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NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · VOL. CXXXVII, NO. 34 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

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CROSS CAMPUS Happy belated. Though

Yale officially celebrated its 313th birthday on Oct. 9, the festivities were delayed until today. A series of open houses and tours will culminate in a celebration on Cross Campus, featuring remarks from President Peter Salovey. The Citations, a graduate school a capella group, will also perform at the ceremony.

Into the spotlight. Each of

the four alumni who received the Graduate School of Arts and Science’s Wilbur Cross Medals will present a guest lecture today. The winners — Eric Fossum GRD ’84, Thomas Holt GRD ’73, Kristin Luker GRD ’74 and Edmund Phelps GRD ’59 — will speak on a variety of topics, ranging from entrepreneurship to policy on contraceptives and abortion.

Channeling Chipotle.

Yesterday, the Saybrook dining hall replaced its traditional lunchtime offerings with a fully stocked burrito bar. The change was part of a new “Monday Madness” program that the dining hall’s staff is piloting to attract students from busier locations like Berkeley and Trumbull, which are filled to capacity on weekday afternoons.

Stern speaker. Todd Stern, the Department of State’s Special Envoy on Climate Change, will speak on national and global efforts to combat environmental issues this afternoon in the Law School auditorium. The Dartmouth College graduate will accept questions from students digitally leading up to the 4:30 p.m. event.

WEIGHT LOSS NEURONS LINKED TO FOOD INTAKE

FROZEN DESSERTS

JOURNALISM

SnoJoy reopens on Whitney Ave to serve shaved ice and sushi

PULITZER-WINNING SONIA NAZARIO TALKS CAREER

PAGES 10-11 SCI-TECH

PAGE 3 CITY

PAGE 5 UNIVERSITY

GRAFFITI FOLLOWS SEPT. INCIDENT IN VANDERBILT HALL

BY STEPHANIE ADDENBROOKE AND RACHEL SIEGEL STAFF REPORTERS Three students huddled outside Entryway B of Durfee Hall just before midnight on Monday, dish soap and lemonscented Lysol in hand. Scanning the pavement, they were there to scrub away the remains of

three swastikas drawn in chalk on Old Campus the night before.

On Monday night, Yale College Dean Jonathan Holloway sent an email informing the University community about the swastikas found outside the freshman dorm the previous night. Despite attempts to remove the images from the sidewalk, Holloway said their faint impressions remained.

“I condemn this shameful defacement, perpetrated anonymously under cover of night,” Holloway wrote. “There is no room for hate in this house.”

Sunday’s incident comes just over a month after several swastikas were discovered drawn on white boards inside of Vanderbilt Hall.

In an email sent to certain members of the Branford community on Sept. 9, Branford Master Elizabeth Bradley and Dean Hilary Fink called the drawing of swastikas “completely unacceptable.”

Holloway, in his Monday email, said that though the images were particularly offensive to the Jewish community, the insult was felt through-

THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1952 Students participate in a straw poll to simulate the year’s presidential and United States senatorial elections. Among those on the ballot was Prescott Bush ’44, who became a senator for Connecticut soon thereafter.

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out campus. Holloway said that incidents like these reaffirm Yale’s commitment to protecting and embracing the views of every student.

The email asked for students with information about the perpetrators to contact campus police. It could not be learned Monday whether Yale Police are actively investigating the incident.

Holloway could not be reached for comment Monday night.

Rabbi Leah Cohen, Executive Director of the Slifka Center and

CONCUSSIONS

Head-on: Confronting the science of concussions Most injuries have finite recovery times. A soccer player sprains an ankle, and it is a couple weeks until she is back at full strength. A baseball player pulls a hamstring, and he is back on the field within two months.

But concussions are different.

They pervade every aspect of a player’s life.

Lillian Bitner ’17 would know. A forward on the Yale women’s soccer team, Bitner was kept off the field and prevented from all physical activity after suffering a concussion — the team trainer told her she was not allowed to participate. “[The concussion] prevented me from taking other headers because I

A

cross the country, college athletes are confronting the troubling brain science behind concussions. With the majority of concussions going undiagnosed, and athletes reticent to report brain injuries, medical researchers are working to understand the underlying causes and long-term effects of the injury. This is the first story in a three-part series.

BEN FAIT reports. was scared,” Bitner said.

Then there were the off-thefield problems. “[I]n social settings ... I always had a headache,” she said. “I just

the theme, members from the Energy Solutions Fund team will be holding an information session immediately before the Stern talk. The $100,000 fund will be used to support student ideas for energy conservation and cost reduction at Yale.

Limber up. The dance and theater studies departments will continue their collaborative efforts with the Yale Undergraduate Ballet Company to host technique classes for students looking to become more graceful.

Elise Wilcox ’15 proves she deserves her spot as goalkeeper

Swastikas drawn on Old Campus

Green money. Continuing

Artsy columnist. New York Times columnist Anand Giridharadas will participate in events both today and tomorrow, starting with a dinner and discussion at the AACC this evening.

Giridharadas left a job a McKinsey & Company before joining the Times to write his “Admit One” Arts & Design column.

WOMEN’S SOCCER

Senior Jewish Chaplain, said that Monday night’s news came as a huge shock. Cohen said that she was comforted by the support of the Yale administration and that she hopes that this will be the last act of anti-Semitism on college campuses.

“Something as hateful as swastikas on campus — it’s not what Yale stands for, its values or its behaviors,” Cohen said.

Students interviewed said that though the act was hateful in nature, it did not make them SEE SWASTIKA PAGE 4

Researchers’ sequestration decision reversed

BY BEN FAIT, STEPHANIE ROGERS AND VIVIAN WANG STAFF REPORTERS

On Monday, U.S. Senator Chris Murphy (D-Conn.), brain injury experts and athletic medicine experts gathered to call for a federal response to the alarmingly high rate of student athlete concussions.

According to the University of Pittsburgh’s Department of Neurosurgery, in the last decade alone, at least 30 athletes have died from concussion-related hemorrhages.

By 2012, the National Football League was responding, and had pledged $30 million to the National Institutes of Health, earmarked for experimental programs and research designed to fight concussions.

Even President Barack Obama, whose speeches are usually reserved for the policy domain, felt compelled to speak out on the issue.

“All across the country, par-

After returning from conducting Ebola research in Liberia, the two Yale public health students who had previously agreed to sequester themselves will no longer be doing so.

Yale School of Public Health Dean Paul Cleary said in a Monday email to public health students that the decision follows consideration by a team of physicians, epidemiologists and administrators. The two researchers were in Liberia working on a computer system modeling the spread of the Ebola virus. In an email sent a week earlier, Cleary said that the researchers never came in direct contact with infected individuals.

“I don’t want to get into details — who said what to whom,” Cleary said to the News Tuesday. “Just [know] that it was a very careful, thought-out process.”

Initially, the researchers decided to voluntarily sequester themselves at home for 21 days — the incubation period for the virus.

Cleary said the reversal also comes after consultation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The students will still be following the CDC’s recommended precautionary measures, he added.

Monday’s email stressed that the risk of the virus infecting Yale students and faculty is low, and that measures taken toward sequestering the students were mainly to quell the fears of members of the public, who may not know how the virus spreads. The virus can only be transmitted through bodily fluids and not air transmission, Cleary had said in a previous email to the YSPH community.

SEE CONCUSSIONS PAGE 6

SEE EBOLA PAGE 6

didn’t feel right.”

A NATIONAL ISSUE

JASON LIU/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Athletes risk more than losing time on the field when they get concussions.

Now a tech CEO, Levin returns

BY NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH CONTRIBUTING REPORTER As technology evolves, both Scott Cook, the former CEO and founder of Intuit, and former University President Richard Levin said Yalies are uniquely positioned to take advantage of these opportunities.

Before a crowd of roughly 150 people Monday afternoon in the President’s Room of Woolsey Hall, Cook and Levin emphasized the importance of crowdsourcing — a strategy that solicits mass contributions for specific projects — in the future of technology development and pointed to the entrepreneurial utility of a Yale lib-

eral arts education. While both men claimed liberal arts backgrounds, they now work in tech companies and said they see crowdsourced material as a powerful method to fuel innovation.

“There has never been a time in world history when people are dedicating their time and their wisdom to creating things for free,” Cook said. “There has never been an environment like this — it’s not just a perfect storm, it’s a perfect climate.”

Intuit, which Cook founded in his garage in Palo Alto in 1983, now provides a wide range of online financial service tools, including Turbotax and Quicken.

SEE CEO TALK PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS

Former Intuit CEO Scott Cook and former University President Levin spoke about technology this Monday.

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “Mr. Stern is a Yale treasure and I will be sad to see him graduate at yaledailynews.com/opinion

the end of this year.”

GUEST COLUMNIST N I C K D E F I E S TA

GUEST COLUMNIST CHRISTIAN BROWN

Life after Yale I’ve officially been a Yale graduate for 148 days. That means 148 days of not being able to swipe into my residential college or check out books from the library, 148 days of remembering to describe myself as a “recent college grad,” 148 days of still receiving emails from the panlists that I’m still too lazy to unsubscribe from.

In other words, I’m still alive. Break out the confetti.

I wouldn’t want the multitude of profound realizations I’ve had across those 148 days to go to waste, so I thought I’d share some observations about life after Yale:

NO MATTER WHERE YOU'RE LIVING OR WHAT YOU'RE DOING, LIFE AFTER YALE DOES ONE THING: CONTINUES. 1. Cooking is simultaneously the best and worst thing about post-grad life. It’s the best because it’s cheap and you get to choose precisely what’s on your menu (no tofu apple crisp for this kid!); it’s the worst because you actually have to cook. There’s nothing wrong with Chipotle every day.

2. Unlike class, you actually have to go to a job. And be on time. It’s as awful as it sounds.

3. Start saving money now.

When you have to choose between your Netflix subscription and dinner (Netflix, obviously), you’ll be kicking yourself for not entering the real world more financially stable. Unless you’re going into finance, in which case start building up your sleep surplus.

4. Some of you seniors might be freaking out while watching your peers who have already locked down jobs for next year. Relax. Most employers aren’t hiring until the middle of next semester or later; every single one of my friends who graduated without a job was employed by the end of the summer.

5. Once you’re a “working professional,” LinkedIn is the new Facebook.

6. Instead of learning from super smart professors and inspirational peers, you’ll be — hopefully, maybe — learning from super smart bosses and

inspirational coworkers. Or, if not, there’s always Coursera.

7. Coffee is still essential.

Decaf is a crime.

8. There’s a decent chance you’ll have to learn how to use Microsoft Outlook, the special level of hell reserved for people who overuse the word “problematic” in section.

9. Gym memberships are expensive. Payne Whitney, your residential college gym, IMs … do whatever it takes to get in shape before you have to shell out $59.99 a month to do so. Remember: Summer bodies are made in the winter!

10. On a similar note, seeing a doctor is absurdly frustrating and expensive in the real world. Despite whatever problems you may have with it, Yale Health is free and accessible. Go get every shot, vaccination and test it offers before you have to take off work and spend hours on the phone just to check out a sore throat.

11. Upsettingly, I have been invited to fewer naked parties since graduating.

12. When choosing where you want to live after graduation, you’ll get to take your pick between “it’s way too expensive to live here; a sandwich is literally half my paycheck” and “this place is so boring; I’d accept poverty somewhere else.” Have fun!

