Today's paper

T H E O L D E ST C O L L E G E DA I LY · FO U N D E D 1 8 7 8

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2013 · VOL. CXXXVI, NO. 46 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

SUNNY FOG

51 39

CROSS CAMPUS

NEURONS PROTEIN AFFECTS DISEASES

PRISON

SECURITY

IVY LEAGUE

“Orange is the New Black” author discusses prison reform

FORMER OBAMA ADVISOR TALKS NSA, MIDDLE EAST

Athletic directors congregate in New Haven for meeting

PAGE 6-7 SCITECH

PAGE 5 NEWS

PAGE 3 NEWS

PAGE 11-12 SPORTS

Long-awaited election arrives

The Art of the Harvard Humble Brag is the most

unfortunate title of a recent blog post from The Harvard Crimson that recounts all the ways Harvard students brag “without people realizing we’re huge tools (at first impression at least).” List items included “I hope I didn’t ruin the curve for everybody,” “I didn’t even want to go to Harvard; I just sent the application in for fun” and “Do people even refill the condom boxes?” Next time one of your peers says any of the above, feel free to call them out on their ‘Harvard humble brag.’ M. The class of 2013 was

unceremoniously removed from all panlists under their Yale emails on Nov. 4. While the first response might be a resounding hooray, recent graduates may soon realize they are now missing out on countless bizarre emails from their masters, notifications for bagel brunch and alerts for study breaks… Let the postgraduation nostalgia settle in. TASNIM ELBOUTE AND KATHRYN CRANDALL/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER AND PHOTOGRAPY EDITOR

Crowning parties. Both

mayoral candidates will throw their election results parties on Crown St. this evening, with campaigners congregating at BAR Pizza for Justin Elicker FES ‘10 SOM ‘10 and at Kelly’s Restaurant & Bar for Toni Harp ARC ‘78. Volunteers and supporters will wait for election results with bated breaths. But as the polls are called, only one candidate’s party can become a celebration for the new mayor elect.

All of the mayoral candidates’ efforts culminate in today’s election, which will decide who will replace John DeStefano Jr., mayor of New Haven for the past two decades. BY LARRY MILSTEIN AND ISAAC STANLEY-BECKER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER AND STAFF REPORTER Today is Election Day in the Elm City. When the polls close at 8

go into full effect today, as teams of canvassers traverse the city to bring supporters to the polls and convince voters who remain undecided. Toni Harp ARC ’78 and Justin Elicker FES ’10 SOM ’10 square off Tuesday for a second time

ELECTION

Athlete bait. College Crosse,

a lacrosse blog, named New Haven’s pizzas as “Yale’s ace-in-the-hole recruiting tool.” The post named Pepe’s, Sally’s, Modern Apizza and Bar as four of the best restaurants on Earth and the University’s most effective pitch to potential athletes. Makes sense — it was always clear that the athletes were all here for the food.

p.m., city residents will have elected a new mayor — as well as seven lawmakers facing contested general elections for spots on the New Haven Board of Aldermen. Over the weekend, campaigns readied getout-the-vote operations that

Candidates chart first days in office

Grand theft hammock. Worse

than art theft, worse than apple picking, a dastardly criminal has made off with the hammock of Davenport courtyard! The robbery appears to have taken place sometime Saturday evening. Who knows where the poor D’port hammock may be strung up at the moment? A palm tree in Florida? A redwood in California? Woe is Yale...

THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1984. Yale-New Haven Hospital performs Connecticut’s first heart transplant. The eight-hour operation was performed on Mary Jendraszek, a 52-year old woman from Oakdale, Conn. Submit tips to Cross Campus

crosscampus@yaledailynews.com

ONLINE y MORE goydn.com/xcampus

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ew Haven residents go to the polls today to elect the city’s first new leader in 20 years. In the final installment of a five-part series, ISAAC STANLEY-BECKER explores the immediate actions Toni Harp ARC ‘78 or Justin Elicker FES ‘10 SOM ‘10 would take as mayor — and how those compare to the priorities John DeStefano Jr. set forth two decades ago. Jan. 1, 2014. A new mayor of New Haven will climb the steps to the second floor of City Hall and take a seat in the corner office overlooking the New Haven green. Today’s election will determine whether the city’s first new leader in 20 years will be Toni Harp ARC ’78, a 20-year Conn. state senator, or Justin Elicker FES ’10 SOM ’10, a twoterm alderman representing portions of East Rock, Cedar Hill and Fair Haven. Whichever candidate is elected will take office in the shadow of outgoing mayor John DeStefano Jr., who announced at the beginning of the year that he would not seek an 11th two-year term. At the time of DeStefano’s retire-

ment announcement, only one candidate had declared formal intentions to replace him: Elicker had filed paperwork to challenge the incumbent less than a week earlier, pitching an alternative to pay-to-play politics that he said plagued the DeStefano administration. He accused the longtime mayor of trading development contracts for campaign contributions. As DeStefano’s tenure enters its final months, reflections on his time as mayor have become more charitable, according to Yale School of Management professor Douglas Rae, who served as the city’s chief administrative officer under DeStefano’s predecessor, Mayor John C. Daniels. SEE DESTEFANO PAGE 8

this fall now in a two-way race that includes Republican and unaffiliated voters. Both candidates said their campaigns have knocked every door in the city in the days leading up to the election. Harp rallied over 100 sup-

porters on Friday evening at St. Luke’s Parish Hall on Whalley Ave., drumming up excitement in the final stretch of the campaign alongside senior members of the state’s Washington SEE ELECTIONS PAGE 8

Residents question student vote BY POOJA SALHOTRA CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The majority of Yale undergraduates who are eligible to vote in Connecticut do not plan to cast a ballot in today’s municipal elections, according to a poll conducted by the News last week, and New Haven residents expressed diverging reactions to this level of student participation. The poll found that while 61.3 percent of Yale undergraduates are registered to vote in Connecticut, only 36.29 percent plan to vote in today’s elections, which include a contested mayoral race between Justin Elicker FES ’10 SOM ’10 and Toni Harp ARC ’78 as well as a contested aldermanic race in Ward 1 between incumbent Sarah Eidelson ’12 and Paul Chandler

’14. Twelve of 14 non-student New Haven residents who were interviewed said that Yalies should vote in municipal elections. “I think it’s really good for Yale students to be voting tomorrow,” said New Haven resident Jasmine Cannon. “The elections actually impact [Yale students] the most because everything in the city kind of revolves around Yale.” While most New Haven residents interviewed responded positively upon hearing that a number of Yale students plan to vote, a few questioned whether students should have a voice in city politics at all. Lisa Sanders, a library assistant at the New Haven Free Public Library, SEE YALIES VOTING PAGE 4

