Today's Paper

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · VOL. CXXXVII, NO. 80 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

SUNNY CLOUDY

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CROSS CAMPUS

RISKY BUSINESS GAMING ADDICTS MORE RISKS

UNCHAINED

LOOKING FORWARD

Two state reps introduce bills to reduce shackling of juveniles in court.

SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH TURNS 100 YEARS OLD

PAGES 10–11 SCI-TECH

PAGE 3 CITY

PAGE 3 SCI-TECH

Storm drops 1.5 feet of snow

Yale Daily Super Bowl item.

If you thought your suite got tense over Sunday’s fourth quarter finish, it didn’t. The New Haven Police Department reported that several officers (including some from the SWAT team) had to respond to the post-game scene at a house on Cedar Hill Avenue. There, one man threatened another with a pistol after a “gamerelated argument erupted.”

It’s happening. Last night,

a group of Harvard CS50 student staffers launched recruiting efforts for their Yale counterparts — who will help lead the imported course in New Haven next year — by promoting a series of February information sessions about the class’s TF program. We’re still not sure if this is an olive branch or a hostile takeover.

Dubious. Such is one word

to describe James Franco’s association with Yale. But the movie star is flexing the literary chops that made him an ENGL 125 teaching assistant by bringing a little-known John Steinbeck novel to the big screen. “In Dubious Battle,” published in 1936, will receive the full Hollywood treatment, with a cast that currently includes Bryan Cranston, Ed Harris and Selena Gomez.

PAGE 12 SPORTS

Faculty weigh in on ethics code

take it seriously. It’s a public safety issue.”

City Economic Development Administrator Matthew Nemerson SOM ’81 reiterated the importance of the parking ban in an email sent to the New Haven business community and city residents this afternoon. The ban will expedite snow clearance, which will allow businesses to re-open as soon as pos-

In the next two weeks, faculty will have the opportunity to voice their opinions on a new document that lays out specific standards of ethical conduct.

In an effort to ensure that the University’s published statements fully reflect its focus on ethical conduct, University President Peter Salovey and Provost Benjamin Polak convened an Ad Hoc Committee on Faculty Standards of Conduct in May 2014 to draw up one centralized code of faculty conduct. Formerly, many of these standards were articulated in the Faculty Handbook, but others were not explicitly stated, Salovey and Polak explained in an email to University faculty last week.

From now until Feb. 16, faculty will have the chance to provide thoughts or suggestions on the draft document, with the option of commenting anonymously.

“Faculty, like all members of the Yale community, are responsible for adhering to the highest ethical and professional standards,” Salovey and Polak said in the email. “Whereas many of these standards are stated explicitly in the Faculty Handbook and other records of University policy, others are not articulated in any Yale document. As a result, the University’s published statements do not fully reflect our shared commitment to the highest ethical standards.”

The draft document currently features three sections — Teaching and Training Standards, Scholarship and Professional Standards and Standards in Respect to Colleagues and the University. Each section explains the gen-

SEE SNOW PAGE 4

SEE FACULTY REVIEW PAGE 6

Even though yesterday’s conditions actually felt more like a blizzard than last week’s letdown did, Yale wasn’t the only local institution to insist on continuing with classes today. The University of New Haven, Quinnipiac and Southern Connecticut State University are all in session for (at least part of) Tuesday.

WEEKEND is now accepting applications for its annual Valentine’s Day competition, The Blindest Date. If chosen, your February could be a little less gloomy, courtesy of an all-expense-paid date with ... some rando that your fellow Yale students want to see you with for whatever reason. Put yourself in Cupid’s line of fire.

Leading scorer Justin Sears ’16 talks about the Elis’ success on the court

BY EMMA PLATOFF STAFF REPORTER

We’re not the only ones.

Better than Tinder.

BASKETBALL

KEN YANAGISAWA/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Winter storm Linus came as a shock to many students who did not expect such a powerful storm.

BY ERICA PANDEY STAFF REPORTER As snow fell heavily Monday afternoon, Mayor Toni Harp extended the citywide parking ban overnight, while University snow crews plowed pathways around campus to clear the foot and a half of snow that had accumulated over the course of the day.

The parking ban, which began at 1 a.m. Monday and was set to

last until further notice, will not be lifted until 6 a.m. Tuesday. The ban, Harp said in an email, allows emergency snow-clearing vehicles better access to city streets. City Hall spokesperson Laurence Grotheer said over 400 cars have been ticketed and towed since the parking ban was issued yesterday morning.

“The parking ban is the most critical part of the city’s response to the storm,” Grotheer said. “Residents should realize the city is going to

OCS expands public service resources

BY TYLER FOGGATT STAFF REPORTER After more than a third of the class of 2014 went into public service following graduation, the Office of Career Strategy has increased the number of resources available for students interested in these opportunities.

When OCS began collecting data detailing the summer and post-graduation endeavors of students, OCS Director Jeanine Dames said the office

was surprised by the large number of students pursuing careers in public service directly after leaving Yale. The office defines public service in the broadest possible sense, Dames said — including any career at a government, non-profit, educational or non-governmental.

She added that at Yale’s peer institutions, it is typical for students to wait two or three years before entering these types of careers.

“One of the reasons so many students choose to enter public

service right away is because the curriculum here at Yale prepares them for a variety of careers, and the public service sector is very broad,” Dames said. “But I also think the financial aid model allows students to make these choices, because they’re not coming out [of school] with enormous amounts of debt.”

OCS Director of Strategic Initiatives and Public Service Careers Robyn Acampora said the office’s expansion of its public service programming is an attempt to cater to the large

number of students seeking work in the field. OCS now has two advisors on staff who are dedicated to planning programming around the areas of government, nonprofit and education, she said. Acampora added that the office also organized several public service events in the fall, namely the Government Networking Event, the Education Networking Event and the Student Public Interest Internship Fair.

Acampora and OCS Assistant Director Stephanie Waite are

currently planning a series of job search strategy sessions for seniors looking for public service careers.

“These sessions will focus on various areas such as nonprofit, government and education, and we will identify challenges in the job search, facilitate group brainstorming for solutions and assist seniors in creating an action plan,” Acampora said.

She added that other upcomSEE OCS PAGE 6

Fed up. Yesterday, the Wall

Street Journal wrote that Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen GRD ’71 is ready to stand tall against an “Audit the Fed” movement within Congress that would subject the Central Bank to stricter oversight in crafting monetary policy. Could be a lot of Yellen yellin’ (at U.S. Senator Rand Paul) in the near future.

FT Tea. A master’s tea in

Branford this afternoon will bring in Della Bradshaw, the Financial Times’ Business Education Editor who launched the publication’s b-school rankings list in 1999.

THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1966 The University goes digital for the first time, switching to a computer-based course evaluation system to generate a higher response rate from students.

Follow the News on Twitter.

@yaledailynews

ONLINE y MORE goydn.com/xcampus

State deficit lower than expected

BY MICHELLE LIU STAFF REPORTER Connecticut Comptroller Kevin Lembo bolstered spirits in Gov. Dannel Malloy’s office Monday, finding that the state’s fiscal situation is not as dire as previously forecast.

In a financial report released Monday, Lembo projected the 2015 fiscal year deficit to be $89.4 million, well under the $170.9 million deficit projected by the state legislature’s nonpartisan Office of Fiscal Analysis last week. As a result, Malloy’s administration will not be required to devise a formal budget deficit mitigation plan for the state legislature, a measure required when the comptroller’s office projects a deficit higher than 1 percent of the budget.

The state budget is currently projected to be $17.5 billion, according to the CT Mirror.

GYMNASTICS

All-around strong showing

Lembo’s prediction follows contention over the scale of the deficit. The comptroller’s prediction was more in line with that of Malloy’s budget office — the Office of Policy and Management — which put the figure at $120.9 million.

I don’t see [Malloy] closing the deficit altogether but he’s probably on safe ground politically.

GARY ROSE “Based on current spending trends and realized lapses over SEE BUDGET DEFICIT PAGE 4

In the first annual Don Tonry Invitational, the Yale gymnastics team set a season-high for points.

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “Thirteen Years of Prohibition Just Weren't Enough” yaledailynews.com/opinion

Bystanders for YOUR LETTERS mental health opinion@yaledailynews.com

A

lmost exactly two years ago, the Yale College Dean’s Office instituted a mandatory bystander intervention program for sophomores to train students to intervene in situations leading to sexual assault and to foster a campus culture with less sexual violence. While I have no idea whether the bystander intervention program has been effective, the central principle behind it is compelling: Take an almost intractable problem with our campus culture and teach students how to mitigate its dayto-day consequences through their actions. The problem of sexual assault on college campuses is large and deep-rooted — the bystander intervention program gives members of our community the tools to help make things better in individual, everyday situations.

In the wake of last Tuesday’s tragedy — when Luchang Wang '17 took her life — the challenge of mental illness at Yale seems more relevant than ever.

Over half of all undergraduates will seek assistance for mental health issues during their time at Yale, and it is clear that our community is not providing the level of medical support they need. Every semester, student testimonials draw attention to the numerous issues with Yale Health’s Mental Health and Counseling Department, and the University’s opaque policies on withdrawal and readmission worsen matters further.

Yet the framework of the bystander intervention program can be instructive in the case of mental health. Even if we cannot immediately address the root causes of mental illness on campus, and even if it takes time for Yale to drastically improve its mental health services and associated policies, our community can work to teach each other how to be more supportive of those with mental health issues. We are bystanders every day to those suffering from mental illness, and there are small, concrete ways in which we can help make things better for them.

It is unambiguous that nothing is more important for helping those with mental illness than professional counseling and assistance. Yet, the support of one’s friends and community can sometimes make a difference. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services lists “community” as one of the “four dimensions of recovery” from mental illness and emphasizes the important role that friends and family can play in recognizing signs of mental health problems in loved ones.

Mentalhealth.gov, a project of the Department of Health and Human Services, lists several tips for the friends of those who might have mental health issues: continuing to include them in plans without being overbearing, being responsive

when mental health issues come up and offering to help with everyday tasks, to name a few.

The website SCOTT offers GREENBERG also several sample questions The Segue for starting conversations about mental health and ways to recognize when others are suffering.

Yet, very few of us have an intuitive grasp of these steps.

We feel awkward when talking about mental illness, not sure what to say or how we can help.

Speaking personally, even having read through most of Mentalhealth.gov, I would not really know how to offer a friend with mental health issues much more than a hug and a reassurance of my continued support.

Our community needs something analogous to the bystander intervention program, but focused on mental illness: training sessions for how to show support, sensitivity and respect to those closest to us with mental health issues.

Obviously, intervention is the entirely wrong word here. The sessions would discuss how to offer friends help without being prying, overbearing or alienating.

A mental health bystander program should definitely not be mandatory for all students because bureaucratic requirements are rarely as meaningful as voluntary participation, and because the issues in question are particularly sensitive. Nor does it even necessarily need to be organized by the administration. Ideally, the program would help create a campus culture where those with mental health issues know that there are many other students who are comfortable having conversations with them and able to give them support.

