Today's Paper

NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · VOL. CXXXVIII, NO. 56 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

RAIN SHOWERS

44 42

CROSS CAMPUS

WHAT THE FRACK STUDY EXPLORES DRILLING

ALL RHODES LEAD TO OH CANADA Four seniors win prestigious Rhodes, Marshall scholarships

U.S., CANADA AMBASSADORS TALK RELATIONS

PAGES 10-11 SCI-TECH

PAGE 3 UNIVERSITY

PAGE 5 UNIVERSITY

Yale looks to lead in cultural resources

and the Senate. Thirteen of the 14 female senators joined presidential candidate Hillary Clinton LAW ’73 at a pep rally in D.C. last night to affirm their support for the 2016 hopeful.

The only absent female senator was Massachusetts Sen. Elizabeth Warren. Although she signed a letter encouraging Clinton to run in 2013, Warren has not publicly endorsed Clinton’s bid.

to The Huffington Post, a Houston voter received a special message from Republican presidential candidate Ben Carson ’73 over Thanksgiving. The mailing consisted of a large lithograph portrait of Carson, a personalized message and a fundraising appeal with a prepaid envelope to send a donation.

Time traveler. Hulu recently

revealed a teaser for an eightpart series titled “11.22.63” starring James Franco GRD ’16 as an English teacher who uses time travel to attempt to prevent former President John F. Kennedy’s assassination.

The first episode of the series comes on Feb. 15.

Thinking critically. Timothy Dwight Master Mary Lui will host a master’s tea with Alice Wells, U.S. ambassador to Jordan, at 4:30 p.m. today. The conversation, titled “Defeating ISIL: The Challenge of U.S. Diplomacy” will consider ISIL through the lens of U.S.– Jordan relations.

Twenty-something sitting on $25 bill. The Yale Investments

Office will host an information session for their 2016 summer internship program at Mory’s at 7:30 this evening. Chief Investment Officer David Swensen GRD ’80 and Senior Director Dean Takahashi ’80 SOM ’83 will both be present to speak with interested students.

Foxes on Cross Campus.

Student representatives for Firefox will host a study break at noon on Cross Campus today featuring hot chocolate, coffee, cookies and free Firefox gear. The event aims to educate students about new Firefox products.

THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1965 Several faculty members prepare a report recommending a major overhaul of the Yale College curriculum. The central recommendation is the expansion of interdepartmental offerings.

Follow along for the News’ latest.

Twitter | @yaledailynews

y

PAGE 12 SPORTS

BY JIAHUI HU STAFF REPORTER

and Counseling expected to schedule hours at each cultural house, the centers will also be able to provide mental health resources specific to students of color, a provision called for by many student activists.

When Yale is compared to some of its peer institutions, just the existence of these centers is noteworthy. According to Dean of Student Engagement Burgwell Howard, Yale is among a small group of colleges nationwide that have designated

New Haven residents are calling for tighter regulations on Yale’s longstanding development plans because of the negative impact they may have on the parking space shortage in the city. But the University contends that a new parking proposal will stifle New Haven’s economic growth.

The University currently enjoys significant autonomy from the Board of Alders when determining the quantity and location of parking spaces on University property. This is a result of the Overall Parking Plan — a towngown agreement established in 1998 stipulating that Yale can determine where and how many parking spaces are built on University property. But three alders — Furlow and Hill Alder Dolores Colon, Westville Alder Adam Marchand and West River Alder Tyisha Walker — are organizing to change the current regulations. Responding to community concerns over parking scarcity, these alders have proposed an amendment to the city’s parking regulations that would subject Yale’s future construction plans to pre-approval by the Board of Alders. According to Marchand and Colon, the Overall Parking Plan affords Yale too much leeway regarding the whereabouts of city parking spaces.

“The city created a legal framework that has allowed Yale to have an overall parking plan that took into account owned lots or leased spaces elsewhere in the city, not necessarily adjacent places,” Marchand, who created the proposal, said.

Yale, Marchand said, has not built parking spaces near commercial and residential loca-

SEE CENTERS PAGE 6

SEE PARKING PAGE 6

Stand with PP. Gov. Dannel

Look at me now. According

Darius Manora ’17 named captain for next year’s football team

Elm City, University debate parking

Women belong in the House...

Malloy will visit New Haven’s Planned Parenthood tomorrow. Malloy spoke out against Congressional efforts to defund the women’s health organization over the summer, saying, “What they would do is deny women and poor people the ability to get the same treatments that they would want their daughters or mothers or wives to get.”

MAZEL TOV!

WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

Harvard does not have distinct cultural centers but instead has a Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations.

BY MONICA WANG AND ELLEN KAN STAFF REPORTER AND CONTRIBUTING REPORTER In the wake of student demonstrations and demands for an improved racial climate on campuses across the country, University President Peter Salovey has expressed his hope that Yale will lead its peer institutions in providing support for a diverse student body. While Yale differs from many other schools in housing four distinct cultural centers, students and

Traffic costs state $5.1 billion

BY NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH STAFF REPORTER $5.1 billion: the amount state residents pay each year to address congestion and poor roads in Connecticut each year, according to a new report from the national transportation research group TRIP. Rocky Moretti, the director of policy and research at TRIP, announced the report’s findings at a joint press conference in Hartford last week with representatives from the state government and Connecticut’s business community. The results are dire statewide.

In the New Haven area, deficient roads and bridges, rampant congestion and a dearth of safety features on roads cost drivers nearly $2,100 annually, under the average for the Bridgeport and Hartford areas. The TRIP report rates three-quarters of major roads and bridges in the New Haven area as being in either “poor” or “mediocre” condition, just over the average of 72 percent statewide.

And the situation is worsening, the report says. Traffic congestion — which causes 40 annual hours of delay on average in New Haven and 45 in Hartford — has increased in recent years, and TRIP reports that nearly 10 percent of bridges statewide are “structurally deficient” and in need of immediate repairs.

State Senate Majority Leader Bob Duff, who represents the commuter town of Norwalk in Fairfield County, said the report’s findings should alert the U.S. Congress of the need for transportation investment.

SEE TRAFFIC PAGE 6

administrators at Yale and beyond agree that more must be done to promote a campuswide culture of inclusivity.

In a University-wide email on Nov. 17, Salovey announced a host of changes designed to foster such a culture, including the doubling of the budgets for the four cultural centers: the Asian American Cultural Center, the Afro-American Cultural Center, La Casa Cultural and the Native American Cultural Center. With professional counselors from Yale Health’s Mental Health

Yale investment model difficult to imitate GRAPH YALE ENDOWMENT RETURN THROUGH THE YEARS 28.0%

30% 25%

19.4%

22.3% 22.9%

21.9%

20.2%

20% 15% 10% 5% 0

12.5% 9.2%

8.9% 0.7%

8.8%

4.5%

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

11.5% 4.7% 2011

2012 2013

2014 2015

-5% -10% -15% -20% -25%

-24.6% MERT DILEK/PRODUCTION & DESIGN EDITOR

BY FINNEGAN SCHICK STAFF REPORTER Since arriving at Yale in 1985, Chief Investment Officer David Swensen GRD ’80 has raised the University’s endowment from $1.3 billion to its largest size ever, $25.6 billion. But this success is difficult to imitate.

Economists and financial commentators are fond of using Swensen’s successful investment strategies as a model for private investment, recommending that individuals imitate Yale to grow their own wealth. A

Nov. 20 article titled “Three Lessons from Yale’s Endowment Fund” by John Rekenthaler, vice president of research at the investment management firm Morningstar, is the latest in a sequence of articles translating Yale’s strategies to the general public. But Swensen has argued repeatedly in articles and books that imitating Yale’s methods may not yield the best results for private investors who have less money and less time to wait for returns than Yale does. Even as the public continues looking to Yale for the

secret to financial success, some analysts recommend that investors look elsewhere for guidance and take investment into their own hands, rather than relying on external models.

“Nothing succeeds like success,” said William Jarvis ’77, managing director of the Commonfund Institute, an institutional investment firm. “People look at Yale and want to have some of that for themselves. But the issue is that many people don’t understand how challenging it can be to manage the risks.”

In 2000, Swensen published “Pioneering Portfolio Management,” a book about how large institutions should invest their money. Across the country, thousands of institutions, including hundreds of colleges, began adopting similar versions of the methods outlined in Swensen’s book. But few saw the same success Yale did, according to a 2012 Forbes article titled “The Curse of the Yale Model.”

Five years later, Swensen SEE INVESTMENT PAGE 8

PAGE 2

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “When feelings trump everything else, then there's no room for dissentyaledailynews.com/opinion

ing opinions.”

GUEST COLUMNIST E M I LY B R I S K I N

'MATT10023' ON 'GELBFISH: HOW WE FIGHT OPINIONS'

GUEST COLUMNIST HELEN PRICE

Against anti-abortion extremism Ending more than AIDS A I

n October, the World Health Organization announced that tuberculosis had overtaken HIV/AIDS as the number one infectious killer in the world. Does this shift in global disease patterns mean that action around World AIDS Day, on Dec. 1, is now somehow less crucial? Not at all. HIV and TB are a pair of very nasty bedfellows: Globally, people living with HIV are 26 times more likely to develop active TB than those without HIV. Ending this dual scourge will require increased investment in TB research and control programs, as well as continued scale-up of effective HIV treatment programs.

HIV and TB are inextricably linked. People living with HIV have weaker immune defenses, meaning they can harbor and spread TB, including the especially expensive and deadly drug-resistant forms of the disease. For TB, existing antibiotics can cure most cases within six months, but drugresistant forms are much more expensive and difficult to treat, taking closer to two years to cure. The stronger antibiotics needed to fight drug-resistant strains can also have harsh side effects, making their regimens harder to follow.

WE HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY NOW TO DRASTICALLY REDUCE HIV WITHIN A DECADE The devastating effects of HIV coinfection with TB were apparent a decade ago in Tugela Ferry, a rural area of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, where an extensively drug-resistant strain of TB was identified in 53 people, all of whom were HIVpositive. Fifty two of those 53 people with that drug-resistant strain of TB died within months. Once HIV weakens the immune system, it creates a perfect environment for active TB to take hold, creating a situation even more deadly than either disease on its own.

Luckily, we have proven methods to prevent, detect and treat HIV. Antiretroviral drugs not only allow people to keep living healthy and productive lives, but can also prevent mother-to-child transmission and suppress viral loads

to avert further spread. Fewer new cases of HIV equate to fewer easy targets for TB. We know how to fight HIV and TB: We just need to do more of it. HIV and TB treatment and prevention programs have been scaled up significantly since the devastating drug-resistant TB incident in Tugela Ferry a decade ago. Programs such as the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the Global Fund have enabled vast expansion of lifesaving efforts. Despite these advancements, more than half of people with HIV still lack access to the antiretroviral drugs they need to stay healthy, keep working, support their loved ones and prevent transmission of the virus to others. By finding and cases of TB, we can prevent the spread of the bacteria and impede drug resistance.

Scrolling through social media or reading over the headlines, it is easy to feel disappointed by all of the problems that we aren’t sure how to solve. On World AIDS Day, we have a chance to celebrate and scale-up solutions that have already proven successful. We have an opportunity now to drastically reduce HIV within a decade, and significantly reduce the occurence of death from TB as a result. However, this progress has been slowed as foreign aid initiatives, which account for less than one percent of the U.S. budget, have inexplicably been cut by Congress over the last five years.