Corpse found under student apartments BY BASSEL HABBAB AND MAREK RAMILO CONTRIBUTING REPORTER AND STAFF REPORTER After more than a month of complaints from Yale students, a body found last week in a Park St. house has been removed and is being reported as a natural death. According to residents of the second- and third-floor apartment units at 162 Park St., a corpse in the firstfloor apartment unit of their house had been giving off a strong stench since September — an issue that caused them to contact their landlords

multiple times, though no actions were taken for several weeks. On the afternoon of Oct. 28, officers from the New Haven Police Department and medical crews dressed in HAZMAT suits arrived at the building to investigate the reports made by Pike on residents’ behalf. There, residents said they found the corpse of an elderly man, believed to be the unit’s former tenant. NHPD Spokesman David Hartman said that he could not comment on the issue because no crime is suspected to have occurred. SEE PIKE PAGE 4

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2013 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “A large turnout can in fact shake things up.” yaledailynews.com/opinion

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ast Tuesday night, over 500 Yale students and faculty had the honor of hearing Omid Safi, professor of Islamic Studies at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, give the keynote address at the Eid Banquet hosted by the Yale Muslim Students Association. He called on us to hold ourselves to the highest standard of radical love. It was a speech unlike any I have previously heard at Yale. Professor Safi spoke of the role of the prophet in society. Invoking the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., he called upon students not to rest easy with the status quo but to constantly re-evaluate our own actions and those of our nation and to strive towards perfection. The metric by which he asked us to judge ourselves is love — not just casual caring when it’s convenient, but the sort of love that demands sacrifice and selflessness. For, as Professor Safi claimed, we are intimately and fundamentally connected to one another, no matter the distances created by space and culture. Much is made on this campus of the supposed apathy of our generation. Activists bemoan the seeming impossibility of getting Yalies passionate about issues beyond our college walls. Others complain that much of Yale’s community outreach is fickle and unreliable, abandoned all too easily during midterms season. But for my part, I have always thought there was value in tending to one’s own garden. A meaningful life need not be defined by self-sacrifice and it is possible to be fulfilled and satisfied as a banker living in Greenwich. However, those who criticize our generation are not entirely off the mark. And that apathy they speak of runs deeper than political issues. In talking with my suitemates and friends about life after Yale, I have noticed a recurring theme. We find that we don’t know what path we want to take with our lives, and, more troublingly, we don’t have a framework within which to make that decision. I feel like I have no lens through which to evaluate the merits of different careers or post-graduation plans. I believe this is the reason that we see so many students sliding into the professions laid conveniently before them. We quite naturally and reasonably choose the path that is most comfortable and financially rewarding because we have no other metric by which to determine the value of a career. We’re all looking to build fulfilling futures, but we may be missing some necessary tools.

Certainly in my daily life I rarely consider how to guide my actions outside of simple calculations of self utility. I try to be honest and fair with those I interact with, but I rarely interrogate myself in earnest about my supposed values and whether I live up to them. So I take my classes, I do my homework, I go to meetings, but I do so routinely, without inspiration. It sounds callous to say, but I doubt it is a problem unique to myself.

BRINGING BACK THE PRINCIPLES OF THE PROPHETS Yesterday, Professor Safi presented an alternative. He asked us to consider what it would mean to bring the prophetic, Abrahamic tradition into our lives. What he outlined was a vision of radical love, where we strive to have our every action be a celebration of our common humanity. It is only through this love that we can hope to create a more just society. Professor Safi illustrated this with a quote from Cornell West: “Justice is what love looks like in public.” I believe that the most effective way to make the Yale community a force for social good is to adopt his focus on radical love. A whole class of nonprofit workers lacking fundamental motivation would never accomplish as much as one ordinary citizen who adheres to this simple but demanding maxim. It is a code which, if taken seriously, has incredible power. If every Yale banker spoke up and stood firm when asked to act immorally or imprudently, banking would soon lose its unfortunate reputation. What Yale needs then is a Great Awakening. It need not be a religious one, although I believe that Yale’s vibrant religious community has much to offer. But it must be one based upon a recognition and celebration of the value of humanity. We should strive not to be comfortable or self-righteous or superior but loving. Life is a profoundly moral thing. It is only when we begin to grapple with this fact that we can pursue more meaningful satisfaction for our lives and our community. So let us each take on the role of the prophet that Professor Safi spoke of. Let us ask ourselves and our school to live by that most exalted standard, radical love.

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retty much every semester, a column appears in these pages criticizing Directed Studies. And with good reason. While DS is a valuable and even foundational part of many Yalies’ freshmen experiences, it is quite flawed. The DS column usually appears at the beginning of each semester, sometimes written by a DS student, sometimes not. These columns are fairly predictable, and they always generate controversy. Their authors note that the writers of works read in DS are almost entirely white and male. Sometimes the columns generate responses, usually explaining in a weary tone that DS can only teach so many things, and it is, after all, a program of the Western canon. Last week, a different and inventive take on the DS column appeared in another campus publication, The Politic. There, Azeezat Adeleke ’17 performed a demographic analysis of DS. According to a survey, DS students are overwhelmingly and disproportionately white. They are also disproportionately the products of private high schools. Perhaps more shockingly, according to the article, all 20 DS professors are white. Seen through this light, DS looks awfully like a sepiatoned photo circa 1946 of white, male, privileged Yalies discuss-

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lization. But as we get closer to modern times, it is generally agreed that Western civilization consists of Western Europe and countries with European immigrants, such as the United States – in other words, areas that came to include a diverse array of writers. The second semester of DS could include a large number of minority or female writers. In previous years, it hasn’t. Where are Phillis Wheatley, Alexandre Dumas, William Wells Brown and so many others? They were living and writing in Western civilization in a time period covered by DS. Are their works not influential? Only if you believe that all credit must go to white men you could justify these consistent exclusions. But just critiquing the white, male construction of Western philosophy is not enough. We need to question why DS, and DS only, exists as a yearlong humanities program in the first place. DS was founded in 1946 to ground its students in the foundational works of history, and, according to its website, it still “serves as a strong foundation for all majors.” Maybe so. But so could a program reading the great books – sorry, Great Books – of the African canon, or Chinese canon, or Middle Eastern canon or so many

others. Western history is not the only history worth learning, and it is not the only one undergirding modernity. Let’s not forget that DS gives its students certain privileges — guaranteed small seminars with prestigious faculty, access to unique colloquia. Why are there no programs so prestigious and advantageous promoting the great works of other cultures? The only answer is the almost fetishistic adoration of a small sample of philosophers and writers who are predominantly white and male. Especially in our transnational world and multiethnic society, are Confucius and Lao Tzu really less valuable than Plato and Socrates? How about Ibn Rushd and AlGhazali, or Jafar al Sadiq and AlKhansa? Our community and world are not merely Western, so why give favored status to only Western works? So long as we have a prestigious, yearlong program celebrating one canon, we should celebrate the others. There is nothing inherently superior about the Western canon, but it gets a privileged place at Yale to the exclusion of other canons. This is worse than unfair; it’s ethnocentric. SCOTT STERN is a junior in Branford College. Contact him at scott. stern@yale.edu .