Sexual assault and mental illness are different problems, yet both stem from root causes that we cannot easily eliminate, and both can be alleviated in small but important ways in day-today life when we come together as a community.

One of the boldest moral exhortations in the Western tradition is found in Leviticus: “Do not stand idly by the blood of your neighbor.” While we push Yale to improve its support for students with mental health issues, we can also take steps ourselves to become a more supportive community, to transform ourselves from bystanders to part of the solution.

SCOTT GREENBERG is a senior in Ezra Stiles College. His column runs on Tuesdays. Contact him at scott.greenberg@yale.edu .

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'ANUBIS' ON 'BAN

BLACKOUTS'

Equalize the college experience Over the course of the past few weeks, there has been an ongoing discussion on our campus about Yale’s financial aid policies. Last week, Yale’s Dean of Undergraduate Admissions Jeremiah Quinlan and Director of Student Financial Services Caesar Storlazzi publicly joined this important conversation through a column in the News (“The truth about Yale’s financial aid,” Jan. 30). They published their column as a public response to the financial aid report the Yale College Council released on Jan. 8.

I enjoyed Quinlan and Storlazzi’s informative op-ed. In particular, I was encouraged by their professed commitment to ensuring that Yale increases its accessibility to students from all backgrounds but also better clarifies its existing financial aid policies to prospective and current students. That being said, I wish the op-ed had done more to address the substantial rise in the expected student contribution over the past five years, a rise that has significantly outpaced the rate of inflation.

Until now, administrators have not provided satisfactory answers for why the number keeps rising. They cite the expected contributions at our peer institutions and the need for our students to have a stake in their education or, as they put it, “skin in the game.” Neither answer is good enough.

Although peers can be helpful guides, ultimately decisions regarding financial aid should be based on what is best for the Yale community. Yale's financial aid policies exist not to provide a competitive advantage but, to paraphrase the words of University President Peter Salovey, to put the ladder of opportunity within reach for any student deserving of a seat at Yale.

Quinlan and Storlazzi noted in their column that Yale has been a leader on need-based financial aid since 1964. If this tradition of leadership is to continue, important financial aid decisions cannot be guided by a desire to follow what Harvard and Princeton are doing.

Rather, our goal should be, as closely as is possible, to tie success at the University to individual merit and perseverance rather than a family’s socioeconomic status. Regardless of what Harvard and Princeton are doing, sharply rising student contribution undermines this mission.

Finally, if ensuring all students have a stake in their education is so compelling, why are we forcing only students from the lowest socio-eco-

nomic backgrounds to have “skin in the game?” And why has the requisite amount of skin increased so sharply in the last five years?

No one can deny that Yale’s financial aid policies are extremely generous, and the University deserves our gratitude for eliminating some of the obstacles that would otherwise prevent many students from attending. However, this fact should not be used to legitimize complacency in the face of the sincere concerns expressed by students. For this reason, I share Quinlan and Storlazzi’s eagerness to continue this dialogue as important financial aid decisions are made for the 2015–'16 academic term and beyond. Their column suggested a willingness to work with the YCC on increasing transparency and improving communication with prospective students. This is important. But the real ball game is leveling the playing field here at Yale.

MICHAEL HERBERT FEB. 2 The writer is a junior in Saybrook College and the president of the Yale College Council.

G U E S T C O L U M N I S T K E L S I CAY WO O D

Abolish freshman fall grades W

hen students arrived back on campus after winter break, there were more than cold temperatures and their fellow peers awaiting them. All residential colleges held spring term registration meetings where students received their grades from first semester classes.

Those transcripts — and firstyear academics in general — cause unnecessary stress. We are all familiar with stories of academic woes; even if you survived freshman fall unscathed, chances are you knew someone who didn't. I urge Yale administrators and faculty to consider altering first-year grading policies.

Specifically, administrators should look to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

At the close of freshman fall, all MIT students receive the same grade point average on their official transcript: 0. The grades they receive in their first semester classes aren't published or made available to outside parties.

Still, to ensure that students can assess their performance and receive feedback, freshmen at MIT still receive "hidden" grades. This policy affords students ample time to become familiar with college-level teaching and grading.

For the second semester, MIT freshmen receive A, B and C grades, while D and F marks are not included on official tran-

scripts. This policy obviously raises some questions and concerns. Although I scoured the fine print, I'm still left with the impression that this policy incentivizes students to receive Ds or Fs rather than Cs that are publicly available to prospective employers and graduate schools.

I also don't know if it's necessary for freshmen in their second semester at college to still receive such generous support.

But for all the unanswered questions and possibly flawed incentives, the MIT system should be lauded for providing its youngest students with a system that encourages academic exploration but also minimizes their stress by temporarily dispensing with the GPA system.

Such a program would surely promote wellbeing at Yale by making academics more manageable. Students could focus on tackling the other transitional challenges of freshman year.

While Yale selects students based on the academic rigor of their high school careers, incoming students are by no means uniformly prepared for Yale classrooms. Freshman counselors can only do so much in guiding their students through blue booking and registration. Students at Yale also have access to academic advising and additional resources — such as writing tutors — during all four years of study. But an adjustment semester with no permanent repercussions on

one's GPA would not only demonstrate Yale's further commitment to students’ potential but also help level the playing field among students.

To be clear, a semester without grades would not be the equivalent of a 13-week version of Camp Yale. In fact, the absence of grades would provide valuable space for explorative learning where students could address difficult requirements and learn new subjects. This jibes with the aims of the current Credit/D/Fail option. It also enables students to do what both my dean and academic advisor suggested — to take “classes that would scare [our] parents” and learn to manage expectations in a new environment. The opportunity to study diverse topics would spur an attitude of exploration that would extend to students’ extracurricular choices.

Yale recognizes the need to better support incoming students. The relatively new Freshman Scholars at Yale program provides approximately 50 incoming freshmen with early access to Yale’s resources and opportunities through living and studying on campus for five weeks prior to freshman year.

What if we all had one semester of experience before formally starting Yale?

I do not think that adopting policies similar to MIT’s current program would mean terminating FSY or that all students are equally suitable for such an

opportunity. Instead, I see FSY as similar in form to MIT’s policies and an indication that the Yale administration can understand the underlying rationale for MIT's grading policy.

Such a change would not be revolutionary. Yale Law School currently uses a grading system where students receive Honors, Pass, Low Pass or Fail grades.

Students laud this system on the school's website, noting “the flexibility and freedom” that it provides. Students are more likely to collaborate rather than compete for grades. This system should not be replicated for Yale College, but its existence demonstrates that the academic community and faculty at Yale can ascertain the merits of unconventional grading.

If recent headlines and student conversations are any indication, there are many issues afflicting our campus. Freshman grading may not seem the biggest priority. But it doesn't cost anything and it can play a valuable part in improving the culture at Yale. As the University looks to diversify the student body, grading policies should help support students whose schools may not have adequately prepared them for college. The MIT model provides one example of how scholarship and student life at Yale could be meaningfully reworked.

KELSI CAYWOOD is a freshman in Timothy Dwight College. Contact her at kelsi.caywood@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“For I am unable to find a mean or reach any decision; I retreat from more than a hundred resolutions every day.”

SHEM TOV ARDUTIEL DE CARRIÓN 13TH-CENTURY CASTILLIAN POET

School of Public Health turns 100

CORRECTIONS MONDAY, FEB. 2

A previous version of the article “East Rock coffeehouse to change ownership but retain spirit” misspelled David Oricchio’s name. It is spelled Oricchio, not Orrichio. It also stated that Oricchio was hired by de Carrone two years ago.

Oricchio was hired in June 2014.

A previous version of the article “City braces for second storm in two weeks” incorrectly stated that the city’s parking ban is scheduled to end at 6 p.m. In fact, there is not yet any scheduled end time for the parking ban.

YLS researchers pursue national initiative

BY PHOEBE KIMMELMAN STAFF REPORTER This semester marks the beginning of Megan Quattlebaum’s term as program director of Yale Law School’s Justice Collaboratory — a branch of the Justice Department’s National Initiative for Building Community Trust and Justice, announced by Attorney General Eric Holder on Sept. 18.

The Justice Collaboratory serves as an umbrella organization for Yale’s participation in the initiative, a $4.75 million threeyear grant to implement a reform program for community-police engagement in five pilot cities around the country. The initiative also includes related programming at YLS, such as a conference on police issues this spring.

The consortium that received the grant includes two YLS professors, Tracey Meares and Tom Tyler, in addition to experts from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the Center for Policing Equity at UCLA and the Urban Institute.

The initiative has a board of advisors that includes law enforcement experts, academics and civil rights advocates.

We hope that intervention will make a positive influence in decreasing use of force…

MEGAN QUATTLEBAUM Program director, Yale Law School Quattlebaum — who was previously a senior research fellow at the law school — said that while the nationwide initiative was announced in September 2014, the Justice Collaboratory’s work will begin in earnest this semester. At present, researchers are selecting the five pilot cities, which should be decided upon by mid-spring.

Quattlebaum said she hopes the researchers will be able to apply their theoretical knowledge on the ground and have a beneficial impact on the pilot sites.

“We hope that interventions will make a positive influence in decreasing use of force and increasing officer safety,” Quattlebaum said.

Co-founder of the Center for Policing Equity at UCLA Tracie

Keesee, who is also working on the initiative, said that although the “core of the inspiration” for this initiative was Michael Brown’s death in Ferguson, Mo. last summer, race relations will be only one component of what the pilot program examines. In addition, she said researchers will look at different kinds of subpopulations and their relationships to the police, including the LGBTQ and Latino communities. She also said that it will be important for the lessons learned from the pilot program to be applicable to other police departments.

Quattlebaum added that the team is looking for cities that are different from one another, especially in size, but that also have the potential to demonstrate progress in community-police relations over the next few years.

“Some people think we’re picking cities where we think the problems are the worst, and that’s not the case,” Quattlebaum said. “We think that most American cities have struggled with police-community relations, and we’re looking for places where there are all too common problems where we can make some change over the next three years.”

Looking forward, sociology professor Andrew Papachristos, who is involved in the research, said the goal of this project is ultimately scientific. He said that, too often, policy is crafted around statistics that are merely convenient, but this project aims to provide accurate figures and information around which policymakers can craft effective reforms.

Urban Institute Senior Research Associate Jocelyn Fontaine, who is participating in the initiative, said the project is in too early a stage to assess its challenges. However, she noted that she has found the pilot project format fruitful in previous research, because it enables researchers to correct potential issues with reforms while in the pilot stage and before they have been applied to too many cities.

But Cara McClellan LAW ’15, who is a research assistant for the collaborative, said the greatest trial the researchers face may be implementing these policies in the urban setting.

“It’s always a challenge having a researcher coming in and telling you what to do,” she said.

