Technical Thesis
Qi Yan 2016
WORKING IN THE CITY
Project name: Nottingham Wildlife Trust Center Project type: mixed-use commercial building Project location: Sneinton Market
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
1
1. DESIGN AND CASE STUDIES
3
Brief and Concept Site and Context Case Studies Spatial Arrangements 2. FACADE PERFORMANCE
28
Facade Strategy Detail section Materials specification facade specific data 3. STRUCTURAL STRATEGY CONSTRUCTION METHOD FABRICATION ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
47
3.1 Structural Strategy 3.2 Construction method 3.3 Fabrication 3.4 Environmental aspects BIBLIOGRAPHY
69
INTRODUCTION
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS INTRODUCTION
Design Brief The project examines the design of a large mixed-use commercial building that makes the background of the city. The building will be designed fully ornament and eco-friendly, respectful of the context provide the aesthetic quality and improve the local environmental conditions. This project emphasizes on transforming our living environment toward eco-friendly by promoting and producing the sustainability and eco-infrastructure design in a mixed use commercial building. Location: Sneinton Market, Nottingham Program: 8 storey building contains 9,260 m2 of office and education space Material: constructed entirely in timber. Glued laminated timber column and beam structure with mass cross-laminated wall and floor system Manifesto Along with economic development and technology innovations, architecture technology has been continuously improving. At the same time, it brings negative effect for human well-being. The greenhouse gases, produced by these developments and innovations, impact CO2 emissions, 47% is from buildings, 33% from transportation, and 19% from industry. Eco infrastructure architecture is going to be the part of the solution because it is a combination of zero carbon material with low carbon energy consumption. The main objective of this project is using ecosystem and biodiversity designs to emphasis on enhancing the habitat on the building façade that improve the environmental conditions and also benefit the sense of the architectural experience, creates a healthier environment for the people who work in the building. Meanwhile, the use of renewable material wood instead of steel and concrete for the building construction can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and store carbon in our building. The use of natural wood in the internal and external of the building provides human delight and human interaction with nature within the building. In the meantime, architecture needs to inspire people, enhance their creativity and encourage people to engage with a building, such as provide health and safety, social and educational environment for the local citizens, and have an effective improvement on people’s social behavior. Water eco-infrastructure has designed in the building. The rainwater harvesting system, grey water recycling, and sustainable drainage have been designing in the building. The building structure is entirely made of wood. Glued laminated timber column and beam structure with mass cross-laminated wall and floor system establish the building structure. Three vertical core located on the each corner of the site to support the structure. The building is not only show the aesthetic value of the wood but also provide a sustainable strategy of use timber structure in the low-rise building.
DESIGN AND CASE STUDIES
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES BRIEF
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The map shows the new master plan of Sneinton area
50m
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The masterplan aims to reintroduce the Sneinton area back into the city through an extension of public spaces and pedestrian friendly passages. 1. Tramline passes through development, connecting the train station to the south and Victoria Shopping centre to the northwest. The tram travels along lower parliament street and connects into the existing line at the Theatre Royal. A tramstop is situated in the centre of the development, adjacent to the large central public square. Public transport will also use this route. 2. The existing main vehicular road (1) has been shifted, in the process condensing the vehicular two roads present into one large road. This road has been widened from 3 (2 car and 1 bus lane) to 4 vehicular lanes to accommodate the increased traffic flow. The bus lane has been removed with public transport now flowing along the tramline. 3. The one-way system along lower parliament street has been removed, significantly reducing vehicular traffic, improving and extending the public relationship along lower parliament street. The new route will improve the north-south movement of traffic through the city. 4. The existing petrol station has been removed, allowing for the existing road to be widened in order to accommodate the removal of the one-way system and the increased traffic flow that will be experienced by the road. 5. A tree lined public boulevard links the shopping district and the Victoria Shopping Centre with Sneinton Market. Along the boulevard the market square acts as the final destination along the route, extending the shopping district and reintroducing influence on the historic square. Destinations at either end of the public realm create redevelopment opportunities for the undervalued buildings along lower parliament street outside of the main development, encouraged by the increased public footfall. The straight orientation clearly provides an end destination with clear views. 6. A bicycle lane extends along the public boulevards, encouraging safe bicycle movement. 7. The roads to the west of the main proposed vehicular road (2) are proposed in the ‘Creative Quarter Toolkit’ document to become pedestrianised, extending the existing public realm towards the development area. 8. The square creates a direct link with the adjacent pedestrianised public realm to the west, easing public transition from the Lace Market district. The space focuses view towards the main central square. 9. Victorian buildings have been retained because they are of architectural merit and currently house creative enterprises that tie in with the creative elements present in the brief of the overall development. 10. A tree lined public boulevard links the pedrestrianised Lace Market district with the Victoria park, creating a relationship between the two heavily congested public areas and reintroducing the park back into the city. The straight orientation clearly provides an end destination with clear views. 