Several presidential candidates, including Hillary Clinton LAW ’73 and Bernie Sanders, have already committed to achieving 30 million people on antiretroviral treatment by 2020 if elected. These promises resulted in part from a national student movement, in which individuals from different universities united behind the same target. Let’s call on all current presidential candidates and our members of Congress to commit to funding PEPFAR and the Global Fund.

Let’s see if our politicians will commit our dollars to programs that are already proven to end not only the spread of infectious disease, but also the suffering and lost productivity that accompany these illnesses. Tell our politicians — the world is waiting, and we are watching.

lmost every Saturday morning, I wake up at 6:30 a.m. and walk 20 minutes up Prospect Street to the New Haven Planned Parenthood clinic, where I volunteer as a clinic escort. Each time, I stand outside for three hours, watching the protestors who stand at the clinic gates. They display signs with gruesome, digitally altered images of dismembered fetuses, and I ensure they don’t trespass or harass patients more than they are legally entitled to. When a woman drives past them, they always surround her car, press leaflets on the windows and scream at her not to go inside. When she continues forward, the pleas turn to warnings about going to hell, or to racially offensive epithets; the protestors are almost always all white, but routinely tell black women that they are facilitating “the genocide of black babies.” Sometimes, the protestors have long-lens cameras and take pictures of all who enter, as well as of clinic staff and escorts. There are dozens of anti-choice websites and forums with pictures, descriptions and addresses of anyone connected with clinics that provide abortion services.

Sometimes, the pictures have crosshairs superimposed on peo-

ple’s faces.

Last Friday, a gunman opened fire at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing three people and injuring several more.

This is merely the latest in several decades’ worth of bombings, anthrax threats, blockades and shootings at health centers that provide abortion services.

This year alone, there have been arson attacks at Planned Parenthood clinics in four states. Protests and violence have intensified since the release earlier this year of heavily edited footage by the so-called “Center for Medical Progress,” which purported to show Planned Parenthood negotiating the sale of fetal body parts. Against all reason, the hysteria has continued even though Planned Parenthood has been unequivocally cleared of any wrongdoing by every state that investigated the videos.

The attack in Colorado is tragic and disturbing, but it is not surprising. It was the inevitable result of an increasingly extreme and fanatical antiabortion movement, and of prolife politicians either encouraging or willfully ignoring the dangerous shift in anti-choice rhetoric. Some anti-abortion activists celebrated the Colo-

rado shooting on Twitter, calling the gunman a “brave hero” and saying the victims “deserved it.” The majority of anti-abortion organizations now support a ban on abortion with no exceptions for rape or incest, as do six Republican presidential candidates. Former Governor of Arkansas and Republican candidate Mike Huckabee even defended the government of Paraguay for refusing an abortion to an 11-year-old girl who had been raped by her stepfather. At what point did it become a legitimate political position to force women to give birth to the children of their rapists? When did we accept it as normal that a GOP debate could seem like a scene from The Handmaid’s Tale, in which women are treated as nothing more than reproductive vessels?

We can no longer pretend that the pro-life movement is comprised solely of harmless grandmothers reciting the Rosary, and we can no longer pretend that fantastical and violent antiabortion rhetoric has no real-life effects. Eight doctors have been murdered since 1993 because they provided a health service to which women are constitutionally entitled. The media is already justifying the shoot-

er’s actions as being the result of mental illness and portraying him as a disturbed lone wolf, completely ignoring the culture, misogyny and fanaticism that fosters and permits this kind of violence. It is time to call the extremist factions within the anti-abortion movement what they are: domestic terrorists.

Though each individual is fundamentally entitled to hold his or her own belief towards abortion, the use of violence to intimidate women accessing reproductive healthcare — and doctors providing it — is morally reprehensible. It is time for pro-life people who do not support the shooting of abortion doctors to publicly reject those who do. It is time for politicians to end the demonization of abortions and the shaming of women who have them. We must end the propagation of false information, mandatory waiting periods and the funding of Crisis Pregnancy Centers, which intentionally mislead women. If we continue to be complacent about women’s reproductive rights, extremists will continue to push us back to an era of fear, shame and backstreet abortions.

HELEN PRICE is a sophomore in Davenport College. Contact her at helen.price@yale.edu .

EMILY BRISKIN is a 2015 graduate of Pierson College and a student at the Yale School of Public Health concentrating in Epidemiology of Microbial Disease and Global Health. Contact her at emily.briskin@yale.edu .

ASHLYN OAKES/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

On vacation productivity

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T

he to-do lists and schedules I make for vacations are meticulous and glow with a sense of achievability. Each day is carefully divided between exercise, little projects, schoolwork and meals with friends and family. Every hour seems so full of promise — right up to the one when I pack the books I’ve hardly looked at into my suitcase. Invariably, that initial sense of achievability turns out to be an illusion. Still, I find that each year the awakening is equally rude.

Now I’m back in New Haven, with what, really, to show for the past week?

My freshman spring break, I read Madame Bovary and 800 pages of War and Peace and wrote multiple papers. I remember very little from that period, except a tinge of sadism and the fact that it nearly killed off the relationship I was in at the time. Still, in my memory it lives on as a glowing standard I’ll never again be able to match. In recent years, I’ve come back from breaks more frus-

trated by lack of progress than renewed by time off.

This year I’ve achieved no more (perhaps less, even) than in CAROLINE past years, but SYDNEY I’m trying to reframe the Selfway I gauge the time I absorbed spent at home.

It’s all too easy to excuse my failure to produce writing, to read, to do research with the time spent with friends and family, in full nights of sleep and homemade ice cream. Though I love my friends and family and the time I spent with them, this still feels somewhat hollow when I have nothing at all to show for it heading into finals.

So instead, I’m trying to think of the break as an experiment in slow-but-steady productiv-

ity — papers as pot roasts, not quick breads. There’s a difference between doing nothing and letting something percolate. When I think about an essay through an entire workout class but don’t write a word, I still return to campus better equipped to make an argument in a format that I can turn in to a professor. Talking to my little brother about the paper I should have been writing helped me to realize that really, the topic was deathly boring and I shouldn’t have tried to plow through it in the first place. You can’t return to the drawing board without time to go back there. And I’m trying to believe that I spent Thanksgiving break at the drawing board, and not in the waste bin or, worse, not even trying.

I still want to know if this approach has any concrete payoffs at all, or if the dividends will only be paid over the course of the next few weeks as I do the work I’d hoped that I would have already done. I’m a little bit excited about some of the work ahead. I don’t

know if that counts. I’ve cleared some space for real work by doing a lot of productive procrastination. My efficiency at completing silly small tasks and projects — and coming up with more and more of them — is impressive in its own way. The itsy bitty neverending to-dos and emails that require responses have subsided, hopefully not to return again too soon (the real reason I never write: is there anything more satisfying than a cleared out inbox?).

Even after writing all this, though, I still can’t quite shake the disappointment, the anxiety. It’s hard to really trust that the best way, or even just a way to work here is to work slowly. But I’m trying to keep expectations reasonable, to be excited and not just relieved when an idea takes shape, to get through without rushing through.

CAROLINE SYDNEY is a senior in Silliman College. Her columns run on alternate Tuesdays. Contact her at caroline.sydney@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“I could have been a Rhodes Scholar, except for my grades.”

DUFFY DAUGHERTY AMERICAN FOOTBALL PLAYER AND COACH

Four awarded Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships

BY JON VICTOR STAFF REPORTER Four Yale students were chosen this year for Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships, two of the most prestigious fellowships for academic study in England.

On Nov. 21, The Rhodes Trust — the body that oversees the Rhodes Scholarship — announced that Mason Ji ’16, Jared Milfred ’16 and Isaac Stanley-Becker ’16 were selected from a pool of 869 applicants for the award, which covers all expenses for living, travel and tuition during two to three years of postgraduate study at Oxford University.

The Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission announced Monday that Skyler Ross ’16 would receive full funding to pursue a Master of Fine Arts in creative producing at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama in London. Unlike the Rhodes Scholarship, the Marshall Scholarship covers tuition for any institution of higher education in Great Britain, which affords applicants more choice in pursuing programs in their respective fields.

Applicants from Yale have been successful in earning Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships throughout the years: In the past four years, 20 Yale students have been named Rhodes Scholars, and 11 have been named Marshall Scholars. Jane Edwards, director of the Center for International and Professional Experience, said having winners of major national and international awards is often seen as emblematic of the academic caliber of an institution.

Though this year saw a drop from the six Marshall Scholarship winners of 2014, Director of

National Fellowships Kate Dailinger said fluctuations in the number of winners speak to how competitive the selection process is. Last year’s figure was the highest number of Yale awardees in 30 years. The amount of award winners had oscillated between zero and four in the three years prior.

Harvard had the most Rhodes Scholars this year — five in all — and Princeton had three Marshall Scholars, the most of any other university.

“We’re honored to have a Yale senior among the new class of Marshall Scholars, and we’re fortunate that Yale applicants have done well over the years despite the extremely competitive nature of this competition,” Dailinger said. “Although last year there were six Yale Marshall Scholars, that’s really an extraordinary number.”

The Marshall Scholarship released the names of the 2016 winners Monday morning, but Ross said the chair of the New York regional selection committee called him more than two weeks ago with the news. A history major, Ross has been an active participant in the theater community at Yale, working on over 20 productions and taking on leadership roles in the Yale Dramatic Association and the Yale Drama Coalition.

Ross said he will use his time at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama to further study the role of a producer “in the real world,” adding that he appreciated the program’s emphasis on producing as a creative act rather than a logistical one.

“I love the work — I love what it can say about humanity and how it can teach people to be an empathetic person,” Ross said.

“Those are things that I value

State-wide quality of life survey completed

BY NITYA RAYAPATI STAFF REPORTER DataHaven, a New Haven based nonprofit data analytics group, completed their largest neighborhood-level well-being survey of Connecticut last Monday. The analysis of these findings is now underway.

The Community Wellbeing Survey, administered by the Siena College Research Institute, collected data from a representative sample of almost 17,000 Connecticut residents to paint a picture of specific neighborhoods using social and economic markers, Executive Director of DataHaven Mark Abraham said. Roughly 100 different local agencies supported the project by raising money to fund the survey’s distribution and by encouraging residents in their neighborhoods to participate. “[The survey] is a mix of measures that people have been interested in at the local level for a long time — things like how safe it is to walk outside, personal health related measures and economic measures that you can’t obtain from other sources at the moment,” Abraham said.

The survey’s methodology differed from most U.S. studies of well-being because it relied more heavily on qualitative measures than quantitative ones. Instead of only using objective measures like income, the survey asked participants around 100 interview questions over the phone.

The survey, which lasted an average of 18 minutes, included questions about how happy participants thought they were and how satisfied they were with life in their neighborhood. For instance, participants were asked how easy it was for them to obtain employment, how good of a job they felt the local police did and whether they considered their neighborhood a “poor, fair, good or excellent,” place to raise children.

“We spoke to people from every single socioeconomic point in the state of Connecticut. They had an opportunity to tell their stories, so their stories are here.

recycleyourydndaily

Within these numbers are very concrete experiences,” SRI Director Don Levy said.

The 2015 survey was an expansion of the DataHaven 2012 Greater New Haven Community Wellbeing Survey — which gathered data specific to New Haven — to encompass all of Connecticut.