Election Day

ANNELISA LIEINBACH/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

GUE ST COLUMNIST ZUNAIRA ARSHAD

YALE DAILY NEWS PUBLISHING CO., INC. 202 York Street, New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 432-2400

EDITOR IN CHIEF Julia Zorthian

ing the white, male, privileged thinkers of yesteryear. Previous writings that have examined DS present valid criSCOTT tiques — but STERN the problem is that they think A Stern too small. We Perspective can’t just edit the syllabus to include a couple more books by women or minority authors; we need to fundamentally restructure the program to make it more representative of the full range of Western voices, or create DS-like programs that have non-Western focuses. The DS website calls the program “an interdisciplinary study of Western civilization.” Early Western civilization is traditionally defined as the Western Roman Empire and classical Greece. With that in mind, the fact that the first semester’s authors are almost entirely white and male is hardly surprising. Though professors could add the bisexual female poet Sappho (as Adeleke suggests) or the Afro-Greek writer Terence, their options are limited. Few female or minority voices have survived from early Western civi-

I L LU ST R AT I O N S E D I T O R A N N E L I SA L E I N B AC H

ISA QASIM is a junior in Jonathan Edwards College. Contact him at isa.qasim@yale.edu .

Editorial: (203) 432-2418 editor@yaledailynews.com Business: (203) 432-2424 business@yaledailynews.com

VIEW: FOR MAYOR, JUSTIN ELICKER'

Misdirected studies

GUE ST COLUMNIST ISA QASIM

Calling for radical love

'OCEANICSTEAM' ON 'NEWS'

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An undervalued resource

ow that the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library is turning 50 years old, it’s time we all start making use of it. Before last week, I had visited the Beinecke a whopping two times. I entered the library once during my Bulldog Days last year and once during Parent’s Weekend this year. All I can recall about the library from those trips is the fact that it houses the Gutenberg Bible and John J. Audubon’s “Birds of America.” After my first two trips, I was convinced that it should be called Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Museum. I got the sense that I could look at the books, but not touch. I didn’t see how I could use the resources there for practical purposes. Whenever I decide it is time to go study at a library, Beinecke is nowhere on my radar. Bass Library, Sterling Memorial Library and even the Law School Library are much more apparent in their accessibility. Those are the places a Yalie can expect to see her peers. The public exhibition areas of the Beinecke are scattered with the occasional stragglers stepping in to take a look at rare pieces that

have been put on permanent display. But otherwise, few people seem to spend time there. The Beinecke does have comfy sofa seats on the second floor for anyone hoping to use it as a study space — but they seem to go hours without any use. The News has reported that the Beinecke staff is trying to make the library more of a relevant, wellutilized space on campus. Yet I cannot think of anything that has called my attention toward the Beinecke during the two months that I have been on campus. But it not entirely up to the library staff to make the Beinecke a more accessible space —undergraduates have to play a role in that task too. Many Yalies seem to have a stigma toward the Beinecke, considering it a musky, restricted place that does not offer much practical use to students. Even though it is right in the center of campus, we treat it as though it were distant and removed. The stigma might be due in part to the heavy security enforced at the Beinecke. During my recent visit there, I was shocked by the bureaucratic system that I had to pass through just to take a peek

at the reading room. There was a security guard at the front of the library, another stationed on the first floor and the first thing you see when you go down the stairs is a third guard staring straight at you. Having seen the second floor and the public display areas before, I was more interested to learn about how I could actually see one of the books behind the glass. But when I expressed my hopes to the guard, I was told that was just not possible at the time. She told me the process to see a book in the reading room includes pre-registering as a researcher, describing your intentions for using the reading materials and describing the research you are conducting. After I had promised to do no more than walk downstairs and stay behind the glass doors, the guard at the front allowed me to glance into the reading room. Going through that experience, I could see why so many undergraduates think of the Beinecke as an inaccessible space. It made me question why the library insists on such heavy security—and when I dug a little deeper, I began to understand the bureaucracy.

In 2005, art dealer E. Forbes Smiley III was caught cutting pages out of Beinecke materials while visiting the library. After finding a knife blade on the floor of the reading room, guards began an investigation that eventually led them to Smiley — they discovered that he had stolen several rare maps, including a particularly valuable 1614 map drawn by the founder of Virginia’s Jamestown colony, Captain John Smith. Knowing that story made me more sympathetic toward the guards I encountered at the Beinecke. Their hands are tied — the multiple levels of security are only there in order to ensure that all materials are kept safe and to avoid situations similar to the 2005 incident. Rather than expecting the Beinecke staff to draw us in, undergraduates should actively seek out the valuable resources available there. The security is just a minor hurdle, and it’s there to make sure we can continue to enjoy the rare materials for decades to come. ZUNAIRA ARSHAD is a freshman in Branford College. Contact her at zunaira.arshad@yale.edu.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2013 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“How can I play baseball when I’m worried about foreign policy?” CHARLES M. SCHULZ CARTOONIST

CORRECTIONS MONDAY, NOV. 4

The article “Elm City to remain a haven?” incorrectly stated that undocumented immigrants in New Haven can now obtain a driver’s license. It should have said that they will soon be able to obtin a driver’s license. It also incorrectly stated that Alicia Camacho is the chair of the Ethnicity, Race and Migration Department; she is in fact the former Director of Undergraduate Studies.

Donilon talks foreign policy

The article “Historic run keys victory over Lions” misstated that Saturday’s game was the highest scoring event for either team. It was only the highest scoring game for Yale. FRIDAY, NOV. 1

Clarification: The fire truck siren, both Gardner and Stratton confirmed, was sounding its sirens as a result of a voter who hurt his or her ankle at the polling location. Stratton alleged the decision to wail sirens for a hurt ankle was a political decision on the part of the firefighters in support of Gardner.

