients of the fellowship. “The program is very generous,” Li said. “Most of the people I know who applied were accepted into the program and very few are rejected.” Since the establishment of the Richard U. Light Fellowship in 1996, the program has provided nearly 1,800 awards. Contact JOEY YE at shuaijiang.ye@yale.edu .

domestic equity asset allocation was just 6 percent,” said George Papadopoulos, a wealth manager and WSJ wealth management expert. “I think it is obscenely low.” Papadopoulos added, however, that abandoning an asset class just because another asset class did better is not the best strategy for long term investments. Three experts interviewed said that though many institutions have mirrored Yale’s strategy of investing in alternative asset classes, some schools have begun to pare down these investments due to fees and growing competition. “A couple of things are working against so-called alternative investments at this point,” said Tom Brakke, a consultant and investment adviser at TJB Research. “First is the high fees:

Fees erode returns; high fees erode them more quickly.” He added that as more money has been placed into alternative investments, the additional capital and expertise now being devoted to this area may weigh on returns. Still, others defended Yale’s investment strategy and said it is too soon to argue the Yale model should be revised. Provost Benjamin Polak said that though last year was very strong for domestic equities, in particular the S&P and other index funds, it is important that Yale remains diversified so if equities go down, Yale’s portfolio will not be too heavily correlated. “The standard thing one tells every young investor; stock markets go up but they also go down,” Polak said. William Jarvis ’77, managing director of the Commonfund

Institute, similarly emphasized the benefits of Yale’s investment strategy, especially when weighed in the long-term. He said that though less-diversified portfolios performed strongly in 2014, diversified portfolios did better over a 10-year period. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Finance professor Andrew Lo ’80 cautioned investors against chasing year-toyear performances, adding Yale is ultimately concerned with its long-term growth. “One of the greater strengths for a college endowment is investing in illiquid assets, so it may do well in one year and tank the other year,” Lo said. “But long term perspective allows university to enjoy these risk premiums.” Contact LARRY MILSTEIN at larry.milstein@yale.edu .

NEA, NEH celebrate New Haven arts BY ERICA PANDEY AND RACHEL SIEGEL STAFF REPORTERS Bathed in pink light and flanked by ballerinas, Mayor Toni Harp, Congresswoman Rosa DeLauro and University President Peter Salovey faced a crowded ballroom at the Omni Hotel Monday night to celebrate their “valentines” this year — the arts and humanities organizations of New Haven. Following a day’s worth of events, including site visits to various city art organizations, hosted by the Connecticut State Office for the Arts and the Arts Council of Greater New Haven, last night’s Valentine’s Day celebration brought together champions of the New Haven culture scene. Special guests included the chairs of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. While speakers and performers emphasized the importance of continued focus and funding for the arts, the event also paid tribute to the past 200 years of the arts in the Elm City. “I see that the arts are thriving in this city,” NEA Chair Jane Chu said. “New Haven can play a national role and be a model for allowing the arts to thrive and recognizing how they can even pop up organically in neighborhoods.” Salovey acted as master of ceremonies on Monday night, offering his own remarks on the strong relationship between the humanities at Yale and New Haven. Harp described New Haven’s richness in artistic talent, adding that creativity was vital to a growing and innovative economy. Just before she began to tap dance from the podium, DeLauro spoke of how great cities like New Haven are not just made up of dollars and cents, but also a thriving cultural scene. Earlier in the day, during a site visit to Music Haven, a non-profit organization that runs after-school music programs for city youth, DeLauro cited student performances through the organization as examples of the social impact of art. “Some of my colleagues would say that the arts are the purview of the rich and that we shouldn’t fund these efforts,” DeLauro said in an interview with the News. “But when

you see programs that engage young people in the public school system, those are poignant stories that talk about the reasons why the federal government should be engaged, too.” John Cusano, a staff member at the Connecticut State Office for the Arts, said he hoped the chairs’ visits would give New Haven and the state necessary exposure to attract increased federal funding. “It’s been a rough few years to be a state body supporting the arts,” Cusano said. “We’re hoping this visit will turn that around.” City Director of Arts, Culture and Tourism Andrew Wolf said he agreed with DeLauro that the arts can spur economic development in the Elm City — an idea Harp underscored in her state of the city address last week. Wolf has reached out to the Board of Alders to gauge interest in forging a group of alders dedicated to exploring the economic benefits of cultivating the city arts scene. Ward 7 Alder Abigail Roth ’90 LAW ’94, said she would be eager to join such a body. The group, which is in the process of forming, will meet four times a year, Roth said, and she expects its members to be confirmed within the month. “The arts are a vehicle for social impact — it’s about a helping hand, a musical number or a song of uplift,” Wolf said. “They’re the cornerstone of the city’s new economy.” Chu, who spent the day visiting Music Haven and Architecture Resource Center, said arts organizations in New Haven have influenced the lives of generations of city residents, and arts institutions can only achieve this type of longevity with community support behind them. Music Haven, founded by Tina Hadari MUS ’04, received its first federal grant from the NEA in 2012. Since then, the organization has received $70,000 in funding. The program has grown since its inception nine years ago to accommodate 88 students and is operating at full capacity, according to resident violist and instructor Colin Benn. According to Hadari, there are over 20 students on the program’s waiting list. But Benn said Music Haven cannot accept any more students without additional funding to hire more instructors. “I have the opportunity to advo-

cate for resources to make sure we can keep doing this in New Haven,” DeLauro said. “Because this is what the arts are all about.” NEH Chair William Adams said arts institutions act as investments for years to come. Adams said the primary challenges faced by America today were not only technical and scientific in nature, but instead, the country’s greatest struggles were rooted in the nation’s cultural history. “We cannot solve these challenges and recognize the fullness of this country without these commitments,” Adams said. “The work that you are doing is aiming to make a huge difference in the quality of life for the citizens of the United States of America.” University Deputy Communications Director Michael Morand ’87 DIV ’93 said New Haven’s creative community has grown with Yale’s investment in local art museums, schools and libraries, as well as the city’s development of the Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School and arts programs across the city’s public schools. The other site visit of the day was to the Architecture Resource Center on Chapel Street, an educational organization that teaches community members practical applications of the design arts in the context of real-world problems. From 2010 to 2014, ARC received $70,000 in NEA grant funding for their design education initiatives. Professor of Film Studies Charles Musser ’73 said he feels New Haven has been undergoing an artistic renaissance in recent years. He credited the change in part to initiatives launched under former University President Richard Levin that encouraged Yale faculty members and staff to stay in the city. Musser noted that when he graduated from Yale, those who wanted to enter the film industry would have had to go to New York or Los Angeles. Wolf said Valentine’s Day was the perfect backdrop to reaffirm the Elm City’s commitment to the arts. “Show me the love, baby, show me the love,” Wolf said. Contact ERICA PANDEY at erica.pandey@yale.edu and RACHEL SIEGEL at rachel.siegel@yale.edu .

ERICA PANDEY/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

University President Salovey, along with Connecticut officials, celebrated the arts and humnaities in New Haven.

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“I believe public education is the new civil rights battle and I support charter schools.” ANDREW CUOMO GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK

Charter school divides residents CHARTER SCHOOL FROM PAGE 1 the school would open its doors this fall to welcome its first kindergarten class. Since its announcement in January, the organization’s proposed partnership with NHPS has sparked considerable debate, prompting media campaigns both for and against the project in the days leading up to Monday night’s meeting. Taking the stage at the beginning of Monday’s meeting was Achievement First CEO Dacia Toll, who attempted to address what she called the “understandable misinformation” about Elm City Imagine, which she said stemmed from recent media coverage of the issue. With members of the Board of Education, including Mayor Toni Harp, taking the front row, Toll walked audience members through the Elm City Imagine design. She also gave responses to the most contentious “equity issues” that had come to the front of the debate, such as high suspension rates, significant numbers of student transfers and fewer students enrolled in special education as compared to traditional NHPS public schools. “We have worked really hard to come up with, I think, creative and thoughtful solutions to those challenges,” Toll said. Transience — the rate at which students leave AF public charter schools in favor of traditional, local public schools — was one major criticism brought against the proposal. In a January interview with the News, President of New Haven Federation of Teachers David Cicarella said charter schools, like those run by Achievement First, routinely expel students with disciplinary issues. This, he said, causes undue burden on traditional public schools, which must accept all students regardless of their behavior. “Sometimes it’s been said that we send kids back, or we kick them out,” Toll said at the Monday evening meeting. “Ask any Achieve-

Feds push back against Rowland retrial ROWLAND FROM PAGE 1 The affidavit says Raabe had informed the government that Wilson-Foley believed Rowland’s work with Apple Rehab served the dual purpose of providing advice on unionization issues the company faced, as well as assistance with the campaign. The memorandum in opposition to Rowland’s claim said the government complied with the Brady Rule, which states that prosecutors must disclose any and all exculpatory evidence to the defendant.