11. The main public square in the centre of the development is of a similar size to Market Square, creating a secondary public hub within the city. Public transport is accommodated through the tramline adjacent, and pedestrian movement is encouraged due to the pedestrianised Lace Market (7) and the reduced vehicular traffic route (3). 12. Old school dating back to mid-1800 has been retained due to its architectural merit and listed building status. 13. Clock tower has been retained due to its architectural merit and listed building status. The tower and school (12) act as historical landmarks for the development, contrasting with the new architecture. 14. The existing swimming pool has been removed due to its lack of architectural merit, and to facilitate the boulevard linking Sneinton Market to the main shopping district. 15. Sneinton Market acts as the final destination along the boulevard, reaffirming it’s retail potential which has been neglected in recent history. The square has been extended to the south in order reintroduce the historical boundary of the square from the past. 16. The square is of a similar size to that of the one connecting with the Lace Market district (8). The orientation of the square with provides the opportunity to create an outdoor amphitheatre for performance spaces. 17. Proposed sites for development. Each site has a direct relationship with an adjacent square and at least one of the boulevards. The proposed sites combined with existing high-rise buildings and lower scale proposed buildings (18) ensure that each public square is enclosed on all sides. 18. Proposed lower scale buildings increase the density of the development area. These buildings provide opportunity for retail, cafe’s, restaurants and creative enterprises, which tie in with the design brief for the Creative Quarter. The lower scale buildings; in particular cafe’s and restaurants; have the opportunity to open onto and occupy the public realms and boulevards, increasing use of these spaces. 18a. Block of buildings forms similar geometry of the existing petrol station, but is shifted to the east in order to accommodate the road widening to the west, whilst also reducing the size of the public avenue to the east. 18b. Existing block needs demolition to allow for the road widening to the west. Proposed block follows similar geometry to existing, but is shifted to the east in order to accommodate the road widening, whilst also reducing the size of the existing road to the east from 4 vehicular lanes to 2 tram lanes. 19. Underground parking is split into two in order to cover more of the developmental area. 20. The larger of the two underground car parks is underneath the main square with this being the main public hub, with an entrance up into the middle of the square providing convenient access for the surrounding buildings (20a). The secondary underground car park opens onto Sneinton Market square (20b). 21. An area has been provided adjacent to the entrance of the large underground car park, which caters for large scale deliveries to the main hub of the development. 22. Park View Court. Listed Victorian building to be retained. 23. New College, Nottingham. Victorian college to be retained.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SITE AND CONTEXT
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The Nottingham Wildlife Trust Center Location: Sneinton Market, Nottingham Area: 9,260 m2 Program: 8 storey building contains The Sneinton Market is the most promising redevelopment area in Nottingham. This underused wasteland will be transformed into a new high-density creative quarter of the city. The whole area will install 11 mixed use commercial buildings with, offices, galleries, theaters, library, hotel, shopping center, restaurant, bars, and cafĂŠ shop. By installing high-quality public spaces and mixed-use buildings in this area to repairing the urban fabric of Nottingham. The Nottingham Wildlife Trust Center (NWTC) is situated in the central of the redevelopment area, adjacent to the large central Public Square and tram stop. It represents a friendly and welcome entrance of the whole redevelopment area, connecting the train station to Nottingham city center from the south to the northwest. The new tramline provides a convenient transportation for the workers and users. The 8 storey building contains 9,260 m2 of office and education space, which integrate with Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust Organization provide a space for students, researchers, professionals and other people who interested in protecting wild animals and places and educate people about protecting nature. The NWTC is not only creating a healthier and safety environment but also attracted by the surroundings for everyday users, passersby, and tourists.
Sun Movement: Summer Sun Movement: : Winter Wind Movement
Aerial view of site and other factors
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SITE AND CONTEXT
Nottingham City Centre Urban Design Guide points out that the tall building zone in Nottingham is located in the eastern side of the city centre. It starts from Victoria centre to the train station including the Sneinton Market. The tall building proposal is acceptable in the Sneinton Market and each of the tall buildings should be designed as a landmark tower. However, the tall building should not over 25 or 30 storeys. The proposed mixed-use commercial building in Sneinton Market will examine the relationship between form, function, technology, urban context and society; establishing a coherent balance with the building. The building is a productive use of building space and energetic to urban areas. The public square has taken a remarkable role as a lively urban centre for the densely populated Nottingham. The public square will give the stability of the pedestrian flow and also create to provide opportunities for people to escape from dark and dirty city streets. The greatest advantage of the increase in public spaces in Nottingham, is the growing number of people who spend time enjoying themselves in the city.
Site Proposed Sites Public Square
Building Height under 10 Meter Building Height around 10 Meter Building Height around 20 Meter Building Height around 30 Meter Building Height around 40 Meter
The map shows the building height level around the site
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SITE AND CONTEXT
The Sneinton Market is the most promising redevelopment area in Nottingham. This underused wasteland will be transformed into a new high-density creative quarter of the city. The whole area will install 11 mixed-use commercial buildings with, offices, galleries, theatres, a library, hotels, a shopping centre, restaurants, bars, and cafĂŠs. By installing high-quality public spaces and mixed-use buildings in this area, it will repair the urban fabric of Nottingham.