Author advocates prison reform BY JOSEPH VINSON CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The right way to reform American prisons is to prevent people from going to jail in the first place, according to Piper Kerman, author of the book “Orange is the New Black,” which inspired the hit Netflix series. Kerman, who spent 13 months in a women’s prison six years after being involved in drug trafficking, spoke before nearly 200 students in the crowded Davenport common room on Monday. Drawing from her own experience of indictment, conviction and incarceration, Kerman evaluated the state of the U.S. justice system and explained her advocacy for prison reform. Kerman said her story presents “an inroad into a carceral world … a voyage through the criminal justice system.” After graduating from Smith College, Kerman became involved with drug trafficking for a short period of time. But in 1998, she was indicted for crimes she had committed six years earlier, and she served just over a year in Danbury Women’s Prison in Connecticut starting in 2004. With support from friends and family, she wrote “Orange is the New Black” soon after her release. Kerman said her motivation for writing a book was to educate people who would not usually consider the prison situation in the U.S. Kerman said personal stories provide a powerful way to convey information on serious issues, as people invest themselves more based on gut than on statistics. The most important step for prison reform is to “stop the flow of humanity” by reducing the number of people going to prison, she said. Since 80 percent of prison inmates have experienced violence or trauma before going to prison, Kerman said prison reform should first focus on mitigation methods to prevent crimes from occurring. Though U.S. crime rates are low

compared to those of some countries, American incarceration rates are exploding and recently reached 2.3 million, she said. Public opinion is against exploring options other than prison for criminals, Kerman said. She added that providing criminals with good lawyers who can advocate for more lenient sentencing is “a tough sell:” people are often reluctant to endorse the rights of felons and many remain steadfast in their views that criminals should be punished severely. The justice system is also quick to dole out unreasonably steep punishments, Kerman said, adding that 10 ounces of cocaine could earn a person 10 years in prison. Kerman said two-thirds of U.S. prisoners commit another offence after being released, which she believes exposes fundamental flaws in the prison system. Many prisoners face severe obstacles upon returning to society, ranging from mental illness to substance abuse to the struggle to find employment. Students interviewed said Kerman presented eye-opening and articulate insight on a pertinent issue.Julian Hornik ’17 said Kerman represents a “new face for prison reform.” Though the notion of a blonde, middle-class woman going to prison may seem unexpected, many people are paying attention to Kerman’s story and prison reform ideas as a result, Chelsea Watson ’17 said. Holly Reppon-Butler, a Davenport College graduate affiliate, said she agreed with Kerman that it is important for the justice system to distinguish between “people who are dangerous and people who just need help” when sentencing them. Though prison is a necessary deterrent, it should not be a default solution for all crime, Hornik said. The second season of “Orange is the New Black” will air on Netflix in 2014. Contact JOSEPH VINSON at joseph.vinson@yale.edu .

ANNELISA LEINBACH/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Tom Donilon answered a range of questions about his time with the Obama administration during his address at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. BY JACK NEWSHAM CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Tom Donilon, former national security advisor to President Obama, spoke on Monday about his years working for the Obama administration and on current challenges in American foreign policy. Donilon, currently a fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations, addressed a crowd of about 90 students, faculty and members of the public at the town hall-style event hosted by the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. During his term as national security advisor between October 2010 and June 2013, Donilon relayed information from agencies such as the National Security Agency and the Pentagon to the president during daily security briefings and advised the president on policy. “Serving in that job is kind of like dog years — one year there is like seven in a normal job,” Jim Levinsohn, the director of the Jackson Institute, said in opening remarks. After Levinsohn’s introduction, Marc Grossman, a current fellow at the Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, interviewed Donilon about his tenure in the Obama administration. Donilon said the typical daily briefing involved over three hours of preparation for a 30-minute session with the president and other officials. If he were national security advisor today, Donilon said the unfolding National Security Agency leaks would likely take top bill-

ing on a morning briefing with the president. Donilon said the NSA leaks may lead countries to “put walls around what goes on on the Internet” to avoid U.S. surveillance. After the interview, four law students and four undergraduates posed questions to Donilon on topics including the legal and ethical considerations involved in setting policies around subjects like cyberwarfare and the U.S. prison at Guantanamo Bay. Legal issues surrounding Guantanamo took a great deal of time, Donilon said, adding that the legal training he brought to the job of national security advisor proved “essential.” Each detainee’s case was reviewed to determine what should happen with them, he said. Congress made a mistake in refusing to let prisoners be relocated, Donilon said. Several questions related to U.S. relations with Pakistan, including questions on drone strikes and the killing of Osama bin Laden. “We have some fundamental issues with the Pakistanis, namely their supporting groups which now threaten their own state,” Donilon said. “We lived through a year-and-a-half or two-year period where every month there was an incident [between the U.S. and Pakistan].” Donilon said the Obama administration’s decision not to inform the Pakistani government of its plans to raid Osama bin Laden’s compound was the

product of internal debate. Other questions dealt with managing the various national security staffs of the Executive Branch. “Management is really a serious part of policy,” Donilon said. “What’s critical is implementation and accountability, and that’s the hard work in government.” Four students interviewed expressed mixed reactions to Donilon’s remarks. “He was very honest,” Carl Sandberg ’14 said, adding that he was surprised to hear about the involvement of the National Security Council in fostering free trade agreements like the TransPacific Partnership. Montserra Legorreta ’15 said the questions focused excessively on international law. She added that she would have liked to hear more on intelligence issues and intelligence gathering, especially in light of the Snowden leaks. Joseph Goodman ’14 said he would have liked to hear Donilon’s opinion on the successes and failures of the Obama administration’s foreign policy. “He tackled it data point by data point, but I would have liked for him to step back,” he said. Earlier in the day, Donilon made remarks and fielded questions in a one-hour off-the-record meeting with twelve Jackson Institute students. The last Jackson Institute town hall brought Kofi Annan to campus in spring 2013. Contact JACK NEWSHAM at jack.newsham@yale.edu .