Sometimes it’s been said that we send kids back, or we kick them out. DACIA TOLL CEO, Achievement First SKYLER INMAN/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

come from state grants and private fundraising. “This is about ensuring there are schools that meet the needs of all students. I’ve looked at the opposition, and frankly, it looks political,” said Gwendolyn Samuel, of Meriden, Conn., chairperson of the Connecticut Parents’ Union. Although she personally supported Elm City Imagine, Samuel added that the decision should be left up to the community of New Haven. Following further discussions in the upcoming Feb. 17 meetings of the Governance and Finance & Operation Committees of the BOE, the board is slated to set a date for a final vote on the partnership.

The government insists in the memorandum that Rowland had access to Wilson-Foley’s statements through other mediums and that it is not the government’s duty to provide “each and every statement that the counsel claims to have reported to the Government.” “It seems to be a long shot though that they’re asking for a new trial,” said Gary Rose, a political science professor at Sacred Heart University. But, he added, “If in fact evidence was withheld, that could warrant a new trial.” On Jan. 12, Arterton ruled that Foley would be placed on probation for 36 months, the first three months of which will be served in a halfway house. Foley is also required to pay a fine of $30,000 within the first 30 days of this sentence. Rose said he was surprised that, given that Foley was so central to the case, he received such a minimal sentence. The Brady rule is based on the 1963 Brady v. Maryland Supreme Court case.

Contact SKYLER INMAN at skyler.inman@yale.edu .

Contact SARA SEYMOUR at sara.seymour@yale.edu .

Critics have raised concerns about the rate at which students leave public charter schools. ment First educator — we don’t do that. But some of them still do [transfer], and that’s their right.” Toll cited a 2 percent transience rate across all charter schools run by Achievement First, 1 percent higher than that of traditional public schools in NHPS. Harp praised Toll and Achievement First for responding to and using recent criticism in a way she said was likely to lead to progress. Following Toll’s presentation, 43 community members participated in a public comment session, speaking either in favor or against the proposed collaboration with AF. Educators and parents from both traditional public and Achievement First charter schools took the stage in two-minute increments to express their opinions.

Keisha Redd-Hannans, principle of Celentano Magnet School in New Haven, expressed concern for the financial capacity of the district as a whole and was greeted with applause from fellow opponents of Elm City Imagine when she questioned the dedication to public education of NHPS Superintendent Garth Harries ’95. Redd-Hannans said the money that would otherwise go to Elm City Imagine should instead go towards currently struggling public schools. In her presentation to the audience, Toll announced a decrease in NHPS’ contribution per student should the partnership be approved, putting the revised figure at $700 per student, down from earlier estimates closer to $2,000. The remaining amount, Toll said, would

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 5

NEWS

“Filmmaking is a chance to live many lifetimes.” ROBERT ALTMAN AMERICAN FILM DIRECTOR

Quinnipiac Dreamer visits White House BY MRINAL KUMAR STAFF REPORTER Quinnipiac University student Maria Praeli was one of six undocumented youth immigrants who met with President Barack Obama in the White House last week to discuss the political controversy surrounding immigrant rights. Born in Ica, Peru, Praeli came to the United States at age five and is a Dreamer, the term used for undocumented immigrant youths. Praeli is a leader in United We Dream, the largest immigrant youth-led network in the nation. She said the Dreamers’ visit to the White House provided Obama with direct insight into the need for immigration reform. At the meeting, each of the Dreamers told Obama about their experiences as undocumented immigrants, as well as their efforts to prevent Republicans from passing anti-immigration legislation. “I think he needed a face for the work he was doing,” Praeli said. “He obviously has received a lot of backlash for his actions, and he needed to hear our stories, which were all unique.” According to Praeli’s sister Lorella, who is now the UWD Director of Advocacy and Policy, the meeting was intended to send a strong political message to Republicans that anti-immigration legislation would prevent millions of young people from realizing their opportunities. Both Maria and Lorella Praeli are beneficiaries of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, an executive action signed by Obama in 2012 that temporarily defers the deportation of immigrants under age 16 who entered the country before June 2007. After Lorella Praeli was in a car accident in Peru in 1990, her family had to travel back and forth to Florida to get proper medical services for Lorella, before they ultimately settled in Connecticut with extended family. While Maria Praeli said she has been able to succeed in the United States because of DACA, she recognized that millions of other immigrants may not be as lucky. She considers DACA too temporary to have a long-term impact — DACA status only lasts for three years, after which recipients must renew it with the Department of Home-

land Security. She added that executive actions are fragile and subject to the whims of partisan politics. Many Republicans are currently advocating for the Blackburn Amendment, sponsored by Tennessee Congresswoman Marsha Blackburn, which would overturn DACA. “[UWD members and I] went down there and asked the Republican senators if they thought we were deportable,” said Praeli. “And they couldn’t give us an answer — they just avoided us. But they have no issue just getting on the floor and passing these bills that would potentially mean I would be deported.” Praeli said she hopes to not only prevent this type of legislation, but also to push for more permanent immigrant reform. But Praeli has not always been vocal about her immigrant status, according to Lorella. “She has gone through her own transformation,” Lorella Praeli said. “Maria used to be someone who was really ashamed of what it meant to be undocumented and identifying as a Dreamer, [but] she has really come to embody what that means.” Maria Praeli echoed this sentiment, noting that she lied to her peers about why she was not able to get a job or a driver’s license in high school. She added that undocumented students are ineligible for financial aid and student loans, adding to the stress of the college application process. Prior to meeting with Obama, Praeli met with Congresswoman Rosa Delauro several times. In an email to the News, Sara Lonardo, the Communications Director for Delauro, said that Praeli and Delauro met most recently on Jan. 16 to discuss Obama’s America’s College Promise proposal, which would make two years of community college free for “responsible” students who maintain a 2.5 GPA while in college. Praeli attended Gateway Community College for two years before transferring to Quinnipiac University. She is expected to graduate in 2016. As of June 2014, 581,000 youths had been granted DACA status, while 24,000 had been denied. Contact MRINAL KUMAR at mrinal.kumar@yale.edu .

Energy drinks linked to hyperactivity BY AMAKA UCHEGBU STAFF REPORTER A new study led by the Yale School of Public Health links energy drinks with hyperactivity in middle school children. The study, released Monday, examined the effects that energy drinks such as Red Bull and Monster have on children ages 10 to 14. It found that those who consumed energy drinks were 66 percent more likely to score in the “at risk” category for hyperactivity and inattention symptoms. The study is cross-sectional — a data analysis of a population at only one specific point in time — so it is impossible to draw causal conclusions from it. Nonetheless, medical experts interviewed warned against children consuming energy drinks. “We don’t think there’s any reason anyone under the age of 18 should be drinking energy drinks — ever,” said Marlene Schwartz, co-author of the study and director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, a non-profit research center based at the University of Connecticut that focuses on food