Land use
Commercial Leisure
Education
Restaurant
Residential Of5ice
Commercial
Office
Leisure & Culture
Church
Education & Learning
Bus depot
Restaurant
The pie chart to show the percentage of land use around the site
Residential
The Map shows land use with proposed building areas
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SITE AND CONTEXT
1. Tramline passes through development, connecting the train station to the south and Victoria Shopping centre to the northwest. The tram travels along lower parliament street and connects into the existing line at the Theatre Royal. A tramstop is situated in the centre of the development, adjacent to the large central public square. Public transport will also use this route. 2. The bus lane has been removed with public transport now flowing along the tramline. 3. A tree lined public boulevard links the shopping district and the Victoria Shopping Centre with Sneinton Market. Along the boulevard the market square acts as the final destination along the route, extending the shopping district and reintroducing influence on the historic square. Destinations at either end of the public realm create redevelopment opportunities for the undervalued buildings along lower parliament street outside of the main development, encouraged by the increased public footfall. The straight orientation clearly provides an end destination with clear views. A bicycle lane extends along the public boulevards, encouraging safe bicycle movement. A tree lined public boulevard links the pedrestrianised Lace Market district with the Victoria park, creating a relationship between the two heavily congested public areas and reintroducing the park back into the city. The straight orientation clearly provides an end destination with clear views. 4. The existing main vehicular road has been shifted, in the process condensing the vehicular two roads present into one large road. This road has been widened from 3 (2 car and 1 bus lane) to 4 vehicular lanes to accommodate the increased traffic flow. The bus lane has been removed with public transport now flowing along the tramline. The Nottingham Wildlife Trust Centre (NWTC) is situated in the central of the redevelopment area, adjacent to the large central Public Square and tram stop. It represents a friendly and welcoming entrance of the whole redevelopment area, connecting the train station to Nottingham city centre from the south to the northwest. The new tramline provides a convenient transportation for the workers and users. Site Proposed Sites Public Square
Tram Lane Bus Lane The Boulevard Main Vehicular Road
Transport route with proposed building areas markes
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SITE AND CONTEXT Area of analysis
Accessibly
Green space
Feasibility/ Constraints of the site
The site located in the central of redevelopment area,in between the predestine street and tram line. Public square is in the front of the site.
The green park is near to the site.
Area of analysis
Accessibly
Green space
Opportunities of the site
- The ground level of the builidng will integrated with public square and predestine street. Pedestrian street and cycling access friendly. - A different function of the building is the access from different entrances and exits, which provides a clear circulation for different users. - The building faรงade is aiming to the improvement of environmental conditions, with an emphasis on enhancing the habitat and biodiversity. - The building faรงade is covered by 2 to 3-meter height trees and shrub, which are located towards the orientation of the sun.
Parking
Ground and underground parking are near to the site.
Parking
Underground parking is located in the public square
Phasing of development
The ground floor of the builidng will integrated with public square and predestine street.
Phasing of development
The mixed-use commercial building in Sneinton Market will examine the relationship between form, function, technology, urban context and society; establishing a coherent balance with the building. Landmark for navigation.
Public realm/activity
Lack of vision of direction. Landmark nearby the site.
Public realm/activity
The building providing a space for students, researchers, professionals and other people who are interested in protecting wild animals and places, and educate people about protecting nature.
Surface material
Red Brick, Concrete,
Surface material
The building structure is entirely made of wood.
Lighting
Enough sunlight in the day
Lighting
The big void space in the middle of the building which allows natural sunlight into the building to avoid the use of artificial light in the day, also designs a natural cross ventilation system in the building which benefits to energy efficiency.
Historical context
Clock tower has been retained due to its architectural merit and listed building status. The tower and Nottingham Wildlife Trust act as historical landmarks for the development, contrasting with the new architecture.
Historical context
Clock tower has been retained due to its architectural merit and listed building status. The tower and Nottingham Wildlife Trust act as historical landmarks for the development, contrasting with the new architecture.
Information
The whole area will install 11 mixed-use commercial buildings with, offices, galleries, theatres, a library, hotels, a shopping centre.
Sustainable development
The aim of this project is using ecosystem and biodiversity designs to emphasis on enhancing the habitat on the building faรงade that improve the environmental conditions and also benefit the sense of the architectural experience, creates a healthier environment for the people who work in the building. Meanwhile, the use of renewable material wood instead of steel and concrete for the building construction can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and store carbon in our building. The use of natural wood in the internal and external of the building provides human delight and human interaction with nature within the building.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SITE AND CONTEXT Building Data
Building Function
Location: NG1 1AA (existing site postcode) Floor: 8 storeys
Building function
Facilities: The lower three levels of the building combine with different facilities are used for Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust Organization, which provides a Lecture Theatre, library & archive, classrooms, and café. Upper floors are the office spaces which are used for wildlife trust organization and rental office, and the flexible exhibition space in the middle with a huge external green terrace.