Abraham said the expanded reach of the survey was made possible by local sponsors. Each city that participated in the survey gathered their own group of local agencies to collaborate on funding streams for the phone interviews and the analysis of their findings.

“I think it’s a good example of how a lots of different funders and nonprofit organizations can come together. I think there’s a real strength in the fact that lots of people and organizations came together to do this as one,” said Jennifer Heath, executive vice president of United Way of Greater New Haven — one of the New Haven agencies that helped fund the survey.

Such community organizations will be able to use the well-being survey as a common, extensive data source after analysis of this data is complete.

Yale-New Haven Health System Senior Community Benefits Administrator Augusta Mueller said the neighborhood-level data from the survey could improve community health by highlighting what medical services are most needed in different parts of the city.

“We’ve used the 2012 data for [health] screening programs.

It really helps target where you might best want to position a screening,” Mueller said.

Abraham noted that a further positive outcome of the data could be people coming together to talk about the issues that impact happiness and health in their towns.

DataHaven is already planning to administer their 2018 Community Wellbeing Survey.

Contact NITYA RAYAPATI at nitya.rayapati@yale.edu .

recycleyourydndaily

COURTESY OF JARED MILFRED

COURTESY OF MASON JI

COURTESY OF ISAAC STANLEY-BECKER

COURTESY OF SKYLER ROSS

From left to right: Rhodes Scholars Mason Ji ’16, Jared Milfred ’16 and Isaac Stanley-Becker ’16, and Marshall Scholar Skyler Ross ’16. very highly.”

Ross added that the Marshall Scholarship will give him a chance to learn more practical methods in theater that were not available to him at Yale.

All four Rhodes and Marshall Scholarship winners expressed disbelief at being chosen for the honors, adding that the selection processes for the scholarships were humbling.

“I’m still sort of pinching myself, to be honest,” Milfred said. “It doesn’t seem real yet.”

According to The Rhodes Trust, the organization looks for students with “outstanding intellect, character, leadership and commitment to service.”

Overall, 32 American students were selected for the award and will enroll at Oxford in October 2016.

Consideration for both the Rhodes and Marshall Scholarships requires students to undergo a rigorous two-step application process. Applicants must first be endorsed by their respective universities, which at

Yale requires a separate interview process taking place early in the fall semester. The strongest candidates are then invited to interview with representatives from the organizations.

Milfred, an ethics, politics and economics major who intends to pursue a master’s degree in political theory at Oxford, said he flew to Seattle along with other finalists from his district last weekend for the last phase of interviews. Yalies swept District 14, with Milfred and Ji winning both scholarships awarded to students from the Pacific Northwest.

Stanley-Becker, a history major and former editor-in-chief of the News, said he wants to use the scholarship to study transnational urban history before diving into a career as a journalist, adding that history and journalism are interwoven in fundamental ways.

He said that during his interview last weekend, representatives from The Rhodes Trust asked him mostly about his own aspirations as a journalist, in

addition to his knowledge of current events such as the terror attacks in Paris and Beirut and recent demonstrations against the racial climate that occurred on Yale’s own campus.

“They really try to push your buttons a bit and see how you react on the spot,” Ji said of the interview. A global affairs major who plans to study international relations at Oxford, Ji said he wants to use his time in England to tie together previous work he has done in diplomacy with academic theory in the discipline.

Milfred also said a deeper understanding of theory as well as empirical tools in political science would inform future work in politics. Both Milfred and Ji said they want to attend law school after their time at Oxford.

All four scholarship recipients said they were grateful to members of the CIPE for their guidance throughout the process.

Stanley-Becker said he received a great deal of help from the CIPE with interview preparation, and from former scholars who talked

to him about their own applications. Milfred and Ji also emphasized the advising role of professors and other students in the application process, as well as help from Dailinger.

Dailinger said in turn that she appreciated the help of faculty, administrators and alumni who aided her in advising students throughout the process.

“An important part of my job is trying to foster connections and good conversations between people, so that every applicant can learn from the process, regardless of the outcome of a particular application,” Dailinger said.

Still, Stanley-Becker noted that some parts of the application are solitary endeavors, like the 1,000-word personal statement students must complete independently.

Last year, 10 Yale students and one alumnus were selected to be Rhodes and Marshall Scholars.

Contact JON VICTOR at jon.victor@yale.edu .

Malloy opens up to Yale Dems

MAYA CHANDRA/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Gov. Dannel Malloy spoke to a crowd of 50 Yale students in the Branford Common Room Monday evening.

BY MICHELLE LIU STAFF REPORTER Dressed in jeans and cowboy boots, Gov. Dannel Malloy settled into an armchair in the Branford Common Room Monday evening to forecast gubernatorial races for the next three years.

Malloy, a former attorney and Stamford mayor, is currently serving his second term as governor of Connecticut after narrowly defeating Republican opponent Tom Foley in 2014. Hosted by the Yale College Democrats, Malloy spoke to an audience of around 50 Yale students about his 2010 and 2014 election experiences. He also highlighted progressive legislation implemented over the course of his time in office, such as reforms on criminal justice and gun control.

“Historically, Connecticut’s been kind in governor’s runs to what were then perceived as liberal Republicans, and I’m not a liberal Republican. Quite frankly, I’m a fairly liberal Democrat,” Malloy said.

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“I embraced it. I wanted to win on my terms.”

Of his two successful runs for governor — Malloy also ran in 2006, when former New Haven mayor John DeStefano defeated him in the Democratic primary — Malloy said he was more uncertain about winning the 2010 election than the 2014 one.

Dems president and staff columnist for the News Tyler Blackmon ’16 said he was surprised by Malloy’s confidence in last year’s election — Malloy defeated Foley by 2.5 percentage points that year. The Dems, who had canvassed for Malloy leading up last year’s election, “were all sweating bullets” on Election Day, Blackmon said.

Malloy also touched on the decision to support Syrian refugees in the state. Last month, Malloy welcomed the first Syrian refugee family to be turned away from another state. The family moved to New Haven after Indiana Gov. Mike Pence suspended the resettlement of Syrian refugees in his state.

Malloy also discussed a number of Republican governors

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who have publicly announced their intention to deny Syrian refugees from their states after recent terrorist attacks in Paris.

He stressed that the refugees pose no harm to the United States, given the extensive screening process they must pass before reaching American soil.

“We don’t let terrorists win by changing our behaviors,” he said.

Talk attendee Nick Girard ’19, a Connecticut resident who worked on Malloy’s 2014 campaign, said he found the governor’s adherence to his progressive values heartening — especially his stance on gun control following the 2012 Sandy Hook shooting.

Malloy argued that the state’s requirement of a firearm permit or certification to purchase ammunition makes Connecticut’s gun laws more restrictive than many blue states, including California.

Another key issue Malloy has tackled in office is an overhaul of the state’s criminal justice system, he said. Malloy cited his Second Chance

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Society Initiative, which he unveiled last February at the Yale Law School. The initiative aims to lower the state’s prison population, focusing on helping nonviolent offenders and cutting recidivism rates. Malloy said that even in the 1980s, during his work as a federal prosecutor, he became aware of the emphasis law enforcement places on punishing individuals from minority communities.

Malloy said Yale had done little to help these communities by neglecting New Haven and its residents in the 1960s and ’70s before former University President Richard Levin re-established ties with the city. Malloy also stressed that the University and the YaleNew Haven Hospital system in contributing to both research funding and employment rates in the Elm City, which strengthens the city.

Malloy will visit New Haven’s Planned Parenthood clinic on Whitney Avenue Tuesday.

Contact MICHELLE LIU at michelle.liu@yale.edu .

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

NEWS

“Always speak politely to an enraged Dragon.”

STEVEN BRUST AMERICAN FANTASY AND SCIENCE FICTION AUTHOR

Dragon mascot comes to Yale-NUS

BY QI XU STAFF REPORTER Yale has its bulldog, Handsome Dan. The National Uni-

DAVE CHAPPELL YNUS ’18 AND VICTORIA KALININA YNUS ’18

Yale-NUS has chosen a dragon as its new mascot.

versity of Singapore has its lion, LiNUS. And now, Yale-NUS has its dragon.

Last Wednesday, following a presentation by Yale-NUS’ Student Government, the school’s administrators voted for an East-West fusion dragon as the college’s mascot. Students had previously voted the dragon their top choice of 13 potential mascots, figures ranging from a Sichuan golden monkey to a platypus. Administrators selected the winner from the three most popular choices, and the student government will hold a schoolwide vote to ratify their decision in January.

Students cast their votes earlier this month through a Yale-NUS College Pride Survey designed to gather student input on elements of school

spirit, such as a mascot, crest and graduation ceremony procedures, which the young institution currently lacks. Although the design of the mascot has yet to be finalized, students said the concept of a fusion dragon captured the Yale-NUS spirit and cemented its identity.

“The dragon is an auspicious symbol that appears frequently in universal mythology,” YaleNUS President Pericles Lewis said. “The Yale-NUS dragon, a unique entity which combines the features of mystical Eastern dragons with those from the West, is a good representation of the diverse, bold and innovative nature of our student cohort and college traits.”

The dragon, which won all 12 rounds of student voting, was designed by Dave Chappell

YNUS ’18 and Victoria Kalinina YNUS ’18 after several students proposed the idea of a fusion dragon. Chappell said dragons are capable of great feats and are not culturally specific creatures, as there are dragons from China and medieval Europe.

In the second-to-last round of student voting, three options remained. One hundred out of 262 students voted for the dragon, 84 voted for the Chow Chow, 66 voted for the griffin and 12 did not vote. In the final round of voting, the dragon beat the Chow Chow by 143 votes to 100.

The Chow Chow, a large fluffy dog, originates in Asia and fuses the two mascots of Yale-NUS’ parent institutions since the dog looks like a lion.

A griffin is a mystical creature

with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle.

Chappell said the athletics teams and the college’s bookstore are particularly excited about the prospect of a mascot since they can start incorporating the design into the YaleNUS apparel, sportswear and chants.

Lewis said the Yale-NUS mascot combines the different traits and characteristics of the college into one symbol.

“For a young college such as ours, this is an exciting step towards solidifying and strengthening the college identity,” Lewis added.

Students interviewed praised the mascot as a large step towards building a Yale-NUS identity.

Thu Truong YNUS ’18 said

though the school has been conscious about developing its identity — one that should be separate from its parent institutions but also connected to them — the college did not have a concrete means of expressing this ideology. She added that selecting a mascot gives the school a chance to do so, given that the most popular ones emphasized aspects of being original yet tied to both Yale and NUS. The only concern is it would be hard to make the design simple enough to be a symbol of the school, Truong added.

Student voting for the mascot took place between Nov. 1 and Nov. 22.

Contact QI XU at qi.xu@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 5

NEWS

“Throughout history, ambassadors have always been symbolic incarnations of the sovereignty of their nations and the dignity of their leaders.” CAMILLE PAGLIA ACADEMIC, SOCIAL CRITIC

Adults get “Second Chance” through grant

BY SARA SEYMOUR STAFF REPORTER The City Human Services Committee unanimously voted to accept a $1 million “Second Chance” federal Department of Justice grant to support adults transitioning from prison to civilian life.

The grant will help fund Project Fresh Start, a new city-coordinated collaboration to reduce recidivism by 50 percent over five years. Project Fresh Start will enable the city’s three main reintegration centers — Project More, Easter Seals Goodwill and Community Action Agency — to be notified of individuals due for release from prison up to a year in advance. The centers will be able to work with detainees during this year to prepare them for life outside of prison. Providers will follow up with these individuals after their release for 12 to 18 months.