ELIZABETH MILES/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

A new study from the Yale School of Public Health found a correlation between energy drinks and inattentive-

policy impacting obesity. According to the report — which surveyed 1,649 New Haven middle school students from 12 different schools — with each additional energy drink consumed, middle school children are 14 percent more likely to display symptoms of hyperactivity and inattentiveness. The study showed that, on average, boys consume more energy drinks than girls, and Hispanic and African-American students were more likely to consume energy drinks than their Caucasian peers when adjusted for factors such as family structure and free school meal eligibility. Professor of pediatrics and of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine James Leckman warned that these results are worrisome, noting that Yohimbine, a chemical in some energy drinks, is known to interact with some of the circuits in the brain that are involved in dopamine release. High doses of Yohimbine are known to cause psychotic episodes. Jeannette Ickovics, the study’s lead author and director of the Community Alliance for Research and Engagement at the School of Public Health, said the middle school children surveyed drink an average of two or more sugarsweetened beverages daily, with 10 percent of girls and 20 percent of boys drinking one or more energy drinks every day. She added that high consumption of energy drinks could negatively impact children’s school performance. Schwartz and Ickovics said energy drink advertising should be regulated in order to limit consumption. Advertising techniques, including the way energy drinks cans are designed, are made to appeal to young males, Leckman explained. According to Schwartz, the same is true of the drink companies’ websites. “[Their websites] basically feature cars and women in bikinis — it’s very clear who they are trying to appeal to,” she said. While Ickovics acknowledged that it is unclear why African-Americans and Hispanics are more likely to consume energy drinks, Schwartz suggested that targeted television advertising might be at play. TV programs that draw more African-American or Hispanic viewers tend to advertise energy drinks more, Schwartz said. Leckman noted that peer pressure may be an additional element that

causes children to consume energy drinks, but said that children must also enjoy the taste and effects of energy drinks, since it is unlikely that they would continue drinking them if it made them feel bad. In the past, it has been difficult to protect children from harmful energy drinks because of the opaque nature of their caffeine content, but recently, transparency has improved, Schwartz said. In 2011, the Rudd Center published a study about the marketing of sugary drinks to children. It was impossible for the researchers to get data on the caffeine content of drinks from certain companies, she added. “There were people whose jobs were literally to call companies and get this information, and even they can’t get it,” she said, adding that researchers checked the labels on cans, went to company websites and even tried calling the companies directly. Schwartz said she suspects that this information was being withheld because the companies are not legally required to disclose these details. But, Schwartz added, in an attempt to protect their reputations, they are now more forthcoming. While all medical experts interviewed said that energy drink consumption among children is problematic, professor of pediatrics and Director of the DevelopmentalBehavioral Pediatrics Program Carol Weitzman said that it can also be dangerous for college students to drink them. In fact, energy drink companies target most of their marketing toward college students, Schwartz said, explaining that this opens the door for medical problems such as caffeine addiction and caffeine intoxication, the latter of which causes heart palpitations that require emergency medical treatment. “When you can’t stop [drinking energy drinks] even though you intellectually know it’s a bad idea — that’s a sign of addiction,” Schwartz said. Beckman said that he had treated Yale College students who had abused stimulants to meet academic deadlines as inpatients in psychiatry after they experienced psychotic episodes resulting from stimulant abuse. 5-Hour Energy contains 208 milligrams of caffeine in each 1.9 ounce serving. Contact AMAKA UCHEGBU at amaka.uchegbu@yale.edu .

Bulldog Productions season culminates in film showcase BY CAROLINE WRAY STAFF REPORTER A stopwatch, a stone from East Rock and a tube of lipstick: Each of these objects was the creative impetus for its own short film. The three films, “Lost & Found,” “Faster” and “Two Kinds of People,” were filmed in and around Yale’s campus. They were screened in the Jonathan Edwards College theater Sunday night in an event organized by the student filmmakers and Bulldog Productions, Yale’s undergraduate film production group. The shorts — three minutes, six minutes and 15 minutes in length, respectively — were conceived of, produced and edited entirely by Yale undergraduates over the course of the fall 2014 semester. The screening was almost canceled after technical difficulties caused a 20-minute delay. But students involved in the films said the

mishap was emblematic of the college filmmaking process as a whole. “Production is always a bit of a mess, and even the most wellplanned and thought-through screenplay can easily go awry on set,” said Emily Murphy ’17, the director of “Lost & Found.” “As students working on making campus films, we are in the unique position to have a lot of low-risk fun … We have the chance to develop the skills necessary to one day succeed in that ‘real world’ environment, and BP has been a great supporter of everyone having a chance to do work, gain experience and have a good time creating work.” “Faster,” written by Brian Li ’16 and directed by Jackie Ferro ’17, is a six-minute romantic comedy about a teenager named Alastair, who is lovesick for his friend and running partner, Clarissa. Out of shape and intimidated by Clarissa’s faster friend,

Scott, Alastair decides to train in order to outpace his rival. Ferro said that much of the filming for “Faster” took place at East Rock, where weather conditions complicated the filming process. She explained that the script mandates that the characters run during their summer vacation — a difficult visual to execute in late fall in New Haven.

A lot of student films often feel a need to be serious or prove that they are about something ‘bigger.’ EMILY MURPHY ’17 Students who worked on “Two Kinds of People” said that while the overall production process went smoothly, the crew

also faced a few technical challenges. Cyrus Duff ’18, the film’s director, explained that the film’s lead actress, Michaela Murphy ’17, had to dye her hair purple partway through shooting for her role in the Yale Dramatic Association’s fall mainstage production, the “Rocky Horror Picture Show.” The biggest difficulty the film crew encountered, according to Duff, was in ensuring that the sounds recorded for the film did not contain background noise or other distractions. Even after extensive post-production sound editing, he said, the film’s audio track still had a few irregularities. Geny Decker ’17, the director of photography for “Lost and Found,” said she has faced similar audio difficulties when filming in the past. She described the task of obtaining an effective microphone as on-campus filming’s “eternal challenge.”

But Emily Murphy noted that the production team of “Lost & Found” did not encounter such difficulties because the film contained no spoken dialogue. Written by Shelby Daniels-Young ’17, the film follows a girl who leaves a stopwatch in the library and returns to find it replaced by an umbrella, which she takes outside and uses to shield herself against a falling paint can. Over the course of the film, the theme of objects unexpectedly replacing one another is repeated several times until the girl rediscovers the stopwatch at the end. Murphy said she was drawn to Daniels-Young’s script because she wanted to work on a film that contained elements of whimsy and playfulness, adding that she thinks the film is more experimental than the typical college short film. “I think a lot of student films often feel a need to be serious or prove that they are about some-

thing ‘bigger,’ and while I do think there is a wisdom in the original screenplay, we definitely adapted it to have a sillier tone,” Murphy said. Of the students interviewed who worked on the featured films, five highlighted the importance of post-production editing in the filmmaking process. Decker said that she was interested in more technical elements of film, adding that she hopes to pursue post-production editing work in her next film project. Evren said that he found editing “Faster” to be great fun, and that the experience was “very similar to painting, but all of your brushstrokes are these full, nice shots.” BP produced two other films this fall, “The Players” and “Home{sic},” which are currently in post-production. Contact CAROLINE WRAY at caroline.wray@yale.edu .

COURTESY OF BULLDOG PRODUCTIONS

Bulldog Productions screened three films, all of which were shot around campus, this Sunday.

PAGE 6

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“A successful lawsuit is the one worn by a policeman.” ROBERT FROST AMERICAN POET

Law school clinic sues over FOIA YLS LAWSUIT FROM PAGE 1 case began when SWAN hired the clinic to investigate why the number of women in military academies is so low. On behalf of SWAN, the clinic put in FOIA requests looking for admissions and recruiting data and policies, which would reveal whether or not these schools have particular admissions targets, Anderson said. Phoebe Clarke LAW ’15, an intern at the clinic, said while West Point and the Air Force Academy did not disclose documents, the Naval Academy responded to the FOIA request with some documents, but fewer than what was requested. Once the decision was made to proceed with legal action, SWAN brought on the ACLU, Anderson said. According to Anderson, the suit aims to compel the service academies to release their recruiting and admissions data so a thorough investigation can be completed. “The idea is that if they have nothing to hide they should be releasing this information to the

public, [which] they are required to do by law,” she said. The defense department has 30 days to respond to the lawsuit, after which it may claim the documents are exempt from FOIA or hand over the requested documents. With the documents, Migdal said the ACLU hopes to create materials to educate the public about military academies’ admissions and recruitment policies. Elizabeth Deutsch LAW ’16, an intern at the clinic, said the reason so few women matriculate to military academies might be linked to what she described as misogynistic cultures at military academies. “We think the fact that there are so few women contributes to [this] misogynistic culture,” she said. “So our hope is that if larger rates of women could matriculate, we would see some of the misogynistic culture dissipate.” Similarly, Clarke said she believes the documents will reveal discrimination in admissions at military academies. Clarke added that the plaintiffs are just unsure of what stage in

the admissions process this is happening. Once this is identified, Clarke said, the ultimate goal is to come up with an idea for a policy to prevent this discrimination. Clarke said she is hopeful that the case will not go to trial and that the plaintiffs will come to an agreement with the academies to get access to the documents. She also clarified that the academies have not declined to give over the documents. Rather, they have simply not responded to the FOIA request. Clarke said under the FOIA, the academies are allowed to claim that the documents are exempt from the FOIA. But, she noted, the problem is that the academies have not given any response to the plaintiffs, who submitted the FOIA request this fall. According to the Pew Research Center, from 1973 to 2010, the number of activeduty women enlisted in the United States military has grown from approximately 42,000 to 167,000. Contact PHOEBE KIMMELMAN at phoebe.kimmelman@yale.edu .