JENNIFER LU/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The Yale School of Public Health must balance local and global endeavors.

BY AMAKA UCHEGBU STAFF REPORTER One hundred years after its founding, the Yale School of Public Health is grappling with a challenge: how to improve public health in the Elm City while also encouraging faculty and students to think globally.

“There is definitely a strong interest in global health, but that doesn’t diminish the contributions to the city,” said Elaine O’Keefe, professor of public health and executive director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS at Yale.

In 1915, Charles-Edward Amory Winslow founded the Department for Public Health at the Yale School of Medicine. As the first recipient of the Anna M.R. Lauder Professorship, Winslow was a strong advocate for public health, particularly in Connecticut.

While public health practitioners at Yale since Winslow have broadened their scope of influence, his legacy — which involved improving sanitation in New Haven, transforming the State Board of Health into the State Department of Health and focusing on the most underserved areas of the state — has continued until today.

Kaveh Khoshnood SPH ’89 GRD ’95, professor of epidemiology at the public health school and program director of the Global Health Studies Program at Yale College, said the Community Alliance

Contact PHOEBE KIMMELMAN at phoebe.kimmelman@yale.edu .

for Research and Engagement and the Cornell Scott-Hill Health Clinic are testaments to this commitment. CARE was established in 2007 to identify solutions to New Haven’s health challenges, and has completed door-to-door surveys of New Haven to identify residents’ health concerns. The Cornell Scott-Hill Health clinic, founded by Cornell Scott SPH ’68 in 1968 as the state’s first community health center, serves more than 36,000 patients each year, mostly within disadvantaged neighborhoods.

While Khoshnood said there are numerous examples throughout the school’s 100year history of faculty and students bridging the gap between academia and the community, O’Keefe said that the School’s HIV prevention initiative, authorized by the Connecticut State Legislature in 1990, stands out as a major accomplishment at the school.

“The syringe exchange was one of the major contributions that the School of Public Health has made,” O’Keefe said.

In the late 1980s, a small group of Yale public health researchers, supported by local activists, started a syringe exchange program in New Haven in response to the growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. The syringes were distributed by a van that parked in strategic locations to target intravenous drug users. On the first day of operation, only 13 users came

to exchange their syringes. But since then, the program has grown substantially — in 2013, the van took 50,000 dirty needles out of circulation.

In recent years, a new emphasis on global health has emerged alongside New Haven-centric concerns.

“In the last decade in particular, we dramatically expanded the global reach of our program,” said Dean of the School of Public Health Paul Cleary.

In the last decade … we dramatically expanded the global reach of our program.

PAUL CLEARY Dean, Yale School of Public Health The school’s Division of Global Health was established in 1992, and in 2009, was replaced by the Global Health concentration, which emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach to problem solving.

The Global Health Leadership Institute, led by Branford Master Elizabeth Bradley and Michael Skonieczny was also created in that year, as was the Global Health Initiative, which supports global health activities campus-wide. Eight years ago, nearly 800 undergraduates petitioned the university to make a graduate level global

health class available to undergraduates, and last year, the school decided to expand its undergraduate Global Health Studies program.

Still, Khoshnood noted that a new focus on global health may have detracted from solving public health challenges on Yale’s doorstep.

“There are schools of public health with very substantive community health divisions,” Khoshnood said. “We don’t have one.”

Khoshnood said that the closest the public health school has to such a division is a department called the Department for Community Health, but said that it is not as old as its counterparts at other institutions.

He said that initiatives such as the needle exchange program represent a “healthy marriage” between community outreach and academia, but that he was not aware of many other measures of this kind.

“There is the potential to do much more,” Khoshnood said, adding that the balance between global or domestic health research at the school is mostly dependent on faculty interest, and not on any overarching direction the school is trying to pursue.

The Yale School of Public Health is located at 60 College St. Contact AMAKA UCHEGBU at amaka.uchegbu@yale.edu .

Legislators discourage juvenile shackling MAP STATES THAT PROHIBIT OR LIMIT USE OF SHACKLES

BY SARA SEYMOUR STAFF REPORTER

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AMRA SARIC/PRODUCTION & DESIGN EDITOR

Two state legislators introduced bills last week that look to amend the current laws about youth being shackled in juvenile court.

Representative Toni Walker of the 93rd district, which covers New Haven, and Representative Bruce Morris of the 140th district each proposed bills that would codify rules about juvenile shackling into the state’s law about juvenile matters. The juvenile matters law currently does not contain a statute regarding whether or not youths enter the court in shackles. Courts instead operate according to a precedent that results in most juveniles entering courts in shackles.

Morris proposed in his bill that a child should enter court without shackles unless the court decides that the behavior of the youth is dangerous to the public. Meanwhile, Walker’s bill proposed codifying protocols for the use of restraints for children in court.

“You’re treating [the youths] as though you think that they’re

somehow at risk of running away and that they’re unmanageable,” Morris said. “However for the mass majority of our children who do not pose that risk [...] it’s unnecessary.”

Morris stressed that a main issue with youth shackling, which includes applying handcuffs, leg irons and belly chains, is that it implies that the defendant is guilty.

In adult trials, the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 2005 that shackling a defendant in front of the jury hinders the jury’s ability to make a fair decision. Juvenile court operates without a jury, and only the judge presides over the case.

“The fact that they’re coming in that way says that they aren’t innocent,” Morris said.

Although Morris’s bill seeks to limit the use of shackles, Walker’s bill is less prescriptive, only seeking to “establish protocols for the use of shackles or other methods of restraint on a child who appears in Juvenile Court.” Walker could not be reached for comment Monday.

Julian Ford, the director of the University of Connecticut’s Child Trauma Clinic, said in an email that

many of the youths who appear in court come from abusive families or violent communities. These youths, he said, are at risk for post-traumatic stress reactions. Ford added that shackling can perpetuate feelings of traumatic victimization.

“Shackles represent society’s view that some youth in juvenile court are dangerous and unable to be responsible members of the community,” said Ford. “This creates a sense of stigma that can reinforce troubled youths’ sense of being outcasts and out of control, which pushes them further into marginalized peer groups and lifestyles.”

Morris said juvenile justice should focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment. The current policy of shackling does not help correct misbehavior, he said.

He pointed out that children as young as 11 and 12 can be shackled in court for non-violent crimes.

Currently 11 states have laws that limit or prohibit juvenile shackling.

Contact SARA SEYMOUR at sara.seymour@yale.edu .

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“A lot of people like snow. I find it to be an unnecessary freezing of water.”

CARL REINER AMERICAN STAND-UP COMEDIAN

In win for Malloy, deficit lower than expected BUDGET DEFICIT FROM PAGE 1 the past five fiscal years, I believe that the OPM savings target is attainable,” Lembo wrote in the report. “I am, therefore, in general agreement with OPM’s deficit projection for the General Fund.”

Malloy has already postponed his next budget presentation in front of the legislature by two weeks, pushing the date from Feb. 4 to Feb. 18. The legislature approved this delay in early January.

According to the CT Mirror, the Malloy administration did not disclose any deficits from July to October 2014, but projected a shortfall of $100 million in November, after the governor had won his re-election bid.

“Just like nearly 25 states around the country, we are dealing with our short-term budget issues responsibly,” OPM spokesman Gian-Carl Casa said in an email to the News. “We will continue to make adjustments as necessary to keep the budget in balance.”

Gary Rose, chairman of the Department of Government and Politics at Sacred Heart University, said that, in light of the substantial downward readjustment of the deficit, Malloy’s pledge not to raise taxes this term — which Rose anticipates Malloy to keep — will help his job performance rating.

The governor’s administration has already made two rounds of spending cuts since his reelection. The first, in November, consisted of $54.6 million in rescissions, including cuts to the Department of Children and Families, the Board of Regents for Higher Education and the Department of Education.

The second round of spending cuts, ordered

by Malloy on Jan. 23, reduced spending by $31.5 million. This included $24.6 million in rescissions to the executive department, which affected the accounts such as those of the Department of Social Services and the University of Connecticut. Malloy also requested $6 million in cuts to the judicial branch.

“It’s possible that [Malloy is] going to run an austere budget here for the foreseeable future,” Rose said. “I don’t see him closing the deficit altogether but he’s probably on safe ground politically.”

The Office of Fiscal Analysis has estimated that the 2016 budget will run a $1.3 billion deficit.

JENNIFER LU/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Gov. Dannel Malloy’s administration has already made two rounds of spending cuts since his reelection. Still, it is estimated that the 2016 budget will run $1.3 billion deficit.

Contact MICHELLE LIU at michelle.liu@yale.edu .

Linus proves more difficult to manage than Juno SNOW FROM PAGE 1 sible, he wrote.

Winter Storm Linus spurred 24-hour postponements of Harp’s State of the City address and a meeting of the Board of Alders, both originally scheduled for Monday evening. The city’s Board of Education, also set to meet yesterday evening, canceled its meeting. New Haven Public School officials will make a final decision by 5 a.m. Tuesday morning on whether to cancel or delay schools.

As city officials struggled to organize government meetings, businesses, too, faced challenges attracting customers amidst blizzard conditions.

Flanked by the Apple Store and the Yale Bookstore, both of which closed before 5 p.m. this evening, Thali Too on Broadway stayed open until 8 p.m., hoping to entice restaurant-goers, manager Rattan Kaul said.

Kaul estimated that business had dropped by 75 percent in the wake of storms Juno and Linus.

“We decided to stay open, thinking people would come

looking for a restaurant option,” he said. “But very few people came.”

Grotheer added that Linus has proved more challenging for the city to manage compared to Juno because of the nature of the storm. Sunday night, the storm began with thick snowfall. By early Monday morning, the snow had transitioned into sleet and freezing rain — giving way to icy conditions on streets and sidewalks. The precipitation shifted back to heavy snowfall Monday afternoon.

The city deployed a full fleet of 40 trucks to clear streets Sunday night, and, though fewer trucks were out during the day Monday, 30 trucks will be working through Monday night, according to Grotheer.

“The snow and ice deposited by this winter storm has to be cleared away before it freezes,” Harp said in a statement.

With temperatures projected to drop as low as zero degrees early Tuesday morning, icy conditions are the city’s Emergency Operations Center’s major concern, according to Grotheer.

While Harp did not declare a travel ban in the city as she did last week during Blizzard Juno, she dubbed travel conditions “treacherous,” due to the dangerously icy roads masked by a thick layer of snow. Harp recommended that residents stay indoors through Monday night, if possible.

“Ice is very difficult to manage, and, right now, the roads are very, very dangerous — not just in New Haven but across the region,” Deputy Director of Operations at the Emergency Operations Center Rick Fontana said.

Fontana said the snow crews would be laying down sand and salt product on streets and sidewalks starting Monday night once the precipitation stopped.

He added that the layer of snow between the icy sheet and the pavement was helpful for his crews because it acted as a buffer against the ice.

After plowing snow and managing ice, the city’s next step will be to clear snow banks later today.