Library library
Education Education
Social impact:
Office Of1ice
NWTC realized the importance of nature as the impact to our daily life and believe that nature resource is the heart of our society. NWTC will offer places and habitats for wildlife and people, influencing other people to protect nature. NWTC will integrate with local schools and education institutes that educate and inspire people about wildlife and nature. It also provides workshops and an archive for students, researchers, professionals and other people who are interested in environmental protection and conservation. NWTC is a valuable open space for the local community, it achieves to create a living landscape for local communities to secure water resources and influence people on how important nature is in our life and to take action for nature conservation.
Circulation Circulation Gallery Gallery
Green Terraces Green Terraces
Cafe Café
The façade is aimed to pleasure human comfort, enhance reduced stress and create health wellbeing for people who work in the building. The prefabricated habitat design is to aim to reduce maintenance cost.
The pie chart to show the percentage of building facilities
Economic impact: NWTC will use local manufacture wood products, which is a way to encourage local lumber economy and offer work oppo tunities for the local people. Moreover, by using wood as construction material, increases the government’s concerns about deforestation, encouraging forest security of UK. Environmental impact: The advantage of the green façade design in the urban scale includes reducing the urban heat island effect, air temperature mitigation, absorbing noise pollution, and dust; carbon sequestering; increasing biodiversity; improving natural habitats for different species, and improving the aesthetic appeal. In the building scale, the contribution of green façade includes benefiting the health of the users; improving the building energy efficiency; improving the air quality of the building internal space; protecting the building’s envelope; reducing the noise pollution; shading for cooling and agricultural benefits.
Constraints: Noise: The site located in the central of redevelopment area,in between the predestine street and tram line. Public square is in the front of the site. The sound pollution will be the main issues of this area. Lighting: the site can get maximum natural sunlight during the day. However, northern side of the site may requires artificial light during the day. Fire: Fire safety is the most important need to consider in the timber structure building. Opportunities: Noise: the greenery facade can reduce noise Lighting: The big void space in the middle of the building which allows natural sunlight into the building to avoid the use of artificial light in the day, also designs a natural cross ventilation system in the building which benefits to energy efficiency. Fire: minimized “hot work” during the construction. 24-hour security will provide on the site for fire resistance.The emergency access in the building will be covered with fire-retardant coating to reduce the flame spread.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIE S Wood Innovation Design Centre Architect: Michael Green Location: Birthsh Columbia, Canada Area: 48200 sqm Project Year: 2014
External view of Wood Innovation Design Centre
Program: The lower lever of the building is used for the university’s proposed master of Engineering in Integrated Wood Design program. The lobby, demonstration area, research lab, mechanical room, café shop, and Lecture Theater are located on the ground floor with double height and triple height space. The classroom and office are at the middle of the building. The top three floors are the leasable office space.
Innovative combination of glulam columnbeam frame construction and customdesigned CLT floor system
Material: Timber Structure: Glulam columns and beams and mass timber walls. The reason for using this project as a case study is because of the aim of the WIDC is not only using the sustainable material to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in their construction process. But also aim to improve the local lumber economy. In the meantime, it stands as a new construction possibility for the timer high-rise building. The stated thesis is the improvement of the environmental condition through the ecoinfrastructure architecture. Using the renewable material in the building construction to create a sustainable environment for human well-being is the one approach to the eco-infrastructure strategy.
The image shows construction possibility for Wood Innovation Design Centre.
Structural Diagram: Column and Beam Structure
The building design integrates glulam columns beams, CLT floor panels, mass timber products, creating a simply structure that can be easily replicated. On the technical aspect, it stands as a new construction possibility for the timber high-rise building.
The vertical core located in the middle of the building, supports the whole structure stable.
In this project, CLT panels are typically used for floors, walls and roofs. LVL used for the window mullions, entrance canopy, feature stairs, and other applications. PSL beams usually used in concealed locations to transfer column loads over the main level lecture theatre and research lab. The cedar-clad rain screen wall consisted of insulated structure panels with liquid- silicone air and moisture barrier membrane to protect external façade. The external structural façade panel consists of air barrier membrane that stops the moisture into the wall. The fire safety has been considered during the construction process. For example, 24-hour security provided on the site, “hot work” were minimized during the construction. Fire stopping provided at the joints between CLT panels. Heavy glulam columns beam construction incorporate with CLT floor and mass solid timber panel achieve 45 minutes fire resistance rate. Double layers fire access doors installed into the building façade. Emergency access in the WIDC is provided by double-scissor stairways, CLT walls, celling and floor covered with the fire-retardant coating to reduce the flame spread.