JENNIFER LU/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The Yale Veterans Legal Service Clinic is suing the Department of Defense.

83.4%

female

Total 3,993

sion to the University. “Yale restrains its marketing efforts in an effort to focus attention on the most competitive potential applicants,” Quinlan said in an email. Director of Outreach and Recruitment Mark Dunn ’07 said that in contrast with previous admissions cycles, the Admissions Office did not market heavily to students who seemed uninterested in Yale during the college search process. In accordance with University-wide cost cutting, the Admissions Office trimmed its outreach budget by sending out fewer materials to these students this year, he said. “We tried to find the group of applicants that we felt we could identify as just not that into Yale,” Dunn said. “They’re strong academic students, but as we’ve sent out materials in the past, we saw that they were not engaging with Yale. They weren’t visiting campus or going to information sessions on the road, and they had not applied in significant numbers.” The Admissions Office was able to identify roughly 16,000 of these unlikely applicants, Dunn said. These students did not receive viewbooks this year, he added, the most expensive piece of Yale’s outreach mailing in terms of printing and shipping. Instead, Dunn said, the Admissions Office specifically targeted high-achieving, low-income students this admissions cycle, sending them supplemental mailings about Yale’s financial aid policies. During the summer of 2013, the Admissions Office began sending informational postcards to prospective applicants in certain areas, he added. The first postcard was about Yale’s net price, Dunn said, and the second outlined the process of applying for an application fee waiver. In accordance with a commitment Yale made to the White House last January, for this cycle the Admissions Office expanded this initiative

21.6%

Total 4,526 78.4%

77.6% male

AMRA SARIC/PRODUCTION & DESIGN EDITOR

Yale employs targeted outreach OUTREACH FROM PAGE 1

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ed Unit

Uni

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s Naval A e t a ca St my de

16.6%

s Air Force e t Ac a St

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s Military e t a Ac St

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GRAPH UNDERGRADUATE ENROLLMENT

by incorporating a third element to these mailings — a letter from a current student receiving a generous financial aid package, Dunn said. In comparison to last year, the University saw a 10 percent increase in applications from students who received these targeted mailings about Yale’s affordability. Applicants interviewed said they appreciated these mailings and found them to be very informative. “I did receive several mailings from Yale,” said Santiago Vargas, a high school senior from Massachusetts. “These resources were actually fairly helpful in summarizing what Yale has to offer.”

Yale tried something experimental this year, and it does look like it hurt their application numbers. BRIAN TAYLOR Director, The Ivy Coach Dunn said he is unaware of whether Yale’s peer institutions employed similar outreach methods this cycle, but he imagines that they are also doing various kinds of targeted outreach. Dunn said colleges may determine their outreach methods to target the groups that are underrepresented at each school. College counselors interviewed said the University’s targeted marketing efforts are likely what caused the slight drop in applications this year, and they commended Yale’s efforts to reach out to students who may be less informed about the availability of need-based financial aid. “Every year colleges get better and better at marketing to students, and they market to students who are unqualified for admission,” said Brian Taylor, director of The Ivy Coach, a

New York-based college consulting firm. “It sounds like Yale tried something experimental this year, and it does look like it hurt their application numbers, and will invariably hurt their admission rate.” But William Morse ’64, who worked for Yale’s Admissions Office from 1978 to 1982 and is currently a private educational consultant, said this year’s increase in applicants from low-income census tracts is more important than the University’s overall application total. This is exactly where the Admissions Office should be putting its time, energy and attention, Morse said. Michael Goran, director and founder of IvySelect College Counseling, said Yale will continue to be at the top of many students’ lists, regardless of small changes in application numbers from year to year. “When you’re talking about over 30,000 applications, I don’t think incremental fluctuations are significant,” Goran said. “I applaud Yale for seeking out low-income, highachieving students and following through on their [White House] commitment, relative to what Harvard, the other Ivies and Stanford do.” In addition to targeted mailings, Yale has used group travel sessions with peer universities to reach out to prospective applicants, Dunn said. The University has also expanded its ambassador program, he added, with more than 300 student ambassadors who will visit over 600 high schools around the country this year. “Recognizing that we are in a place where we’re turning down more than 90 percent of the very qualified applicants who come at us, we’re conscious about being very thoughtful in terms of the outreach that we’re doing and thinking about who wants to hear what from us,” Dunn said. Yale accepted 6.3 percent of its applicants last year. Contact TYLER FOGGATT at tyler.foggatt@yale.edu .

LGBTQ Office pushes for gender-neutrality GENDER FROM PAGE 1 nouns,” Trumpler said. The emphasis on non-traditional pronoun usage also reflects a growing national trend led by the University of Vermont, where the use of “they” and “ze” are commonly accepted for gender-neutral individuals, The Times article noted. Adrien Gau ’17 said in an email that they prefer to be referred to as “they,” “them” and “their,” which they consider to be the more conventional option, rather than “ze” in order to make their non-binary presence “less controversial.” Still, Gau said, the education of non-traditional pronoun usage is important for the Yale community, adding that awareness helps gender transitioning students feel more comfortable self-identifying as “they” or “ze.” English professor Ardis Butterfield, who has not had direct experiences with gender transitioning students, said the limits of the English language make it difficult to find a suitable pronoun. “A new pronoun? That’s so difficult in English,” she said. “Because we do have a gender neutral pronoun ‘it,’ but it is not used [for] people without seeming rude.” While Yale has decided to expand gender-neutral housing to sophomores beginning next fall, the Office of LGBTQ Resources has continued efforts to create an accepting environment for gender-neutral students, including a project to install at least one “All Genders”

restroom in 85 percent of Yale’s buildings by the end of this school year. During the LGBTQ Co-op’s Monday meeting, several members suggested a range of initiatives the University could pursue in order to foster a more welcoming and educated community, including educating professors on non-binary gender identifications, providing better supporting for students in gender transition and inserting a “neutral” option or a “fill-in-the-blank” spot in online forms. Co-op Coordinator Rianna JohnsonLevy ’17 said that, though the genderneutral housing and bathrooms projects have generated momentum, Yale should aim to clearly communicate that it is “taking steps for gender non-conforming students.” Even so, the general consensus within the group was that freshmen should also be given the gender-neutral housing option. Co-op Treasurer Max Goldberg ’17 said he experienced a lot of debilitating homophobia his freshman year when placed in a male housing, and taking away the option of gender-neutral housing denies students freedom and causes pain. The Times article also noted that roughly 100 universities allow students and employees to self-identify their first name. Contact VICTOR WANG at v.wang@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS Âˇ TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 Âˇ yaledailynews.com

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

SPORTS

“Winners, I am convinced, imagine their dreams first. They want it with all their heart and expect it to come true. There is, I believe, no other way to live.” JOE MONTANA FOUR-TIME SUPERBOWL CHAMPION