Contact ERICA PANDEY at erica.pandey@yale.edu .

JULIA HENRY/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Winter storm Linus wreaked havoc on New Haven this Monday.

Notice anything unusual today?

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 5

NEWS

“I always start tours with a great deal of anticipation.”

HENRY ROLLINS AMERICAN MUSICIAN

Negative news places pressure on Yale admins

BY RACHEL SIEGEL STAFF REPORTER The past four months have not been the easiest for the Yale Office of Public Affairs and Communications.

From a graduate student hospitalized with symptoms of Ebola, to a front-page New York Times article detailing sexual misconduct allegations at the Yale School of Medicine, to a Yale Police Department officer forcing a student to the ground at gunpoint and two reports of rape in University dormitories last weekend, Yale has dealt with its fair share

of bad news.

While alumni interviewed were largely supportive of the University and expressed faith in its standing as an institution, Maria Burton ’85, 1985 alumni class secretary, said there was still room to feel the University had fallen short.

Specifically in regard to campus discussions surrounding sexual misconduct, Burton said she “hoped that Yale would be more of a leader.”

“I have to admit, Yale is not doing great here, and I’m really disappointed because I love this school,” Burton said.

Still, Burton added that she

thought the University had done a good job of shielding alumni from the cycle of bad news.

Brian Goldberg ’03 said the recent bad news has not changed alumni perceptions of Yale, and that controversies surrounding fair labor practices at Yale were often in the news during his time at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies.

“I was very mindful at the time of many of those issues because we were seeing them play out in some national reporting as well,” Goldberg said.

Vice President for Development Joan O’Neill said she has not seen any data to suggest donors have been affected by the negative news of recent months.

Charles Johnson ’54, who provided the University with its largest donation in history when he gave $250 million for the new residential colleges, said Yale would always be in the headlines and be subjected to more scrutiny, but that “Yale is run very well.”

Scott Jaschik, the editor of Inside Higher Ed, echoed that sentiment, saying that while events at Yale will continue to

be picked up by the national media, he does not expect the University to suffer in the long term.

But perhaps the greatest test of how Yale’s reputation will weather the current difficulties has yet to play out. In particular, a drop in applications to the class of 2019 would suggest that the University’s reputation was suffering.

Brian Taylor, director of the private college counseling practice the Ivy Coach, said negative news can definitely affect admissions statistics of highly selective colleges, though the effects may be slightly delayed.

For example, Taylor said that following the March 2006 Duke University scandal in which three former lacrosse players were falsely accused of rape, there was a dip in applications for the following fall.

But, Taylor said, Ivy League universities are more resilient to the effects of negative news. “No school is immune to negative news, but for the Ivy League there’s less of a risk,” Taylor said. “In a way, the Ivy League outlives the current news cycle.”

Contact RACHEL SIEGEL at rachel.siegel@yale.edu .

Nearly 200 students apply to become tour guides

ELENA MALLOY/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Between 8 and 10 percent of applicants are accepted to be Yale tour guides, making the position one of the most selective student jobs on campus; of the 188 students who applied this year, only 15 to 20 will be accepted.

BY JOEY YE STAFF REPORTER Being a Yale tour guide remains one of the most selective student jobs on campus.

Of the 188 people who applied to be a tour guide this year, between 15 and 20 will be accepted, for an admissions rate of 8 to 10 percent. The entire process involves a written application, two rounds of interviews, and a final 90 minute supervised tour. Director of Outreach and Recruitment for the Office of Undergraduate Admissions Mark Dunn said an ideal guide would

be one who can speak authentically and authoritatively about Yale as their current home and as an institution with a long history.

“Our tour guide selection process is considered to be very rigorous in comparison to other universities,” Director of the Yale Visitors Center Nancy Franco said. “We select only freshmen and sophomores because of the time commitment involved in training new guides.”

At the University of California, Berkeley, selected applicants are only expected to participate in a group audition and

an individual interview before being chosen.

While the Yale tour guide application still remains very selective, the program has drawn slightly fewer applicants in recent years. In 2010, Admissions Officer Liz Kinsley ’05, who formerly supervised the tour guide program, said the admissions office generally received more than 200 applicants.

In total, Yale tour guides give approximately 800 tours per semester, which includes both public and private tours from the Visitors Center and Office of Undergraduate Admissions.

Dunn noted that the feedback for tour guides is overwhelmingly positive. He added that more than 90 percent of visitors report their visits to Yale as “favorable” or “very favorable,” while many visiting students also say the tour is the favorite part of their visit.

A successful guide is able to both show and tell in their presentations, using stories and anecdotes to give audiences insight into what it is like to be a student, Dunn said.

“They should also be able to give visitors some interesting historical and architectural facts

about the unique spaces they are walking through,” he added.

All of the prospective tour guides interviewed emphasized that they applied for the position because they wanted to tell others about their Yale experiences.

Lauren Sapienza ’18, a tour guide applicant, said that she thought the competitive nature of the job was well worth its reward. Julia Feldstein ’18, another applicant, echoed this sentiment, explaining that the competition did not deter her from applying.

“You can read about any campus online, but hearing the stu-

dent’s perspective is really special,” Makana Williams ’18 said.

“The tour guides at Yale are all people whom I look up to.”

Nine out of 10 students surveyed said they thought being a tour guide would be a largely enjoyable job. While they all said that they were not interested in applying for the job themselves, they all agreed that the number of people applying for the position was not surprising.

Tour guides are paid $13 per hour.

Contact JOEY YE at shuaijiang.ye@yale.edu .

Efforts to preserve Anchor Bar continue

BY JIAHUI HU STAFF REPORTER One month after the Anchor Bar and Restaurant served its last drink, the owner of the establishment is still in talks with the landlord — Yale University Properties — and prospective buyers to preserve the historic facade and interior design.

The Anchor Bar, located at 272 College St., closed in early January after the owner, Charlie Moore, fell behind on payments to UP. Since Jan. 5, over 1,000 people have signed an online petition to preserve the Anchor. The online petition and online commentators say that the Anchor Bar has been an integral part of New Haven’s downtown character, and they ask UP to not replace the restaurant with a chain store. Although UP has not officially announced a new tenant, Moore said that he is confident that UP will preserve

the building given the outpouring of concern from the community and support from UP. “There has been so much interest from so many genuine people interested in the preservation of the Anchor that I couldn’t imagine that it wouldn’t survive in its present shape and form,” Moore said.

Moore said he has spoken with the University about the building’s preservation, but he declined to name any concrete proposals or potential new tenants. Lauren Zucker, associate vice president of University Properties and New Haven affairs, did not respond to a request for comment on Monday.

City Economic Development Administrator Matt Nemerson SOM ’81 said Yale is likely to preserve the building because there is no potential that the entire block where the Anchor Bar is located would be redeveloped.

“Sometimes whole blocks get redeveloped and some buildings

fall by the wayside in the process,” he said. “But sometimes there is just a small building [and] its current use ends, but the building can be saved.”

Nemerson added that the Anchor Bar is one isolated closing with a unique signage and facade that Yale could easily save.

Colin Caplan, the owner of the New Haven food-themed tour service, “Taste of New Haven,” said that although he is not directly involved in negotiations with UP, he has talked to many restaurateurs throughout New Haven who have expressed an interest in leasing the space.

Caplan, who signed the online petition to preserve the bar, is unsure how exactly potential owners would transform the Anchor Bar, but he did say that the general consensus from his culinary network was that the Anchor Bar should be preserved.

“When you think about all the

movie stars and students who have visited there, there’s nothing that can replace these type of places that are now being pushed out of our society,” said Robert Greenberg, a New Haven based artist and frequent patron of the Anchor Bar. Although Moore said he is certain the bar will survive, he plans to put the Anchor Bar sign and other significant parts of the restaurant, including the jukebox, up for sale in order to offset the health care costs for his 89-yearold mother. He added that he is trying to sell the sign and the other items to the same buyer— ideally, the new tenant at the space.

“I’m looking to keep it all together so that whoever is the new owner or purveyor of the Anchor Bar has it all intact,” he said Contact JIAHUI HU at jiahui.hu@yale.edu .

ALEXANDRA SCHMELING/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Charlie Moore, owner of the recently closed Anchor Bar, hopes to sell the bar’s historical items to the same buyer in order to preserve the aesthetic.

PAGE 6

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“I think journalism is a great way to do public service, to have an impact on your community.”

BOB SCHIEFFER AMERICAN TELEVISION SERVICE

OCS adds resources for public service work EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR CLASS OF 2014

4.2%

Self-employed in own business or freelance (including preforming)

Government or other public institution or agency

11.9%

Non-profit organization, institution or NGO (e.g., arts/human services/international organizations)

21.4%

For-profit corporation/company

62.6% 62.5% AMRA SARIC/PRODUCTION & DESIGN EDITOR

OCS FROM PAGE 1 ing events include a Social Innovation Recruiting Fair, an Education Panel featuring nongovernmental organizations such as Teach for America, a nonprofit consulting panel, a session with Diplomat in Residence Charles Hill and a panel of young alumni in the non-profit sector.

Both Acampora and Dames said the job search for public service careers is radically different than the private sector career search, partly because public service employers often have more constrained budgets. Employers in the public sector are rarely able to travel to New Haven to conduct interviews, Acampora said, and they usually hire smaller numbers of graduates and do so later in the year.

Acampora said OCS has recently embarked on two initiatives to help students in these areas: targeted emails for seniors seeking public service work, which will highlight current job openings and events, and the Travel Reimbursement Program, in which OCS helps offset costs associated with traveling for interviews or auditions.

The Travel Reimbursement Program piloted two years ago as an interview program in Washington, D.C. for students interviewing for full-time public service careers, Dames said. Students were reimbursed up to $100 for their travel expenses. OCS surveyed students afterwards and asked whether they would have traveled for the interview had they not received funding, she added. More than half of the sur-

veyed students said they would not have gone.

“We’ve expanded the program out, and some organizations and alumni sponsored it, and this past year we were able to support any senior in the class of 2014 who was going on a public service interview or an audition for the arts,” Dames said. “We were able to reimburse $100, which is a drop in the bucket, but it helps if you have to fly to San Francisco for an audition.”

Of the five students interviewed who said they were interested in public service careers, four said they were satisfied with the resources available to them on campus.

But Lucas Riccardi ’17, who is interested in a public service career, said that although OCS has made many efforts to help

students navigate the public service job search, there are still other components of working in the public sector that students worry about, such as the ability to sustain themselves by working at a non-profit organization.

These sessions will focus on various areas such as non-profit, government and education.

ROBYN ACAMPORA Director of Strategic Initiatives and Public Service Careers, Office of Career Strategy Another challenge students working in the public sector may

face is a lack of structure, Katherine McDaniel ’14 said. However, McDaniel said her work at a Cambodian non-governmental organization has been extremely rewarding, despite the fact that it is slightly less predictable than other jobs “I’m working for a Cambodian NGO called Buddhism for Development, which runs programs in health, education, agriculture, good governance, conflict resolution, etc. at the community level,” McDaniel said. “I like the work so far, though so far I’ve had to create structure for myself — I haven’t been handed anything like a semester syllabus. It’s a time to learn and grow, which by definition [means] dealing with some ambiguity and discomfort at first.”