“Our intention is that people should not be dropped off on the [New Haven] Green cold,” New Haven Community Service Administrator Martha Okafor said.

Okafor said the funding will grant local service providers access to state Department of Corrections data and facilitate smoother collaboration between these support systems and the reintegration centers.

Though a total of 55 providers will be involved in the program as referral points for detainees, the city reintegration centers are ultimately accountable for the individuals.

“What made this application attractive to the feds is that it’s very community driven,” said Bill Carbone, director of the Town Youth Justice Institute and senior lecturer and director of experiential education at the University of New Haven. “This is a long-term investment in the city of New Haven.”

Germano Kimbro, Commu-

SARA SEYMOUR/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

The City Human Services Committee voted unanimously to accept the grant. nity Action Agency’s fatherhood engagement coordinator, said the city’s numerous community providers are trying to have a collective impact. Graves added that though individual programs have been striving to effect change for years, the collaborative efforts facilitated by the Second Chance grant will amplify their work.

Carbone said that, for the first time, community providers will be able to address issues such as barriers to transportation, child care and health as a collective.

“One of the critical pieces is

how closely community service providers will be working with parole and probation,” Joe Parente, vice president of programs at Easter Seals Goodwill, said.

Carbone said he believes the proposal was attractive to the federal government because it requires providers to review the family needs of those convicted of a crime.

Anyone entering the prison system with a New Haven address is eligible for Project Fresh Start’s reintegration program. But every detainee in the

New Haven prison system can select New Haven as their city of release. Okafor said the city will prioritize New Haven residents for the program.

The University of New Haven will serve as the independent research partner reviewing the efficacy of the program.

“They will be performing an independent evaluation of this work so that we can be held accountable … so that we can accomplish the expected outcomes,” Okafor said. “Our primary accountability is to the

community we serve.”

Okafor said Project Fresh Start relies on continuous internal reviews for improvement.

A monthly advisory committee that includes formerly incarcerated men and women have already been consulted in the program’s development.

Parente said the project is designed to have formerly incarcerated individuals on its staff.

But, he said, this has not yet happened and could come if Project Fresh Start receives more funding.

The Human Services Committee is also on the lookout for potential donor money to reduce recidivism in New Haven.

“It’s going to make a big difference in our community,” Richard Furlow, the Beaver Hills alder said. “We want to hear good news and hear how we can get you some more money.”

The Human Resources Committee announced the receipt of the $1 million grant on Oct. 1.

Contact SARA SEYMOUR at sara.seymour@yale.edu .

Ambassadors talk special relationship between U.S., Canada

BY AYLA BESEMER CONTRIBUTING REPORTER At a joint talk between Canadian Ambassador to the U.S. Gary Doer and former U.S. Ambassador to Canada David Jacobson Monday evening, diplomats discussed both the general role of an ambassador and the “special”

relationship between their two countries.

The talk, titled “Diplomacy in the Age of Globalization,” took place at the Provost’s House, where 30 members of the Yale and New Haven communities gathered to hear the most recent installment of Yale’s continuing lecture series on Canada. The

SHUYU SONG/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Former U.S. ambassador to Canada David Jacobson spoke at a talk yesterday about the relationship between the U.S. and Canada.

talk, hosted by Richard Albert, a Canadian visiting professor at Yale Law School allowed Doer and Jacobson to provide perspective on how current events impact the U.S-Canada relationship, which Albert called “the most important in the world.” “[Canada has] only one neighbor, and it happens to be the richest, biggest, strongest country in, probably, the history of the world,” Jacobson said. “There’s one thing I always tried to do, and that was to respect the Canadian people; it didn’t mean that I had to agree with them, it meant that I had to respect them and their point of view.”

The ambassadors addressed possible strains in the U.S-Canada relationship given recent issues including the Keystone Pipeline, an oil pipeline proposed to run between the two countries, and October’s turnover in the Canadian administration with the election of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

The Keystone Pipeline has garnered significant environmental and economic criticism since it was commissioned in 2010. President Barack Obama rejected an application to build the pipeline at the beginning of this month.

Jacobson said the pipeline did not significantly damage relations between Canada and the U.S., though it did dominate the media and public interest. Doer

agreed with Jacobson, expressing frustration that this concern overwhelmed talks of significant progress made on the governments’ “checklists.” Elaborating, he stated that 90 percent of the meetings held between the two countries concern national security, a point of continuously successful negotiation. Still, while the Keystone Pipeline is a relatively small part of diplomatic dialogues, Doer said, it remains the focus of public conversation.

I would always think to myself — if [Obama] was here, if he knew what I knew, what would he do?

DAVID JACOBSON Former U.S. Ambassador to Canada Speaking to the possible impact of the 2016 presidential election on U.S. relations with Canada, Jacobson says he anticipates no major shifts. Though more extreme foreign policy toward Canada may be floated by presidential candidates in the primary, he said, it is ultimately within the U.S.’s best interests to preserve a good relationship with the nation.

“People win nominations on the extreme and win the presi-

dency in the middle,” Doer said.

As for the recent changes in Canada’s administration — changes which prompted Trudeau to declare that “Canada is back” on the international stage — both Doer and Jacobson are cautiously optimistic.

Both ambassadors cited the environment as a key area in which Canada’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions and fund innovation are making progress.

“The U.S. will judge not by what we say but by what we do,” Doer said.

Shifting the conversation from the U.S.-Canada relationship to the role of ambassadors more generally, Jacobson spoke of their two main functions. The first is representing, in this case, the United States to Canada, which includes acting as a public face and negotiating on issues that are essential to Americans. The second is to actively work toward an understanding of the Canadian people and bring their concerns to lawmakers in Washington. The latter is more difficult, Jacobson said.

On the Canadian side, the relationship often requires a sense of humor, Doer said. While Canada may not be always mentioned in presidential debates about foreign policy, he said, this is actually a good thing — candidates do not discuss those nations with which the U.S. already gets along.

As for how Americans view

Canadians, Jacobson praised Obama’s humility in interactions with Canada.

“I would always think to myself—if [Obama] was here, if he knew what I knew, what would he do?” Jacobson said.

Albert said he hoped the talk would bring more of Canada to Yale by providing insight to Canadians living abroad, as well as to Americans curious about the U.S.’s relationship with its neighbor, on how the two countries interact. Audience questioning allowed participants to further explore this relationship.

Arash Ghiassi LAW ’18, a Canadian student at the Law School, expressed particular interest in the dynamic between the two diplomats, as one is a former ambassador and the other is currently serving.

“I enjoyed witnessing their familiarity with each other,” said Sameer Jaywant LAW ’18, a dual Canadian and American citizen. “They had an ease with one another I could tell was beneficial during their working relationship. That spoke a lot to the nature of diplomacy — how genuine your relationships have to be.”

The series will resume next semester and host events through the remainder of the academic calendar.

Contact AYLA BESEMER at ayla.besemer@yale.edu .

Interested in drawing cartoons for the Yale Daily News?

CONTACT ASHLYN OAKES AT ashlyn.oakes@yale.edu

PAGE 6

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“They say the universe is expanding. That should help with the traffic.”

STEVEN WRIGHT AMERICAN COMEDIAN AND ACTOR

Yale leads in cultural center resources CENTERS FROM PAGE 1 an immense amount of space to support cultural organizations on campus. But he acknowledged that the cultural centers still have much room to grow.

“So, I think that it is fair to say that in some instances, Yale is ahead of some of our national peers, and in others we have some room to grow,” Howard told the News. “The key will be to find the right balance of resources — space, staffing, budget and philosophical approach — that will work best for Yale in 2016 and moving forward as we become an even more diverse community.”

At Princeton, students can look to the Carl A. Fields Center for Equality and Cultural Understanding for multicultural support, but the university does not have individual cultural centers like the ones at Yale. Carl Fields Center Director Tennille Haynes is currently the only full-time staff member, though she told the News that Princeton has just completed the search for two program coordinators to work in the center, and they are expected to arrive on campus in time for the spring semester. By contrast, each of Yale’s cultural centers has a full-time director and a staff of paid student liaisons and assistants.

“It is evident from recent events on campus that not all students are satisfied with the current resources at Princeton,” Haynes said, referring to weeks of student activism regarding the school’s racial climate. “But we are making great strides at the Fields Center.”

Haynes pointed to a report written in May by the Special Task Force on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion that Princeton University President Christopher Eisgruber commissioned last year, which highlighted the necessity of strengthening and re-conceptualizing the center so that it could better serve Princeton’s students of color. In a message sent to the Princeton community on Nov. 22, Eisgruber said he has accepted every recommendation made by the task force, including increasing the center’s budget, reassessing its physical space and designating areas within the center for cultural groups.

Still, Haynes said the Princeton administration has not addressed the possibility of creating individual cultural centers on campus yet.

Haynes said the fact that Yale has multiple centers dedicated to different cultural groups is great, especially since many of its peer institutions lack these accommodations. Across the country, Haynes added, cultural centers are underfunded and understaffed, and so Yale has taken a step in the right direction in examining the needs of students on campus and pushing forward with student demands, she said. However, she added there is no “one size fits all” formula for diversity and inclusion at every school in the nation, and Yale in no way has the perfect solution.

Emery Real Bird, a junior at Princeton and president of the Natives at Princeton organization, said he thinks cultural centers give students a meeting point to better facilitate collective conversation. He added that he thinks Princeton would benefit from cultural centers, but only if there is an engaged group of students willing to learn from them as well as student representatives who can help connect the cultural centers with the broader student body.

Sridutt Nimmagadda, a sophomore and co-president of the Princeton South Asian Students Association, said he feels cultural centers exist on campus without being specifically labeled as such. For example, he said, much of the support he has experienced comes from the academic departments. According to Nimmagadda, SASA works with Princeton’s South Asian Studies program to plan events and provide funding, as well as the Hindu department of the Office of Religious Life.

There are also no individual cultural centers at Harvard, where students interviewed said the university would benefit from more cultural resources. Current support systems for Harvard students include the Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations, which has one full-time director, a group of paid undergraduate interns and a student advisory committee composed of representatives from racial and ethnic affinity groups on campus.

Tasked with promoting diversity among individuals and student groups, the foundation mainly hosts campuswide events, such as panel discussions and prominent speakers. In addition, the foundation has a $25,000 budget for student-initiated programs and

IRENE JIANG/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Unlike many of its peer institutions, Yale has four cultural centers dedicated to distinct ethnic and cultural communities. organizations. Yale and Princeton administrators in charge of the schools’ cultural resources have declined to release their respective budgets.

Harvard students interviewed said a significant weakness of the foundation — which is located in the basement of a freshman dorm — is its lack of a physical space where groups can host activities.

Each of Yale’s cultural centers has its own house, although students have complained that some of the houses are not well maintained and are located far from central campus.

“While I think that it might not be immediately feasible for Harvard to establish four different cultural centers like Yale, at least having one substantial physical space for multicultural activities is a reasonable start,” said Harvard junior Lola Agabalogun, vice president of the Association of Black Harvard Women.

Eni Popoola, a junior and president of the ABHW, said that despite the foundation’s shortcomings as a physical space, it still creates important opportunities for students to engage in thought-provoking conversations. But she also said Harvard would benefit from the addition of specific cultural centers.