Squash teams crush Dartmouth

Elis slay Springfield at home

SQUASH FROM PAGE 12 tain Joseph Roberts ’15 and Sam Fenwick ’16 — playing in the No. 7 and No. 1 positions, respectively — both recorded 3–0 wins for Yale. “Obviously being a few points away from an Ivy League title was disappointing, but we have a lot of positives to take away from the matches this weekend and throughout the season,” Fenwick said. “I believe in the Harvard match we needed to be a little more levelheaded in the latter stages of games. No one was really outplayed, it just came down to who could keep their composure.” The Yale women, however, were unable to stand up to the powerhouse team that Harvard fielded. The women were only able to achieve four wins throughout their lineup, as five losses came by a 3–0 score. Since a tight 5–4 loss to Penn on Jan. 11, Harvard has posted an undefeated record with seven consecutive wins against teams all ranked in the top 13. Two days before the Yale match, Harvard humbled No. 1 Trinity by a wide 8–1 margin. The Yale women were able to flip the score later that weekend by defeating No. 9 Dartmouth 9–0. The women collectively lost only three games in the entire match. “At this point in the season, as a team we try to focus on how to perform our best with the assets we currently have and not on what we could have or should have done a few months ago,” Scherl said. “This drive lead us to a complete sweep over Dartmouth on Sunday.” In a freshman vs. senior faceoff, Jennifer Davis ’18 was able to secure a tough four-game victory against Dartmouth’s Sarah Caughey. Davis and Caughey split the first two games (11–7, 9–11), though Davis was able to pull through decisively, winning the third game 11–3 and then clinching a victory in the fourth 15–13. The win improved Yale’s Ivy record to 4–3, and landed the Bulldogs fourth place in the Ivy standings. The men’s 7–2 victory improved their Ivy record to 5–2 and secured them a third-place finish in the conference. Harvard and Columbia, the only Ivy teams Yale lost to, finished first and second, respectively. Pierson Broadwater ’18 won yet another close five-game match. Down 2–1 going into the fourth, Broadwater was able to rally and win the game

IRENE JIANG/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The Bulldogs will face No. 4 Columbia in the first round of the Collegiate Squash Association national championship. 14–12. His disheartened Harvard foe then conceded a 11–4 loss to Broadwater. This was Broadwater’s fourth fivegame victory of the season. “Friday was a letdown for the team,” Broadwater said. “Harvard came out really strong and it was important for us to bounce back against Dartmouth in order to secure our seeding in the national tournament. Dartmouth put on a strong performance, but we were able to get the job done.” The Bulldogs will next play in two weeks, when they take on Columbia (12–2, 6–1) in the first round of the National Championship, hosted by Trinity. The men hope to avenge a disappointing 5–4 upset to the Lions from earlier this season. Columbia is ranked fourth in the nation, one position ahead of Yale. “I don’t fear about playing any team in the upcoming Nationals. We have the talent and the fight to take down some serious teams, we just need to get our heads down for the next two weeks, believe that we are good enough and relish the opportunity of being the underdog,” Fenwick said. The women will next play Friday in the first round of the Howe Cup national championship, hosted by Harvard. Contact GRIFFIN SMILOW at griffin.smilow@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS

Yale took down the Springfield Pride 188.650 to 184.250 on Saturday. GYMNASTICS FROM PAGE 12 which I was very happy about.” By linking the two aerials, meaning she did not put her second foot down on the beam between the elements, Anderson earned 0.4 bonus points. Saturday also marked the debut of Kacie Traina ’17, the sister of captain Morgan Traina, who performed her beam routine as an unscored exhibition. “I was really anxious because I haven’t competed in a couple years,” Kacie Traina said. “I’ve been battling injuries. It was so much more exciting there to have my family there to see my first real college meet. Plus it was a senior meet, which made it all the more special. I love competing with Morgan. It’s definitely brought us closer.” Kacie Traina missed her freshman

Regular season ends with sweep SWIM & DIVE FROM PAGE 12 ter than the time of the second-place finisher. Casey Lincoln ’16 and Isla Hutchinson-Maddox ’17 took second and third in the event. After victories by Fabian in the 500–yard freestyle and Cheryl Xiang ’18 in the 200–yard freestyle, Amy Zhao ’18 and DeLaFuente took second and third in the 50–meter freestyle. In the 100–yard butterfly, Kasey Mann ’16 pulled out the victory by only 0.07 seconds, while Kate Rogers ’18 won the 100–yard backstroke, bringing in more points for the Bulldogs. The Elis managed to sweep Brown again, this time in the 100–yard breaststroke with Paulina Kaminski ’18, Larsen and Emily Gudbranson ’16 taking the top three spots, all of their times within three seconds of each other. The Bulldogs finished the day with 171 points, compared to Brown’s 72. “It felt fantastic to take home the win in our last home meet and to send our seniors out in style,” Fabian said. On the men’s side of events, the seniors were placed front and center in the first event, the 400–yard medley relay. Mike Lazris ’15, Ronald Tsui ’15, Alwin Firmansyah ’15 and captain Andrew Heymann ’15 led the Eli sweep of the event, bringing in 11 points and starting the team in good position for the day. Brian Hogan ’16 took home the win in the 1,000–yard freestyle, shaving over four seconds off of his time from the same meet last year. In the 200–yard freestyle, Victor Zhang ’16 and Rob Harder ’15 combined for a 1–2 finish, and Aaron Greenberg ’17 and Oscar Miao ’17 did the same in the 50–yard freestyle. Firmansyah led the way for an Eli sweep in the 200–yard IM. The divers opened up their day with the one–meter dive. James McNelis ’16 placed first and Wayne Zhang ’18, a staff reporter for YTV, took third, less than two points behind Jonathan Schalafer of Brown. The swimmers returned with the 200–yard butterfly, with a tight heat between Kei Hyogo ’18 and Alex Schultz ’17. Hyogo eventually out-touched Schultz by just 0.18 seconds. In the 100–yard free-

season with an elbow injury. This season, she has been hobbled by torn ligaments in her thumb and a stress fracture in her shin. “We were all so proud of her,” Lucas said. “At this point we’ve all experienced some injury. It’s upsetting and sad especially because college gymnastics is more of a team sport, and it was so exciting to watch her compete.” The Bulldogs ended the day on the floor exercise, where again Opperman anchored the team with the highest score. She equaled Traina and Sooksengdao’s beam score with a 9.775 on floor, a full 0.150 higher than the next highest score in the event. After the conclusion of the meet, the four seniors’ parents escorted them across the floor as the announcer read details of their careers as Yale gymnasts, as well as their post-graduation plans.

KEN YANAGISAWA/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

style race, Harder and Heymann finished within half a second of each other, taking first and second. Kevin Stang ’16 and Ben Lerude ’17 brought in victories in the 200–yard backstroke and the 500–yard freestyle, respectively. Zhang and McNelis placed second and third in the threemeter dive to wrap up the diving competitions for the day. The Bulldogs continued their relay victories, placing first and second in the 200–yard freestyle relay to finish the team events. The Elis outscored Brown 184.5–58.5 to finish the day. After the competition, many of the

swimmers expressed their gratitude for the seniors — Firmansyah, Harder, Heymann, Lazris, Tsui and Andy Wingerson ’15. “[The class of] 2015 has done a great job under the leadership of Heymann to focus the team starting in the pre-season and keeping us motivated throughout the season,” Stang said. The Ivy League Championships begin on Feb. 19 for the women in Cambridge, while they begin a week later for the men in Princeton, N.J. Contact SYDNEY GLOVER at sydney.glover@yale.edu .

Contact MAYA SWEEDLER at maya.sweedler@yale.edu .

Bulldogs fall to all Ivy competitors FENCING FROM PAGE 12

Divers Lilybet MacRae ’17 and Kelly Sherman ’16 finished one-two in the one- and three-meter dives.