Eileen Egan SPH ’83, co-chair

Contact TYLER FOGGATT at tyler.foggatt@yale.edu .

Faculty code of conduct drafted

yale opera presents mozart’s

FACULTY REVIEW FROM PAGE 1

February 13, 14, 15

Where servants become masters and love conquers all.

Fill this space here.

Fri & Sat, 8 pm · Sun, 2 pm · Shubert Theater Tickets: shubert.com · 203 562-5666 · 247 College St. music.yale.edu

of the Yale Alumni Nonprofit Alliance Membership Committee, said YANA often collaborates with OCS and Dwight Hall to put on events — one example being this month’s Social Innovation Recruiting Fair. Egan said she encourages more students to pursue careers at non-profit organizations, adding that she believes many students feel tempted to enter lucrative positions that are not as intrinsically rewarding.

“You’re not going to get rich working at a non-profit,” Egan said. “However, you can make a decent living, and if you’re a Yale graduate with passion and commitment and the resources that Yale graduates have, you can make a significant impact in your field.”

JOIN@YALEDAILYNEWS.COM

eral ethical principle that guides it and also provides examples of conduct inconsistent with the principle.

Deputy Provost for Health Affairs and Academic Integrity Stephanie Spangler said the plans for this committee have been in the works for some time.

“While there was no specific catalyst for the creation of the committee, the president, provost and members of the faculty have been aware for some time of the importance of having an explicit and unified set of standards that fully reflects our shared commitment to the highest ethical practices,” Spangler said.

Trumbull College Master Margaret Clark, who chaired the committee, said the creation of the document is still ongoing.

According to the email sent by Salovey and Polak, faculty feedback will be used to determine what changes should be made to the standards before they are published in the Faculty Handbook.

Spangler added that the committee will consider all faculty input before making further recommendations.

Divinity School Professor Harry Attridge, a member of the Ad Hoc Committee, said he and his colleagues consulted several sources while drawing up the document, including some internal to Yale and some outside references. The document includes material from many different texts, including the University Policy on Freedom of Expression, the American Association of University Professors’ Statement on Professional Ethics and Yale’s Policy on Teacher-Student Consensual Relations.

In addition to drawing from many sources, the committee is composed of a diverse array of faculty members, including representatives from the provost and general counsel’s offices and faculty from

the Schools of Medicine, Management and Forestry. According to Attridge, this collection of diverse perspectives will be beneficial for constructive dialogue.

According to faculty members interviewed, the development of this document is a positive change, although some expressed reservations about its comprehensiveness or whether it will uncover any new ideas.

I imagine that guidelines such as these are useful to put down on paper although I believe that none of them will come as a surprise to the faculty.

RICHARD BURGER Professor, anthropology “The draft statement seems well thought-out and carefully crafted,” anthropology professor Richard Burger said in an email.

“I imagine that guidelines such as these are useful to put down on paper although I believe that none of them will come as a surprise to the faculty.”

History professor Patrick Cohrs said he believes this is generally a good procedure, though he does not know how many faculty members have had the chance to look at it yet.

Attridge said laying out the expectations is a good idea, given that currently, there is clarity in some areas but not in others.

However, three professors said that while they think the document is a good idea, they have not yet given their opinions.

Contact EMMA PLATOFF at emma.platoff@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

SPORTS

“Every day is a great day for hockey.”

MARIO LEMIEUX HOCKEY HALL OF FAMER

Yale posts best ’14–15 score

Ups and downs for squash SQUASH FROM PAGE 12

MAYA SWEEDLER/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Anna Merkuryev ’18, named ECAC Rookie of the Week earlier this year, finished third in the all-around.

GYMNASTICS FROM PAGE 12 next event.”

The invitational was also the third consecutive meet in which the Bulldogs scored more than 48 points on beam. Sooksengdao led the team with a 9.750 on the event.

Though this is only one-tenth of a point off her personal record, Sooksengdao is looking to upgrade her routine by increasing the difficulty level, she said, and will be adding one additional back layout to a pass next week against Springfield College.

Sooksengdao’s routine was preceded by Anderson’s performance, which featured one of the meet’s most difficult tricks on beam.

Anderson, who scored a 9.550, threw a front aerial to arabesque sequence on beam, an immensely difficult trick that requires a gymnast to turn a no-handed cartwheel, land on one foot and extend the other leg behind her — all on a fourinch balance beam. The trick is called the Liukin, named after American gymnast Nastia Liukin, who won the all-around title at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

“After seeing Nastia Liukin compete it in the 2008 Olympics I fell in love with it and started working it,” Anderson wrote.

“I have been competing it for the past six years and it has almost become my signature move. The Liukin is a difficult skill

because it is a blind landing and it ends on only one foot.”

Because of this, Anderson said, the move has the highest difficulty level. Only a few gymnasts compete it in the NCAA, but Anderson is the only athlete who adds an additional front aerial before the trick, according to her.

The Bulldogs finished their day on floor exercise. Traina, who sprained an ankle three days before the meet, sat out the event, allowing Allison Bushman ’18 to compete.

The invitational was Bushman’s debut as a Bulldog. Previously, Bushman had performed exhibition routines while recovering from a concussion she sustained in early January. On Saturday, however, she posted a strong result, scoring 9.450 on vault, 9.625 on bars and 9.525 on floor.

“It was really nice to actually be competing again,” Bushman said. “I sustained a concussion right before our first meet against [the University of New Hampshire] so that was slightly frustrating, but I’m glad to be back and competing for Yale. I think the highlight of my performance was competing bars. I really like swinging bars and after hitting my dismount, I felt this fantastic rush.”

Traina led the Bulldogs on bars with a score of 9.750. The scores were so tight that Bushman, 0.125 points behind, actu-

ally tied for fourth on the apparatus. Tatiana Winkelman ’17 finished second in the event with a 9.675.

In addition to fourth on bars, Bushman had the second-highest score on floor for the Bulldogs. Event specialist Camilla Opperman ’16, who also competed on vault, anchored the team with a highflying routine that scored 9.625 points.

Opperman, the ECAC Specialist of the Week two weeks ago for her performance against UNH, took the Bulldogs’ top score on floor.

“That was the first time I actually did the correct routine,” Opperman said. “The first few meets, I had these spur of the moment adjustments, when I switched passes. But the week leading up to this meet, in practice, I was hitting it. I was confident. I mean, I was a little disappointed with the score, but that’s the subjectivity of the sport.”

Yale’s all-around competitors finished well too, as Joyce Li ’15 and Anna Merkuryev ’18 came in second and third, respectively.

The Bulldogs next take on Springfield at home on Saturday. The competition, which is the team’s senior meet, begins at 1 p.m. in Payne Whitney.

The life and times of Sears SEARS FROM PAGE 12 to be in the NCAA tournament. Everyone’s banded together; Jack [Montague ’16], Javier [Duren ’15] and Makai [Mason ’18] are finding me near the basket. They make my life easy, so I’m getting points at the rim and it’s been effective so far. the conference season, your points QDuring total has improved. What motivates you to play better during the conference schedule? Is it the competition you are facing?

A

It is a bit of both. We have a tough nonconference schedule, and we’re no longer facing seven-foot centers that can dunk and shoot the three at the same time. But at the same time, there’s a sense of urgency. We don’t want to waste any opportunities when we go out. I was a little upset with how it went last year with us, so I want to make sure that when we step out on the floor, we treat it like a one-game playoff. do you think has been the difference in QWhat your game from last season to this season, if there has been any?

A

I don’t think there’s any difference. I approach the game the same way I did last year, and probably pass the ball a little bit more and rely on my teammates. I’m just staying aggressive and putting pressure on the other team by drawing fouls and attacking the glass; just staying constant with that and looking for my teammates a little bit more. season was a breakout season for you, QLast and you’ve garnered everyone’s attention.

How do you think that’s affecting the way you’re getting guarded this season?

A

It’s a lot tougher. I’m not always getting the same looks that I did last year, and I can’t take two or three dribbles and play oneon-one like I always want to. I just need to use my teammates more. Javier has given the team a different look this year, so now Javier’s able to take the ball to the rim and dish it off to me. Now I’m able to get some easier shots compared to last year, where I had to do a lot of one-on-one and do it myself.

Ivy League play, you’ve talked QDuring about how the big men are a little different.

JAMES BADAS/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

This week, Justin Sears ’16 was named Ivy League Player of the Week for the second time in a row.

Contact MAYA SWEEDLER at maya.sweedler@yale.edu .

eton foe in the fourth game, Broadwater was able to rally and win the fifth game, clinching the victory for Yale.

“On both days, our number eight spot managed to win in two tough matches, which carried the momentum forward for the team going into the last round,” captain Joey Roberts ’15 said. “The team showed great character and strength to come through a very tough weekend with two wins.”

The women’s team had a disappointing weekend in which they lost 6–3 and 5–4 to the tough Penn and Princeton competition.

Despite the scores, Talbott was still pleased with his team’s performance. According to Talbott, the strong showing by Yale demonstrated how much the team has improved over the course of the season.

Annie Ballaine ’16, playing in the No. 7 position, was the only Bulldog to win her matches against both teams.

“We are tough[er] than most teams expect,” Ballaine said. “If, on a given day, we can all show up and play our best squash, we can go very far.”

The women are looking forward and trying to gain momentum against Brown this Wednesday and then Harvard on Friday.

The Howe Cup, the year-end collegiate squash team championship, is wide open this season, and the squad hopes to avenge some of these losses and compete for the national title.

The men’s and women’s teams will host Brown this coming Wednesday at the Brady Squash Center in Payne Whitney.

Contact GRIFFIN SMILOW at griffin.smilow@yale.edu .

MICHELLE CHAN/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The men’s squash team remained in contention for the Ivy League title after its wins over Penn and Princeton.

Elis rock Fairfield TENNIS FROM PAGE 12 omon of Fairfield 6–4. The victory was followed by similar outcomes in matches won by Tyler Lu ’17/Daniel Faierman ’15 and Fedor Andrienko ’18/Stefan Doehler ’18.

The only loss for the Bulldogs in singles competition resulted from a fiercely competitive and close match between Wang and Orban.

Wang, currently ranked as the 95th best player in Division I tennis, was defeated by Orban 6–4, 3–6, 6–3, avenging Orban’s earlier loss to Wang during doubles play.

Faierman, who notched an impressive victory over Fairfield No. 3 seed Cameron Amyot 6–3, 6–0, credited the Bulldogs’ singles success to the team’s focus and preparation. He was also pleased by the excellent play of younger players such as Alex Hagermoser ’17 and Doehler, who both won as the respective No. 5 and No. 6 seeds.