The image shows the building façade with shading system The system of the façade is designed based on the orientation of the sun. Maximum glazed wall combined with shading system is designed on the south façade. On the north, charred insulation wall integrated with opaque glazed wall and transparency glazed thermal wall provided to control the northern climate. On the east and west, glazed curtain wall and timber insulated wall protect the low angle of the sun. The most important part to consider for the timber façade, is rainwater. In this project, the cedar-clad rain screen wall consisted of insulated structure panels with liquid- silicone air and moisture barrier membrane to protect external façade.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES
The image shows different timber used in the building. The charred cladding installs on the building façade, which increases material durability and protected from insects and moisture resistance
The image shows construction process
MGA reports that the environmental impact of the use wood as construction material includes sustainable and renewable material; avoid greenhouse gas emissions; wood is the best material for carbon storage. The most important environmental consideration for the WIDC includes rain, thermal comfort and temperature control. The building design combined with rain screen principle and high-quality durable material to protect the wood structure and other moisture-sensitive materials. In Michael Green’s report Tall Wood points out that mass timber construction has low environmental impact building with longevity. The timber mass panel has efficiently benefited to the building construction, which includes lightweight structure, fire, acoustic performance and structural performance, scale, and material durability. WIDC shows the aesthetic, environmental, structural and economic value of timber structure building. From the social aspect, WIDC centre provides opportunities for people who are interested in the wood innovation program and offer research and education activates to manufacture wood products. It enhances creativity and encourages people to take their future engagement with a building.
Section through the floors
The building façade involves insulated wall, roof with triple- glazed thermal curtain wall system.
The foundation of the building is 400mm to 600mm reinforced concrete slab. The primary building structure is an innovation combination of glulam columns, beams, mass timber products, and cross-laminated timber structure core with shading façade. The advantage of this strategy is that the procedure minimizes total vertical shrinkage and the building frameworks can easily be repeated and expanded. The floor system of WIDC consists of two layers of CLT floor panels. The services pipe and acoustical performance layer are in between of the CLT floor panels.
On the environmental aspect, WIDC aims to use renewable sustainable material to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in their construction process. On the economic aspects, it aims to improve the local lumber economy. On the technical aspect, it stands as a new construction possibility for the timber high-rise building. The building design integrates glulam columns beams, CLT floor panels, mass timber products, creating a simply structure that can be easily replicated (MGA, 2016). My stated thesis is the improvement of the environmental condition through the ecoinfrastructure architecture. Using renewable material in the building construction to create a sustainable environment for human well-being is the one approach to the ecoinfrastructure strategy.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) Architect: Stefano Boeri Architect Location: Milan, Italy. Project Year: 2014 Program: The vertical forest consists of two residential towers of 26 floors 110-meter height and 18 floors 76-meter height. The building façade covered by 900 trees up to 3, 6, 9-meter height and over 2000 plants which the position toward to the orientation of the sun. All the trees and plants located in the containers of the each external cantilevered terraces, which access for each flat.
Detail section showing cantilever terrace
The image shows concept rendering of Bosco Verticale
Material: Concrete
CO2
Structure: Reinforced concrete column with posttensioned reinforced concrete floor. The reason for uses this project as the case studies since the Bosco Verticale create a biological habitat to regeneration the urban city. From analysis this project to understand the benefit of ecosystem designs, structural performance, environmental performance and irrigation system. Solar
The Bosco Verticale is a sustainable high-rise residential building. It is a new model for the green Grey water skyscraper that contributes to the reforestation in Rainwater recycle the urban city. By the regeneration of the environment and the increase in urban biodiversity Energy without expanding the city territory (Arup, 2015).
CO2
Solar panel
Solar
Grey water Rainwater recycle Shower
Solar panel
Energy
The four principle of eco-infrastructure of sustainable architecture include engineering eco-infrastructure, ecological eco-infrastructure, human eco-infrastructure and water ecoinfrastructure. The vertical forest is the best example for eco-infrastructure architecture. Using renewable energy system, rainwater harvesting, grey water recycle, enhance biodiversity and promote greenery on the façade and create a sustainable lifestyle for use, are the main approach to environmental sustainability.
H2O
Acoustic
Irrigation
Heat tank
Radiator
H2O
Acoustic
Radiator
The vertical forest consists of two residential towers of 26 floors 110-meter height and 18 floors 76-meter height. The building façade covered by 900 trees up to 3, 6, 9-meter height and over 2000 plants which the position towards the orientation Rainwater of the sun. All the trees and plants located in the containers of the each external cantilevered terraces, are accessed by each flat. The structural design of Vertical forest is a combination of reinforced concrete column with post-tensioned reinforced concrete floor. This structure strategy allows limited dimensions for the structure elements with the maximum span of the cantilever and load.