13. After Yale, there is no grade inflation. There are also no grades. Interpret as you will.

14. Instead of taking selfies in class, you’ll be taking selfies at work. Probably involving Excel.

15. There is no fall break, summer break, winter break, mid-winter break, March break, spring break, midspring break ... oh wow you guys get so many breaks. That is so unfair. Enjoy all your time off before you join the enslaved masses with only a week of vacation time — if you’re lucky.

16. All the friends you had, the groups you belonged to at Yale? You’ll still have them, even if they’re a little harder to access. They might even ask you to come back and write a column for them.

So there you have it. No matter where you’re living or what you’re doing, life after Yale does one thing: continues.

At least, for 148 days — who knows about day 149?

Also, I was kidding about LinkedIn. Nobody likes LinkedIn. But connect with me anyway.

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NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT

Decolonizing Columbus Day C

olumbus Day is a prominent celebration in the greater New Haven community. Traditionally, New Haven has held one of the largest Columbus Day celebrations in Connecticut despite it not being directly observed by Yale students or acknowledged on the University calendar.

But I have a question for Yale students and faculty who reside in New Haven on the ancestral homelands of the Quinnipiac People: Why do we celebrate Christopher Columbus, a man credited for “discovering” the Americas, when he was directly responsible for the rape, enslavement and genocide of indigenous people?

I credit this veneration of Christopher Columbus to the ignorance in the greater American consciousness of the impact that Spanish colonizers had on this continent.

My ancestors and I are from the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona. My family resides in an area now called Coppermine, on the western most edge of the reservation. Here, life is drastically different from most of the United States. Electricity only arrived in our area 10 years ago.

Previously, we only used generators during the day. When we need water, we do not use taps but rather are forced to haul our own water from public infrastructure that the entire community shares. Although not

always directly acknowledged by my people, our conditions today can be traced to the arrival of Columbus and the legions of Spanish conquistadors that followed him.

Even to this day, the ghosts of the conquistadors still haunt and shape our historical narrative. Even our language, the way we think and speak, has been irrevocably impacted by their arrival.

CELEBRATING COLUMBUS DAY AMPLIFIES HISTORICAL TRAUMA Many words, including the name of my tribe, are based on the Spanish interpretation of my people. Though we are recognized as the Navajo Nation, the word "Navajo" is actually a Spanish term that was used by the earliest colonizers to describe our people. In our traditional language, Diné Bizaad, we call ourselves the Diné People.

Additionally, our cognates come not from the English language, but originate from Span-

ish. From childhood, my mother did not say "rice" but rather "alóóz" after the Spanish word for rice, "arroz." Cash was not called "money" but "béeso" as a substitute for the Spanish word "peso."

This linguistic history paints an entirely different Diné narrative than is represented in American culture. Contrary to the idyllic vision of the peaceful Native Americans sharing a Thanksgiving meal with the new immigrants to this continent as equals, we were brutally oppressed by Spanish conquistadors. These words represent foreign concepts that were brought to my people, and they represent new lifestyles that were forced on my people, all as a result of Christopher Columbus “discovering” this continent on Oct. 12, 1942.

As Americans, we do not consider Columbus a colonizer, and we focus not on the crimes committed against Native Americans but rather the few instances of mutually beneficial interactions with English and French settlers. Yet by doing this, we largely ignore major portions of history on this continent, and in a sense we are almost justifying what has occurred.

Each tribe in the Southwest, including my own, has their own narratives of the interactions with the conquistadors. Honoring Columbus year after year only serves as a way to continue

to remind us of these narratives.

We as indigenous peoples are forced to face modern day colonialism as we are reminded of our losses and historic oppression.

The observation of Columbus Day every year reintroduces the historical trauma that we as indigenous peoples have suffered and continue to suffer today. When Americans celebrate Columbus Day, they do not think of him as the man responsible for the first enslavement of people on this continent. They do not envision him and his men plundering the Caribbean. Most Americans do not even stop to consider that Columbus’s journey established a path for the conquistadors and other exploitive settlers to follow at the expense of the indigenous peoples of this continent.

As a Diné person, I would like to thank the members of the Yale community who helped us celebrate Indigenous People's Day in lieu of Columbus Day yesterday.

I challenge the students and faculty of our university to rise up against the narrative of Columbus and rectify the historical trauma faced by the indigenous people on whose land you now reside.

CHRISTIAN BROWN is a senior in Pierson College. He is president of the Association of Native Americans.

Contact him at christian.brown@yale.edu .

NICK DEFIESTA is a 2014 graduate of Berkeley College. He was a columnist for the News and City Editor on Managing Board of 2014.

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Intellectual freedom at Yale-NUS

Nathan Steinberg’s column about Yale-NUS College (“Stay home, Yale.” Oct. 10) includes several factual errors. The premise of his column is that, as he writes, “the YaleNUS administration refused to screen a documentary — ‘To Singapore, with Love’ — on campus after the Singaporean Media Development Authority classified it as a ‘threat to national security.’” This is not true. The Yale-NUS professor who wanted to show the film in his course on creative non-fiction found no obstacle in the college administration. In fact, when the president of Yale-NUS was asked about the case by the News, he expressed only support for the professor’s plan and an expectation that the film would be shown in the course.

The only action taken by the Yale-NUS administration was to ask the Singaporean MDA to clarify the relevance of its restrictive rating to universities. Perhaps partly in response to this request, the MDA issued a public statement, reported in the main Singaporean newspa-

per, indicating that restricted films could be shown in relevant academic settings in universities. This was a clearer endorsement of one aspect of academic freedom than had previously been available from the MDA. The MDA also specified that its rating would not prevent the screening of “To Singapore with Love” in the Yale-NUS course.

Steinberg’s column implies that Yale-NUS chose not to show the film. This is incorrect. The particular film in question is not in general circulation; it is available only from the filmmaker, who has so far declined to send it to Yale-NUS for viewing. She understandably wants broader access to the film in Singapore. But the filmmaker has an open invitation to show the film at the college, and when the film becomes available on DVD or online, the professor can decide on his own whether or not to show it in his course.

Steinberg also suggests that Malcolm X’s writings on race in America and Thoreau’s writings on civil disobedience could not easily be read at Yale-NUS. This is incorrect. Those books, and other (much more controversial) books, including books whose sale is restricted in Singapore, can be read in university courses and are available on cam-

pus. More generally, the required courses at Yale-NUS demand that all students read and write about sensitive issues including race, religion and sexuality. More than 30 Yale faculty members have visited Yale-NUS since its opening, and they can speak best about the energy and engagement on campus, both in and out of class. When I was there this past March, I gave a lecture on John Stuart Mill’s “On Liberty” (a required text in a required class) to a large lecture hall full of students and saw a lively discussion about the book in a smaller seminar.

The author is not wrong to raise the issue of intellectual freedom on campus — it is a vital question at all colleges, and especially so in the many countries with more restrictive laws on expression. Faculty at Yale, at NUS and at Yale-NUS regularly discuss the issue, watching new developments carefully and diligently seeking to remain informed about the facts on the ground.

BRYAN GARSTEN Oct. 11 The writer is a professor of Political Science and Humanities. He is cochair of a joint Yale University-NUS Consultative Group on academic freedom at Yale-NUS College.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“I’m obsessed with sushi.”

EMMA ROBERTS AMERICAN ACTRESS,

CORRECTIONS MONDAY, OCT. 13

A previous version of the article “Harp declares today Indigenous People’s Day” misspelled the name of Esvin Lima and misstated the length of time for which he has been detained.

Esserman speaks to Dems on policing

BY SARAH BRULEY STAFF REPORTER At a meeting with the Yale College Democrats last night, New Haven Chief of Police Dean Esserman stressed the importance of community policing in curbing crime in the Elm City.

Although the Yale Dems planned the discussion in response to the August shooting in Ferguson, Missouri, Esserman addressed a variety of topics, starting with Connecticut’s gubernatorial race. In addition to showing his support for incumbent Gov. Dannel Malloy, Esserman answered questions about community policing, gun control and racial profiling.

The Yale Dems did not ask to host Esserman specifically to endorse Malloy or his policies, according to Yale Dems communications director Lily SawyerKaplan ’17. The event, which was co-sponsored by the Yale Chapter of Amnesty International, was intended to stimulate discussion within the Yale community about policing in New Haven, she added.

“I think following the events in Ferguson, we wanted [Esserman] to set the record straight with us,” said Becca Ellison ’15, Yale Dems president. “I think it’s good to be reminded that we’re citizens of New Haven.”

[F]ollowing the events in Ferguson, we wanted [Esserman] to set the record straight with us.

BECCA ELLISON ’15 President, Yale Dems Speaking specifically to New Haven, Esserman said that Yale first turned its attention to crime in New Haven in the wake of the murder of Christian Prince ’93 in 1991 on Hillhouse Avenue.

“It was a turning point and Yale did something that I’d never seen before — Yale actually cared,” Esserman said.

While Yale connected itself more to the community following the tragedy, Esserman said that current students are largely unaware of the murder.

Esserman stressed that increasing public attention towards these types of violent crimes can serve as a foundation for change in the policing system.

“The reality is that the amount of violence on the streets of

America is amazing,” Esserman said. “But there’s no moral outrage.”

Esserman identified community policing as one of New Haven’s key initiatives in increasing trust between citizens and police officials, and ultimately reducing crime in the city.

Community policing — a system where new police officers are assigned to stay in a specific area of town instead of changing beats — was introduced to New Haven nearly 20 years ago when Esserman first became NHPD Chief of Police. However, after he left New Haven to join the Providence, Rhode Island police force, the system of community policing also left the city. When Esserman returned to New Haven two years ago, he reintroduced the system to the NHPD. When police are first introduced to their beats, Esserman said tensions run high between the new officers and the community members, but the officers eventually build trust within their neighborhoods.

According to Esserman, when community members are more familiar with officers in the neighborhood, they are more likely to report crimes and ask for help.

“By the end of a month or two, people know their vacation schedules, their kids and call them on their cell phones,” he said.

Members of the Dems also prompted questions concerning tensions between minorities and police officers in New Haven and across the country.

Esserman said that racial profiling has existed for a long time within the American police force, adding that, as a result, many people — especially minorities — do not feel comfortable around the police. He cited incidents when police officers were ordered to shoot Irish and Italian immigrants in the early 20th century.

“There’s a sense that if you’re a cop, you’re all part of the same cop family,” Esserman said.

“What I saw in Ferguson embarrassed me and ashamed me, but it ain’t me.”

According to Esserman, community policing is one strategy to break down barriers between law enforcement and community members.

In addition to serving as New Haven’s Chief of Police, Esserman worked as the Police Chief for the Providence Rhode Island Police Department and the MTA Metro North Police Department.

Contact SARAH BRULEY at sarah.bruley@yale.edu .

SnoJoy offers dessert, sushi

BY DANIELA BRIGHENTI CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Once known exclusively as a frozen dessert shop, SnoJoy Cafe on Whitney Avenue reopened last week with a new cold offering — sushi.

Located behind T imothy Dwight College, the dessert shop opened this May with cold dessert options, primarily shaved snow. But after finding that business was slow, the managers decided to relaunch the business with a new variety of offerings, including sushi and rice bowls. After closing for three days to remodel the menu, the cafe opened up on Thursday.