“We had a great week of practice. I thought we came out extremely prepared, and we made sure that we were not taking Fair-

field lightly,” Faierman said. “We have had really strong performances from our No. 5 and No. 6 players all year long.”

The team looked to capitalize on the momentum of Saturday’s wins and was back in action on Sunday, hosting a talented Iowa team. The Hawkeyes, who compete in the Big Ten conference, were coming off of the first loss of their season to Cornell on Friday, but they quickly went ahead in Sunday’s competition as the nationally-ranked No. 31 doubles pair of Matt Hagan and Dominic Patrick defeated Wang and Svenning.

Heading into singles play, the score was brought closer by a 7–5 win by No. 3 doubles pair of Andrienko and Doehler.

Lu upset Iowa’s top seed Hagan in straight sets, but the Hawkeyes eventually emerged victorious 5-2, handing Yale its first loss of the season. Dorato praised Iowa as the best team that Yale has faced thus far, but he was also proud of the way his team competed.

“It was a good competitive match. [Iowa] just played a lit-

tle better today,” Dorato said. “We can use the loss to work on the big things in each of our games. Hopefully, in the next few matches that we play, we will improve on the things that we did poorly today.”

Svenning was the other singles winner on the day, defeating Iowa’s Stieg Martens 6–3, 4–6, 6–4.

“If just a couple of games had swung our way, that could have been a 5–2 win for us,” Wang said. “[But] it was a really good opportunity for us to get to play a team that is not from our region and that is a great tennis school. The game was a confidence booster because we felt that we could compete with a team like Iowa. And these are the types of teams that at this level we will be playing in the Ivy League …

It showed us what we are capable of.”

The Bulldogs are now 4–1 on the season. They will next be competing Feb. 13–15 for the ECAC Championships.

Contact JACOB MITCHELL at jacob.mitchell@yale.edu .

Who do you think is the toughest one to go up against?

A

That’s a good question. I haven’t really faced everyone because some guys were hurt last year. That was the first time I’ve played Shonn Miller [from Cornell] since my freshman year. Every big man presents a different challenge, so I’m looking forward to it, especially this weekend with [Steve] Moundou-Missi at Harvard and [Gabas] Maldunas at Dartmouth. forward in the Ivy League season, QGoing what do you hope to see yourself improve at most?

A

I think most important is my free throw shooting. It’s at the top of the list. Also, just staying constant with my energy every time I go out and attacking the rim, so we can win the Ivy title this year. That’s the big thing.

Contact ASHLEY WU at ashley.e.wu@yale.edu .

JOEY YE/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Only two Yale players won singles matches against Iowa: Martin Svenning ’16 and Tyler Lu ’17.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST

TOMORROW

Mostly sunny, with a high near 22. Wind chill values between -5 and 5. Northwest wind around 9 mph.

THURSDAY

High of 36, low of 28.

High of 28, low of 6.

XKCD BY RANDALL MUNROE

ON CAMPUS TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3 11:30 AM A Conversation with Della Bradshaw, Poynter Fellow. Della Bradshaw is the Financial Times’s business education editor and is responsible for all their business education coverage online, in the newspaper and magazines. She is speaking as part of the Poynter Fellowship in Journalism. School of Management (165 Whitney Ave.)

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 4 12:30 PM Gallery Talk, A Slow Look at the Collection. Join Elizabeth Manekin, assistant curator of education, for an in-depth discussion of two works in different collection areas. The group will spend time engaging in slow looking, close analysis and critical conversation for a truly participatory experience. Admission is free. Yale University Art Gallery (1111 Chapel St.)

XKCD BY RANDALL MUNROE

4:00 PM A Conversation with Russian Ambassador Sergey I. Kislyak. This is the inaugural talk of the European Studies Council’s new Russian Studies series, Contemporary Thinkers: Focus Russia. Open to Yale community only, Yale I.D. required.

Horchow Hall (55 Hillhouse Ave.), GM Room.

4:30 PM The Life and Adventures of a Haunted Convict.

Featured as part of the History of the Book lecture series, The Life and Adventures of a Haunted Convict, the earliest-known prison memoir written by an African-American, was acquired by the Beinecke in 2009. The manuscript, never published, provides an account of the author’s experiences behind bars in New York State in the mid-19th century. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library (121 Wall St.)

THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 5 5:30 PM Book Launch: “Dressing Up: Fashion Week NYC,” by Lee Friedlander. In 2006 Lee Friedlander went behind the scenes at New York’s Fashion Week to photograph models at work. The revealing photographs have just been published in the gallery’s latest book, “Dressing Up.” Join an evening of fashion, photography and conversation. Yale University Art Gallery (1111 Chapel St.)

y SUBMIT YOUR EVENTS ONLINE yaledailynews.com/events/submit To reach us: E-mail editor@yaledailynews.com Advertisements 2-2424 (before 5 p.m.)

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Questions or comments about the fairness or accuracy of stories should be directed to Editor in Chief Isaac Stanley-Becker at (203) 432-2418.

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To visit us in person 202 York St. New Haven, Conn. (Opposite JE) FOR RELEASE FEBRUARY 3, 2015

Los Angeles Times Daily Crossword Puzzle

CLASSIFIEDS

CROSSWORD Edited by Rich Norris and Joyce Lewis ACROSS 1 Pharmacy purchase 5 Figure (out), slangily 9 Early Yucatán settlers 14 German “a” 15 Irish New Age singer 16 Bite-the-bullet type 17 400 athletes?

19 “Star Trek” lieutenant 20 Trophy prized by actors 21 Watermelon eater’s discard 23 Austin-to-Baton Rouge direction 24 Flat hat with a pompom 26 40 polos?

28 Football club based in Lombardy 32 Many a casino visitor 33 Bank offering 34 Kelly of morning TV 37 Moral code 39 Texter’s “Horrors!”

40 4 tire inserts?

42 Squeeze (out) 43 Local news hr.

45 Mix 46 ESPN analyst Hershiser 47 Wife of Abraham 49 Chatty gathering 51 600 stand-ups?

54 Plea at sea, briefly 55 “Sadly ...”

56 Pouty expression 58 Repetitive musical piece 62 ACC team with a turtle mascot 64 1,500 thermometer units?

66 Gobbled up 67 Letter carrier’s sackful 68 Starbucks order 69 Sound from an angry dog 70 Sugar bowl invaders 71 Battle of Normandy town

By C.C. Burnikel

DOWN 1 Geometric art style 2 Frees (of) 3 Like the word “waitress,” briefly 4 Gummy bear ingredient 5 Susan of “L.A. Law” 6 Small bills 7 Oven-safe brand 8 Stand in a painting class 9 East Lansing sch.

10 Nonreligious sort 11 Mall directory words 12 Bombing missions 13 Sings like Ella 18 Shrunken Asian sea 22 Broadband initials 25 Harry and __, “Home Alone” bad guys 27 Ground breakers 28 Plenty 29 Fesses up 30 Document sealed

by King John in 1215 31 Petty peeves

Monday’s Puzzle Solved

©2015 Tribune Content Agency, LLC

35 Salt (away) 36 “Not __ deal” 38 Boston NBAer 40 Islamic prayer leader 41 Notable periods 44 Thrive 46 In some respects 48 That guy 50 Five-time Wimbledon champ Bjorn 51 Goes out with

2/3/15

SUDOKU EASY

2/3/15

52 Pause punctuation 53 Khartoum’s land 57 Cut a line from, say 59 Well-kept 60 Computer giant 61 Norway’s most populous city 63 NBC comedy staple 65 Some Bronx trains

1 5 6 7 4 8 9 3 1 9 4 2 4 9 8 6 3 5 7 9 3

5 7 6 5

2 1 9

8 5 7 2 9

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Q&A: Exploring human irrationality through primates

BY MONICA WANG CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Laurie Santos is an associate professor of Psychology and the director of the Canine Cognition Center at Yale. She is also the instructor of “Sex, Evolution and Human Nature,” one of Yale’s most popular courses with almost 600 students. Santos’s research focuses primarily on comparing the behavior and cognitive abilities of nonhumans to those of humans in order to better understand the way the human mind works. Last month, together with co-author and postdoctoral researcher at Yale’s Department of Psychology Alexandra Rosati, Santos published a comprehensive review of the evolutionary roots of human decision-making in the Annual Review of Psychology. The News sat down with Santos to discuss the choice biases humans share with their primate relatives and what that says about the origins of human irrationality from a psychological and evolutionary perspective. review, you examined QIntheyour foundation of biases in

human decision-making through studying similar “errors” committed by non-human primates.

How do you think studying animals can help shed light on human irrationality?

A

I think studying animals can shed light in a couple different ways. One is that when we study how people make decisions or how people make errors when they make decisions, we don’t really know where the errors come from. Maybe they are learned, maybe they have to do with some of the specific experiences we have as humans, but maybe there is something deeper there. So I think studying animals can often tell us whether or not there is something deeper than we expected.

Perhaps there are evolutionary reasons for some of the strategies we use. Particularly from studying primates, we get some hints on how old different biases are and where the biases come from.

are some of the most QWhat striking examples of deci-

sion-making biases in nonhuman primates?

A

One that we studied in our lab is the bias known as loss aversion, which is this idea that you pay more attention to changes that go in the negative direction than similarly sized

changes in the positive direction. Loss aversion is a big bias in human decision-making — you see it in the housing market, you see it in how people invest, and so on. We were interested in studying that in capuchin monkeys, which we did using a token economy, where the monkeys made decisions trading different tokens with humans. What we found was that the monkeys, too, showed this loss aversion.

Even though they got the same amount of food either way, they didn’t like receiving less than they expected.

A

nother one that we saw in the capuchin monkeys was that they also seemed to rationalize their decisions after the fact. This is something humans do. You make a choice between A and B. Let’s say you decided to pick A. In addition to liking A better, you also derogate B to justify your decision. The capuchin monkeys also seemed to do that. If you give them a choice between two M&M colors, say red and green, they make their choice, but then what you find is that, whichever one they reject, they continue rejecting that one even further in the future, as though they are rationalizing their choice. You only see this effect when the monkeys make a choice. When you give them one of the two [colors], the effect disappears. The interpretation is that they might, like us, show cognitive dissonance, where they are trying to reduce their dissonance in order to accept the choices that they made before.

that human beings and QGiven non-human primates share a

lot of fallacies in decision-making, what does that say about the evolutionary significance of irrationality? Why do we share many of these biases with our nonhuman primate relatives?

A

This idea of shared errors presents a bit of a puzzle.