LEAP mentors to qualify for new scholarship BY SEBASTIAN MEDINA-TAYAC STAFF REPORTER A local law firm is committing a total of $100,000 in scholarships over a 10-year period to college-bound New Haven public school seniors participating in the LEAP mentorship program. LEAP, which stands for Leadership, Education and Athletics in Partnership, was founded by former mayoral candidate Henry Fernandez LAW ’94. The program connects high school and college student counselors to children ages 6–12 living in high-poverty areas and is funded by the Connecticut Department of Education and private donors. The firm Neubert, Pepe & Monteith has been a longtime financial backer of LEAP and decided to escalate its support to commemorate the firm’s 20th anniversary. The money will come directly from their annual funds. “Our law firm wanted to make sure that we could help them get to college by removing one potential worry: money,” founder and president Gregory Pepe said. He added that the scholarship is a small way to show students that members in the community support their endeavors. The potential recipients are the organization’s College Prep Scholars, who mentor young students and work with older LEAP counselors to develop plans

for higher education. The high school graduation and college acceptance rate of the students in the program is 100 percent, according to Lucy Diaz, LEAP’s director of development. “This gives students an opportunity to explore more college options,” Principal of Augusta Lewis Troup School Michael Connor said. “This is an amazing opportunity for my students.” There is one other scholarship available specifically to high school LEAP counselors called the Jay Bovilsky Scholarship, but Diaz said the Neubert, Pepe & Monteith scholarship is uniquely helpful because it funds students through the first two years of their undergraduate studies, while the other scholarship only funds freshman year. “It’s a serious challenge students face to continue to get funding in the sophomore year,” she said. Pepe hopes the LEAP scholarship evolves into a commitment by local businesses to make sure the recipients return to New Haven after college by providing them with summer internship and job opportunities. Pepe said they came up with the idea at their last partner retreat. “We have been fortunate to be so supported by the greater New Haven community, and to have that support lead to our growth from three lawyers to 28 today,” Pepe said.

Currently, these college-bound seniors facilitate programs and projects for children in the program to inspire them to achieve academically and serve their communities, Connor said. Many counselors started out in the Children’s Program themselves and are able to relate to them beyond the academic scope, he added. According to Diaz, 58 percent of the children’s families are on government assistance and 78 percent live in a household that makes under $40K per year. Diaz said that LEAP is one of the best programs for students in New Haven and provides social and emotional support for children.” The scholarship will join two others students can look forward to when applying for college: the Gear Up scholarship from the Connecticut Department of Higher Education, and the New Haven Promise scholarship from Yale. “We need to promote the mindset that college is not only an option, but the only option,” Connor added. The criteria for the scholarship application process has not been rolled out yet, according to Pepe, but the logistics will be worked out soon. Last year, 644 children enrolled in LEAP’s literary project read 9,655 books. Contact SEBASTIAN MEDINA-TAYAC at sebastian.medina-tayac@yale.edu .

SARAH BRULEY/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The LEAP program, founded by Henry Fernandez LAW ’94, brings opportunities to students in high-poverty areas of the city.

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2013 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“When a man has lost all happiness, he’s not alive. Call him a breathing corpse.” SOPHOCLES ANCIENT GREEK TRAGIC PLAYWRIGHT

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Contested Wards of New Haven Polling Locations

Ward 1: New Haven Free Public Library Ward 6: New Horizons School Ward 8: Conte/West Hills Mag School Ward 10: Cross High School Ward 11: Bella Vista Ward 25: Edgewood Magnet School Ward 27: Mitchell Library

YALIES VOTING FROM PAGE 1 said that because Yale students are typically only temporary residents of New Haven they should not be eligible to vote in New Haven’s municipal elections. “They are only here for four years, so I wonder whether they even are familiar with the local issues,” she said. “I also think students are likely to just vote for the candidate who is friendlier towards Yale, but there’s a lot more to the city that needs to be considered.” Sanders said that a national law that only allows students to vote in their home states rather than in the state where they attend college should be considered as a viable alternative to the current situation. Sly Williams, a private contractor for the New Haven based company S Williams Home Improvement, echoed Sanders’ uncertainty about Yalies voting tomorrow, saying that because students usually live in New Haven for a short time, they may not have a stake in city politics. But legislation preventing students from voting in their college town would be unfair to those who do plan on settling in New Haven, he added. Still, Williams said that when he attended college in New York, he did not feel connected to local politics, so he doubts whether current Yalies are involved in New Haven. “City politics do affect students, but if students are only going to be here for four years, then I don’t think they should be voting because the policies don’t really have any long-term impact on them,” he said.

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Yale students who plan to vote today disagreed, saying that four years is enough time to become part of a city. Liz Zhang ’16 a Houstonian who is registered to vote in Connecticut, said that although she understands why some residents might be frustrated when students with no knowledge of city politics decide on a whim to vote in city elections, students are affected by local political issues during their four years in New Haven. Yale dining worker Tekiya Cutino also noted that New Haven could change significantly during a student’s tenure at Yale, so students should voice their opinions by voting. It has not always been easy for students to vote in the state where they attend school, Yale spokesperson Mike Morand ’87 DIV ’93 said in an email to the News. He added that voting in the state where you go to school is a way to honor the efforts of those who worked to improve the rights of student voters. In some states, students are still struggling to vote in their college towns. In August 2013, North Carolina Governor Pat McCroy signed revisions to the state’s election laws, eliminating college IDs from the list of valid forms of identification for voters and instead requires voters to show specific types of government-issued IDs. While this legislation does not overtly restrict out-of-state students from voting in North Carolina, it does create an extra hurdle for students who do not have a driver’s license from NC. While Sanders said that this type of legislation could be a good way to ensure that temporary student residents do not

133 Elm Street 103 Hallock Avenue 511 Chapel Street 181Mitchell Drive 343 Eastern Street 737 Edgewood Avenue 37 Harrison

have too much of a voice in government, Ward 1 resident Katherine Aragón ’14 said that such measures precluding students from voting are ridiculous. “Lots of people move within four years anyway, so students have every right to vote in a city where they might only be living temporarily,” she said. Ultimately, Aragón said, it should be a student’s choice whether they vote in their home state or in their college state. The majority of students who were interviewed said that their decision of where to register ultimately depended on how impactful their vote would be in their home state versus in Connecticut. Of the 15 eligible student out-of-state student voters who were interviewed, six said they plan to vote in their home state because their vote would “count more.” Abby Okazaki ’16 said that she registered to vote in her home state of Hawaii last year because she felt it was important to vote in her home state’s senate elections, where incumbent Daniel Akaka was stepping down after serving three terms. “I knew that election would be super important for the future of Hawaii, and I wanted to vote for someone who I felt would do a good job,” she said. All students who decided to register in Connecticut said that their vote has a greater influence here than in their home state. Eight of Yale’s 12 residential colleges are a part of Ward 1 and the remaining four are divided between Wards 7 and 22. Contact POOJA SALHOTRA at pooja.salhotra@yale.edu .