Alex Pong, a senior and copresident of the Harvard-Radcliffe Asian American Association, said more resources need

Town-gown clash over parking

to be allocated to the foundation.

He described the situation as an unfortunate feedback loop, in which the foundation’s resources are underutilized because student groups recognize that the foundation does not have much to offer. The groups therefore seek funding from other sources instead, such as the student government, Pong said. “[The foundation] is basically a funding space and physical space, but it isn’t doing a very good job of being either,” he said.

According to AACC Director Saveena Dhall, recent improvements on Yale’s campus are long awaited and necessary for the University to become an institution capable of supporting all of its students. Nationwide, Dhall added, the basic model for cultural centers usually includes three full-time professional staff, and some schools even have staff members who work as librarians, art curators, advisors, counselors, artists in residence and so on.

Dhall cited Stanford and the University of Pennsylvania as institutions with well-developed cultural centers.

Stanford’s Asian American Activities Center, which includes a director, an associate director, a graduate student in residence for undergraduate research support as well as a number of undergraduate student workers, is equipped with academic and health and

wellness resources in addition to basic programming and advising.

For example, the center supports students majoring in the Asian American Studies Program and partners with Stanford’s mental health counseling services to provide “culturally competent psychologists” at the center.

Howard said Yale is fortunate to have four free-standing cultural houses, but he said that, as the student body has become more diverse over the years, it is fair to question if the existing space is enough to meet the growing needs. In addition to the issue of physical space, Howard acknowledged that several other institutions have more full-time staff than Yale to support their intercultural efforts. Howard also emphasized that efforts to promote diversity and inclusivity on campus are not solely the responsibility of the four cultural centers, as improvements in the University’s residential college system and academic curriculum are also crucial.

Still, three Yale students interviewed all emphasized the importance of having cultural centers on campus and said they appreciate the progress that the administration is currently undertaking.

“I think the NACC was one of the reasons I chose to come to Yale,” NACC Peer Liaison Mitchell Rose Bear Don’t Walk ’16, said.

“I was looking at a bunch of dif-

Marchand said Yale has not built parking spaces in the parts of the city that need them most.

PARKING FROM PAGE 1 tions — the areas of the city that need them most. He said visitors to downtown must instead scavenge for parking spots blocks away or pay for a space in one of the University’s parking lots.

Roughly 100 city residents gathered before an Aldermanic Joint-Committee on Community Development and Legislation on Monday to hear public testimony for and against the new amendment.

Colon testified that several of her constituents must park blocks away from their homes at night because other cars often snag the spaces immediately in front of their homes.

University representatives pushed back, claiming the alders’ proposal will create an unnecessary hurdle to development plans bringing economic growth to the city.

“The ordinance is so broadly

drafted that it is going to impact future economic growth as an unintended consequence,” said Vincent Petrini, senior vice president of public affairs at YaleNew Haven Hospital. “It would create a new regulatory hurdle for economic expansion.”

Assistant Director for New Haven and State Affairs Lauren Zucker voiced the same concerns for economic development. She said placing the burden of fixing the city’s parking shortage on Yale is misguided, noting that Yale cannot prevent people from parking on public streets.

Zucker added that Yale has opted to tackle the city’s parking shortage by encouraging employees to find alternatives to private vehicle transportation, such as carpooling, public transit and cycling to work. All University employees are given a Commuter Benefit Program to incentivize them to use public transport.

Questioning Zucker, Dixwell

Alder Jeanette Morrison voiced concerns about how expensive University parking spaces are for employees. Zucker said the limited space available downtown makes it difficult for Yale to provide free parking to all Yale employees.

Petrini said he hopes to continue working with the alders to address the parking shortage.

The wording of the amendment in its current form, however, lacks clarity and would do little to address the fundamental reason New Haven has a parking shortage, Petrini said.

Some residents, meanwhile, maintain that the University’s developments have compromised the quality of life in the city.

“Yale wants to expand but they don’t want to bear the burden,” testified a city resident. “But a lot of people in town are suffering.”

Contact JIAHUI HU at jiahui.hu@yale.edu .

Contact MONICA WANG at monica.wang@yale.edu and ELLEN KAN at ellen.kan@yale.edu .

Traffic’s hefty price tag TRAFFIC FROM PAGE 1

JIAHUI HU/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

ferent schools — a couple of them were Ivies — and Yale seemed to have the best resources available for Native students.”

Derwin Aikens ’16 said having distinct cultural centers is important, as it allows students from specific backgrounds to find peers who can empathize with their struggles.

As a senior, Bear Don’t Walk said she has witnessed impressive advancements at the NACC during her time at Yale, adding that she views Salovey’s email in a positive light. Still, Bear Don’t Walk said there is always more progress to be made — and now that students and the cultural centers have administrative support and aid, much more can be done.

“We have this incredible opportunity to look at national models of successful and impactful cultural centers and figure out what is going to be best for Yale,” Dhall told the News, adding that the focus should not be on competition among the Ivies, since Yale has always stood out with the four distinct cultural centers on campus. “This moment is about embracing that distinction and doing the good work of making our University better.”

“This report really comes out at a good time and a very critical time because of the fact that the Congressional bill on transportation is set to expire on Dec. 4 of this year,” Duff said. “This is really a call to action to Congress from us here in Connecticut.”

Lyle Wray, the executive director of the intermunicipality regional association Capital Region Council of Governments, said the lack of transportation investment on all levels of government is a root cause of Connecticut’s transit difficulties. He noted that beginning in 1978, the amount of money the United States spent on infrastructure was equal to only half of the average amount that Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries spent, which contributes to the relatively poor condition of state infrastructure.

“Somewhere around the end of the interstate highway system, we started dropping investments and it’s biting us,” Wray said at the press conference. “We are now in the catch-up mode with roads, bridges and other parts of our infrastructure. The $100 billion the governor has put forward — most of that is really for catching up.”

The TRIP report comes at a time when transportation issues are attracting an unusual amount of attention in the state. Gov. Dannel Malloy’s biennial budget, presented to the General Assembly in February, included a proposal for a $100 billion

“transportation lockbox” to make investments in roads and rail systems around the state. Though it has not yet come before the legislature, a group of state legislators and business representatives have already urged its passage.

Wray called on Connecticut legislators to invest in transportation infrastructure as a means of speeding up job creation and economic growth.

We are now in the catch-up mode with roads, bridges and other parts of our infrastructure.

LYLE WRAY Executive Director, Capital Regional Council of Governments Methods of addressing Connecticut’s infrastructure malaise must involve improving public transportation, Moretti said, adding that just under a quarter of all rail bridges in the state are structurally deficient. Wray called for greater availability of public transportation. He pointed to the CTfastrak bus program between Hartford and New Britain — which served its one-millionth rider in September — as an example of the possibilities of state investment in public transit.

Duff said legislators are aware that transportation is typically not in the front of people’s minds, and has thus

gone under the radar in the General Assembly. He said many Connecticut residents have accepted congestion as an inevitable part of life. But the situation can change, he said.

“It’s important that we continue talk about this, that we beat the drum and make sure that people are aware of this,” Duff said in Hartford.

“It’s not their top issue, but we need to make sure it’s in their brains and top of mind, because this is really what affects a lot of other things that we talk about in this building.”

Transit for Connecticut spokeswoman Karen Burnaska said there is no single solution to road congestion in Connecticut. But increasing public transit options is a route the state should take, she said, adding that public transit is more environmentally friendly than individuals driving their own automobiles.

Some efforts to alleviate strain on Connecticut’s roads are underway. Malloy announced Monday that the Connecticut Department of Transportation had resurfaced 330 miles of roadway in the 2015 construction season, up 25 miles from 2014 and 90 miles from 2013. Malloy said in a statement that 2015 marks the fourth consecutive year of increases in road resurfacing.

The state recently completed the new Q Bridge in New Haven after seven years of construction.

Contact NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH at noah.daponte-smith@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 7

SPORTS

“I actually love swimming but I just hate jumping in the water.”

NATALIE COUGHLIN 12-TIME OLYMPIC MEDALIST

Yale’s next leader FOOTBALL FROM PAGE 12 into a more vocal leader by the time he graduated after serving as captain his last two high school seasons.

Vocal leadership was one area in which Manora said he hopes to improve before assuming the captaincy on the field. He pointed to his year on the football team’s Leadership Council, an eight-man body that advises the captain, and his older teammates as sources of experience. “[Center] Luke Longinotti ’16 taught me a lot about leadership and leading by example, and how, by being a vocal leader, you can accomplish a lot of things,” Manora said. “Being the only starting lineman who was never hurt, he became central piece of the line. He’s a quiet guy, normally, who figured out to be a vocal leader.

That, I think, is key to being a good leader.”

But Manora has always had leadership capabilities. Coming off a one-win season in Manora’s junior year of high school, Joseph recalled the opening game of the following season.

In the contest, St. Stephen’s & St. Agnes’ opponent, which was favored to win the game, struck first.

Manora, Joseph said, gathered his team on the sideline and told his teammates that they had all worked too hard to

lose the game.

“At that point our whole season turned around when he spoke up and he talked to the team,” Joseph said. “He said, ‘I’m there for you, you have to be there for me.’ We went 6–4 that year, the best record the school had in 10 years.”

Yale football finished its 2015 season with an identical 6–4 record, a step down from 2014’s 8–2 mark. Despite the drop-off, Manora and the rest of the defense made significant strides between the 2014 and 2015 campaigns.

This year, the Bulldogs held opposing teams to 5.2 yards per play and 24.2 points per game, both decreases from last season’s 5.8 yards per play and 29.9 points per game.

Next season, the team looks to improve across the board while rehabilitating the injuries that afflicted the Elis throughout the 2015 season.

“Coach Reno and the training staff have put a good regiment together for getting everyone healthy,” Manora said. “Usually we work out pretty hard and prepare for the upcoming season, but [for] next season we’re doing more yoga and core strengthening. It should be helpful.”

This “preventative rehab” will include advice from former running back Tyler Varga ’15, last season’s Ivy League Offensive Player of the Year and current member of the Indianap-

Yale tops NC State W. SWIMMING FROM PAGE 12

COURTESY OF YALE ATHLETICS

Manora stole a flea-flicker pitch and returned it for a touchdown last year against Brown. olis Colts, Manora said. He also expressed excitement at the possibility of having all his injured teammates return with an additional year of experience under their belts.

At the banquet, head coach Tony Reno, meanwhile, emphasized the unique authority that comes from being elected by one’s teammates.

“This vote was done solely by the players,” Reno said.

“It’s the highest honor you can receive outside of Leadership Council.”

Team 144 started its offseason regimen Tuesday morning, a little more than nine months before kicking off its season.

Contact MAYA SWEEDLER at maya.sweedler@yale.edu .

FOOTBALL CAPTAINS A LOOK BACK AT THE PAST TEN YEARS

9 Defensive Players

Linebacker

4 Defensive Lineman

3 Defensive Back

2

1 Offensive Player

Wide Receiver

1 AMANDA HU/PRODUCTION & DESIGN ASSISTANT

the Bulldogs, fell behind with 1,328.5 points.

The three-day invitational opened up on Thursday, Nov. 19 with a strong start for the Bulldogs. In the first event, the 200yard freestyle relay, Yale’s A team of Bella Hindley ’19, Kina Zhou ’17, Amy Zhao ’18 and Cassidy Richards ’19 out-touched NC State, now ranked eighth, by 0.39 seconds to clinch third place and a school record in the process.