Usually when you see a strategy that’s shared between humans and primates, you assume that the strategy has been around for a long time. When you think about errors, then, it’s kind of curious why you expect them to be there for so long if they’re not really good strategies. Say that systematically you make worse decisions if you’re loss averse. If that’s true, why has [loss aversion] been maintained in our primate lineage for so long? I think the answer to the puzzle is two-fold. One is that maybe these biases are rational — the best we can do given our constraints. The second possibil-

ity is that the strategies are good for something, it’s just that we don’t use them for the right things anymore. In the domain of loss aversion, some have suggested that it is a good strategy for keeping track of who has what resources in a situation concerning fairness. Maybe it’s a healthy strategy to have in one context. Another possibility is that the strategies are very useful, but we cannot take them out of context. I think there are hints that some of the biases make sense for [non-human primates], but not for us. Take inter-temporal choice [choosing smaller rewards that come sooner over larger rewards that come later] — yes we can set up a situation for [non-human primates], but in the wild, later is never really guaranteed. It is really risky, and later might be a shorter time horizon than we can have with human savings and so on. So it’s possible that those strategies are built for situations we faced as ancestral primates, but we don’t use them anymore. There are different situations now. your research, QThroughout have you been able to identify certain mechanisms in decision-making that are unique to humans? If so, why do you think only humans possess them?

A

We did find one case of a bias that we uniquely have as humans. It’s an effect known as the pricing bias. For example, I can change the way you taste a piece of chocolate or a glass of wine by lying to you and telling you the price. If I tell you that the wine is from a $100 bottle, you think it tastes better than if [I tell you] it’s from a $10 bottle, even though it is the same wine in both cases. Also, if I tell you a pain medicine costs more, you assume you’re actually experiencing less pain. We were interested to see if monkeys might show this [phenomenon] as well.

What we found across a bunch of different studies is that monkeys did not show this bias. We knew from our earlier studies that we could teach them about price, so they understand price, but they could care less about the price of something. Although we share so many of the other biases with these monkeys, it seems as if the monkeys might not be making use of social information in the same way people are — we use information about what others think and prefer [to guide our decisions]. The idea is that maybe the monkeys might not be picking up on social preference information like humans.

COURTESY OF LAURIE SANTOS

Professor Laurie Santos studies the relationship between the cognitive abilities of humans and non-humans. is it important to study QWhy animals?

A

I think it’s fascinating to understand humans and human nature better, and I think one of the best ways to do that is through studying animals because they can give us good clues as to what human cognition is like in the absence of language and other training. Some people think I am interested in animals. I am, sort of, but I am more interested in people. I just think the right way — a complementary way — would be [to

learn about people] through animals. Studying animals allows you to be very specific about the phenomenon in question, and it really forces you to think about whether there are simpler ways that a strategy can be used.

Often times you get some really exciting data about the underlying mechanisms. You definitely want to compare what you’re learning about through animals to what you find in humans because for most things, humans might be doing them in a different, slightly more complicated, way. But really the way you know

if humans are unique is through studying [human strategies] in primates, too. We have the intuition that certain strategies are human only, and therefore very complicated. It’s only when we look to animals [that we realize] only this tiny part of a strategy is really human and special. We are less different than we think we are, but still different in important ways, and we are still trying to figure out what those important ways are.

Contact MONICA WANG at monica.wang@yale.edu .

Preschool anxiety changes the brain

BY SREEJA KODALI CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Anxiety disorders observed in preschoolers — including social phobia, separation anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder — can lead to physiological changes in brain development, a new study from the Yale Child Study Center shows.

The researchers imaged the brains of children with and without preschool anxiety disorders. They found that in those who had an anxiety disorder, the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, two regions whose “crosstalk” is important in modulating anxiety, effectively talked less to each other in a phenomenon known as weaker functional connectivity. They also found that different anxiety disorders led to different connectivity patterns.

In other words, not only are anxiety disorders strongly based in biology, but they also result in physically different brains.

“Now that [we] know what a mechanistic brain characteristic of anxiety looks like in preschoolers, we have a much more reliable and quantitative [understanding of anxiety rather] than a broad diagnosis,” said Kevin Pelphrey, senior author and the co-director of the center for translational developmental neuroscience.

Helen Egger, senior author and professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Duke University Medical Center, said she believes that preschool anxiety

disorders are too often misperceived as transient, insignificant childhood problems. This study, she said, disproves that notion and shows that preschool anxiety disorders can leave “enduring differences in brain function.”

Preschoolers between the ages of two and five were tested using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment, developed

by Egger. The assessment comprises interviews with children’s parents about their children’s behavior and feelings. When those children reached the ages of five to nine, the researchers then administered fMRI scans to observe any changes in the brain.

The changes varied depending on the type of anxiety disorder, giving biological credence to Egger’s hypothesis that the different anxiety disorders are fundamentally distinct.

“It’s very interesting,” said Gabriela Rosenblau, a postdoctoral associate at the Child Study Center, noting that these anxiety disorders are typically differentiated by associated symptoms and behaviors. These findings, though, show that the disorders are also differentiated by biology, and there may be potential neural markers to distinguish them.

Whether these physical brain changes can be fixed is not known yet. Neuroscientists are still grappling with the magnitude of neuroplasticity, or to what extent grown brains can change. But Pelphrey believes

there is a good chance.

“Five years ago, you would have had scientists saying, ‘[Changing brain connectivity is] not possible in adults …

You’re not going to change their underlying brain biology,’” Pelphrey said. “But I think neuroscientists are more and more surprised as to just how plastic the brain is all the way through adulthood.”

According to Michael Crowley, co-director of the Center for Translational Developmental Neuroscience, the study was the first to administer fMRIs to children at such an early age. He said he thinks that looking at the biological underpinnings of anxiety can help us refine treatments and understand how to make them more “potent.”

Egger added that early treatment will be key in reducing suffering caused by preschool anxiety disorders. She also noted that treatment has to be disorder-specific — not all anxiety disorders can be clumped together.

The researchers said their next step is to test the effectiveness of various interventions by administering fMRIs to participants and observing changes in brain connectivity.

Approximately 5 to 6 percent of preschoolers suffer from an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are caused by the “interplay” of genetics, biology and environmental factors.

Contact SREEJA KODALI at sreeja.kodali@yale.edu .

THAO DO/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 11

“The universe, so far as we can observe it, is a wonderful and immense engine; its extent, its order, its beauty, its cruelty, makes it alike impressive.” GEORGE SANTAYANA SPANISH PHILOSOPHER

Study observes “changing quasar,” providing hints at galaxy aging

BY GEORGE SAUSSY STAFF REPORTER Although quasars have been studied for approximately 50 years, few have ever been observed to change in luminosity.

But with the publication of a paper by researchers at Yale and other universities describing a “changing quasar,” astrophysicists will get a close look at rare dynamics important to the life cycle of a quasar. That, in turn, may provide insight into how galaxies age. The paper was published in the Astrophysics Journal.

“Changing look quasars are a newly identified group of objects,” said Michael Eracleous, the study’s co-author and a professor of physics at Penn State University. “We don’t know what phenomenon causes the transformation, and one of the purposes of this paper was to explore possible explanations.”

A black hole is an astrophysical body that is so dense that gravitational attraction near the body grows to infinity. Scientists believe that a large black hole exists at the center of every galaxy larger than and including the Milky Way. In many cases, clouds of matter form around the black hole, orbiting around

and then slowly falling into the body. Friction within the cloud causes the cloud to heat up and glow extremely brightly. When that happens, the black hole is called a quasar. The team identified one such quasar, SDSS J015957.64+003310.5, which, over less than a three-year period, began to glow significantly less brightly.

“A quasar is not a thing — it’s a process. It’s a period in the life of a galaxy where [the black hole] that was sitting there minding its own business gets irritated when somebody starts chucking stuff at it,” said Gordon Richards, coauthor of the study and a physics professor at Drexel University, referring to how black holes react when dust clouds enter the picture. “That doesn’t last forever, so seeing an object like this is a very rare thing.”

The team first detected the quasar in September 2000 as part of a survey in which researchers were looking for quasars throughout the universe. Currently, there are fewer than a dozen known changing look quasars, said Eracleous.

After that detection, the team followed up in 2010 and 2014 by measuring the quasar’s emission spectrum — the color bands of light that it was projecting.

According to Stephanie LaMassa, a postdoctoral student at the Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, those data showed a difference in the black hole’s emission spectrum between 2000 and 2010. With further examination, she found that the quasar had become less luminous between 2000 and 2004 with the main decreases in luminosity occurring by 2003. The 2014 data showed that the black hole’s emission spectrum had not changed since 2010.

“We think most galaxies have a super massive black hole in their center, but most of these black holes aren’t feeding — they’re dormant,” LaMassa said, adding that the subset that are active are active because there is enough dust around to feed quasar growth. Scientists do not know how long quasars last, but suspect that their lifetimes are related to galaxy evolution in some way, she added.

According to Eracleous, there are two possible explanations for why the apparent change may have occurred. The first is that an object may have come between earth and the quasar, obstructing the researchers’ view. The second is related to the properties of the quasar itself — through some unknown mechanism, the dust

is not being sucked in as quickly, and thus possesses less energy to emit light. The team ruled out the first case as a possibility and showed that there were intrinsic changes to the quasar.

“Something intrinsically changed in the accretion disk that caused the luminosity to drop abruptly,” Eracleous said.

“That is the fundamental cause of everything we saw.”

There are between 100 and 200 billion galaxies in the universe.

Contact GEORGE SAUSSY at george.saussy@yale.edu .

ASHLYN OAKES/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

Gaming addiction leads to risky decisions

BY JOEY YE STAFF REPORTER College-aged individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder are more likely to make risky decisions, a new study from Yale and Beijing Normal University shows.

Using 102 male college stu-

dents recruited from universities across Beijing, the researchers administered the Cup task, a gambling exercise in which participants could choose between a safe or risky option. Under the safe option, participants would gain or lose $100. With the risky option, participants faced higher

potential returns and losses — anywhere from $200 to $400 — but at lower levels of probability.

Gamers chose the risky option significantly more than nongamers, suggesting a higher inclination to take risks despite the potential losses. The study was published in the journal Plos One

KAIFENG WU/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

on Jan. 23.

“Participants with IGD were more likely to choose the risky choice even when, statistically, it did not make sense to do so,” said Sarah Yip, co-author of the paper and postdoctoral fellow at the Yale School of Medicine. “This suggests a disregard for the negative consequences, and a similar pattern is seen in those with substance abuse disorders.”

The researchers recruited male students who had no previous history of substance abuse or mental disorders. Using the amount of time each subject spent gaming each week and the Chen Internet Addiction Scale, a self-reporting survey, the researchers divided participants into two groups, one consisting of 60 IGD subjects and the other of 42 healthy controls. Participants from both groups were then asked to participate in the Cups task. At the end of each Cups task, participants were given immediate feedback by the researchers, indicating how many points they had lost or gained.

“The results of the study are consistent with what we see clinically among individuals with IGD,” Yip said. “Here, the results

by Dr. Zhang clearly demonstrate risky decision-making outside of the context of the internet.”

Zhang Jin Tao, co-author of the paper and professor at Beijing Normal University, said IGD is most common among high school and college students. He explained that of the 330 million plus people in China who played internet games, about half are adolescents between the ages of six and 25.