According to their printed bios, three of the senior Bulldogs plan to attend graduate school — law school for Li, medical school for Lucas and the Yale School of Public Health for Traina. Chrisman will be working at Google as a software engineer. Although the seniors have bid farewell to the home crowd for the remainder of the regular season, the gymnastics season is far from over. Next week, the team travels to compete in the Navy Pier Quad Meet, and heads to Philadelphia the following week for the Ivy Classic against Ancient Eight foes University of Pennsylvania, Cornell and Brown. The gymnasts will next compete in the John J. Lee Amphitheater on March 21, when the University hosts the ECAC Championships.

is always a difficult tournament,” Miller said. “I’m confident that we can turn the several close losses we had into wins next year.” On the first day of competition, the women’s team faced Princeton, Harvard and Cornell. Despite losing to the Big Red 20–7 overall, the sabre squad performed well, claiming five of its nine matches. The Bulldogs also fought valiantly against the Tigers and the Crimson, dropping a few tight individual matches before losing 18–9 and 23–4, respectively. The next day, Yale took on Columbia, the eventual tournament champions, and fell 17–10. The women also faced the Bears in a tight match that ended in a 14–13 defeat and took on the Quakers in a contest that ended with a 20–7 loss. The results of the weekend were similar for the men. Coming off of their close loss against Sacred Heart last week, the Bulldogs looked to establish their place among their Ivy League competitors. But in the matchup against the Crimson, Yale fell to eventual co-champion Harvard 21–6. Later in the day Princeton handed the Elis their second loss, 22–5. On Monday, the Bulldogs entered the competition sitting in fifth place. Yale lost 20–7 against co-champion Colum-

bia and 22–5 against the Quakers before dropping a closely-contested match against Brown 14–13. Reed Srere ’17, who placed 11th in the sabre competition, noted that the team often put themselves in a hole early on due to a lack of a concentration at the start of each match. “I do think the team could have benefited from focusing more at the beginning of bouts,” Srere said. “We’d oftentimes drop the first touch or two and be forced to rally from an early deficit.” Even though both the men’s and women’s teams were unable to pull out a win this weekend, the squads look forward to more chances later this season to highlight their improvements. In particular, Miller noted that the team is eager to work on increasing its cohesiveness at the U.S. Collegiate Squad Championships and later at the NCAA Regionals. Captain Hugh O’Cinneide ’15 said he hoped the meet proved the team could hold its own against difficult opponents. “I hope all the men know that no one is untouchable, and will hopefully inspire confidence when we fence a similar field at regionals,” O’Cinneide said. The U.S. Collegiate Squad Championships are on Feb. 22 in Princeton. Contact ALEX WALKER at alex.e.walker@yale.edu .

JULIA HENRY/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The men’s fencing squad fell to the eventual tournament champions, the Crimson, 21–6.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST Partly sunny, with a high near 33. Wind chill values between 10 and 20. North wind 10 to 14 mph.

TOMORROW High of 27, low of 13.

XKCD BY RANDALL MUNROE

ON CAMPUS TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10 1:00 PM Pharmaceutical Potions: A Review of Potions and Pharmaceutical Agents for Contemporary Wizards and Muggles. Find out about the mystery, allure and role of potions in both fictional and everyday life. Examine the history of potions and pharmacognosy of medicines, and trace their fictional and nonfictional evolution through the ages and how we continue to fit them in everyday life and medicine. Harvey Cushing/John Jay Whitney Medical Library (333 Cedar St.) 4:00 PM Yale-China Fireside Chat: Reading Literacy in Hong Kong. This seminar will shed some light on the reading literacy of Hong Kong students and talk about some major reading activities in Hong Kong. Advance registration required. Yale-China Association (442 Temple St.) 4:00 PM Jackson Town Hall with Sarah Chayes. Sarah Chayes is a senior associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She will discuss her new book “Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security.” Horchow Hall (55 Hillhouse Ave.), GM Room.

XKCD BY RANDALL MUNROE

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 11 4:30 PM Rudolph (Butch) Ware: The Walking Qur’an. Seminar on recent book publication, “The Walking Qur’an.” Facilitated by Souleymane Bachir Daigne, professor of French, Columbia University. Rosenkranz Hall (115 Prospect St.), Rm 241.

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 12 4:00 PM The Troublesom Reign of King John. Richard Lionheart is dead. Who gets to be King of England now? His black sheep youngest brother John or his 12-year-old nephew Arthur? A hot political drama set in the 12th century, this game of thrones exposes the dirty deals, sudden betrayals, power plays and savage battles that are waged in the name of gaining and maintaining power. Iseman Theater (1156 Chapel St.).

y SUBMIT YOUR EVENTS ONLINE yaledailynews.com/events/submit To reach us: E-mail editor@yaledailynews.com Advertisements 2-2424 (before 5 p.m.) 2-2400 (after 5 p.m.) Mailing address Yale Daily News P.O. Box 209007 New Haven, CT 06520

Questions or comments about the fairness or accuracy of stories should be directed to Editor in Chief Isaac Stanley-Becker at (203) 432-2418. Bulletin Board is a free service provided to groups of the Yale community for events. Listings should be submitted online at yaledailynews.com/events/ submit. The Yale Daily News reserves the right to edit listings.

To visit us in person 202 York St. New Haven, Conn. (Opposite JE) FOR RELEASE FEBRUARY 10, 2015

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CLASSIFIEDS

CROSSWORD Edited by Rich Norris and Joyce Lewis ACROSS 1 Waned 6 “Boyhood” actor Ethan 11 Taking a personal day, say 14 Emancipation Proclamation subject 15 Tale of Achilles and Agamemnon 16 Bro 17 Computer user’s combination 19 Green prefix 20 Gallery display 21 Pinnacle 22 Accustoms (to) 24 Wan 26 Pen points 29 They may be run at bars 30 What potatoes and needles both have 31 AT&T, briefly 33 Nebraska tribe 34 Biblical beast 36 Waikiki’s island 38 Aegean island 39 Computer user’s combination 43 14-time NBA AllStar Duncan 44 Washing machine filler 45 Anthem contraction 46 Indian princess 48 Rainbow maker 50 Leave out 54 Have __: be connected 55 Boy with a dragon, in a Disney classic 56 Wine region near San Francisco 57 Part of USSR 60 Louis XVI, for one 62 Resistance measure 63 “Game of Thrones” airer 64 Computer user’s combination 68 Spot for a Bluetooth headset 69 United Arab Emirates city 70 Cat-__-tails

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THURSDAY High of 26, low of 9.

PAGE 10

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Four cups a day keeps the doctor away

EMILY XIAO/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

BY BRENDAN HELLWEG STAFF REPORTER Improved cardiovascular health and decreased likelihood of liver cancer, Parkinson’s disease and Type II diabetes are all potential benefits of regular coffee consumption, according to the Mayo Clinic. But a new Yale study may have recognized another health benefit: skin cancer protection. The study, which examined almost half a million people over the course of a decade, found that participants who drank four or more cups of coffee every day were significantly less likely to develop invasive melanoma, a particularly dangerous type of cancer that kills 9,500 Americans every year. Subjects who drank more than four cups a day were 20 percent less likely to

develop malignant melanoma than those who drank less than one cup per day. “A few other observational studies have reported a similar inverse association between coffee drinking and melanoma, but overall previous results have been inconsistent,” said Erikka Loftfield GRD ’15, the study’s author and a doctoral student at the Yale School of Public Health. “We had good statistical power and were not surprised to find that higher coffee drinking was associated with lower risk of melanoma.” Melanoma differs from other skin cancers in that it forms in pigmentation cells called melanocytes, responsible for producing the molecules that color skin. The melanin-producing cell often mutates into a cancerous cell due to excessive sun-

light and ultraviolet light damage, although several genetic causes have been recognized in past studies. Red-haired, pale-skinned people with frequent exposure to the sun are most likely to develop melanoma because they have less pigment to block DNAdamaging ultraviolet light, said Harriet Kluger, clinical research program leader of the Melanoma Program at Yale. “One hypothesis would be that there is something in the coffee that protects the cells from developing the mutations that enable them to invade,” she said. “That would be the hypothesis that one could generate from the study.” The study did not establish any possible causes for the relationship between coffee and melanoma, but it did find that

the effect was present only with malignant melanoma and not melanoma in situ, a less harmful type of the cancer. This ineffectiveness, the study noted, would suggest that coffee consumption prevents this cancer from invading deeper into the skin and becoming more harmful — not from forming in the first place. Kluger said that for an in situ cell to turn into a malignant cell, there must be additional mutations, and coffee may help prevent those mutations. Both Kluger and Loftfield warned that coffee should not replace sound health practices, including sunscreen use and limited exposure to ultraviolet light, particularly through tanning booths. “The most important thing that individuals can do to reduce their risk of melanoma is

to reduce sun and UV radiation exposure,” Loftfield said. “While our results, and some from other recent studies, may be encouraging to coffee drinkers, they do not indicate that individuals should alter their coffee intake.” More research is needed to determine whether this 20 percent reduction in malignant melanoma incidence is due to coffee consumption, but past studies seem to be pointing in that direction. For instance, several studies recognized that in lab rat testing, multiple acids and compounds present in coffee, such as caffeine and nicotinic acid, led to a decrease in melanoma in the rats. While this relationship is present in caffeinated coffee, the 20 percent reduction in malignant melanoma incidence was not found in decaffeinated

coffee, suggesting either some effect of caffeine on skin melanoma or some related behavioral trend. The study does not suggest that coffee should replace good sense, but the reduction in melanoma incidence is significant. If supported by further research, it could be one more long-term health benefit of coffee consumption, alongside the significant decrease in mortality already recognized by research from the Mayo Clinic. According to the National Cancer Institute, melanoma rates have been rising at roughly 1.8 percent per year for the last decade, while deaths due to melanoma have remained relatively constant. Contact BRENDAN HELLWEG at brendan.hellweg@yale.edu .