Although co-owner of SnoJoy Cafe Jolina Lee said most of the cafe’s advertisements have been geared towards Yale students, only six out of 14 students interviewed said they had heard of SnoJoy Cafe, and only two had actually eaten there.

The lack of Yale frequenters is one of the main reasons why the cafe undertook such a striking menu change, Lee said.

“We realized this is not the best location,” Lee said, noting that most students who do frequent the shop are in the nearby Silliman or Timothy Dwight Colleges. She said during the weekdays, the street is “mostly dead” except when office workers are on their lunch break.

Often when people did come in, she said, they would realize the store only served dessert items and leave.

Thus, the owners decided to add meal options to make the most out of their location. Lee said the change was relatively straightforward — the cafe was only closed for three days, during which the owners themselves painted the interior, added the few additional pieces of equipment needed, put up a new menu board and organized the hot food that would be served.

“We got the concept from California because they have a sushi burrito place in San Francisco where people were lining

BY EMMA PLATOFF STAFF REPORTER Between seminar papers, fellowship applications and endless pages of reading, history majors at Yale will enjoy one more perk this year.

According to the latest USA Today rankings, Yale’s history major is the best in the country. The magazine’s 2014 rankings, released on Oct. 6, gave the department first place, surpassing rival institutions such as Harvard, Princeton and Columbia.

In other rankings published in recent years, Yale has not ranked first. QS World University Rankings by Subject rated Yale second in the U.S. in 2014. Education-portal.com’s most recent ranking placed Yale 10th in the U.S., while campusexplorer.com named Yale number six among U.S. competitors.

According to the USA Today website, their rankings are compiled using 10 different factors — including early-career and mid-career salary for graduates, the college’s overall quality and the percentage of students at the college studying that major.

Both faculty members and students in the history department were pleased by the rec-

up and waiting four blocks for sushi,” Lee said.

Only two new employees were hired — the sushi masters — as Lee called them. They work on alternating days from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. to cut the vegetables and prepare the raw fish into sushi.

Sushi master Lee Zheng said he joined SnoJoy Cafe after preparing sushi for 15 years, adding that he has enjoyed his first week on the job.

The change has been wellreceived, Lee said, noting that the total number of customers has increased this week. She added that customers who previously purchased dessert products have now begun ordering sushi on top of their usual order, which was the owners’ main goal. With the weather getting

colder and both Pinkberry and Polar Delight closing down, the owners wanted to make sure SnoJoy was kept running, Lee said.

Still, Lee believes Yalies “don’t know SnoJoy exists.”

“I did a student planner ad but I didn’t feel like that was effective,” Lee said. “When school started back up and the students came back, we put menus on bulletin boards, but I don’t know how much that helped.

Mike Yoon ’18, a resident of Silliman College, said he has been to the cafe four times this semester, after a friend in Timothy Dwight recommended it.

While Yoon agrees that the location of SnoJoy is detrimental to its business, he added that the cafe’s high prices may also

Number of History Majors

ognition. Still, many expressed concern about the ranking system’s method of evaluating academic departments, particularly its emphasis on post-graduation earnings.

“Yale’s history department is exceptional in the breadth and depth of its offerings,” said Carolyn Dean, director of graduate studies for history. “We are delighted that rankings appear to reflect our strengths.”

History major Rebecca Steinberg ’15 said she was not surprised about the ranking results.

But Steinberg also said it seemed odd that the methodology of the rankings linked earnings with the quality of the department, especially given the broad range of careers that history majors choose after graduating.

However, Alexander Jacobson ’17 said that while he thinks history is not intended to be profitable in the same way as majors like economics, graduates’ salaries are a practical metric by which to measure a department.

History department Director of Undergraduate Studies Beverly Gage said that Yale is always happy to be number one.

But, like others, Gage also expressed some doubt about the methodology of the rankings, particularly their heavy reliance

on salary earnings as an indicator of a major’s strength. Gage said that while it is good that Yale history majors earn competitive salaries after graduation — especially as some students worry that history degrees will not lead to exciting or well-paying jobs — the metric is a narrow way to assess a department.

Gage said factors like the classroom experience, the level of intellectual enrichment and the kinds of contributions students of history make to the world, are better ways to assess the quality of a history department. Yale would do extremely well in these categories, she said.

Harvard University history department chair Daniel Smail said that the rankings’ focus on income was saddening.

“But as they say, we live in a new gilded age, so it is understandable that it should matter to the good people at USA Today and perhaps to students and parents as well,” he said.

According to USA Today’s website, the rankings focus on early graduate earnings because “early career earnings often reflect the employer’s perception of the university and how well prepared graduates are for the workforce.”

David Cameron — a professor

turn away potential customers. A small cup of shaved snow costs $3.95 and each additional topping is 50 cents.

Other businesses located near SnoJoy Cafe also have said they too have difficulty attracting Yale students to their shops.

Owner of Town Pizza Restaurant Nick Yorgakalol said his restaurant, located just down the street from SnoJoy Cafe, does not attract many Yale students.

“We’re sort of off the beaten path,” he said. He added that most business comes from lunchtime and catering to offices, including some Yale offices.

SnowJoy Cafe offers five different flavors of shaved snow.

Contact DANIELA BRIGHENTI at daniela.brighenti@yale.edu .

in the political science department, which was listed fifth in the same USA Today rankings — said that while it’s gratifying to be ranked highly, these rankings are “silly.”

“The so-called methodology employs attributes that have nothing to do with the quality of a university’s major,” Cameron wrote in an email.

The only metric that may have anything to do with the quality of the major, Cameron added, is its relative size compared to the university’s other majors.

Jennifer Van Vleck, an assistant professor in the history department, said she thinks the ranking failed to account for several important but less quantifiable benefits of majoring in history, such as the way in which understanding the past better enables students to improve the present, and intellectual skills like conducting research, analyzing texts, crafting persuasive arguments and communicating effectively.

This fall, USA Today also released rankings of the nation’s top accounting, biology and math majors.

Contact EMMA PLATOFF at emma.platoff@yale.edu .

DEPARTMENT RANKINGS

HISTORY DEPARTMENT DEGREES AWARDED PER YEAR

200 Harvard University

150

Yale University

100 50

New Haven Chief of Police Dean Esserman spoke about curbing crime in the city at a meeting with the Yale Dems.

To attract business from Yale students SnoJoy Cafe has expanded its menu to include sushi and hot foods.

History rankings encounter critics

250

SARAH BRULEY/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

MICHELLE CHAN/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

1 Harvard University

3

Princeton University Class of 2008

Class of 2009

Class of 2010

Class of 2011

Class of 2012

Class of 2013

MAYA SWEEDLER/PRODUCTION ASSISTANT

Yale University

2 Princeton University

SAMMY BENSINGER/PRODUCTION & DESIGN EDITOR

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS ¡ TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 ¡ yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“To build a great company, which is a CEO’s job, sometimes you have to stand up against conventional wisdom.�

CARLY FIORINA AMERICAN EXECUTIVE

Swastikas met with hearts

Levin, Cook discuss tech CEO TALK FROM PAGE 1 According to Cook, several of the company’s products rely on crowdsourced material. He said, for example, that Turbotax uses crowdsourced answers to taxrelated questions.

Levin, the CEO of the freeonline course platform Coursera, agreed with Cook’s emphasis on crowdsourcing, adding that all English-to-Chinese translations for Coursera are crowdsourced.

Still, both men emphasized the importance of a broad-based liberal arts education in today’s entrepreneurial atmosphere. “There’s nothing I would trade a good liberal arts education for,� Levin said. “I think it’s the best education anyone could ask for.�

In particular, Levin noted the differences in culture between Yale and Stanford.

Fifteen years ago, Stanford was a great liberal arts university, he said. Today, though, Levin said too many of their students singularly focus on engineering. “The students [at Stanford] are great — they’re brilliant — but they’re less engaged with the world,� he said. “They’re really narrow in their focus on technology.�

Instead, Levin said, a liberal arts education provides the best base from which to start a company that can change the world.

Cook echoed this sentiment, adding that directors of most tech companies are not people with engineering degrees. However, both Cook and Levin urged students to consider all fields when considering career paths. “Find something that embodies your values,� Cook said. “You can choose — you’re at Yale.�

ANNELISA LEINBACH/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Students wrote messages of support in response to the swastika graffiti discovered in front of Durfee.

SWASTIKA FROM PAGE 1 feel less safe on campus.

Russell Cohen ’17 said he was horrified when he first heard the news but was unafraid as a Jewish student on campus.

Hillel President Rebecca Bakal ’16 said she hoped other Jewish students would not hesitate to express their religious views. “I believe that everyone at Yale should feel safe and comfortable being who they are, and I will do everything I can to make other Jewish students at Yale feel at home,� Bakal said.

Zach Young ’17 said Yale is a place where Jews are welcomed by the administration and the student body.

The chalking of swastikas outside of Durfee follows similar incidents of antiSemitic graffiti at Emory University and Eastern Michigan University.

Michelle Yancich ’17 said she hopes the incident sparks further dialogue on

campus about Judaism, adding that antiSemitic behavior on college campuses should not be ignored. “Because as much as it could have been intended as a political statement, it was in fact a hate crime and should be addressed as such,� she said.

In an effort to display student support for Yale’s Jewish community, three students — Javier Cienfuegos ’15, William Genova ’15 and Sebastian Medina-Tayac ’16, a former staff reporter for the News — started drawing a chalk mural reiterating Holloway’s admonition of hate outside of Durfee Hall.

By 12:30 a.m. Tuesday morning, a group of 15 students had collected outside Durfee. They were passing out chalk to passers-by, inviting them to draw hearts and peace signs under the statement “There is no hate in this house,� a direct quote from Holloway’s email.

A number of different campus groups, ranging from Students Unite Now to the

Yale Track and Field Team, affixed their names to the mural.

Cienfuegos said that the email left him hurt, confused and angry. “I immediately felt like I had to react to this,� he said. “It’s unacceptable to have this on campus.�

Karleh Wilson ’16, one of the other students involved in the mural, said that she heard from Cienfuegos via social media that a group was planning to clean the space on Old Campus. “Instead of cleaning up, why don’t we draw hearts instead?� Wilson said.

A photograph of the mural appearing on “Overheard at Yale,� a student Facebook group that shares happenings on campus, received over 750 likes within two hours of its posting.

Contact STEPHANIE ADDENBROOKE at stephanie.addenbrooke@yale.edu and RACHEL SIEGEL at rachel.siegel@yale.edu .

He added that the technology sector provides a wide array of opportunities to change the world, a remark that Levin quickly qualified by saying that other such sectors also exist, and that “tech is not the only ethically committed way to go.�

Still, not all members of the audience found Cook’s advice convincing.

Sam Brenner ’18 described Cook’s remarks as “refreshing, reassuring, [but] likely not so applicable.�

Ian Gonzalez ’16, a former copy editor at the News, said Cook’s advice was realistic, especially in diverse fields like tech, where plenty of companies are making a positive difference and the range of choices is wide.

There’s nothing I would trade a good liberal arts education for.