In the 500-yard freestyle, Eva Fabian ’16 and Cailley Silbert ’18 found second- and third-place finishes, respectively. Captain Emma Smith ’16 snagged third place behind two NC State swimmers in the 200-yard individual medley, defeating a Duke competitor by 0.65 seconds.

Hindley’s strong performance continued in the sprint and second relay events. The freshman left the 50-yard freestyle with yet another podium finish for Yale with a third-place swim, and she kept that momentum going for the day’s closing event, the 400-yard medley relay.

Hindley, Zhou, Paulina Kaminski ’18 and Maddy Zimmerman ’18 scored the Bulldogs their only first-place finish of the meet’s first day.

Hindley, who hails from London, had already proven herself a major point-earner in her freshman campaign after notching four first-place finishes against Columbia two weeks ago, earning Ivy League Rookie of the Week honors in the process. And last week she topped that performance with multiple personal bests in the meet.

“I was happy with my times — they were all my best times,” Hindley said. “In England we swim in meters, not yards, so coming into it I had no expectations because I wasn’t sure about the conversions.”

Before the closer on Thursday, the diving team took to the boards for their 3-meter event.

Lilybet MacRae ’17 earned a fourth-place finish in the finals, while Tennant and Olivia Grinker ’16 finished 13th and 14th in the consolation finals.

The meet marked the first time this year that MacRae has finished below first in a 3-meter event, but MacRae said she found facing top competition more relaxing than it was stressful.

“Going into finals I was in eighth place, so I knew I could only go up,” MacRae said. “I

think that helped me because there was less pressure.”

Competition resumed on Friday, with more records ready to be broken. Hindley broke Yale’s previous school mark in the 200-yard freestyle by a full second when she claimed first place in the event. She was also part of the 800-yard freestyle relay A squad, alongside Zhou, Isla Hutchinson-Maddox ’17 and Olivia Jameson ’17, which earned a first-place finish to best another Yale record.

“I was most pleased with my 200 free, because it was really cool to get the record as a freshman, which had been standing for quite a while,” Hindley said.

Smith kept up her individual performance in the 400-yard event, placing second and ahead of a UNC swimmer by just 0.08 seconds. Kaminski then secured Yale another podium finish with a third-place swim in the 100yard breaststroke.

MacRae put up more points in the 1-meter diving event, finishing fourth. Tennant, Grinker and Olivia Loucks ’17 finished in 17th, 18th and 20th, respectively.

“I dove really well, but there was a lot of great competition,” MacRae said. “In prelims on both boards I squeaked into finals, but both days dove much better in the finals.”

On Saturday, the meet reopened with the 1,650-yard freestyle swim. Fabian and Silbert strengthened their claims as top national distance swimmers with a 1–2 finish for the Bulldogs.

Fabian and Silbert raced neck and neck for nearly the entire race, with Fabian ultimately beating her teammate to the pad by 0.18 seconds.

“Eva and Cailley did so well in the mile, and your teammates doing really well makes everyone else do really well, which is amazing,” Hindley said.

Kaminski showed her strength in the 200-yard breaststroke, finishing in third. Sydney Hirschi ’17, Hutchinson-Maddox and Zimmerman came next with a 2–3–4 finish in the 200-yard butterfly event. The final event, the 400-yard freestyle relay, had the Elis’ A squad of Richards, Hindley, Zhou and Danielle Liu ’18 in fourth place.

The Elis will be facing Southern Connecticut on Dec. 11 before heading to Puerto Rico for their training trip over winter break.

Contact ANDRÉ MONTEIRO at andre.monteiro@yale.edu .

Elis swim, dive to fifth-place finish M. SWIMMING FROM PAGE 12 “My own performance was decent, but more importantly it shed light on several areas I need to improve on,” Rutter said. “I think a lot of the guys had a similar learning experience.”

In the 1-meter diving event, James McNelis ’16 and Anthony Mercadante ’17 placed 14th and 16th in the consolation finals. Yale’s divers posted similar results the next day on the 3-meter boards when McNelis and Wayne Zhang ’18 had 15th- and 16th-place showings, respectively.

The final event on Thursday, the 400-yard medley, had Kao, Bole, Victor Zhang and Shawn Nee ’18 placing seventh, leaving the Bulldogs in sixth place overall at that point in the meet.

Friday opened up with another medley relay. The 200-yard race found Nee, Bole, Miao and Alex Goss ’17 in seventh place to start off the day.

After Hyogo’s win in the 400yard medley, Bole took inspiration and replicated his teammate’s performance in the 200-yard freestyle. Despite just barely squeezing himself into finals with an eighth-place time in the preliminary races, the freshman won the race in the finals, beating the next three swimmers by just under a second for Yale’s second win of the meet.

“It was thrilling to compete against some of the fast-

est swimmers in the country, and even more thrilling to beat some of them,” Rutter said. “The knowledge that we can hold our own against such a high level of competition sets us up really well for the second half of the season.”

The Bulldogs ended the day on a high note in the 800-yard freestyle relay. The A squad of Zhang, Hyogo, Bole and Adrian Lin ’19 claimed the event when they pulled ahead of the Navy swimmers halfway through the race, and ended up out-touching their competitors by 0.12 seconds. This helped push the Bulldogs ahead of East Carolina to finish the meet’s second day in fifth place.

Saturday’s first event was the 1,650-yard swim, and both of Yale’s top distance swimmers both found success. Hyogo claimed second, finishing over five seconds ahead of the next competitor, and Hogan also earned points for Yale with his seventh-place performance.

The Bulldogs again got on the board in the 200-yard events.

Nee’s backstroke put him in fifth place, and Rutter and Kao recorded fourth- and sixthplace finishes, respectively, in the breaststroke. Joey Carbone ’19 narrowly made it into the finals of the butterfly event and earned an eighth-place finish in his last swim.

The 400-yard freestyle had Bole, Miao, Lin and Zhang fin-

ROBBIE SHORT/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Yale was in sixth place after the first day of competition, but a few strong performances bumped the Bulldogs up to fifth on Friday. ishing in fourth to round off the meet. The day ended with the Bulldogs in fifth place overall out of the seven teams.

The Elis move on to a regular season of much smaller meets against more familiar oppo-

nents. All three swimmers interviewed noted a positive experience against top competition they had not seen before.

“I had a lot of fun at the Nike Cup,” Kao said. “It was a great opportunity to race some fast

swimmers we don’t normally get to see and to discover how our team sizes up to theirs. It was a much more challenging invite than we are used to, so I think the team really grew for the better as well.”

Yale will compete against Boston University and the University of Connecticut on Saturday in New Jersey.

Contact ANDRÉ MONTEIRO at andre.monteiro@yale.edu .

PAGE 8

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.”

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN FOUNDING FATHER OF THE UNITED STATES

Investors struggle to imitate Yale investment model INVESTMENT FROM PAGE 1 wrote a second book aimed at individual investors rather than institutions. In the book, called “Unconventional Success: A Fundamental Approach to Personal Investment,” Swensen casts the individual investor in stark contrast to Yale. Whereas Yale has access to a network of intelligent and connected investment managers, the individual investor has much less expertise to guide investment, he wrote. Institutions like Yale also have long “event horizons,” meaning they can invest with the view of making money over hundreds of years, an ability that individual investors lack.

The managers of Yale’s resources have an obligation to make some of those resources available to the current generation of scholars and students while preserving resources for future generations, said University Chief Financial Officer and Vice President for Finance Stephen Murphy ’87. Delaying maintenance on campus buildings or accelerating spending from the endowment might give Yale more short-term money to spend, but Murphy said such practices could lead to long-term negative consequences for future generations of students.

However, managing money is a different ballgame for a private investor. As Jarvis pointed out, a private investor might, in an emergency, need cash quickly.

Part of Yale’s method is investing in “illiquid” stocks that cannot be quickly turned into cash, a practice that is more difficult for a private investor. Since Yale only needs around 5 percent of its endowment in cash each year for its operating budget, it can afford to have fewer liquid investments than the average investor.

“As Swensen correctly writes, Yale’s situation differs substan-

ROBBIE SHORT/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

During his time as chief investment officer, David Swensen has grown the endowment by over $24 billion. tially from that of his readers,” Rekenthaler wrote in his Nov. 20 piece.

But Rekenthaler acknowledged that some concepts in the “Yale Model” do indeed translate to private investors — an idea that Swensen has also noted in his own writings. According to Swensen, having a diverse portfolio is advantageous to both Yale and to the investor, as is investment in equity, which is stock in a firm or a company. Neither investors nor institutions should

try to predict when the market will fluctuate, as Swensen has said this can be futile and can lead to poor investment choices.

Still, some economists are adamant that mimicking Yale is misguided. Jarvis said any institution or individual lacking Yale’s resources should not emulate the Yale model. School of Management professor Roger Ibbotson said that if individuals tried to imitate the Yale model they would bear unnecessary costs and fees associated with

investing in the kinds of asset classes in which Yale invests.

“It’s greed and overconfidence,” Ibbotson said. “People think they know more than they do. These individuals are not connected to the markets enough to recognize good deals from bad deals.”

Ibbotson went on to say that Swensen wrote his second book in part to warn private investors against copying Yale’s methods and recommend better investment strategies for the individ-

ual investor. Private investors are more likely to be caught up in investment schemes that are ill advised, Ibbotson added.

In a 2011 New York Times op-ed, Swensen wrote that investors naively trust their stockbrokers and financial advisers. He cited sites like Morningstar — which, in addition to managing investments, also provides a service that measures and rates the investment performance of stocks — as a poor way for private investors

to predict the success of certain markets.

“Individual investors should take control of their financial destinies,” Swensen wrote. “The rating system merely identifies funds that performed well in the past; it provides no help in finding future winners.”

The average return on Yale’s endowment over the past 20 years is 13.7 percent.

Contact FINNEGAN SCHICK at christopher.schick@yale.edu .

DESIGN We’re the best-looking desk at the YDN.

We see you. design@yaledailynews.

Interested in illustrating for the Yale Daily News?

r e c y c l e y o u r y d n d a i l y

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST Rain, mainly after 9am. Patchy fog after noon. High near 44. Northeast wind 7 to 9 mph.

TOMORROW High of 53, low of 41.

PROTEST BY ANNELISA LEINBACH

ON CAMPUS TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1 4:30 PM Boycott (USA, 2001) 118 min. Commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Followed by a panel discussion with director Clark Johnson, Swarthmore President Valerie A. Smith and Yale College Dean Jonathan Holloway. Whitney Humanities Center (53 Wall St.), Aud. 5:15 PM Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning.

In this epic history of extermination and survival, history professor Timothy Snyder presents a new explanation of the great atrocity of the 20th century, and reveals the risks that we face in the 21st. Based on new sources from eastern Europe and forgotten testimonies from Jewish survivors, Black Earth recounts the mass murder of the Jews as an event that is still close to us, more comprehensible than we would like to think, and thus all the more terrifying. Sterling Memorial Library (120 High St.), Lecture Hall & Memorabilia Room.

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2 12:00 PM Javanese Gamelan: Concert and Lecture-Demo.

Gamelan, an orchestra consisting of predominantly gong- and metallophone-type instruments made from bronze, is wellappreciated throughout Indonesia and beyond. Gamelan music is considered essential for official ceremonies, life-cycle rituals, radio/TV broadcasts and various celebrations. Gamelan is now taught in Indonesian schools and colleges, and in several universities around the world. Luce Hall (34 Hillhouse Ave.), Second Floor Common Room.