Risks outweigh benefits in treatment of older diabetes patients BY STEVEN LEWIS STAFF REPORTER A study from a team of researchers at Yale and the University of California at San Francisco suggests that doctors across the nation are over-treating older diabetes patients to tightly control blood sugar, and that the risks of doing so — low blood sugar episodes resulting from too much insulin — outweigh the benefits. The study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine on Jan. 12, analyzed data collected from 2001 to 2010 from a nationally representative sample of 1,288 elderly patients with diabetes. Researchers divided subjects into three groups: relatively healthy, complex/intermediate health and very complex/ poor health based on the patients’ frailty, potential for side effects and other diseases. They found that there was no difference in the proportion of patients achieving tight blood sugar control among the three groups. “Our hope is to reinforce the message that we are not accounting for important differences in older people and the vulnerabilities they have from aggressive treatment,” said senior author and professor of medicine at UCSF Michael Steinman. “We are putting people at risk and not providing benefit.” Lead author and Yale professor of medicine Kasia Lipska ’97, said she has seen evidence of the harms of over-treatment through interactions with her patients but has yet to find data supporting the benefits of tight blood sugar control for older adults. She added that older patients who have more compro-

mised health statuses and take several medications are more likely to suffer from complications from treatment, pointing to incidents when her patients experienced sudden episodes of low blood sugar, causing traumatic events like car accidents. Steinman said over-treatment is driven by performance standards at hospitals incentivizing doctors to reach certain blood sugar goals for their patients.

Therapy needs to be individualized, and the field as a whole is moving in that direction. THOMAS DONNER Professor, Johns Hopkins University “Although this was done with good intentions, and some have benefited, it led to lack of individualization of care because we are being asked to treat all patients the same way,” he said. “You feel like you’re being graded on the same level for all patients.” According to Thomas Donner, professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University and director of the Johns Hopkins Diabetes Center, tight blood sugar control targets were developed for good reasons — to avoid the complications caused by long-term high blood sugar. He pointed to the fact that decades of elevated glucose levels can lead to eye, kidney and nerve damage, causing blindness in adults and requiring amputations in some

instances. He added that doctors need to constantly re-evaluate treatments for effectiveness and safety. “As patients become more frail, we should be less aggressive in terms of the targets we shoot for,” he said. Steinman said he believes the pendulum in diabetes care has swung too far to the side of tight control, noting that more people are hospitalized for diabetes treatment complications than for the disease itself. According to Lipska, that issue can be fixed through more personalized care and flexibility on the part of physicians, who will need to acknowledge that treatment for a patient will change over the course of his or her lifetime. Patients and physicians need to talk about what treatment makes patients most comfortable, she said. Steinman said he hopes the study will lead to more education about the risks of over-treatment of older patients. While Donner agreed with the findings of the study, he noted that retrospective studies merit caution, and researchers have to analyze the data carefully. He said he thinks some doctors are already taking a more personalized approach, but change takes time to spread. “Therapy needs to be individualized, and the field as a whole is moving in that direction,” he said. According to the American Diabetes Association, 29.1 million or 9.3 percent of Americans have diabetes. It is the seventh leading cause of death in the nation. Contact STEVEN LEWIS at steven.lewis@yale.edu .

KONSTANTINOS VYZAS/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

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“Great dances are not great because of their technique, they are great because of their passion.” MARTHA GRAHAM AMERICAN DANCER

Using behavioral techniques when drugs are not enough BY GEORGE SAUSSY STAFF REPORTER Can behavior therapies treat a disease thought to be treatable only by psychotropic drugs? A new Yale study says they can. In a recent issue of Schizophrenia Research, a team of researchers showed that schizophrenic patients on medication can further improve their condition by using computer cognitive remediation — a technique in which patients perform tasks designed to target certain cognitive functions. The research is part of a growing body of evidence suggesting behavioral therapies could augment drug regimens for previously unresponsive patients. “We know that the psychotropic medications are quite helpful for reducing many of the most prominent psychiatric symptoms, like delusions or hallucinations,” said Matthew Kurtz, professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine and the paper’s lead author. “[The medications] moderate them, but what you’re left with are these other areas of deficit that drugs have no effect on, and one of the very important areas of deficit, are areas of cognition, memory, problem solving.” The team, which has conducted extensive research on the use of cognitive remediation therapy, previously showed the potential benefits of a combined pharmacological and behavioral intervention. But in this paper, they showed particular effects on patients’ attention, working memory and empathy — cognitive functions typically hampered by schizophrenia and untreated by psychotropics. Cognitive remediation is made to treat people with cognitive deficits, although it is unknown if it works by repairing weak parts of the brain or by strengthening other parts to compensate, said Bruce Wexler, professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine and senior author of the paper. It is also unknown how long and to what extent the treatment needs to be continued after the study’s intervention is complete in order to maintain progress. “The degree to which that improvement is durable over time is still an open question,” Kurtz said, adding that the effects of the

treatment were still evident four to six months after it had ended. According to Cornell professor of psychology in psychiatry Sarah Morimoto, who was unaffiliated with the study, the future of research in the field lies in identifying exactly what is effective about cognitive remediation. In addition to being used to treat schizophrenia, cognitive remediation has been shown to be effective in treating depression in geriatric patients, hoarding and children with ADHD, Wexler said, adding that he had treated the latter successfully in some schools. The researchers have developed software for those school programs for which the University is now seeking a patent.

The degree to which that improvement is durable over time is still an open question. MATTHEW KURTZ Professor of psychiatry Still, Kurtz said he is concerned that cognitive remediation might not reach the patients who need it most. “There are very limited public resources for the folks,” Kurtz said. “These studies are very exciting. The problem is there’s a big gap between these new interventions in the research literature and then getting out to the front line clinicians at community mental health centers, where a lot of people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders are being treated.” But Morimoto said she thinks the portability of cognitive remediation methods is an advantage to the technique, noting that the treatment requires minimal intervention by a professional and many of the exercises can be done by a patient him or herself. According to the Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America, approximately 3.5 million people in the United States have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Contact GEORGE SAUSSY at george.saussy@yale.edu .

CAROLINE TISDALE/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

Mitochondria may play role in immune response BY GEORGE SAUSSY STAFF REPORTER A team of Yale researchers has shown that bodies use mitochondria — cell structures typically associated with energy production — to incite immune responses. The research comes from a team dedicated to the study of mitochondria and is the latest in an expanding body of evidence showing mitochondria do much more than manufacture energy. Working with mice, the team showed inconsequential damage to mitochondria could trigger an antiviral immune response, suggesting that the body may use mitochondria to detect viral infection. “When the mitochondria DNA is depleted, the host cells respond by inducing genes that are normally induced by type I interferons [genes that are activated only in the presence of specific stimuli],” said Akiko Iwasaki, coauthor of the paper and professor of immunobiology at the Yale School of Medicine. “This result was highly unexpected.” The team modified the expression of the mice’s genes, so the function of certain proteins used in maintaining mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) — DNA inherited from one’s mother that resides only in mitochondria — was inhibited. They found that the presence of damaged mtDNA in the cytoplasm, the jelly filling of the cell, primed a cell’s immune responses. The team confirmed that finding when they infected the mice with the herpes simplex virus 1 and vesicular stomatitis virus — a virus that is particularly damaging to mitochondria — and observed the same response. The research comes as part of a larger effort by the Shadel Lab, directed by Yale professor

ASHLYN OAKES/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

of pathology and genetics Gerald Shadel, to identify how mitochondria play a role in signaling processes within a cell. The findings were somewhat serendipitous, as the researchers were not expecting the immune response they observed, said Philip West, a postdoctoral researcher in pathology at the Yale School of

Medicine. The researchers began by applying an mtDNA-stressing treatment to the mice, and then identified all of the genes that were being abnormally expressed. They found that most of them were antiviral interferon stimulated genes, but that a similar class of inflammatory

genes which code for an immune response was not triggered. West speculated that this phenomenon was caused by the fact that interferon genes are easier to trigger. This research holds promise for understanding autoimmune disease and lupus, said Shadel, who was also the senior author of the paper. Future research may

look into the connection between stressed mtDNA, particularly mtDNA in the cytoplasm of the cell, and lupus. As for the immediate future, West said he would like to look into the mechanism by which mtDNA is released into the cytoplasm of the cell. “The genes that came up were

broadly antiviral,” he said. “How is mitochondrial DNA stressed and released into the cytoplasm?” is the next question they will tackle, he said. The paper was published in the journal Nature on Feb. 2. Contact GEORGE SAUSSY at george.saussy@yale.edu .