RICHARD LEVIN Yale University President, 1993–2013 Others felt that the difficulty of entering into the tech sector posed a problem. “I feel like the startup culture is flooded at this point,� said Dan Shao ’15. “[Cook] also mentioned that a lot of startups with money and ideas failed.

Even though I might have a great idea, I’d want someone like Cook to guide me through.�

Cook has served as an advisor for Amazon, Facebook and Snapchat. Levin was president of Yale from 1993–2013.

Contact NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH at noah.daponte-smith@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 5

NEWS

“All great change in American begins at the dinner table.”

RONALD REAGAN AMERICAN PRESIDENT

Harp, Esserman share policing strategies

BY ERICA PANDEY STAFF REPORTER As New Haven officials continue to tout improved public safety, Mayor Toni Harp and Police Chief Dean Esserman presented last week at the U.S. Conference of Mayors in Little Rock, Arkansas on the city’s crown jewel for fighting crime: community policing.

Several dozen mayors and police chiefs attended the event, which centered on the theme “Making Cities Safer Through Community Policing.” Hosted at the Clinton Presidential Center, the conference featured remarks from former President Bill Clinton LAW ‘73 and U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder. Harp and Esserman led a panel discussion alongside Little Rock Mayor Mark Stodola. The officials honed in on the problems facing urban youth, and how collaboration among cities, police departments and schools can protect this population.

A police chief is only as good as a mayor lets them be.

DEAN ESSERMAN Police chief, New Haven Shots fired are down 23 percent from this time last year, according to data released by the police department. The homicide rate is down slightly, as well.

Last week’s “Crime in Connecticut” report revealed an additional 9 percent drop in overall crime from 2013 to 2014.

Officer David Hartman, media liaison for the NHPD, said Esserman reinvigorated community policing in New Haven when he took office in November 2011. By the end of that year, the homicide count had reached a 20-year high of 34 murders. Esserman said at the time he was going to take the NHPD in a new direction — placing the reinvigoration of community policing at the top of his agenda.

After Harp clinched the mayoral election last fall, Esserman was one of the first department heads she pledged to retain.

“A police chief is only as good as a

mayor lets them be,” Esserman said Monday, reflecting on lessons from the trip. He added that Harp was received well at the conference.

In a press release last week, Harp said that she hoped to share New Haven’s progress in curbing crime, while also learning new strategies to successfully address public safety issues in the Elm City.

Harp and Esserman pointed to New Haven’s Youth Stat initiative, which holds weekly meetings for agencies to share data about school absences and transfers, as well as involvement in the juvenile justice system. The aim is to identify at-risk youth in the city.

The city officials also cited the NHPS Community Resilience Initiative, the umbrella title given to a series of programs aimed at identifying and counseling school-age children suffering from violence-related trauma.

“We talked about hiring school resource officers and implementing afterschool programs to keep schools safe,” said Stodola, who has been mayor of Little Rock since 2007.

“We agreed that the ability to build trust in neighborhoods would come from enhanced community policing.” Resource officers serve as public safety and security officials at schools, according to Stodola.

Stodola added that the panel discussed how to strengthen mayor and police chief relationships as well as how city officials can effectively communicate with media.

This year’s conference of mayors also celebrated the 20th anniversary of the Community-Oriented Policing Services, or COPS, a program that was signed into law during the Clinton Administration.

Under COPS, 100,000 new police officers were hired to patrol the streets of cities around the country. “[The conference] was an opportunity to reflect on the gains we’ve made in twenty years, but also to see how far we have to go,” Stodola said. “The more police officers that patrol by foot or on bicycles as opposed to insulated from the community in vehicles, the better.”

The U.S. Conference of Mayors has been meeting several times a year since its establishment in 1932.

Contact ERICA PANDEY at erica.pandey@yale.edu .

Nazario talks immigration

BY DAVID SHIMER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Central American children risk their lives to find their mothers in the United States, and journalist Sonia Nazario risked her life to tell their story.

On Monday, Ezra Stiles College hosted Nazario for a Master’s Tea. Nazario has written for several publications including the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and the Wall Street Journal. She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for feature writing in 2003. At the event, which drew roughly 35 audience members, Nazario talked about her experiences in Central America with immigrant children and mothers, and she discussed her views on the problem of child immigration at large.

Sixty-eight thousand children fled to the United States in fiscal year of 2014, 70 to 90 percent of whom have been forced to represent themselves in court, Nazario said.

“Government attorneys argue against these kids on matters of deportation,” she said. “Instead of behaving in a humane way, we’re stripping children of their rights.”

These children are not coming to the United States for economic reasons, Nazario said. Rather, they are fleeing to the United States to save their lives.

While reporting in Honduras, Nazario said she collected the stories of children who had to choose between committing crimes and being targeted by cartel members. At one school, she said, a 12-year-old boy demanded that a teacher hand over 10-year-olds to distribute crack. When the teacher objected, he pulled out a gun.

Because U.S. President Barack Obama is bent on advertising that the country is at a 40-year low in illegal immigration, Nazario said she believes he is not giving the problem of immigrant children its due attention.

“We can debate whether to let in economic migrants,” she said. “But these children are a no brainer.”

Just as the United States worked to improve conditions in Colombia, Nazario said Congress should focus on improving conditions in Central America to halt the immigration crisis.

In Honduras, 95 percent of the education budget goes to teachers — one in four of whom don’t come to work.

If these conditions do not change, migrants will continue coming to the United States.

Often Central American mothers will leave their children and migrate to

DAVID SHIMER/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Journalist Sonia Nazario spoke on the problem of child immigration in an Ezra Stiles Master’s Tea on Monday. the Untied States in an effort to bring their entire family here, she said. But they often find that the American dream is not a reality.

“The streets are not paved in gold in the United States,” Nazario explained.

“Women leave hoping it would be a year or two, but it inevitably ends up being 10.”

After meeting a boy named Enrique in Northern Mexico, Nazario followed him on his journey to find his mother over 10 years ago. She hitchhiked and snuck onto the top of freight trains, risking injury, rape and even death along the way. Despite the danger, Nazario said the perils of her journey were worth the value of the experience.

Nazario said the most important thing for her was to understand and communicate Enrique’s plight, in her book, “Enrique’s Journey,” which she published in 2006.

“I watched his misery play out so I could convey it to readers. I tried to see it through his eyes,” she said.

Students interviewed said they came to hear Nazario speak for a variety of reasons.

Bhavani Ananthabhotla ’18 said she wanted to hear what Nazario had to say

because she is interested in public education, while Sarah Heard ’18 said she attended because of her involvement in student activism on campus and her interest in immigrant rights.

Karla Maradiaga ’15, who was born in Honduras, said she appreciated that the event brought attention to issues facing her home country but wished it had happened sooner.

“I’m really glad this issue is being brought to the Yale campus, because there aren’t many students from Honduras here,” she said. “I wish it had happened sooner because the situation in these countries has been bad for years, and I hope to see more of it in the future.”

Ezra Stiles Master Stephen Pitti ’91, who worked with organizations like La Casa and the New Haven Board of Education to organize the event, said Nazario spent the rest of Monday with local policymakers to discuss immigration.

The last Pulitzer Prize for feature writing was awarded in 2013 to The New York Times journalist John Branch.

Contact DAVID SHIMER at david.shimer@yale.edu .

Architecture school micro project completed

BY LILLIAN CHILDRESS AND SKYLER INMAN STAFF REPORTER AND CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Nestled among the two-story homes and grassy front yards of Scranton Street in New Haven’s West River neighborhood is an unconventional addition — a micro home.

The house is a product of the Yale School of Architecture’s Jim Vlock Building Project — a yearly program through which all first-year architecture students work together to design and build a house in New Haven.

The project, which has been a fixture of the architecture program since 1967, seeks to give students the chance to see a project from conceptualization to realization. The Scranton Street house, which opened last week, was made almost entirely from student labor, with the exception of electrical, mechanical and plumbing installations, which were handled professionally.

“It’s extremely important to the pedagogy of the school,” said Katie Stege ARC ’16, one of the 2014 student project managers.

While the building project has been a staple of the school for over 40 years, this year’s project is the first to partner with a local affordable housing nonprofit, NeighborWorks New Horizons.

Because of the compressed timeline of design and construction, Stege said, the program hasn’t always emphasized the community impact of its projects to the same degree as other design-build programs — including Auburn University’s Rural Studio. By partnering with Neighborworks New Horizons, however, the team managed to fit the project to the needs of the neighborhood, specifically New Haven’s shortage of affordable housing and surplus of underdeveloped lots.

Joining Neighborworks was

a second investor client — HTP Ventures, owned by New Haven native Thac Pham.

Building project coordinator Adam Hopfner ARC ’99 said that during the design process, the students had to negotiate many architectural and structural issues. In addition to integrating feedback from professors and clients, the students faced the added difficulty of reconciling city building codes and zoning requirements with the physical reality of the site.

Like many empty lots in New Haven, the plot of land now occupied by the Scranton Street house is what architects and developers call a “sliver lot” — narrower and longer than housing developers consider marketable.

It’s unlikely that something else would have been built on this lot, given zoning requirements and size.

JOHN KLEINSCHMIDT ARC ’16 Student project director “It’s unlikely that something else would have been built on this lot, given zoning requirements and its size,” said student project director John Kleinschmidt ARC ’16.

Kleinschmidt said that because of the recent housing crisis, the team was determined to scale down the project.

In 2012, architecture students designed and built a 2,400 square foot house. This year, the house measured a conservative 900 square feet. While Hopfner said that Neighborworks at first found the house a bit too small, Pham, on the other hand, dubbed it the “McMansion” of micro houses.

In the end, however, Stege and

Kleinschmidt agreed that both Neighborworks and Pham were satisfied with the final product.

In fact, Pham said his company plans to replicate the design of the building in different parts of New Haven. He said he may open a factory in New Haven that would pre-fabricate much of the micro home and perhaps ship components of the house to other cities to meet their needs.

The Scranton Street house is intended for first-time homeowners, Kleinschmidt said. After the winning design was chosen, “within two weeks we were digging a hole and pushing through the permit process with the help of the city,” Hopfner said. Over the following 15 weeks, every first-year architecture student helped put the house together, and 15 students were hired to complete construction during July and August.

The house was not designed to accommodate the needs of what Hopfner described as “a nuclear family with a mom and a dad and 2.7 children.” Instead, he said, the house was made for empty nesters, young professionals, couples who are buying a home for their first time, or other non-traditional home buyers. In order to achieve this, the house is designed with a larger two-floor unit on the bottom and a smaller loft on the third floor to afford different housing situations.

Hopfner said that he thinks micro houses are a growing trend in America, particularly due to what he calls a “reevaluation of the amount of space you need,” due to the housing crisis.

NeighborWorks New Horizons will sell the home with considerable subsidies to a local first-time homebuyer.

Contact LILLIAN CHILDRESS at lillian.g.childress@yale.edu and SKYLER INMAN at skyler.inman@yale.edu .

JIM VLOCK BUILDING PROJECT

This year, the Yale School of Architecture’s Jim Vlock Building Project has constructed a micro home.

PAGE 6

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“The most daring thing is to create stable communities in which the terrible disease of loneliness can be cured.”

KURT VONNEGUT AMERICAN WRITER

Science of concussions no simple matter

SCATTERBRAINED

The finer details of what happens when someone gets a concussion are still unclear. What scientists do know is that the injury starts in the nerve cells — the wiring — of the brain.