12:30 PM Secret Societies in Roman Syria: The Cult of Mithras at Dura-Europos. The extraordinary preservation of the archaeological remains at Dura-Europos, in modernday Syria, provides a vivid picture of a thriving multicultural city on the eastern edge of the Roman Empire. A variety of religious communities — pagan, Jewish and Christian — lived and worshipped together there in the decades before the city was conquered by the Sasanians. One of these communities worshipped the god Mithras, whose cult involved secrecy, initiation, and rituals that remain enigmatic. Lisa Brody, associate curator of ancient art, looks at the Mithraeum from Dura, which provides some of the best evidence for the cult. Yale University Art Gallery (1111 Chapel St.).

To reach us: E-mail editor@yaledailynews.com Advertisements 2-2424 (before 5 p.m.)

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Mailing address Yale Daily News P.O. Box 209007 New Haven, CT 06520

Questions or comments about the fairness or accuracy of stories should be directed to Editor in Chief Stephanie Addenbrooke at (203) 432-2418.

Bulletin Board is a free service provided to groups of the Yale community for events. Listings should be submitted online at yaledailynews.com/events/ submit. The Yale Daily News reserves the right to edit listings.

ANNELISA LEINBACH is a senior in Calhoun College. She is the former Illustrations editor on the Managing Board of 2015. Contact her at annelisa.leinbach@yale.edu .

To visit us in person 202 York St. New Haven, Conn. (Opposite JE) FOR RELEASE DECEMBER 1, 2015

Los Angeles Times Daily Crossword Puzzle

CLASSIFIEDS

CROSSWORD Edited by Rich Norris and Joyce Lewis ACROSS 1 With 69-Across, filmmaker born 12/1/1935 who directed and wrote five films in this puzzle 6 Apparel 10 Sacramento’s state, briefly 13 “Most certainly!”

15 Language that gave us “khaki” 16 Spanish she-bear 17 Look that way 18 With 59-Across, 1980 film by 1-/69-Across 20 Suffers from 21 Sneaky tactic 23 Kosher 24 Diagnostic machine 26 Make __ for: argue in favor of 27 2011 film by 1-/69-Across 31 Being kept cold 32 Sardinian six 33 1971 film by 1-/69-Across 36 1973 film by 1-/69-Across 42 Junio, por ejemplo 44 Low voice 45 1995 film by 1-/69-Across 52 Like a softly blowing fan 53 Nincompoops 54 Windy City airport 55 One of the deadly sins 56 Camp bed 59 See 18-Across 61 Camden Yards ballplayer 64 Spanish gold 65 Sit for an artist 66 Have a place to call home 67 “__ the ramparts ... ” 68 Figure (out) 69 See 1-Across DOWN 1 Genie’s offer 2 Most fit for service 3 Keats works 4 __ Bums: Brooklyn Dodgers nickname

12/1/15

By Jeffrey Wechsler

5 “Despite that ... ” 6 Tailor’s inserts 7 Major thoroughfares 8 Nutritional meas.

9 Sack material 10 Mountain lion 11 Birthplace of St. Francis 12 Coffee drinks with steamed milk 14 Hip-hop headgear 19 Prefix meaning “ten” 22 “That’s awful!”

24 Ancient Peruvian 25 Personal bearing 27 Unruly group 28 Words before flash or jiffy 29 Cacophony 30 Zip, in soccer scores 34 Novelist Tan 35 Smooth, as a transition 37 Black, to a bard 38 “CSI” actor George 39 Tire pressure meas.

40 S.C. clock setting

Monday’s Puzzle Solved

SUDOKU WAITING FOR A SHUTTLE

3 9 4 8 5 3 ©2015 Tribune Content Agency, LLC

41 Fish eggs 43 Husbands and wives 45 Cow sound in “Old MacDonald” 46 Response from another room 47 Supermodel’s allure: Var. 48 Prefix with scope 49 Annoying types 50 Info on a store door: Abbr.

12/1/15

51 Helicopter component 56 Slinky shape 57 Merrie __ England 58 High schooler, typically 60 Letters that promise payback 62 Stephen of “The Crying Game” 63 Alcatraz, e.g: Abbr.

7 6 9 8 1 5 7 9 1 6 8 5 4 2 7 3 8 5 6 9 7 3 7 2 9 5 1 6 3

THURSDAY High of 49, low of 35.

PAGE 10

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Study drills out truth on fracking

BY JAMES POST CONTRIBUTING REPORTER A new Yale study may shift perceptions about the dangers of hydraulic fracturing, the natural gas extraction process commonly known as fracking.

For over two years, a team of researchers from the Yale Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department took samples from groundwater aquifers in northeastern Pennsylvania, where drilling companies use fracking to extract natural gas from the Marcellus Shale, a layer of sedimentary rock thousands of feet below the ground. Fracking companies inject fluid containing over 900 chemicals into the shale layer, making many people concerned that these chemicals will seep into groundwater aquifers, a source of drinking water.

The study, published Oct. 27 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows that aboveground fracking practices may actually pose a greater threat than belowground activities.

“When most people say fracking or hydraulic fracturing, they’re thinking of … the injection of fluids into the ground to crack open rock and release these gas molecules,” said Brian Drollette GRD ’20, a chemical and environmental engineering Ph.D. candidate and the lead author of the study. “[But] it’s not the actual hydraulic fracturing itself that’s causing the groundwater contamination. It’s the overarching operations that are going on at the ground surface that’s probably impacting the groundwater.”

This study analyzed high molecular weight organic compounds used in fracking fluids, including a group of toxic com-

pounds known as BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene.

Two main pieces of evidence suggested that these organic compounds in the groundwater came from the surface of the earth. On one hand, the level of helium present in the groundwater more closely matches the level of helium present in water at the surface. Also, the abundance of these organic compounds in groundwater correlates to the distance of the nearest surface spill.

Furthermore, the low level of salt in the groundwater does not match the high salt content of water from the shale layer, suggesting that fracking fluids have not moved from the shale layer to the groundwater aquifers.

The shale layer is in some places thousands of feet below the aquifers.

“I think it changes concerns and highlights some new ones, perhaps,” said Desirée Plata, professor of chemical and environmental engineering and principal investigator and co-author of the study. “What’s encouraging about this study is that if you do have a contamination event, usually it’s something you’ve known about. It happened at the surface … [And] the compounds we found are really treatable … You can warn people in the area to start treating their water.”

The concentration of organic compounds present in the groundwater sampled in this study was so small that the water did not violate the drinking standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency, according to the study authors.

David Brown, director of public health toxicology for the non-

YANNA LEE/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

profit Environment and Human Health, Inc., said no improvements to the study could be made.

“It’s a superb study,” Brown said. “Do I think any improvement could be made in Pennsylvania drilling? Yeah. Given the findings [of this study], it’s likely that the state agencies don’t have enough resources or technical expertise to monitor the [fracking] well … That’s the real mes-

sage out of this paper.”

Drollette said that, in the future, research can be done to examine the fate of chemicals injected into the ground for fracking. The shale layer has a large amount of heat and pressure because it is deep underground, so the layer becomes a “reaction vessel” for chemical transformations, he added.

Plata suggested that testing be conducted in other areas of the

country where fracking occurs.

Different subsurface geology can lead to different amounts of “communication,” or permeability, between the shale layer and groundwater aquifers. Plata also noted that, over time, fracking will change the degree of permeability.

“When you perform hydraulic fracturing activity, you’re changing the subsurface inherently,” Plata said. “So the ques-

tion is, just because we didn’t see [the movement from the shale layer to the groundwater aquifers this time], does that mean that it won’t happen in the future?”

Spills that occur at fracking sites above the Marcellus Shale are reported to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.

Contact JAMES POST at james.post@yale.edu .

New technique efficiently incorporates amino acids into proteins

BY BRETT GREENE CONTRIBUTING REPORTER A team of researchers from Yale and Northwestern published a paper detailing a new method of incorporating synthetic amino acids into proteins. This new technology has farreaching applications across many fields, including pharmaceutical-drug design, surgical adhesives and environmental sensors, according to the researchers involved.

The paper describes a newly developed method that improves upon previous biotechnology research. The new method manipulates cellular machinery so that it can incorporate “multiple instances of a single synthetic amino acid” per protein chain, according to study coauthor Miriam Amiram, a postdoctoral scholar in the Yale Isaacs Lab, which develops “foundational genomic and cellular engineering technologies.”

According to the paper, the new method recodes the DNA of E. coli bacteria, making it possible for the responsible enzyme to attach tRNA to synthetic amino acids. Unlike the 22 amino acids found in naturally occurring proteins, synthetic amino acids are manmade. The new technique incorporates the synthetic amino acids into polypeptides, and is the culmination of three and a half years of work by the Isaacs, Söll and Rinehart Labs at Yale as well as research conducted at Northwestern.

“This paper really describes a highly evolved tool, if you will, or a more advanced technology that is very distinct in its performance and its capabilities, and it’s distinct from anything that we’ve ever worked on before,” said Jesse Rinehart GRD ’04, study co-author and professor of cellular and molecular physiology.

Previous research, which was partly conducted at Yale, succeeded in modifying the DNA of E. coli bacteria so that the cell incorporated a few synthetic amino acids in a protein. The previous procedure necessitated modifying a “stop” codon — the code that indicates to cellular machinery that a protein should end — to code for a synthetic amino acid that researchers introduce to the cell.

But the mechanism responsible for translating this modified DNA into protein chains was inefficient, Amiram said. Rinehart said this previous approach limited both the number of synthetic amino acids that can be incorporated, and the overall purity of the finished proteins. The team solved the overarching problem of the cell’s inefficient translation machinery by manipulating the cell so that the enzyme responsible for attaching synthetic amino acids to tRNA operates more efficiently, resulting in “up to 25-fold increased protein production.”

According to study co-author Adrian Haimovich GRD ’18 MED ’18, graduate student in the Isaacs Lab, the ultimate outcome of the paper was twofold. The team both created, to facilitate their own research, new enzymes, and developed a new technique that others can use to engineer improved enzymes for their own work, Haimovich said.

The study was published in Nature Biotechnology on Nov. 15.

Contact BRETT GREENE at brett.greene@yale.edu .

HANNAH KAZIS-TAYLOR/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 11

“Heart like shale. What you need is a good fracking.”

MARGARET ATWOOD, MADDADDAM

Historic ocean temperatures predict climate change

BY JAY LEE CONTRIBUTING REPORTER In his “Discourses on Livy,” fifteenth-century philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli writes, “It is easy, by diligent study of the past, to foresee what is likely to happen in the future.” Geology and geophysics professor Alexey Fedorov argues that this statement applies to climate patterns as well.

In his most recent research paper, published in the journal Science, Fedorov and his co-authors claim that analyzing ocean temperatures of the Pliocene era will reveal information about climate change patterns of the future. The Pliocene era, a geological period that occurred five million years ago, was the last time period before the present during which atmospheric carbon dioxide levels reached the level of 400 parts per million.

George Mason University professor Natalie Burls, a study co-author, said that climate reconstructions of the Pliocene suggest that global warming tends to be “polar amplified,” or that more warming occurs in the temperate regions than in the tropics. She also said that the east-west sea surface temperature gradient within the tropical Pacific should decrease at a rate similar to the rate at which the northsouth sea surface temperature gradient decreases.