A separately published paper written by the same authors found that individuals with excessive internet gaming habits were unable to use feedback to optimize their decisions. According to this paper, this could underlie their poor decision-making.

“While both groups performed similarly when faced with a task that did not have feedback, those with Internet Gaming Disorder performed significantly worse when feedback was given,” said Yuan-Wei Yao, lead author of both papers. “They consistently chose more disadvantageous options.”

Many other studies have pointed to the negative side effects of IGD. Kimberley Young, a psychology professor at the University of Pittsburgh at Bradford and founder of the Center for Internet Addiction, noted that IGD could lead to job loss, failure in school and even divorce.

But not all of the effects iden-

tified with video games have been found to be adverse. According to a January 2014 article in American Psychologist that reviewed research in the field, playing video games may help to improve children’s social, health and learning capabilities. A 2013 statistical analysis of various independent studies found that shooter video games increased players’ abilities to visualize three dimensional objects.

“Not all of the side effects of Internet games are bad,” Young said. “They can actually teach leadership and strategy skills, while also helping others to improve their self-esteem or citizenship.”

Presently, IGD — which does not include general Internet use, online gambling and social media use — is not defined as an official disorder. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, released in May 2013, identifies it as a condition warranting additional clinical research before inclusion as a formal disorder.

The first International Congress on Internet Addiction Disorders was held in Milan, Italy in March 2014.

Contact JOEY YE at shuaijiang.ye@yale.edu .

Understanding genetic underpinnings, 300 researchers at a time

BY GEORGE SAUSSY STAFF REPORTER Authors from more than 200 institutions have combined their efforts to publish a massive and comprehensive study of genetic effects on brain growth.

Though previous research has shown that genetics have a nonnegligible impact on brain development, this paper — published in the journal Nature — combined data taken from 30,717 participants’ genomes and size measurements of brain structures to identify six genes that previously had no known effect on brain growth.

The parts of the brain considered by the study play integral roles in learning, memory and motivation.

“This work shows mainly that there are clear and robust genetic effects influencing the variation of brain volume,” said Alejandro Arias-Vásquez, the paper’s colead author and a researcher in the Department of Human Genetics at Radboud University in the Netherlands.

The study, to which more than 300 scientists — including several Yale researchers — contributed, including analyzed data from participants’ genes and MRI scans. Participants ranged in age from nine to 97 years old. Two gene loci — places in one’s genetic

code where a gene may vary from person to person — were found to have effects on the volume of the hippocampus, a part of the brain often associated with memory formation. Three loci were found to have effects on the volume of the putamen, a structure in the brain that plays an integral role in motor function. Another locus was responsible for size of the ICV, another brain structure near the hippocampus and putamen.

According to Miguel Renteria, co-lead author of the paper and a researcher at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute in Australia, the study’s massive sample size was necessary in order to detect the subtle effects of gene variation on brain structure. The collaboration between hundreds of scientists was necessary because medical data sharing among separate research teams raises ethical questions, Renteria added.

“This is the only way,” said Arias-Vásquez of the collaborative nature of the study. “Regardless of your study design or the hypothesis you want to test, I’m convinced that pulling together resources and putting heads together is more beneficial than problematic.

It requires leaving your ego at the door and putting aside petty differences of opinion.”

According to Derrek Hibar,

researcher at the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California and co-lead author of the paper, the study would have taken at least 10,000 participants for even the strongest results of the study to be statistically significant. However, the researchers were still surprised at the strength of certain correlations, particularly between the rs945270 gene and putamen size.

Arias-Vásquez, Renteria and Avram Holmes, a co-author of the study and a Yale psychology professor, said they see the field of genetic neuroscience moving toward using larger groups of researchers as greater sample sizes are needed for significant results.

“In neuroscience and neurogenetics in particular, we are rapidly going to the point where we are realizing we are tackling the same problems, and so consortia are starting to form up where investigators are pooling resources to try to hit some of these pressing problems,” Holmes said.

This is the second paper published by the group, the ENIGMA Consortium, which is dedicated to bringing together researchers from various fields to better understand how the brain works.

Contact GEORGE SAUSSY at george.saussy@yale.edu .

ZISHI LI/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

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JUSTIN SEARS ’16 THIRD TIME’S THE CHARM For the third time this season, the forward from Plainfield, N.J. was named Ivy League Player of the Week. Sears put up 28 points and eight rebounds in a downto-the-wire victory over Columbia on Friday and 19 points against Cornell on Saturday.

TAMARA SIMPSON ’18 ROOKIE OF THE WEEK Simpson scored 13 points in each of Yale’s weekend victories, and she was named Ivy Rookie of the Week for her efforts. The freshman also added three steals in each game. Teammate Whitney Wyckoff ’16 was named to the Ivy League Honor Roll as well.

NHL Rangers 6 Panthers 3

“It was really nice to actually be competing again … After hitting my dismount, I felt this fantastic rush.”

ALLISON BUSHMAN ’18 GYMNASTICS YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

Yale takes second in home opener

BY MAYA SWEEDLER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The Yale gymnastics team posted a season-high point total at its first home meet of the season, placing second out of four teams at the competition that honored former Yale coach Don Tonry.

The team total of 191.375 marks the third consecutive meet in which the Elis have scored 190 points or more, putting them in excellent shape for postseason qualification. With an all-time program record of 194.900 points, Saturday’s final total was just three and a half points away from setting a new benchmark.

“It was the Don Tonry Invitational, and Don played a huge role on this team,” Brittany Sooksengdao ’15 said. “It was special to have a meet to honor him but we still have a lot more room to improve.

That’s saying a lot, considering it was our highest team score. We continue to build but are still making mistakes.”

But despite the strong performance, Yale lost to Bridgeport by

GYMNASTICS

2.075 points. The Elis did manage to finish ahead of Southern Connecticut State and Rhode Island College, who finished third and fourth, respectively.

The Bulldogs rebounded after a rocky start on vault, going six for six on their bar routines in what turned out to be Yale’s highestscoring event of the day. After failing to land her vaults, captain Morgan Traina ’15 anchored a solid team performance on the apparatus with a perfect landing on her bars dismount.

Yale’s total score of 48.325 points on bars is also a seasonhigh.

“All year we have been working on funneling in and out of our routines,” Anella Anderson ’17 wrote in a message to the News. “We really want to try to end our routines as soon as we leave the landing mat and put whatever happened behind us. I think that really helped us on Saturday because everybody was able to leave vault behind them and move on to the SEE GYMNASTICS PAGE 8

MAYA SWEEDLER/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Camilla Opperman ’16 scored a 9.525 on the vault, the second-best Yale score in the event.

Men defeat, women fall to Penn, Princeton

BY GRIFFIN SMILOW CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The No. 5 ranked Yale men’s team and the No. 4 women’s squash team hosted Penn and Princeton this weekend for an Ivy League doubleheader.

SQUASH

MICHELLE CHAN/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The women’s squash program fell to both Penn and Princeton this weekend.

While the men (8–3, 3–1 Ivy) beat No. 10 Penn (7–5, 2–3) and No. 8 Princeton (5–5, 3–2) back-to-back, the women (8–3, 2–2) lost to their No. 2 Penn (11–1, 5–2) and No. 5 Princeton (8–2, 3–2) opponents.

The men’s 7–2 and 6–3 wins against the Quakers and Tigers have afforded

Tennis splits weekend

SEE TENNIS PAGE 8

SEE SQUASH PAGE 8

BY ASHLEY WU STAFF REPORTER Justin Sears ’16 has been a crucial piece for the first place men’s basketball team that remains undefeated in conference play. Sears, the leading scorer against Ancient Eight competition with 22.2 points per game, was named Ivy League Player of the Week for the second week in a row following dominating performances against Columbia and Cornell. The News spoke with Sears to discuss this honor as well as his play all season and the team’s quest for an Ivy League title.

TENNIS In the first contest of the weekend, the Bulldogs squared off against in-state opponent Fairfield, which made the 30-minute trek to Cullman-Heyman Tennis Center for the match. Yale defeated Fairfield 8-1 to remain unbeaten in 2015. In the competition dominated by the Bulldogs, who were victorious in 11 out of the 12 overall matches, the spectacular play of the doubles pairs stood out above all.

“It was a great start winning every doubles match, which gave us confidence,” head coach Alex Dorato said.

The No. 1 doubles pair of Ziqi Wang ’18 and Martin Svenning ’16 defeated Brad Orban and Ofir Sol-

ing two of our best players before the regular season, I am really proud that the men have put us in that spot after this weekend.”

The men’s depth was demonstrated in the match against Penn, in which the only losses came from the No. 3 and No. 9 spots. Against Princeton, Yale’s No. 1 Sam Fenwick ’16 and No. 2 T.J. Dembinski ’17 suffered the team’s only losses.

Pierson Broadwater ’18, playing in the No. 8 position, won exhausting five-game matches against both Penn and Princeton. After dropping the match point against his Princ-

Hoops star talks improvement, goals

BY JACOB MITCHELL CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The Yale men’s tennis team took to the courts over the weekend, playing back-to-back matches on Saturday and Sunday against Fairfield and Iowa. But after a win over the Stags largely thanks to the doubles pairs’ performances, the Elis fell to the Hawkeyes 5–2.

Yale the opportunity to challenge Harvard for a share of the Ivy title. Yale currently has a 3–1 Ivy record, while No. 6 Harvard is 5–0. If the Bulldogs beat their Crimson counterparts this Friday and win their matches against Brown and Dartmouth — teams that have yet to win in conference play — Yale will share the Ivy title with Harvard and Columbia.

“Our goal at the beginning of the season was to be in a position going into the Harvard match to win an Ivy Title,” head coach David Talbott said. “After this weekend, and the loss of Columbia to Harvard, we have a chance to do that if we win on Wednesday, beat Harvard and close against Dartmouth. After los-

MEN’S BASKETBALL have earned the Ivy League Player of QYou the Week award for the third time this year

and the eighth time in your career, the latter ranking as fourth most in conference history.

What has propelled you to this level of play?

A JOEY YE/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The Bulldogs defeated Fairfield 8–1 before falling to Iowa 5–2 for their first loss of the season.

STAT OF THE DAY 4

My teammates. When Ivy season comes around everyone will be [in it] together, and we sat down and had a meeting. We talked about what we needed to do this year. We don’t want to be in the CIT [CollegeInsider.com Tournament], NIT [National Invitation Tournament] or those other tournaments. We want SEE SEARS PAGE 8

JAMES BADAS/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Justin Sears ’16 is the leading scorer in the Ivy League during conference play, averaging 22.2 points per game.

NUMBER OF BLOCKS RECORDED THIS WEEKEND BY YALE MEN’S BASKETBALL FORWARD JUSTIN SEARS ’16 AGAINST COLUMBIA AND CORNELL. The forward had one on Saturday against the Big Red and three on Friday against the Lions, including a game-saving block in the final seconds.