SARAH ECKINGER/SENIOR PHOTOGRAPHER

Residents disturbed by the smell said that Pike International was difficult to deal with and unresponsive to their complaints. PIKE FROM PAGE 1 Multiple residents of the house, as well as their neighbors, said that they witnessed police officers entering the apartment, and that the officers on the scene confirmed that a corpse had been removed. “The smell was becoming better due to the cold weather, and it got really bad when [residents] started turning the heat on,” said Hyungmi Lim ’15, a student who was living at the house when the body was discovered and has since moved out. “And this is around the time I discovered maggots coming out of the doorway.” The apartments in the building are managed by Pike International, a real estate services company that specializes in leasing apartments in the New Haven area to Yale students. When the smell from the first-floor apartment unit became a problem, building residents said they reached out to Pike repeatedly in hopes that the company would send maintenance crews. Lim said dealing with Pike proved extremely difficult. Attempts by residents to receive temporary housing because of concerns about the smell involved “a lot of pulling teeth,” she said, adding that Pike representatives said it was not the company’s responsibility to give residents new housing, since the death of the first-floor resident could not be attributed to the company. A Monday night email to all residents at 162 Park St. from Samuel Hecht, a manager at Pike, said that the building’s residents would be allowed to opt

out of their lease with no penalty. The email added that if residents chose to continue living in the house, they would be credited one month of rent. “Unfortunately, the death of [the resident] has disturbed your stay in your home and we are very sorry about this,” Hecht said in the email. “We will have the building cleaned up by an environmental company in the next few days.” Though the body was finally cleared in late October, the residents of 162 Park St. said that they continue to stay away from the building. Lim, who temporarily moved to a new address along with Carl Runge ’13, another resident of the second-floor apartment, said she is prepared to permanently vacate the apartment once the lease and security deposit with Pike have been dealt with. No information other than the deceased’s last name — Valuckas — has surfaced. Runge said that neither tenants nor Pike managers of the building were very familiar with the man. “[Pike has] been unable, for the entirety of his stay in the building, to see his apartment or inspect it for health codes, because he would deny them entry,” Runge said. Currently, the building is unoccupied, as the second- and thirdfloor residents all secured alternative temporary housing this week. Pike’s main leasing office is located at 19 Howe St. Contact BASSEL HABBAB at bassel.habbab@yale.edu and MAREK RAMILO at marek.ramilo@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2013 · yaledailynews.com

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NEWS

“I was 32 when I started cooking; up until then, I just ate.” JULIA CHILD AMERICAN CHEF AND TV PERSONALITY

Students practice Asian cooking BY RACHEL SIEGEL CONTRIBUTING REPORTER This year, students who wish to cook or sample traditional Asian dishes need look no further than the kitchen of the Asian American Cultural Center. Since the start of the fall semester, the AACC has begun a series of workshops titled “Connect with Cooking.” Interested or culinarily inclined students can sign up for classes — which last multiple hours each — where they can learn how to cook Asian cuisine. Due to the popularity of the AACC’s first two classes, which were held in September and October, AACC coordinators have decided to establish the workshops as a permanent series, with sessions running once every few weeks throughout the rest of the academic year. “To us, food is a form of culture,” said Tony Chen ’15, arts co-coordinator of the AACC. “The process of making this art is what we want people to experience.” At each workshop, which is led by a volunteer student chef, students can choose to participate in the preparation of the food and then enjoy their own dishes, or they can come midway through the workshop for only the dinner. The student chef who leads the workshop creates the evening’s menu well in advance and then coordinates with AACC staff members to settle on the workshop’s specific date. This year’s cooking series stems from the organization’s desire to connect with students regardless of their racial backgrounds, and it aims to bring people into the AACC who might not otherwise visit, said AACC Arts Co-Coordinator Simona Shimeng ’16. Through each workshop, she said, students learn about different regional Asian foods while socializing with peers or newfound friends. “You get to meet people that you normally wouldn’t meet because they’d be eating in other dining halls,” said Qingyang Chen ’17, an AACC member who

has attended both classes so far this semester. “I felt like I was back at home eating my mom’s cooking.” At the most recent workshop, which took place during fall break, student chef Luming Chen ’14 led the preparation of traditional Chinese Sichuan food. Chen — who prepared for the workshop by picking up ingredients from local grocery stores — said he greatly enjoyed sharing his love for spicy food with other students. Hardly hesitating to add some kick to his fish fillet, mapo tofu and Chinese broccoli, Chen recalled that the students at his workshop probably used up a “whole jar of spicy bean paste, more than a quart of crushed red chili peppers and probably around a cup of Sichuan peppercorn.” “[The workshop] is a great way to sample delicious dishes from various Asian cultures,” he said. “[And] for people who like to cook, the cooking series is a great way to share your food with friends and classmates.” The first cooking workshop, which served as a kickoff dinner, featured pork belly and bok choy. Though a cooking glitch during this workshop caused some pieces of rice to not be fully cooked, Qingyang Chen said the chef was able to teach and cook without following a strict recipe. Because Chinese cooking usually does not follow recipes anyway, the workshop easily adapted to a freehand teaching style, Chen added. Though interested in learning Asian cooking, several students interviewed said they wished they had more free time to attend one of the workshops. “I probably don’t go because my schedule does not permit it,” said Melia Bernal ’17. “[But] they don’t do Asian food right in the dining hall, so it’s nice to have authentic food somewhere on campus.” All sessions are capped at 16 students to keep the setting intimate and ensure that there is enough food to go around. Contact RACHEL SIEGEL at rachel.siegel@yale.edu .

KEN YANAGISAWA/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

A series of workshops hosted by the Asian American Cultural Center teach interested students how to cook a variety of Asian dishes.

Activist challenges perceptions of autism

KATHRYN CRANDALL/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Lydia Brown, a Georgetown student with autism, argued that traditional disability narratives are dehumanizing during her Monday Master’s Tea. BY JIWON LEE STAFF REPORTER For Lydia Brown, autism is not a deficiency to be cured — it is a concrete part of her identity. Brown, who is an autistic and multiply-disabled disability rights activist, as well as a student at Georgetown University, spoke to roughly 20 students and community members at a Saybrook Master’s Tea on Monday afternoon. She shared her experiences as a project assistant for the Autistic Self Advocacy Network and explained why she believes people should view autism and other disabilities as an individual’s traits rather than deficits. Brown emphasized that the social

view of autism as an abnormality should be changed, in order to create a more inclusive social community for autistic individuals. “When I was diagnosed with autism, my immediate response was ‘Oh, that means there is something wrong with me,’” Brown said in her talk. “I didn’t have any other way to conceptualize myself.” There is a common view of autism as a pathology even amongst people who are trying to raise general awareness about autism, Brown said. But she added that this should not be the dominant narrative. Rather than associating a disability like autism with a medical diagnosis or a “deviance from the normal