Concussions start when a blow to the head causes the brain to get stretched and twisted, an effect called torsional strain.

An athlete suffers a blow to the head, and two types of motion are present. One is rotational —

THAO DO/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

port Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan. “Either they can’t [retrieve the information] if the injury is bad enough, or they have to use other areas of the brain that aren’t normally designated to remember words and shapes in order to achieve the goal. They can do that, but it tends to take them longer, and they aren’t as accurate as they were in a normal, healthy state.”

In rare cases, repeated concussions in a short period of time can lead to “second impact syndrome,” wherein the brain mechanism that normally regulates blood pressure fails, leading to hemorrhaging and often death.

Treatment for concussions mainly consists of cognitive and physical rest, which often entails athletes limiting or stopping academic work and being pulled out of their sport.

LASTING EFFECTS

Researchers are just now discovering the long term effects of concussions, and they are far from inconsequential.

It turns out that concussions’ effects can be cumulative, leading to permanently impaired cognitive functioning. Broglio explained the long-term risk via analogy. If the brain were a fourlane highway, and three lanes were shut down, eventually the road would be repaired and traffic would flow easily. But repeated damage might lead to pot holes, and the back-up of traffic in the brain may be more permanent.

Repeated concussions are also associated with elevated levels of plaque-forming proteins and others known to be associated with cognitive decline, according to a research review in The Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.

Sometimes the consequences are severe enough that they produce the early onset of symptoms resembling those of Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and dementia.

“You peak at maximum brain function in your late 20s or early 30s and basically you start declining at that point — this is in normal healthy people,” Broglio said. “But it doesn’t become apparent until maybe your 60s.

One theory is that when you have concussions, you might accelerate that process.”

In a study conducted at the Department of Veterans Affairs’ brain repository in Bedford, Mass., 79 NFL players suffering from cognitive problems donated their brains to research upon their deaths. Of those, 76 exhibited signs of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a concussion-linked neurodegenerative disease which can cause a constellation of debilitating problems, ranging from violent behavior to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease-like symptoms.

The results of these studies may not apply to non-professional athletes, but they are

Ebola researchers return EBOLA FROM PAGE 1 Isaac Wasserman ’14 SPH ’15, who works for Doctors Without Borders, said it is unnecessary to be fearful of the spread of the Ebola virus, which, unlike other viruses such as smallpox, cannot be transmitted until the symptoms have presented themselves. Nonetheless, society often ignores facts in favor of hysteria, Wasserman said.

“I have an abundance of respect for the two researchers’ acknowledgement of the public’s fear, but I am also happy that rationality has finally won out,” Wasserman said, adding that a three-week-long sequestration on top of medical monitoring is unnecessary.

With the first death of an Ebola patient on American soil and a second confirmed infection, national attention has focused on how to prepare for the possibility of a larger outbreak.

Over the past several weeks, members of Yale’s Emergency Operations team have met with senior officials from the YaleNew Haven Health System, as well as representatives from the New Haven Health Department, the New Haven Office of Emergency Management and the Connecticut Department of Public Health to discuss Ebola preparedness, said Karen Peart, deputy university press secretary for medicine and

health sciences, in a Monday email.

Yale has points of contact with the national CDC as well, Peart added. “[These groups] are actively meeting, actively conferencing, to discuss what every community needs to do to avoid a situation like Texas,” said Director of Yale Health Paul Genecin. “This is not a small thing. This is huge.”

The collaboration between the University, YNHHS and various government agencies has involved task forces and weekly conference calls, said James Paturas, director of the Yale-New Haven Center for Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Response. Representatives from the organizations are discussing how to streamline staff training and protocol in the case of an outbreak, he added.

“Thankfully, there’s no immediate threat in our own community, but we’re mindful that there are active Yale programs in Liberia and Sierra Leone,” Genecin said. “We’re aware that we’re not a self-contained university.

We’re very global. Having in place a metric system for tracking who’s where and what advice we’re giving before and after travel is very important.”

A new website, created by the Yale Office of Public Affairs and Communications, has been set up by the University to provide infor-

mation about the virus and the university’s current response efforts.

Richard Skolnik ’72, a Professor of Public Health, was quick to point out that the larger issue remains in Africa. He said that what is needed now is more action — the type of action that the formerly sequestered students were providing.

“While the US may be doubling down against Ebola, as some say, it is clear that no single person or agency is in the lead against Ebola, there is no coherent system for stabilizing, referring or managing Ebola cases, and many, if not most, health care workers are ill prepared to deal with this virus,” Skolnik said. “While I do think we will contain the virus here, we need to urgently organize a much more coherent, effective and efficient response to it.”

Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy declared a public health emergency for the state last Tuesday, granting Commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Public Health Jewel Mullen ’77 MPH ’96 the power to quarantine anyone she believes may have been exposed to the virus.

Contact BEN FAIT at benjamin.fait@yale.edu STEPHANIE ROGERS at stephanie.rogers@yale.edu and VIVIAN WANG at vivian.y.wang@yale.edu .

THAO DO/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

still troubling, said Peter Arnett, director of clinical training in neuropsychology at Pennsylvania State University.

“These are very unusual people in very unusual circumstances,” Arnett said, referring to the NFL players whose brains were studied. “Whether that same type of finding will be found among the population in general [which includes college, high school and recreational athletes], I don’t think anybody really knows the answer to that.”

UNDER THE RADAR

Despite the dangers they present to short and long-term health, concussions remain grossly underdiagnosed. A study published in Neurosurgical Focus says as much.

Researchers followed 67 junior hockey players in the 2009-2010 season. Physicians watched every game, and tested hockey players every time a concussion seemed likely. The result: a rate of diagnosis seven times higher than that previously reported for the league.

Concussions remain underdiagnosed for a number of reasons, but perhaps chief among them is that the people who are in the best position to understand their condition — the patients themselves — often do not know what is happening.

Katie Holmes, a Yale Medical Group APRN and primary provider for Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital Pediatric Concussion Clinic, said that in her experience many athletes are simply unaware of what constitutes a concussion.

“I’ll see people who come to me having had a concussion, and then say ‘Oh, actually I think I’ve probably had other concussions in the past,’” Holmes said. “Kids don’t know they’ve had concussions, and the coach’s eyes can’t be everywhere.”

According to Arnett, this may result from a gap in education between medical profession-

als and coaches and athletes.

Medical personnel and trainers are significantly more educated about concussions and safe in their approach to them than athletes and coaches, according to a 2010 study by Arnett’s research group.

Then, there is the issue of sports culture, which Arnett thinks exacerbates the failure to diagnose problems. Players don’t want to be removed from the game and want to be viewed as tough by their teammates, he said.

[T]here is an ethos, particularly in football but also in other sports, about playing through injury and toughness.

PETER ARNETT “In the athletic context, there is an ethos, particularly in football but also in other sports, about playing through injury and toughness,” Arnett said. “There are many examples of athletes being lauded for playing through injury, but in concussions that’s not a good idea … If the player reports a concussion, they know they are going to be removed from play. If that happens, they might ultimately lose their status and position on the team.”

According to Broglio, part of the problem lies in the difficulty of diagnosing concussions. Currently, there is no concrete diagnosis, so physicians have to rely on reported symptoms. And the nature of the symptoms, he explained, can make it difficult to recognize concussions. “[It] is a clinical diagnosis, so it’s no different from someone who has ADHD or autism — there’s no blood test, there’s no imaging that can definitively say that someone had a concussion,”

Broglio said. “It’s clinically challenging, but that is where we are in the science and the medicine... Part of the complexity of concussions is that signs and symptoms of concussions overlap with other issues.”

He added that some patients have migraine disorders or are prone to headaches, but their symptoms do not mean they have a concussion. And athletes may endure a tough practice and feel fatigued, but that does not mean they have a concussion.

In addition to dealing with all of these factors, physicians also have to determine an acceptable level of risk, which changes depending on the patient being treated, Arnett said. If an athlete has a career in athletics, for instance, their cost-benefit calculus is going to be significantly different than that of an IM sports player.

According to Holmes, intervention becomes necessary when athletes report lasting cognitive impairment and difficulty with balancing and coordination. Taking longer than usual to heal is also a warning sign.

All three experts interviewed said the most important route to improvement will be educating athletes and changing the culture of sports to make it acceptable to report a concussion. Part of that responsibility lies with educational institutions.

“The NCAA, based on the way they are designed and set up ... [leaves] the concussion protocols up to the schools to decide,” Broglio said. “It really comes down to if the schools are putting the right tools and infrastructure in place to identify and manage the injury appropriately.”

Athletic programs are faced with a challenging problem: a cost-benefit equation whose costs are uncertain, but potentially devastating.

Contact BEN FAIT at benjamin.fait@yale.edu .

ya l e i n st itute o f sacre d music prese nts

Great Organ Music at Yale music of guami, trabaci, palestrina, gabrieli, and de murcia

liuwe tamminga, organ bruce dickey, cornetto Sunday, October 19 5:00 pm Marquand Chapel 409 Prospect St., New Haven Free and free parking.

No tickets required. ism.yale.edu

yale institute of sacred music presents

ZELENKA MISSA DEI PATRIS

saturday, october 18 · 7:30 pm St. Mary’s Church 5 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven Masaaki Suzuki, conductor Yale Schola Cantorum Juilliard415 Free; no tickets required. Presented by Yale Institute of Sacred Music · ism.yale.edu

Send submissions to opinion@yaledailynews.com

ents are ... having a more troubling conversation ... about the risks of concussions,” he said at a White House concussion summit last May. “There’s a lot of concern, but there’s a lot of uncertainty.”

Every year, as many as 3.8 million Americans suffer concussions in recreational and athletic activity, according to a 2013 study conducted by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. The brain injury represents a troubling problem for athletic programs across the nation, and coaches, athletes, parents, policymakers — even sports observers themselves — are beginning to question where to draw the line between love of their sport and the risk of brain damage.

Concussions are concerning by themselves, but they are made even more troublesome by the fact that they are difficult to diagnose — an athlete can have a concussion without even knowing it.

the head pivots around the neck violently. The other is linear — the head moves backward and forward on one plane.

The rotational or twisting motion is the same type of effect boxers try to produce with a cold knockout punch to the chin or face. Current research tells us that it is mostly responsible for concussions.

When the brain is stretched and strained, so too are its neurons. Ultimately, a concussion results when neurons cease to function.

Neurons operate by keeping different concentrations of ions on either side of their cellular membrane. During a concussion, ion channels across the cell are mechanically opened, causing the cell to depolarize, as if it were a battery that were short-circuited. The cell then goes into metabolic overdrive and attempts to restore the balance of ions.

But this process takes time and requires more nutrients than the cell can easily acquire.

The cell’s metabolism drops and important neurotransmitter systems, which connect individual cells, begin to function poorly.

This process — along with others — ultimately leads to a concussion.

With neurons temporarily out of commission, cognitive function is significantly impaired.

“That pathway that the person would normally access to remember a word or a shape or whatever the case may be, is impaired,” said Steven Broglio, director of the NeuroS-

OPINION.

CONCUSSIONS FROM PAGE 1

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 7

AROUND THE IVIES

“False friendship, like the ivy, decays and ruins the walls it embraces.”