In other words, the rate at which change in sea temperature decreases should be similar along the lines of latitude as it is along the lines of longitude.

“This insight has important implications for how we might expect large-scale atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns in the tropics — the Walker circulation — as well as El Ninorelated variability to change with global warming,” Burls wrote in a Wednesday email to the News.

Heather Ford, co-author of the paper and a postdoctoral research scientist at Columbia University, said that sea surface temperatures reveal information

about global climate patterns because they show how heat is stored and transported in the ocean. She added that this data also demonstrates how heat is exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere, which is important to understanding warm climate states.

According to Ford, 90 percent of the global energy due to global warming is currently being absorbed by the ocean. Ford added that studying the Pliocene is more useful in understanding long-term consequences of climate change than more immediate climate change patterns over the next century.

“The climate change we can expect in the next century or less will be rapid and extreme as the global climate system adjusts to the high levels of carbon dioxide,” she said.

Burls said that the next step in her research with Fedorov is trying to improve the climate model simulations to better understand how scientists can use the reconstructed data from the Pliocene era to predict the climate patterns of the future. Currently, models with elevated carbon dioxide levels show extra-tropical warming that falls short of the much more significant change seen in the data from the Pliocene. However, when one makes simulations with hypothetical modifications to the reflection of sunlight by clouds, the model reproduces sea surface temperature changes that are consistent with the reconstructed data.

“This suggests that the models may be missing key cloud feedbacks in response to carbon dioxide-induced warming or alternatively that atmospheric aerosol concentrations during the Pliocene supported the required changes in cloud reflective properties,” Burls said.

The Pliocene era had sea surface temperatures of more than 3 degrees Celsius higher than today.

Contact JAY LEE at jay.lee@yale.edu .

CATHERINE YANG/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

Researchers study pulsating galaxy

BY AMY CHENG CONTRIBUTING REPORTER A recent research paper coauthored by astronomers from Harvard and Yale explores a new method of measuring fluctuations in light output from stars in distant galaxies.

By comparing individual pixels from a series of photographs of the M87 galaxy located 53.5 mil-

lion light-years from Earth, the researchers detected changes in brightness of long-term variable stars — a group of stars whose light output varies. Previously, these slight variations in light output were too small to be modeled. But the findings of the recent paper not only allow researchers to measure the variable stars’ pulsation and the fluctuation of star brightness, but also improve the

latest stellar evolution models of the galaxy of interest, M87.

“This is, as far as we know, the first time that the time variation in the integrated light of galaxies — the light of many stars together — has been considered,” said Pieter van Dokkum, study co-author and Yale astronomy department chair.

Titled “Ubiquitous Time Variability of Integrated Stel-

lar Populations,” the paper analyzed images of M87 by combing through the Hubble Space Telescope archive. The researchers compared images taken over the course of three months, and focused on the differences in brightness from the variable stars within individual pixels.

“Typically, people think of more distant galaxies as static images or as steady beacons in

the sky,” said Charlie Conroy, coauthor of the paper and Harvard astronomy professor.

But because there is a massive number of variable stars within a galaxy, their changes in brightness, no matter how significant, cancel each other out, Conroy explained. In the photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, there are roughly 100,000 to one million stars in a single

CAROLINE TISDALE/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

pixel. Among these stars, there will be on average one or two bright variable stars while the rest give off a relatively constant amount of light, Conroy said.

For this reason, the researchers needed to look at the galaxies not as a whole collection of stars on the pixel level, Conroy added.

M87 was far from the “ideal” model for this study, researchers said. According to Jieun Choi, a graduate student at Harvard who co-authored the paper, there are several qualifications a galaxy has to meet to be considered ideal: It has to be sufficiently close, frequently photographed and relatively young. M87 was the only galaxy for which the Hubble Space Telescope had already obtained the required data, van Dokkum said. However, it is an elliptical galaxy predominantly composed of old and low-mass stars, meaning the variable stars give off a weaker pulse compared to that of variable stars in a spiral galaxy.

In future research, the team hopes to apply their findings to nearby spiral galaxies with the data from the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope which will be accessible five to 10 years from now, van Dokkum said. LSST can capture the entire visible sky in matter of days and provide scientists with invaluable images, he added.

“The Sun is about five billion years old, and has about five billion years ahead of it. The stars in M87 are about 10 billion years old, which means we get a preview of our own future by looking at the pulsating stars in this galaxy,” van Dokkum said.

The paper was published in the online edition of the journal Nature on Nov. 16.

Contact AMY CHENG at xiaomeng.cheng@yale.edu .

IF YOU MISSED IT SCORES

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SPORTS QUICK HITS

KELLY JOHNSON ’16 FIRST-TEAM ALL-IVY ONCE AGAIN The senior setter and hitter made it a perfect four-for-four last week when she was named to the All-Ivy First Team for the fourth time. Outside hitter Kelley Wirth ’19 got second-team honors, while middle blocker Maya Midzik ’16 secured an honorable mention.

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“Going up in the rankings was very exciting because it shows how we’re on the right track to being at our best for Ivies.”

MCKENNA TENNANT ’18 WOMEN’S SWIMMING

JUSTIN SEARS ’16 AND MAKAI MASON ’18 WEEKLY HONORABLE MENTION During a week in which the Yale men’s basketball team played competitively with two nationally ranked teams, Sears and Mason were honored for their performance. Sears recorded 19 points when Yale fell 80–61 to Duke, while Mason notched 24 in a 71–69 loss to SMU.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 2015 · yaledailynews.com

Manora elected to lead Team 144

BY MAYA SWEEDLER STAFF REPORTER

FOOTBALL

Fewer than two weeks removed from the end of the 2015 season, the Yale football team has already begun to look ahead to next year: linebacker Darius Manora ’17 was announced as the next captain of the Yale football team at the Bulldogs’ annual banquet last Monday.

Manora is the ninth defensive player elected as captain over the past 10 seasons and replaces safety Cole Champion ’16 as the Elis’ onthe-field leader.

“A lot of us, when we first come in, dream of being captain and being one of the best players,” said Manora. “Over time, you put your head down and just grind. I was surprised over the past year about how much I’ve developed as a leader and as a person.”

The six-foot, 235-pound linebacker has played in all 30 games since arriving in New Haven, including starting all 20 contests in his sophomore and junior seasons. This past year, he notched 52 total tackles, 24 of which were unassisted, in addition to a sack, an interception and a fumble recovery.

Manora comes from a football lineage: his father, a former personnel officer in the Air Force, played professional football in Europe and his older brother played high school football when the family lived in Texas. His older brother, who Manora called his “biggest inspiration,” was a senior in high school when Manora began playing organized football at age seven.

Given this football heritage, it is unsurprising that Manora developed a natural ability to play on either side of the ball. Originally a running back who set a league

ROBBIE SHORT/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Linebacker Darius Manora ’17 was the only Bulldog to record at least one sack, one interception and one fumble recovery over the course of the 2015 season. rushing record with over 4,500 career yards at St. Stephen’s & St. Agnes School in Alexandria, Virginia, Manora spent three years in the backfield before adding strong safety and outside linebacker to his high school resume.

“I had a meeting with him and said, ‘Darius, I know you really

love playing running back, but if we’re going to win, I need you to do more,’” Bernard Joseph, Manora’s high school football coach, said. “And he just responded, ‘I’ll do whatever it takes to win.’”

Joseph described the ease with which Manora slipped into his new role in the secondary, adding that

Women earn national ranking

BY ANDRÉ MONTEIRO CONTRIBUTING REPORTER The Yale women’s swimming and diving team needed a strong effort to secure an invitation to last week’s competitive Nike Invitational. But once the Bulldogs arrived, an even stronger effort proved that they deserved their spot — both in the meet and in the national conversation.

WOMEN’S SWIMMING In a field of nine teams

that included nationally ranked Duke, North Carolina and North Carolina State, Yale earned a thirdplace finish just ahead of NC State. The performance gave the Elis a national ranking of 13th, according to College Swimming, which orders teams based on their most recent performance. A week later, Yale now sits at 15th in those rankings.

“Going up in the rankings was very exciting because it shows how we’re on the right track to being at our best for Ivies,” McKenna Tennant ’18

said. “This year our team has gotten a lot stronger and we’re improving and that’s definitely a good way to lead up to the rest of the season.

Our team still has a ton of work left, but this past week really showed how far we’ve come.”

In a meet that included five new school records for Yale, the Elis scored 1,519 points, while North Carolina and Duke tallied 1,815 and 1,769, respectively. NC State, though favored over SEE W. SWIMMING PAGE 7

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The Elis finished above North Carolina State to secure third place in the meet.

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in his first game playing safety, Manora picked off the opposing quarterback. Since he expected Manora to add 15 or 20 pounds once he got to college, Joseph said, he was not surprised that his former standout starred exclusively on defense for the Elis.

It was not just Manora’s build

or his abilities on the field that impressed Joseph and the rest of the high school coaching staff.

“He was outstanding [as a] student and on the football field,” Joseph said. “He never missed the weight room or missed a workout in the offseason. He was always holding his teammates account-

able. It was a natural thing for us as coaches to say, ‘Hey, this is our leader.’”

Manora’s ability to lead by example was evident from the start, Joseph said, and the 139th captain in Yale history developed SEE FOOTBALL PAGE 7

Men battle top opponents

BY ANDRÉ MONTEIRO CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Facing stiff competition in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, the Yale men’s swimming and diving team claimed fifth place out of seven teams at the Nike Invitational.

MEN’S SWIMMING Though the men did not match the upset victory over North Carolina State that the Eli women posted, a showing above East Carolina and Old Dominion gave the Bulldogs a national ranking of 30th in College Swimming’s most recent rankings.

“I think we put up a good fight with some of the top schools in the league, which was exemplified by some stellar individual swims from both the upperclassmen and the underclassmen,” Kei Hyogo ’18 said.

Kyogo himself posted one of the most impressive individual performances when he, captain Brian Hogan ’16 and Jonathan Rutter ’18 claimed a 1–3–4 finish in the 400yard individual medley Friday.

Hyogo was the first Eli to claim a win at the Nike Cup, and Hogan was out-touched by an NC State competitor by 0.14 seconds.

“I was relatively happy with my own races, especially given that I swam half of my races with a broken hand,” Hyogo said. “But the meet was also an eye opener for me in terms of the competition I’ll have to face in trying to achieve some of the goals I have set for

ROBBIE SHORT/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Following a pair of victories in dual meets versus Brown and Columbia, Yale placed fifth at the Nike Cup. myself individually this season.”

Kyogo and Hogan also boasted strong performances the previous day in the 500-yard freestyle, the first distance event of the meet.

Their fourth- and fifth-place finishes were within 0.03 seconds of each other.

Earlier on Thursday, the Cup opened with the 200-yard freestyle relay, in which Yale’s A team placed seventh. Oscar Miao ’17,

Scott Bole ’19, Derek Kao ’18 and Victor Zhang ’16 finished the race with a time of 1:23.16.

Rutter placed fifth in the 200yard IM, out-touched by NC State swimmer Christian McCurdy by 0.01 seconds. Rutter said the race against strong competition was helpful for him as Yale looks toward the remainder of the season.

SEE M. SWIMMING PAGE 7

THE NUMBER OF DEFENSIVE PLAYERS ELECTED CAPTAIN OF THE YALE FOOTBALL TEAM OVER THE PAST 10 SEASONS. Of those nine, four have been linebackers, including newly elected Darius Manora ’17.