Irrigation
Water recycle tank
Electricity
Water recycle tank
Heat tank
Shower Electricity
O2
Rainwater
O2
Humidity
Energy system
Dust Humidity
Energy system Water recycle tank
Water recycle tank
Geothermal energy diagram Cold
Cold
Dust
Hot
Diagram of the protective function of the façade greenery
Hot
The Bosco Verticale has promoted 18,000 square meters of green façade. The contribution of sustainable green façade design in the urban scale includes the reduce of urban heat island effect and air temperature mitigation; improve the air quality of the city; absorption of noise pollution and dust; carbon sequestering; increase biodiversity; improve natural habitats for different species, and improve the aesthetic appeal. In the building scale, the contribution of green façade includes benefiting the health of the users; improve the building energy efficiency; improve the air quality of the building’s internal space; protect the building’s envelope; reduce the noise pollution; shading for cooling and agricultural benefits
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES
The structural stability of the plants has been designed through examine of different botanical species and their geometry; wind climate evaluation. Three restraining device have been designed after analysis which includes the trees roots connect to a steel mesh embedded in the soil; the medium and large size trees have safety cable to avoid the tree falling from the trunk breaks; the large tree located in the most exposed to the wind fix within a safety steel cage to avoid overturn under the windstorms Densely built urban spaces
Selection and anchoring of the plants
Cantilever Terrace
Hydration system
Computerized Centeral monitoring Energy center Storage tank Water intake
Vegetation
Vertical forest
Autumn The colour of the plants will be changed by seasons and years
Irrigation tank
Excess water collection
Groundwater return
Municipal sewage
The irrigation system of Bosco Verticale consists of four elements: the principal of network tower; the water group control system in each container; the widespread distribution element in the plant container; the humidity control system. The principal network is the basic distribution network which brings underground water to the terrace. The water storage tank is located in the basement of each tower, and the distribution of the water is through the different groups of the pumps. The facade irrigation system is the lack of insulation against the low temperatures. However, the irrigation system will automatically empty the pipes when the temperature reaches to 0°C. Each container has individual control group system which can individually open and close irrigation flow. The drip line is the downstream irrigation distribution system for each container. Each container has two humidity sensors to control the humidity of the plants. The record date is used to control the irrigation system, which can avoid the water loss. Irrigation tank, storage tank, computerized central monitoring, water intake, excess water combine with the municipal sewage and energy centre to create a whole recycled system of water distribution network for irrigation.
Hydration system
Winter
Spring
Summer
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES
The Stadthaus, 24 Murray Grove Architect: Waugh Thistleton Architects
Detail 1
Location: Hackney, London
Detail 2
Structural Engineer: Techniker Project Year: 2009 Program: 9 storey high-rise of timber residential tower buildings in the world. Material: constructed entirely in timber. Crosslaminated timber panels
The Stadthaus Apartment Building
Timber elements: Solid wood panels for floors, roof, internal and external walls, lift and stair cores.
Isometric View of Stadthaus Apartment
The reason for using this project as a case study is because of the project shows the possibility of low-rise timer structures in the UK. Timber construction offers the possibility of minimal cost and no carbon footprint combined.
Structure The tower is a cellular structure with apartments in a honeycomb pattern around a central core. The load-bearing elements (lift shafts, stairwells, all external and some internal walls) provide exceptional resistance to progressive collapse and good acoustic separation between apartments and lift shaft.
Timber structure is not commonly use in the world. The Stadthaus apartment building is another example of multi-storey timber building. The project shows the possibility of low-rise timer structures in UK. The nine-storey building is the tallest modern timber structure building in the world before 2009. The building is constructed entirely in timber; load bearing walls, floor slabs and a vertical core. Environmental factor is the most important aspect we need to consider as an architect. Wood is a solution for this problem. It can transform our living environment towards the eco-friendly. This project aims to use cross-laminated products from an environmental point of view and try to design a low-rise timber structure accepted in the UK rather than use concrete, steel and masonry. Five key elements have been considered and resolved in this building, which include fire, robustness, strength, movement and acoustic. The entire timber structure is the way to reduce the carbon emission during the process and finished building (Techniker, 2010).
The Cross-laminated timber panels structure comfortably achieved the required fire resistance. The structural engineer allowed for charring to achieve 60-minutes fire resistance and achieved 90-minutes fire resistance by adding plasterboard.
Detail 1: Section at external wall
Detail 2: Section at lift shaft
For the Stadthaus apartment building four different scenarios of structural damage were considered. Adequate alternative load paths were demonstrated following the removal of various panels.