RICHARD BURTON WELSH ACTOR

T H E H A R VA R D C R I M S O N

Students call on admins to alert teaching staff of threats

BY MADELINE CONWAY AND STEVEN LEE At an open discussion on Friday, students argued that administrators had not sufficiently alerted faculty members and teaching fellows of the nature of the racially charged, emailed death threat that several hundred Harvard affiliates received in early October.

The discussion in Phillips Brooks House, hosted by Dean of the College Rakesh Khurana, was the second open meeting on the threat that administrators had organized in less than a week. It drew roughly 20 students and a handful of administrators, including Dean of Student Life Stephen Lassonde, Harvard Foundation Director S. Allen Counter and Director of the Office BGLTQ Student Life Van Bailey. Faculty of Arts and Sciences spokesperson Colin Manning sat in the back.

Several student attendees said all professors and teaching fellows, not just students, should have been notified of the threats through an official email from administrators in response to the incident. Khurana had sent College students such an email last Wednesday. Teachers could then have been a source of emotional

support for underg ra d u a t e s affected by the threat, the students at the disHARVARD cussion said.

During a panel discussion in September, Khurana held an open meeting on Friday regarding administrative response to emailed death threats made against hundreds of Harvard affiliates earlier this month.

Khurana explained that it is the role of the assistant College deans in each of the Houses — administrators formerly known as resident deans — to communicate with individual faculty members when students need accommodations in emergencies, but attendees said that depending on the deans was impractical given the large number of students affected by the threat.

“It would be appreciated … in a situation in which it’s clear that a large portion of the campus population has been affected to send a few words to all teaching staff,” said Brett M. Biebelberg, a representative for Quincy House on the Undergraduate Council who serves on the Campus Safety Committee.

JENNIFER Y YAO/HARVARD CRIMSON

Dean of the College Rakesh Khurana held an open meeting on Friday regarding administrative response to emailed death threats.

T H E D A I LY P R I N C E T O N I A N

Number of disciplinary violations remains relatively constant

BY CHITRA MARTI The number of students found responsible and the number of infractions committed in violation of Princeton policies increased marginally in the last year, according to the annual discipline reports for the 2012-13 and 2013-14 school years released on Oct. 2.

The increase in the number of students found responsible was largely due to an increase in the number of alcohol infractions and number of thefts reported. However, Associate Dean of Undergraduate Students Victoria Jueds cautioned against drawing conclusions, saying that data is only publicly available starting in 2009.

Although the reports are typically released annually, Jueds said the 2012-13 report’s release was delayed a year due to staffing issues. The reports are not required by law, Jueds said, as they deal with infractions of “Rights, Rules, Responsibilities,” Princeton main policy handbook.

The number of alcohol infractions nearly doubled from 45 in 2012-13 to 88 in 2013-14. However, Jueds noted that between 2010 and 2013, Princeton saw an uncharacteristic decrease in the number of alcohol reports. Jueds said she does not believe that the number of violations for alcohol

necessarily decreased during that time, and that the Fa c u l t y Student PRINCETON C o m m i t tee on Discipline and the Residential College Disciplinary Board continues to adjudicate every report it receives from the Department of Public Safety.

Punishments for alcohol violations have regularly been either Dean’s Warnings for first-time violations, gatherings with lowproof or small amounts of alcohol, or disciplinary probation for violations that involved hard alcohol, drinking games or, in general, a higher risk to health, safety or well-being. Students with previous disciplinary history also received campus service hours.

Drug violations jumped from 22 to 52 in the last year, ending a previously declining trend, even though there were only 42 unique offenders. The majority of these cases were resolved with disciplinary probation, although one student was suspended with conditions for a year following a series of infractions involving marijuana.

Academic violations stayed nearly constant, at 43 in 2012-13 and 40 in 2013-14. Punishments

in the 2012-13 school year, however, were more varied, with three students suspended with censure and three students having their degrees withheld, as they were seniors. The majority of these cases in both years were cases of plagiarism, with a few found in violation of gaining an unfair advantage or submitting the same work in two different courses without permission.

In these cases, Jueds said that the standard is whether or not the students “ought to have reasonably understood” they were in violation of “Rights, Rules, Responsibilities,” and that the punishment in that case is almost invariably a year-long suspension. If the student might not have reasonably understood — a “careless error” — he is typically awarded disciplinary probation. If a student has a prior violation, he might be suspended for two years or expelled, as was the case for one student last year.

In addition, Princeton has seen an over 50 percent drop over the last five years in the number of thefts reported, from 175 in 200910 to 83 in 2013-14, perhaps due to a change in the nature of theft in recent years. Seventy-four students were given Dean’s Warnings or short terms of probation for illegal sharing of copyrighted material, such as digital music or movies. One student was also

suspended for a year for making purchases with another student’s credit card.

Jueds said the decrease in thefts is largely within the subcategory of sharing copyrighted files, but that she could not speculate as to why this is the case.

The number of assaults was halved, although Jueds said she doesn’t believe there is a specific reason for this drop. Nearly all students were given disciplinary probation, except for a minor incident that earned a Dean’s Warning.

There is no behavior that had previously been permitted that is now going to be prohibited.

VICTORIA JUEDS Associate Dean of Undergruate Students Changes to the report in the last two years include combining the previously separate Dishonesty and Fraud categories and the previously separate Information Technology and Computer categories, which Jueds said was due to the inherently similar nature of the categories. The report also began including Unauthorized

Entry under Disorderly Conduct in the 2010-11 school year.

This is also the last year in which sexual misconduct violations will be handled by the Committee of Discipline Subcommittee on Sexual Misconduct. From now on, as noted by an updated section of “Rights, Rules, Responsibilities,” such cases will be handled by Princeton vice provost for institutional equity and diversity.

These changes took into account legislation from the Clery Act, the Violence Against Women Act and Title IX and, most significantly, lowered the standard for such cases from “clear and persuasive,” which is generally used by the Committee on Discipline, to a “preponderance of the evidence” standard.

Jueds said there were no other significant changes to Princeton’s policies on discipline in the last few years, only in terminology and categorization. For example, she noted, dating violence recently became a new reported category, but this does not mean that incidents of dating violence were previously permitted. Instead, they were reported differently.

“We wanted to be more specific,” Jueds said. “There is no behavior that had previously been permitted that is now going to be prohibited,” she added.

Jueds said the Committee on

Discipline would also continue to use the “clear and persuasive” standard when adjudicating cases. Even though not every case is sent to a hearing, Jueds said that most are, as the standard for holding a hearing is much lower than the standard for actually finding a student responsible.

“It’s not for me to make decisions about what goes forward and what doesn’t,” Jueds said. “If there is any evidence to consider, [the Committee] must be allowed to consider it.”

The Annual Discipline Report is not required by law, in contrast to the Annual Safety & Fire Report, which was released two weeks ago by the Department of Public Safety and is required under the Clery Act. The Annual Safety & Fire Report lists violations of law that take place in the Princeton community.

The Clery Act report covers campus geographically, while the Discipline Report covers all students on or off-campus, including sporting events and Princeton-sponsored summer programs that take place abroad.

The Clery Act report also covers all reports for students and non-students, including nonaffiliated persons charged with crimes by DPS on campus, while the Discipline Report covers only undergraduate and, occasionally, graduate students.

Fill this space here.

JOIN@YALEDAILYNEWS.COM THE DAILY PRINCETONIAN

PAGE 8

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

SPORTS

“All you can do is play how you know how to play.” CLINT DEMPSEY U.S. MEN’S SOCCER NATIONAL TEAM CAPTAIN

Goalie stars for Bulldogs

Magic in Kansas City COLUMN FROM PAGE 12 hour was the best among Major League starters this season, and it helped him to a 14–10 record and a sparkling 3.20 ERA. They’ve got firemen in the pen, as pitchers Wade Davis, Kelvin Herrera (who throws a 100-mph heater) and Greg Holland combined for 204.1 innings and an ERA of 1.28. To put that in perspective — that’s really good. The numbers speak for themselves.

I could list 40-yard dash times to prove my point further, but trying to completely describe speed using numbers is like trying to squeeze blood from a stone.

BASEBALL IS NOT DEAD — THE ROYALS ARE PROOF. A better example is the Royals’ Wild Card game against the Oakland Athletics. Down a run in the bottom of the ninth, Jarrod Dyson was on second base. Stealing third is a bold move, Cotton. The throw for the catcher is a mere 90 feet, as opposed to the 120-foot hurl to second, but Dyson, like

WOMEN’S SOCCER FROM PAGE 12

former Kansas City Monarchs star James “Cool Papa” Bell, is so quick he can flip the switch and be in bed before the lights go out.

As he is wont to do, Dyson swiped the bag, setting up outfielder Nori Aoki’s game-tying sacrifice fly. The Royals would go on to win 9–8 in 12 innings to advance to the ALDS. That was just the beginning. They swept the 98-win Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in three straight, and hold a 2–0 lead over the Baltimore Orioles in the best-of-seven American League Championship Series heading into Game 3 tonight.

They’re 6–0 in the postseason, including four extra-inning wins and another victory in which they scored the go-ahead run in the top of the ninth.

This is the most exciting thing to happen in Kansas City since Lewis and Clark camped there for a long weekend in 1804.

People say watching baseball is boring, and that baseball can’t compete with more fast-paced sports like football and basketball.

Those people obviously haven’t watched the Royals.

CHARLES CONDRO is a senior in Trumbull College and is a former sports editor for the News. Contact him at charles.condro@yale.edu .

The Bulldogs have struggled recently with scoring goals, and they have yet to score in an Ivy game. But the entire defense has kept them alive, notching two ties against Dartmouth and Ivy leader Harvard.

Many players commented that Wilcox’s showings in both of those games were the fuel the team needed to keep their opponents from taking the lead.

“Elise has been having a really solid season, and she’s kept us in a lot of games, especially during our recent struggle to score goals,” defender Colleen McCormack ’17 said. “We’re lucky she’s really stepped up and made a lot of big saves.”

In the game against the Crimson, Wilcox made one save in regulation and three saves in overtime, one of which occurred with only two minutes left in the game. Against the Big Green, Wilcox’s endurance was tested as the Dartmouth offense took ten shots on goal in 110 minutes, but the senior goalie stopped every attempt.

In addition to defensive skills, Wilcox has also displayed leadership for the Bulldogs. Ames said that Wilcox knows exactly when to find her voice on the field and how to encourage her teammates from her spot in the goal.

While her teammates encourage her on the field, Wilcox said that her parents are her biggest inspiration off the field. She added that the relationship has solidified her strength as a leader on the Yale team.

“They instilled in me the work ethic and confidence that got me this far,” Wilcox said.

“They watch every game and I know there’s always a ‘good job’ text waiting for me when I get back to the locker room. I’m lucky to have such amazing role models in my life.”

With only four conference games left in

KEN YANAGISAWA/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Backup goalkeeper Rachel Ames ’16 and Elise Wilcox ’15 have a strong friendship, both on and off the field. the season for the Bulldogs, the quest for the Ivy League title has become a difficult task for the team. Yale is currently five points behind leaders Harvard and Princeton, and the team must win out to effectively have a chance at the crown.

The team heads to Cornell this weekend before its final three home games of the season as well as an away game against Brown.