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LAUREN DELGADILLO ’16 PRESEASON HONORS The first baseman, who led the team with a 0.412 average in 20 conference games last season, was named to the preseason All-Ivy second team by CollegeSportsMadness.com. She managed to reach base in each of her last 22 games in 2014.

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CHRIS LANHAM ’16 PRESEASON ALL-IVY Lanham, who recorded three complete game shutouts last year, was named to the Preseason All-Ivy First Team by CollegeSportsMadness.com. Two teammates, catcher Robert Baldwin ’15 and third baseman Richard Slenker ’17, were also named to preseason All-Ivy teams.

“It felt fantastic to take home the win in our last home meet and to send our seniors out in style.” EVA FABIAN ’16 WOMEN’S SWIMMING YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

Gymnastics notches win at home GYMNASTICS

Elis split weekend vs. Harvard, Dartmouth BY GRIFFIN SMILOW CONTRIBUTING REPORTER After losses to archrival Harvard last Friday night, the Yale men’s and women’s squash teams closed their regular seasons with wins against Dartmouth.

SQUASH

MAYA SWEEDLER/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The Bulldogs won each of the four individual events against Springfield College on Saturday. BY MAYA SWEEDLER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Despite uncharacteristic mistakes that led to a seasonlow team score, strong individual performances propelled the Yale gymnastics team to a victory over visiting Springfield College on Saturday. The Bulldogs defeated the Pride 188.650–184.250 and placed first in every event, though Springfield College senior Abby Clark took the all-around title. The meet also marked Yale’s senior day, as it was the last regular season home meet for captain Morgan Traina ’15, Katherine Lucas ’15, Brianna Chrisman ’15 and Joyce Li ’15. Posters for the seniors

adorned the walls of the John J. Lee Amphitheater and all four senior gymnasts had family members present. “I feel like it was too early in the season for me to get really upset about it being our senior meet,” Lucas said. “I would have been a little more emotional about it if we didn’t have ECACs at home, and would have been more upset if it was last time we ever competed on that floor with all our friends and family there.” The Bulldogs started out well on vault, with event specialist Camilla Opperman ’16 scoring an event-high 9.700. Right behind her was teammate Traina with 9.600. The day got tougher during

the next two apparatuses, as two gymnasts fell on both bars and beam. A third gymnast had to dismount the bars after missing an element. Despite shaky performances, Yale came out on top. Li led on bars with a 9.675, followed by teammates Tatiana Winkelman ’17 with a 9.625 then Allison Bushman ’18 with a 9.600. Traina and Brittney Sooksengdao ’16 tied for the top score on beam with a 9.775, also the highest score earned at the meet. In her routine, Sooksengdao unveiled a new pass on beam that added an additional back layout to her back handspring-layout pass. She and Traina were followed by Anna

Fencing falls to Ivy rivals BY ALEX WALKER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER It was a tough weekend for Yale fencing.

FENCING In a battle against some of collegiate fencing’s top-ranked teams, the Yale women’s and men’s squads fell to their Ivy League foes at the conference’s Round Robin tournament in New York on Sunday and Monday. Hosted by Columbia, the tournament included the No. 2 Lions, along with No. 5 Harvard, No. 7 Penn and No. 8 Princeton, along with the rest of the men’s programs in the Ivy League. For the women,

Merkuryev ’18 with a 9.625, then Anella Anderson ’17 with a 9.425. In her routine, Anderson landed a trick of the highest possible difficulty level: two connected aerials ending in an arabesque position. This marked the first time Anderson landed the aerial into the Liukin, as the second aerial to arabesque is called, in front of a home crowd. “After landing the series I was extremely excited and felt very confident about the rest of my routine,” Anderson said. “I was a little off to the side going into my arabesque, but was able to square up and pull it out, SEE GYMNASTICS PAGE 8

In Cambridge, the Yale men (10–4, 5–2 Ivy) fell 7–2 to Harvard (8–2, 7–0), and the Yale women (10–4, 4–3) lost 9–0 to their Harvard counterparts (13–1, 6–1). Both teams, however, were able to reverse their scores on Sunday, with the women sweeping Dartmouth (5–7, 1–6) 9–0 and the Yale men’s team beating Dartmouth (5–7, 2–5) by a score of 7–2. “I think that this past week of

Ivy competition was the perfect preparation for this upcoming weekend’s national competition, where we hope to shock some people,” Jenny Scherl ’17 said. Both Harvard teams are ranked third in the nation, while, coincidentally, both Yale teams are ranked fifth in the nation. The losses to Harvard gave its men’s team a perfect 7–0 Ivy record, clinching the conference championship for the Crimson. Had the Yale men won on Friday, the Bulldogs, Harvard and Columbia would have shared the Ivy title. Despite the wide margin, the men’s match was much closer that it appears on paper. Four of Yale’s losses came in tightly contested five-game matches. CapSEE SQUASH PAGE 8

IRENE JIANG/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The Yale women’s team found itself on both ends of 9–0 sweeps this weekend, losing to Harvard and beating Dartmouth.

Yale crushes Brown in pool

the competition featured the top team in the nation, Columbia, along with No. 3 Princeton, No. 4 Harvard and No. 8 Penn. Last year, the men and women were also unable to clinch a win against their opponents at the conference Round Robin tournament hosted by Brown. Despite dropping the team competition against each of its opponents, the women’s team noted a significant improvement in its performance compared to last year’s Ivy Round Robin, according to captain and Second Team All-Ivy selection Lauren Miller ’15. “After putting in a ton of work building up to this weekend, the girls focused and fenced consistently well over what SEE FENCING PAGE 8

KEN YANAGISAWA/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

The Yale women dominated Brown 171–72, led by strong showings in the 1,000-yard freestyle and the 100-yard breaststroke. BY SYDNEY GLOVER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

JULIA HENRY/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

While the women’s fencing squad fell to each Ivy opponent, it significantly improved over last year’s tournament.

STAT OF THE DAY 9.775

In the last regular season meet of the season, the Yale men’s and women’s swimming and diving teams were victorious over the visiting Brown Bears. Heading into the Ivy League Championships, the men are tied for second with Columbia and Princeton while the women are seated solidly in third. For the female seniors — Rebecca DeLaFuente ’15, Elizabeth Larsen ’15

SWIM & DIVE and Jacqui Levere ’15 — their final home meet as Bulldogs was also marked by the 40th anniversary celebration of women’s swimming and diving at Yale, which gathered alumni to the stands at Kiphuth Pool for the event. “[The meet] was great and I think a lot of my energy came from the fans in the stands,” diver Kelly Sherman ’16 said. “We had a great turn out and it was a lot of fun.”

The divers kicked off competition for the day, with Lilybet MacRae ’17 and Sherman taking first and second place, respectively, in both the onemeter and three-meter dives. After a victory in the 200–yard medley relay by the Elis, Brown pulled ahead to take the win in the 400–yard freestyle relay. Eva Fabian ’16 blew away the competition in the 1,000–yard freestyle, finishing with a time of 10:09.61, nearly 13 seconds betSEE SWIM & DIVE PAGE 8

THE SCORE EARNED BY BRITTNEY SOOKSENGDAO ’16 FOR HER PERFORMANCE ON THE BEAM AGAINST SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE THIS WEEKEND. Sooksengdao’s score was the top score earned at the meet and tied Camilla Opperman’s ’16 score on the floor.