The image shows strategy to resist accidental damage
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES
East glazed facade
Timber Structure
BSKYB Believe in better building
Interior view
Structural diagram (No-nails wood structure) The images shows east façade. It acts as thermal screen within the general energy consumption strategy. The “balconies” can be used as informal meeting and rest areas that will also have the particularity of having a façade composed of a glass retractable window system that allow to “transform” these spaces into open air terraces that reinforce the privileged relationship between the interior building and its surrounding landscape. Tamedia Office Building Architect: Shigeru Ban Location: Zurich, Switzerland Area: 10120 sqm Project Year: 2013 The timber main structural system is the most significant innovation of the project. From a technical and environmental point of view the proposed this timber structure is a unique response to this type of office building and the fact that the structural elements are entirely visible also gives a very special character and high quality spatiality to the working atmosphere. Sustainability - renewable construction material - the lowest C02 producer in construction process - The intermediate space other its “thermal barrier” function is part of the public spaces that will be heated and cooled with the extraction air from the office area
Timber Structure during the construction
Structural diagram
BSKYB Believe in better building Architect: Arup Associates Location: Osterly, West London Area: 3,000 m2 Project Year: 2014 Program: BskyB’s new educational facility for graduates, apprentices and staff training, reflects the company’s sustainable aspirations. The three storey linear building with an additional storey housing a restaurant and a roof terrace, all providing an inviting multi-functional amenity. Material: Glulam, CLT, Steel & Cassettes Panel System Structure: hybrid structure, glulam frame with cross laminated timber (CLT) floor, roof and stability walls, together with perimeter wall cassettes. A striking structure that demonstrates how the benefits of using low embodied energy timber in mid rise construction can lead to a below zero embodied carbon building. Further sustainability credentials include the removal of wet trades through timber prefabrication and very rapid and unobtrusive construction.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES
Nest We Grow Architect: College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley , Kengo Kuma & Associates Location: Japan Project year: 2014 Area: 85.0 sqm
Nest We Grow
Structure: Timber grid structure Program: the Nest is decided according to the life cycle of these local foods: growing, harvesting, storing, cooking/dining, and composting, which restarts the cycle. Material: larch timber columns and beams
On Nest We Grow’s first and second floor levels, cross-bracing members bolt into tabs of the sandwiched steel plates. The crossbracing combined with the moment connections and catwalks at the third- and fourth-floor levels provide the necessary lateral resistance against seismic and wind forces.
Timber elements: Solid wood panels for floors, roof, internal and external walls, lift and stair cores.
Cross-bracing
Interior view of the building
The reason for using this project as a case study is because of the project shows an elegant column and beam connection. Two vertical glulam larch timber beams intersect each column create a simple and rigid moment connection. The wood frame structure mimics the vertical spatial experience of a Japanese larch forest from which food is hung to grow and dry. A tea platform in the middle of the nest creates a gathering space where the community can visually and physically enjoy food around a sunken fireplace. Local foods make up the elevation of the Nest as people see the food forest floating above the landform (ArchDaily, 2015).
Structure strategy： Nine larch timber columns anchored in concrete footings provide the building’s primary structural support. Each column is a composite of four glulam timbers, held together by nine steel plates and bolts. The four-story structure sits on an aproximately 8-foot-tall, structurally isolated concrete wall that wraps the ground floor and helps protect the timber from moisture. At each floor level, two perpendicular pairs of glulam larch timber beams intersect each column. The beams nest into 3-inch-wide-by-10-inch-deep notches in the columns. Sliding panels in the façade and roof open to facilitate air movement through the structure during the summer and warmer parts of the day.
Structural diagram
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
1 5
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIES
4 2 1. 6 x 6 glulam larch timber 2. 16mm, 330mm bolts 3. 12 x 3 x 10 notch 4. Steel plates 5. 3 x 10 glulam larch timber beam 6. Steel plate tab for cross-bracing
3 6
Each glulam timber column is intersected by two pairs of glulam beams. The bolts that hold the composite columns together also secure the beams, completing the rigid moment connection
Axonometric drawing of glulam column and beam connection
2100
2200
Mechanical Room Conpost Room
Larch timber structural column Concrete wall and base Building facade: translucent curragated panel Structural Section
Drainage pipe
Sectional perspective
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES CASE STUDIE S
Eco-infrastructure Architecture
Renewable material
The sustainable architecture should respect to the urban environment and city context. It can pleasure human comfort, enhance to reduce stress and create health wellbeing for people whom work and live in the city.
Wood is a totally renewable material. It is a solution for climate change, which will reduce carbon emissions. It has many advantages for the environment and economy. On the environmental aspect, according to Climate Change report, it stated, “The combined effect of carbon storage and substitution means that 1m³ of wood stores 0.9 t CO2 and substitutes 1.1 t CO2 - a total of 2.0 t CO2”. Wood has flexibility for the material performance in the building construction. Wood is also low in weight with high density, and has load-bearing and heat insulation properties with aesthetic value. Fire prevention is the most important aspect in timber structure. Wood burns slowly, steadily and predictably. However, the charred surface performs as a protection layer for the internal structure. On the economy aspect, wood has benefits for the building life cycle, timber structure is low-cost to build and has low maintenance cost. By using wood in building construction, it provides jobs to people and has a huge contribution towards the local economy.