Though it is her final season, Wilcox said she has not yet felt the emotions hitting her yet, but she does know finishing strong is the way she wants to go out.

Heavyweight victory for Bulldogs

“I’ve been playing soccer since I was five so it’s a little hard to imagine life without a practice to go to or a game to prepare for,” Wilcox said. “As each game passes it just makes me more motivated to finish strong so the other seniors and I can have a great final season to look back on.”

The Bulldogs head to Cornell on Saturday to take on the Big Red. Play is slated to begin at 1 p.m.

Elis look ahead to Pre-Nats CROSS COUNTRY FROM PAGE 12

JENNIFER LU/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The Yale crew teams have two regattas left until the end of the fall season, though they do race in the spring.

CREW FROM PAGE 12 the 4+ event, finishing 10 seconds ahead of the heavyweight boat with a time of 14:54.

Other lightweight boats finished with good times as well. In the 8+ race, the first and second boats finished the threemile course with times of 13:28 and 13:51, respectively.

The women’s team also had a successful day on the water. The first 8+ team finished in second place with a time of 14:33, just eight seconds behind Brown. The second Yale boat came in sixth with a time of 14:48, chasing Brown’s second boat by just four seconds.

“The races went well this weekend,”

captain Nina Demmerle ’15 said. “The Head of the Housatonic is always a great way to start our fall racing season with some good competition. We raced well in all boats and know what we need to get to work on for the remainder of the season and this winter.”

The women’s top 4+ team also came in second in its race with a time of 16:49, losing to Radcliffe by 14 seconds.

In addition to the collegiate races, the Head of the Housatonic also included adult races. For the Bulldogs, those boats were filled by alumni, who came back to support the rowing teams even after graduation.

In order to prepare for the event, all teams spent countless hours training. For

JENNIFER LU/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

The Yale men’s heavyweight varsity eight took first place in the Head of the Housatonic with a time of 13:04.

the heavyweight team, a typical training session is about 90 to 120 minutes of practice on the water, with a combination of drills and perfecting race techniques, in addition to conditioning on dry land.

“Racing in the fall is a fun break from the typical training cycle,” Van Voorhis said.

“But our primary focus for the season is on the spring racing, and our training in the fall reflects that.”

The lightweight team has a similar regimen with intense indoor training, mostly in boats of eight. According to Krivokapic, the team covers a lot of kilometers in practice, and the team focuses on pushing itself and improving technique.

Rowers said that they were excited for the rest of the fall season and for the spring season to come.

“This is the deepest team I’ve been on at Yale,” Van Voorhis said. “Our end goal is being the fastest boathouse in the country.”

The team shows promise, as its top finish in the 8+ showed a 20-second improvement over last year’s time.

Members of the women’s team were also positive about the remainder of the season.

“From top to bottom, all the boats had competitive races,” Demmerle said. “This year is a building year for [women’s crew], so this fall season we are focusing on doing the basics very well and racing tough.”

All three teams will travel to Boston this weekend for the Head of the Charles races on Sunday.

Contact HOPE ALLCHIN at hope.allchin@yale.edu .

Contact SYDNEY GLOVER at sydney.glover@yale.edu .

because we were a small team and we’re a lot bigger now. We’re a deeper team than we ever were.

There’s always people to step up and fill in. Lots of our freshmen are doing well, which is a good sign for the future.”

One of these freshmen is Healy.

Before Saturday, Healy, who was Yale’s fifth-place finisher and 173rd overall, had never raced as a member of Yale’s varsity squad. A strained muscle at the beginning of the season kept her out of the first few races.

“It was definitely good to be out there,” Healy said. “I’m glad I made it through.”

On the men’s side, the top three finishers were Isa Qasim ’15, Celestin and Max Payson ’16.

Qasim came in 40th overall, with Celestin 11 seconds and 23 places behind him.

The men’s team is also young, as 15 of its 26 members are underclassmen.

In terms of building on past success, both teams have several opportunities to prove themselves in the next few weeks.

“We have a Central Connecticut State mini-meet next week,” Healy said. “Almost everyone on the team runs in that. After that, there’s Heps [the Ivy League Heptagonal Cross Country championship], which is the big one, and regionals.”

In the meantime, the Elis are going to continue training and developing their younger mem-

bers. The men’s and women’s teams, which practice separately and under two different coaches, are independently working to improve.

While this may mean resting the fastest runners, it also means capitalizing on the team’s youth.

This year has been really good to show everyone that we can be one of the top teams in the Ivy League [going forward].

CLAIRE EWING-NELSON ’18 Women’s cross country “I think everyone is definitely committed to doing well as a team,” Ewing-Nelson said. “We have a really big freshman class …

Everyone is motivated to do well this season and for future seasons. It’s definitely a team that’s in development. This year has been really good to show everyone that we can be one of the top teams in the Ivy League.”

Providence College and Brown University tied for first in the men’s varsity race, and the University of New Hampshire won both the women’s varsity and junior varsity races.

Contact MAYA SWEEDLER at maya.sweedler@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS

The women’s cross country team was led by captain Hannah Alpert ’15, who placed 35th overall in the meet.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST

TOMORROW

Mostly cloudy, with a high near 75. South wind between 3 and 8 mph.

THURSDAY

High of 75, low of 60.

High of 71, low of 57.

DOONESBURY BY GARRY TRUDEAU

ON CAMPUS TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14 11:00 PM Harkness Carillon Tours. Harkness Tower is a Yale icon and home to the Yale Memorial Carillon. Members of the Guild of Carilloneurs will guide you through the tower and demonstrate a song. The tour visits the office level, both practice carillons, the playing cabin and surrounding balconies, but not the top of the tower. Harkness Tower (74 High St.).

4:00 PM Writing the History of the Civil Rights Movement: A Personal Reflection. Come listen to a personal reflection on writing about the Civil Rights Movement, presented by Thomas C. Holt ’73 Ph.D., James Westfall Thompson Distinguished Service Professor of American and African American History, University of Chicago. Linsly-Chittenden Hall (63 High St.), Rm. 102.

4:30 PM Founders Day Cross Campus Celebration. Enjoy a celebration on Cross Campus with festive food from Yale Dining!

President Salovey will offer brief remarks, and student performing groups will entertain throughout the late afternoon celebration.

A Founders Day commemorative gift will be given to each guest.

Cross Campus.

XKCD BY RANDALL MUNROE

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 15 7:00 PM I Just Need One Word and I Can Tell You Everything.

Come to a talk by Claudia La Rocco: a poet, critic and teacher whose work frequently revolves around interdisciplinary projects and performances. She contributes regularly to Artforum and The New York Times, runs ThePerformanceClub.org and is a member of the Off the Park press. She is the author of The Best Most Useless Dress, a selection of writings encompassing a decade’s worth of poetry, essays, performance texts and reviews. Whitney Humanities Center (53 Wall St.), Rm. 208.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 16 7:00 PM Film Screening: “A Fragile Trust: Plagiarism, Power, and Jayson Blair at the New York Times.” Poynter Fellow Samantha Grant is a documentary filmmaker, journalist and educator who tells thought-provoking, character driven stories rooted in journalism. “A Fragile Trust” engages with the Jayson Blair plagiarism scandal. 212 York St, Rm. 106.

y SUBMIT YOUR EVENTS ONLINE yaledailynews.com/events/submit To reach us: E-mail editor@yaledailynews.com Advertisements 2-2424 (before 5 p.m.)

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Mailing address Yale Daily News P.O. Box 209007 New Haven, CT 06520

Questions or comments about the fairness or accuracy of stories should be directed to Editor in Chief Isaac Stanley-Becker at (203) 432-2418.

Bulletin Board is a free service provided to groups of the Yale community for events. Listings should be submitted online at yaledailynews.com/events/ submit. The Yale Daily News reserves the right to edit listings.

To visit us in person 202 York St. New Haven, Conn. (Opposite JE) FOR RELEASE OCTOBER 14, 2014

Interested in drawing cartoons for the Yale Daily News?

CONTACT THAO DO AT thao.do@yale.edu

Los Angeles Times Daily Crossword Puzzle

CLASSIFIEDS

CROSSWORD Edited by Rich Norris and Joyce Lewis ACROSS 1 Westminster landmark 6 Literary captain who says “I’d strike the sun if it insulted me” 10 Natural bandage 14 Witch 15 Decide, as a judge 16 Freight train hopper 17 Stolen pastries in “Alice in Wonderland” 18 Access using force 20 Say with certainty 21 “Get off the stage!”

22 Without any slack 23 Old-time fountain employee 25 Right-angle bend 26 Amigo 27 They’re earned by completing college courses 31 Shade 34 __ bear 37 Buffalo’s lake 38 1954 Oscarwinning Brando film, or where either half of 18-, 23-, 51- and 61Across can literally be found 42 Gyro bread 43 Staircase pillar 44 Ultimate degree 45 Many a rushhour rider 48 Drink often iced 50 Justice Dept. division 51 Like unabridged print dictionaries 56 Less biased 59 Wall-climbing plant 60 Bump off 61 Being attacked 63 Sudden power increase 64 Observes 65 Tablet operator 66 In base eight 67 Police crisis unit acronym

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10/14/14

By Jacob Stulberg

68 One of the deadly sins 69 Kick off

DOWN 1 Attend to the duties of 2 “Well done!”

3 Yawning in class, say 4 Catch in a sting 5 “Certainly!”

6 Ann __, Michigan 7 “Impresario” memoirist Sol 8 Stein filler 9 Car that’s ready for the scrap heap 10 Side of a road 11 Egyptian Christian 12 Adam’s second son 13 More than lean 19 Leafy green 21 Later on the page 24 Joke 27 Group of workers 28 Appliance with a water reservoir 29 Shade 30 Late-night host Meyers

Monday’s Puzzle Solved

SUDOKU EASY

3

4

1 9 4 9 ©2014 Tribune Content Agency, LLC

31 Beer flavoring 32 Curriculum part 33 James of jazz 35 Path to the pins 36 Consumed 39 Ergonomic keyboard feature 40 Second attempt 41 Hurried away 46 Bucks and does 47 Tongue-lashing 49 Kidnap

10/14/14

51 Adds to the staff 52 Stave off 53 Vital blood line 54 Groucho’s smoke 55 Prepared to be knighted 56 Make a scene 57 Once again 58 Creative spark 62 Pocatello sch.

63 Sea captain’s “Help!”

7 2 1 1

6 4

2 9 4

3 5 1

8 5 2 1 3

7 4 6 7 6 3 9 5

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Bariatric surgery may increase depression for some

BY MALINA SIMARD-HALM CONTRIBUTING REPORTER A recent Yale study has found that while bariatric surgery — a medical procedure to reduce obesity — improves the moods of the majority of obese patients, it could potentially worsen depression for some.

The study, published in September in the journal Obesity Surgery, examined the possible causes and frequency of depression in patients after bariatric surgery. Though the study concluded that most of the patients’ emotional well-being improved in the months following surgery, the researchers also discovered that a subgroup of the 107 study participants experienced a relative increase in depression six months after the procedure.

I am inspired by my work with patients who have undergone bariatric surgery.