template,” she said people should have a more open-minded sense of diversity and simply view a disability as an atypical way that a certain person processes thoughts or actions. The Autistic Self Advocacy Network, the organization for which Brown works, seeks to fight against restraint or seclusion of autistic individuals and to effect policy changes that advocate the rights of those with autism. The Autistic Self Advocacy Network played a major role in shutting down a series of advertisements from New York Children’s Hospital in 2007 that portrayed autism as an undesirable pathology that should be eradicated. Though the hospi-

tal intended to raise awareness of autism, she said, the advertisements were an example of a dehumanizing attack on autistic individuals. Brown added that advocacy for disabled people should not only try to create a more inclusive environment, but that it should also aim to bring about the institutional changes that would support those with disabilities. “Achieving justice in the way that we [deal with] medicine and health care is critical to achieving justice for disabled people,” she said. Currently, Brown is a student of Arabic and psychology at Georgetown, planning to pursue a law degree to further carry out

her advocacy activity. She hopes to ultimately found an organization that represents disabled people who have been accused of crimes and provides policy recommendations that justly represent the rights of the disabled, she said. Students interviewed after the talk said that they found Brown an inspiring speaker, especially because she addressed autism in the context of her personal experience as well as her activism around the issue. Christina Kim ’16 said that although she had understood the importance of social inclusion for disabled people before the talk, she found it refreshing that Brown stressed the importance of changing public pol-

icy and social perception, rather than focusing solely on the medical research aspect of autism. “Although I think complete dependence on the diversity paradigm may be problematic, I was impressed by her activism to bring legitimate accommodations for disabled people,” said Jacob Bennett ’16. Brown has served on the Adult Services Subcommittee of the Massachusetts Special Commission Relative to Autism, in addition to drafting legislation on autism awareness amongst law enforcement officials. She has also been named a White House Champion of Change. Contact JIWON LEE at jiwon.lee@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2013 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

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KillerRed illuminates neurons

People with divorced friends are 270 percent more likely to get divorced themselves.

Divorce spreads like contagion BY VIVIAN WANG CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

KAREN TIAN/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

BY PHOEBE KIMMELMAN CONTRIBUTING REPORTER A new Yale-led study may help scientists develop novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The team developed a new fluorescent protein called KillerRed that reveals how neurons in roundworms respond to damage. The study, which was published in the journal Cell Reports on Oct. 31, found that cells affected by KillerRed generated the same molecules produced by various neurodegenerative disorders. “One of the biggest challenges in biology is the real time and precise manipulation of single cells in vivo,” Yale professor of cell biology Daniel Colon-Ramos, who was not involved in the study, said

in an email to the News. “In recent years we have seen great progress on this topic. [This] study adds to this important repertoire.” KillerRed causes neurons to produce the same toxic molecules generated by neurodegenerative diseases. The researchers found that certain neurons are resistant to KillerRed activation, which suggests that these neurons have a better ability to resist these toxic chemicals and potentially the effects of neurodegenerative disease. The research team, which included investigators from Yale, Harvard, University of Queensland in Australia and Georgia Tech, sought to alter the way that neuron circuits work in a way researchers could easily analyze in the lab, said study lead author Hang Lu,

a professor at Georgia Tech’s School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. The KillerRed protein allows researchers to kill specific groups of neurons and observe the resulting changes in brain circuits and in behavior. KillerRed has already had a positive impact on the research at Yale labs. Yale professor of molecular biophysics and biochemistry Michael Koelle said the protein represents a significant advance in the field of optogenetics, which uses biomedical engineering techniques and optical technology to manipulate the activity of neurons. Koelle, who has already used the technique in his lab, said KillerRed enables scientists to kill otherwise unharmed neurons and examine them in isolation before the body starts adapting to the effects of neuro-

nal damage. “The lab has really worked out all the necessary technical details to get the technology working well and has really validated that the technology works well, quickly, and in many types of neurons,” Koelle wrote in an email to the News. Lu said she is optimistic KillerRed will play a significant role in future research, as the technique can help reveal how neurons change during development, how they contribute to behavior and how they change with age and disease. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, one in eight older Americans suffers from Alzheimer’s disease.

Alcohol dependence has long been known to be more common among men than women. And now, Yale researchers think they have found the genetic root of this difference. Researchers at the Yale School of Medicine analyzed the genetic code of 2,927 individuals and found that two mutations in a gene on the X-chromosome correlated with alcoholism in men but not women. The finding has implications for developing new treatments for alcoholism through targeting the gene and its protein products, said Yale professor of psychiatry and study author Lingjun Zuo. “There is significant interest in studying sex differences related to addiction,” said study author and Yale professor of psychiatry and neurobiology John Krystal. Sampling alcoholic subjects and controls from across seven states, the study revealed that mutations to the gene NLGN4X on the X-chromosome correlated with alcoholism. Since women have two copies of the X-chromosome, the only significant effects of the NLGN4X gene were seen in men — who only need one copy of the gene to be affected, Krystal said. While the study did not investigate how the protein product of

the gene caused alcoholism, previous research suggested the protein plays at least two key functions in the brain, said Xingguang Luo, associate research scientist for psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine and study author. The protein works at the synapse of glutamate neurons, which are key in controlling excitation and inhibition in the brain. Luo said this suggests a deficiency in NLGN4X can lead to deficits in cognitive processing and an imbalance in impulsivity. About 50 percent of variation in alcoholism is attributed to genetics while the other half can be influenced by environmental factors, said Yale professor of psychiatry Lingjun Zuo. The study revealed a correlation between the gene only among European-American males and not those of African descent, and Luo said this may be due to social factors having a greater impact on the drinking behavior of those of African descent. The research team is continuing the study with a larger subject population. Zuo said he hopes to pursue how the gene could be targeted to prevent and treat alcoholism. Almost 16,000 people die each year from alcohol-induced liver disease. Contact STEPHANIE ROGERS at stephanie.rogers@yale.edu .

BY PIERRE ORTLIEB CONTRIBUTING REPORTER New Yale professor of psychology David Rand wants to make the world a better place by understanding how people cooperate. From minute biological beings to massive banking behemoths, Rand’s work examines why collaboration happens, and the consequences it can have through the lens of not only psychology, but also game theory, computer science and financial modeling. Rand received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 2009, and in 2012, Wired Magazine listed him as one of the “50 People Who Will Change the World.” The News talked with Rand about his hopes for research, the economics of cooperation and why he chose Yale. you explain what the acaQCould demic essence of your research and

its findings has been, and why your interdisciplinary focus lies with cooperation specifically?