VALENTINA IVAZAJ Associate Yale scientist

ASHLYN OAKES/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

“The majority of patients with discernible worsening in mood experienced these mood changes between six and 12 months post-surgery,” said Valentina Ivezaj, associate Yale scientist in psychiatry and the study’s lead author. “We suggest that this may be a key period to assess for depression and associated symptoms following gastric bypass surgery.”

The participants suffering from extreme obesity completed emotional evaluations before the surgery. Six months and then a year after, they completed the same evaluations. The self-reported questionnaires assessed depression, eating disorder behavior, self-esteem and social functioning. The study used these data to produce a numerical BDI — Beck Depression Inventory — rating.

Studies suggest there is ubiquitous stigmatization of obesity in society, which can decrease obese individuals’ overall quality of life, said Yale psychiatry professor John Krystal.

The patients evaluated in the study were mildly depressed prior to surgery on average. But after a year post-surgery, 87 percent of the study participants no longer identified themselves as depressed.

According to Ivezaj, while it is generally true that bariatric surgery minimizes depression in obese patients, it is not always that simple.

The data revealed that 13 percent of patients actually experienced an increase in BDI, while another 13 percent experienced a BDI decrease. Seventy-four percent reported no psychological differences six to 12 months post-surgery. Four percent of patients reported increased depression a year after surgery. Increases in symptoms of depression correlated with higher body mass index and increased incidence of emotional difficulties like low self-esteem and poor social functioning.

Obesity does not just affect the body physically, said Gerard Sanacora, professor of psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine and director of the Yale Depression Research Program. According to Krystal and Sanacora, obesity has biological underpinnings, which influence an individual’s health, brain function and behavior.

Ivezaj said that she conducted the research in order to dispel the common misconception that bariatric surgery is an easy way out.

“I am inspired by my work with patients who have undergone bariatric surgery,” she said. “In order to be successful following bariatric surgery, patients transform their lives and it takes hard work, determination and dedication to make the required lifestyle changes.”

She said she hoped that the research will help identify individuals with a predilection for depression after bariatric surgery, so that future prevention and intervention implementation might ameliorate the quality of patient life.

Ivezaj said that POWER — the Program for Obesity, Weight and Eating Research — led by Yale School of Medicine professor of psychology and psychiatry and the study’s senior author Carlos Grilo, intends to collaborate with the Yale Bariatric Surgery Program to organize a longitudinal study that will comprehensively assess patients’ eating behaviors, mood, weight and psychological functioning post-bariatric surgery.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, more than a third of American adults are obese.

Contact MALINA SIMARD-HALM at malina.simard-halm@yale.edu .

Study suggests alternative to weight control

BY LIONEL JIN CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Yale scientists have discovered how a specific group of neurons fits into the larger puzzle of regulating food intake, providing novel ideas for weight loss therapies.

Working on fruit flies, researchers at the Yale School of Medicine switched on and off neurons that connect to the posterior region of the intestine. When the neurons were activated, the fruit flies ate six times less than when the neurons were deactivated. The researchers were also able to pin down the exact molecular mechanism by which this change occurs, providing a target in the gut for weight loss drugs.

“We discovered how fullness is sensed, and it has implications for combating obesity,” said Tian Xu, vice chair of genetics at the Yale School of Medicine and the paper’s senior author. Xu added that because 1 billion people worldwide are obese or overweight, this finding could dramatically impact global health.

Scientists have long known that the stretching of the stomach as it fills with food induces feelings of satiety, yet the mechanism has remained elusive, said Monica Dus, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan.

Lead author William Olds explained that the team set about answering this question first by selectively turning on and off particular groups of neurons and observing the resultant feeding behavior in flies. Having pinpointed the neurons responsible, the researchers found that these neurons did not actually enter the gut. Instead, they embedded themselves in the outer muscular layer of the gut, showing that feelings of satiety may come not just from the presence of sugars and fats inside the gut, but from external mechanical forces.

In other words, the feeling of fullness may very well result from the expansion of the gut — not just the nutrients inside.

To test this idea, the team silenced the expression of a channel protein known to

detect mechanical forces. That, in turn, led to a dramatic increase in the amount of food the flies consumed, providing the first genetic evidence that mechanosensors — and not just nutrient sensors — in the gut regulate food intake.

In focusing on the roles of metabolism and the brain, scientists studying feeding behavior have often overlooked the contribution of the gut, said Greg Suh, an associate professor at New York University who was not involved in the study. Suh added that he was very impressed by the team’s finding.

While the authors cautioned that their results might not be directly translatable to humans, they said that fruit flies serve as important research subjects because scientists have a large number of tools to turn genes and neurons on and off. Flies also share many genes in common with humans and have similar feeding behavior, the researchers interviewed said.

“Most of the time, nature tinkers. It doesn’t create something new if it doesn’t have to,” said Olds, explaining that understanding these relatively simple organisms will eventually help us make sense of the incredibly complex processes happening in the human body.

Richard Lifton, chair of genetics at the Yale School of Medicine, said it will be interesting to watch how well the research translates from fruit flies to humans.

If these findings do translate, doctors may have an ideal target for drug delivery, Olds said. The location of these mechanosensors along the walls of the gut makes them easily accessible to drugs that people take for weight loss. This would also allow lower dosages to be used, reducing toxicity and the chances of side effects.

In the past two years, the FDA has approved three new weight-loss drugs after a 13-year drought in new prescriptive weight loss medicines.

Contact LIONEL JIN at chentian.jin@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2014 · yaledailynews.com

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“I have no choice about whether or not I have Parkinson’s. I have nothing but choices about how I react to it.” MICHAEL J. FOX AMERICAN ACTOR

Parenting style linked to alcohol use

BY SHREYAS TIRUMALA CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Having an authoritarian mother may increase the likelihood that an individual develops alcohol-related problems, according to a new study published in the journal Addictive Behaviors.

Researchers from Yale, Arizona State University and the University of Washington found that higher levels of maternal authoritarianism correlated with higher levels of self-concealment — the act of hiding information that might be negatively perceived by others. Self-concealment was in turn linked to impaired control over ingestion of alcoholic substances.

“There’s a degree of congruence between parenting styles and self-concealment,” said Robert Leeman, Yale psychiatry professor and one of the study’s authors.

Researchers surveyed participants from two Southwestern universities. The survey questionnaire was crafted specifically to obtain self-reported measures of parental authority, self-concealment, control over drinking habits and frequency of alcohol use.

According to Leeman, selfconcealment is tied to negative emotional response, which in turn tends to lead to higher incidences of drinking problems.

Accordingly, the study observed higher rates of alcohol abuse in participants with higher selfreported rates of self-concealment.

“Authoritarian parents really [cut] off communication with the child, so issues with selfexpression [arise],” leading to further problems later in life, Leeman theorized.

But the presence of an authoritative father appears to have the opposite effect. According to the study, authoritative fathers appeared to “serve as a protective factor,” which meant lower levels of self-concealment and fewer alcohol problems amongst their children.

But Yale psychology professor Marvin Chun was quick to point out that the terms “authoritarian” and “authoritative,” while similar sounding, mean different things.

“The authoritarian [parenting] style involves exerting power over a child — kind of trying to bend [the parent’s] will

THAO DO/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

over [the child],” he explained.

In essence, it is simply “more extreme” than an authoritative parent’s style.

Authoritative parents are clear about their expectations, but are also loving and caring with their children — the ideal balance, Chun said.

According to Hedy Kober, Yale professor of psychiatry and psy-

chology and director of the clinical and affective neuroscience lab, the link between parenting style and impaired control over substances is not unique to alcohol use.

“In general, authoritative (high warmth, high control) parenting is linked to less drug use,” Kober said in a Wednesday email.

On the opposite side of the spectrum from authoritarianism, permissive parenting styles — what Chun describes as allowing children to “do whatever they feel like doing” — were not definitively linked to increased rates of self-concealment. Similarly, neither the presence of an authoritarian father nor an authoritative mother carried any

significant correlation to selfconcealment rates, creating a gender imbalance that researchers hope to further investigate.

For now, however, Leeman suggests that potential parents choose their style carefully.

“Parents still have an impact [after high school],” he said.

“Sometimes we think that once folks move off to college, mom

and dad don’t have an impact.

But while the impact may not be as strong, parents still do have an impact.”

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, alcohol abuse costs the U.S. $30 billion in health care costs every year.

Contact SHREYAS TIRUMALA at shreyas.tirumala@yale.edu .

Study hints at cure for Parkinson’s

BY GEORGE SAUSSY STAFF REPORTER For the first time ever, researchers have managed to rid monkeys with Parkinson’s disease of their symptoms by transplanting adult uterine stem cells.

Working with monkeys that had been induced with Parkinson’s, a team of researchers from the Yale School of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health used stem cells — cells that have the ability to take on the characteristics of any tissue cell — taken from the uteri of eight female monkeys and injected them into the brains of three male monkeys. While certain drug treatments have been found to treat Parkinson’s symptoms in some patients, stem cell treatments have been shown to treat underlying causes of the disease.

Furthermore, many patients with severe Parkinson’s do not respond to current pharmacological treatments, but stem cells hold the potential of working for all Parkinson’s patients.

The study was published in the Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine on Oct. 6.

“We found an alternative, easy way to cure Parkinson’s,” said Levent Mutlu, a postdoctoral fellow in the Yale School of Medicine’s Obstetrics and Gynecology Department and one of the study’s lead authors.

According to Mutlu, using uterine stem cells means scientists can sidestep the ethical concerns that often arise in studies using embryonic stem cells. Unlike the latter, uterine stem cells do not come from terminated embryos.

Gene Redmond, professor of

psychiatry and neurosurgery at the Yale School of Medicine and one of the study’s authors, said that though embryonic stem cells have already been shown to be effective in treating advanced stages of Parkinson’s,

the ethical dilemmas associated with them make them prohibitive to use.

Additionally, unlike bone marrow stem cells — which are extracted via an extremely painful process — harvesting uterine

stem cells is as simple as performing a biopsy and does not require the use of general anesthetic. Furthermore, partially differentiated cells, unlike their undifferentiated counterparts, have never been found to cause

brain tumors, said Hugh Taylor ’83, professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences at the Yale School of Medicine and the study’s senior author.

“We weren’t sure how far

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we’d have to go when differentiating the cells before transplanting them,” Taylor said. “It turns out if you differentiate too far, the new cells don’t migrate where they are supposed to go. They don’t make the connections they are supposed to make. Instead if you inject undifferentiated stem cells and let them do the final differentiation steps in the intact brain, they do a lot better. It surprised us that we had to use these relatively undifferentiated cells.”

Taylor also said that although only half the population is female, hysterectomies are a common procedure, and it would not be difficult to set up a bank to pair patients with i m m u n o l o g i c a l ly- m a tc h e d donors.

The researchers are now in the process of gathering funds to do a larger study with monkeys with severe Parkinson’s, Taylor said. Going forward, the researchers will be faced with taking care of monkeys that cannot take care of themselves.

While the monkeys in this study were essentially asymptomatic, future subjects will have an advanced form of the degenerative disease.

According to Taylor, the study’s findings are a harbinger of breakthroughs to come.

“I don’t want to over-sell stem cells. We don’t know how effective it will be,” he said.

“We’re a few years off, but not 10 years off.”

According to the Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, approximately 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s every year.

Contact GEORGE SAUSSY at george.saussy@yale.edu .