A

What I’m fundamentally interested in is why people pay costs to benefit others — that’s what I mean by cooperation. I want to understand from an ultimate causal perspective why people have come to be cooperative, and what we can do to make people more cooperative. I combine a lot of different people and fields, but my approach is primarily influenced by game theory. I like to distill things down to a simple set of choices, and then I look at how different elements of the situation decide peoples’ choices, such as in the Ultimatum game. Then I combine that with computational models.

KATHRYN CRANDALL/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

A study at the School of Medicine discovered a genetic factor in men that contributes to alcoholism.

MOHAN YIN/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

person, the authors wrote in the study. The findings open multiple avenues for future research, sociology professor Emily Erikson said in an email to the News. The idea that social context influences people’s patterns of behavior is not new, she said, but breaking down a pattern like divorce into elements like network ties is what makes this research

particularly interesting. In the future, Erikson said other elements like cultural norms could be investigated as factors contributing to the spread of divorce. “I think we need to realize that any kind of social policy has network effects,” Christakis said. “Social networks magnify whatever they are seeded with. If we have policies in place

that encourage or discourage divorce, social networks will make them have a bigger impact than they otherwise would.” Attention for the study itself may have been magnified when it appeared as number three on Stephen Colbert’s ThreatDown, the talk show host’s recurring countdown of what he views

as the greatest threats to America. “The real threat to marriage is threat number three: divorce. Didn’t see that one coming, did you?” Colbert said in his Oct. 30 segment. “I adore [Colbert],” McDermott said. “[Having him mention my research] was one of my ultimate life dreams coming true. Nothing could have made

me happier. It was the one thing that made all the work worthwhile.” According to the American Psychological Association, 40 to 50 percent of marriages in the United States end in divorce. Contact VIVIAN WANG at vivian.y.wang@yale.edu .

Rand to study cooperation

Contact PHOEBE KIMMELMAN at phoebe.kimmelman@yale.edu .

Alcoholism gene found in males BY STEPHANIE ROGERS CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

People who have a divorced friend are three times more likely to get divorced themselves, according to a new Yale study. Through analyzing an existing data set of 5,000 people from Framingham, Mass., researchers found divorce may be contagious among friend groups. Not only can divorcees be found in the same social circles, but they can also influence their friends’ likelihood of divorcing. This finding has implications for understanding how a range of social phenomena spread, said director of Yale’s Human Nature Lab and study senior author Nicholas Christakis ’84. “Humans are copycats, and we copy each other in all kinds of ways,” Christakis said. “We’ll copy each other when it comes to drug use and bank robbery, and equally when it comes to marital stability and cooperation.” The idea for the study came when Rose McDermott, the study’s lead author and professor of political science at Brown, noticed that many people she knew were getting divorced at the same time as she was, McDermott said in an email to the News. This led her to suspect that people whose friends divorce are themselves more likely to divorce as well. The researchers found that effects of divorce extend to two degrees of separation — the divorce of a friend’s friend can affect one’s own marriage — and that people who have a friend who is previously divorced are 270 percent more likely to get divorced themselves. The study also investigated the degree of contagion involved with different types of relationships. The health of the marriages of one’s friends, the authors found, is more important than the marriages of one’s siblings, neighbors or co-workers, Christakis said, but the study was unable to conclude why this effect exists. Christakis said multiple factors may cause divorce to spread in social circles, including divorced friends showing that life after divorce may be better, or an environmental or social factor that affects the entire group. “I think we need to know a lot more about how and why these effects happen,” McDermott said. “We can show that they happen but we can only speculate as to why with the data we have.” Previous studies had explored the effects of social environments on relationships — for example, how the number of friends a couple shares affects their marriage — but not the opposite direction: how relationships affect social networks. In addition, personto-person effects of divorce had been studied, but not person-to-person-to-

is it that inspired you to QWhat integrate a range of fields including economics, computer science and psychology in your research?

A

I actually started as an evolutionary biologist, working in evolutionary game theory. We looked at, for instance, what was favored by natural selection, and I made a lot of models to gather data on these situations. I thought that [the models] were really cool, but I also wanted to look at what real people actually do in the modern world; I wanted to see if these things corresponded to real life. At that point, I got more and more into social game theory, and then the actual psychology of decision-making.

made you want to continue QWhat this research at Yale specifically rather than somewhere else?

A

I think the biggest thing, the most important factor was the collection of faculty in psychology, management and economics that were doing really exciting work that was also closely aligned to what I was interested in. People like Paul Bloom and George Newman, they’re all interested in things like morality and combining them with evolution; I combine really well with other faculty members here. I felt like people at Yale were genuinely excited about the fact that my work is interdisciplinary, and they also gave me the chance to actually explain what I was doing to them — which is a rare thing.

the concrete substance of QWhat’s your research at the moment? Are you in the lab or in the field?

A

At the moment, most of the paradigms I’m using are economic game paradigms, involving people making real decisions regarding themselves and, say, dividing the money, like in the Ultimatum game. Peoples’ first response is to be altruistic, but then when they think about it, they lean more and more towards selfishness. The work that I’m doing

at the moment is trying to demonstrate why that might be. it comes to these economic QWhen games about fairness, do you see behavior in the lab mimic that of the real world? To what degree can we transfer your findings to the real world?

A

When you find yourself in the unusual situation of these lab experiments, your first response is to keep treating it like the real world, where it is a game of reputational consequences. But when you think about it, you realize: “Oh, this is actually different.” At the moment we’re trying new experiments where we get people used to collaborating for a long time, getting into the habit of doing it, and then we show that the people getting used to cooperating are more willing to punish selfishness. This can then be applied to how we build institutions, and how to create cooperative tendencies.

are your long-term goals for QWhat your research here at Yale?

A

I think that cooperation and understanding how to encourage pro-sociality, cooperation and altruism is a fundamental cornerstone of our society. I want to move from these lab experiments to field experiments, and see how we can increase cooperation, especially in a world where the calculus of self-interest undermines social predispositions. This is not only for policymakers from the governments but also for managers of big organizations, to help people design the world and their sub-worlds in ways that will lead people to be good to each other. Basically, I’m trying to make the world a better place. Contact PIERRE ORTLIEB at pierre.ortlieb@yale.edu .

ALEXANDRA SCHMELING/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

New professor David Rand looks to understand the basis for cooperation in terms of psychology, economics and computer science.