Sustainable design is being frequently used in architectural design nowadays. Sustainable design is the basic principle of designing physical objects, establishing environment, serving the society, economy and ecological sustainability. It is essential to control the overcrowded energy use and growing urban areas. Eco infrastructure is one of the main element needed to be considered in the 21st century of sustainable building design. The eco-infrastructure has variety of advantage for the urban city. Using eco-infrastructure as the design principle, can minimize environmental impact, reduce the construction cost, increase employment opportunities and create value, and also creates a healthier environment for the people who work and live in the building. In the 20th century, a Malaysian architect, Ken Yeang proposed a complex eco-infrastructure strategy of the modern green high-rise building. His design is a high response to the environment conditions of the site and the nature conditions. He has designed a scientific principle of eco-infrastructure relating to the social and to the context. According to the Ken Yeang’s (Hart, 2011) four strands of eco-infrastructure of sustainable architecture is colour coded as follows: • The “Grey”, the grey eco-infrastructure: (engineering eco-infrastructure: renewable energy system, ecotechnology, carbon neutral system). • The “Green”, the green eco-infrastructure: (ecological eco-infrastructure: nature’s utilities, biodiversity, balancing, and ecological connectivity). • The “Red”, the red eco-infrastructure: human eco-infrastructure: human: enclosures, hardscapes, use of materials, products, lifestyle and regulatory system. • The “Blue”, the blue eco-infrastructure: water Eco-Infrastructure: water: sustainable drainage, ‘closing the loop’, rainwater harvesting, and water efficient fixtures.
Rainwater recycle system, Irrigation system Stormsaver’s Rainwater Harvesting sysytem (Stormsave, 2016) The Benefits of Stormsaver’s Rainwater Harvesting: - Reduce water consumption by up to 50% and save on bills. Harvested rainwater will collect and automatically be used for toilet flushing, laundry, garden watering, etc. The result will be up to 50% less usage and cheaper bills. - Reduced energy. Because our system uses a 90W suction pump, rather than an 800W submersible pump it is the lowest energy system on the market, costing no more than £2 per year to run. Plus it can be connected to a solar panel, reducing running costs to nothing. - Quick and easy to install and start collecting. Installation is neither difficult nor complex. Our tanks are designed for shallow depths, meaning no heavy equipment is required and setting up your system is quick and disturbance free. - Tailored to your specific requirements. Stormsaver’s rainwater harvesting systems are available in a range of sizes and options. This means our system will be specifically tailored for your household needs, ensuring you have the right system at the right cost. Irrigation system The rainwater will harvest from the green roof, a vertical distribution through the vertical core to the water tank in the basement. The irrigation system will be distributed horizontally through the raised floor. Humidity sensors will be installed in each container to control the humidity of the plants. The irrigation system will be applied to the data record system, which avoids water loss.
Foam filler keeps planters lightweight while allowing drainage Many container-grown plants, particularly annual plants, have shallow root systems that don’t use all the containers’ space. Annuals usually require only 6 inch-deep soil for healthy growth. If you have tall plant containers, the amount of potting soil needed to fill them adds up quickly. Rather than weighing down the containers with expensive potting soil, you can add lightweight, non-absorbent foam as filler to the bottom of each container before adding soil. Foam packing peanuts work well, but you can use pieces of any non-absorbent foam.
Fire Charring Diagram 1 Char layer 2 Pyrolysis zone 3 Normal wood Charring Rates: The charring rate is the rate at which a wood member will burn away when exposed to fire over time. This charring rate depends on numerous factors such as timber type, its density, tree species, adhesives, moisture content and structural forces acting upon it, as well as the characters of the fire itself. Timber elements exposed to a fire char at measured rates of 0.65mm/min (for CLT and LSL panels) and 0.635mm/ min (for glulam elements). An additional ‘pyrolysis zone’ is assumed to provide negligible resistance to load – this is taken as 7mm, 10mm and 16mm for glulam, floor panels and wall panels, respectively (mgb, 2012).
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES TECHNICAL THESIS
Glulam column and beam structure
Cross-laminated timber floor system
(Timber column intersected by two pairs of glulam beams)
Glulam facade with insect hotel
Cantilevered terraces
The faรงade provides habitats for different species, such as bees, butterflies, birds and other insects
The building faรงade is covered by 2 to 3-meter height trees and shrub, which are located towards the orientation of the sun. All the trees and shrubs are located in the containers of the cantilevered terraces
Thermal glazed window
Irrigation and Rainwater recycle system
Reynaers Aluminium window CS68. CS68 is a thermallybroken, multi-chambered system for windows that offers excellent levels of security, weather resistance and thermal insulation.
The rainwater harvesting system, grey water recycling, and sustainable drainage have been designing within the building.
Natural cross ventilation
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
Spatial Diagram: 7.5m x 7.5m grid with column
Spatial Diagram: Vertical Core
22
P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
Office (5,6,7,8)
Gallery (3, 4)
Public Space (G,1, 2)
Spatial Diagram: Vertical Core
Three vertical cores are located on the each corner of the site to support the structure.
Spatial Diagramďźš Spatial Arrangement
The NWTC is divided by levels in three different functions. The lower three levels of the building combine with different facilities are used for Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust Organization, which provides a Lecture Theatre, library & archive, classrooms, and cafĂŠ. Upper floors are the office spaces which are used for wildlife trust organization and rental office, and the flexible exhibition space in the middle with a huge external green terrace. A different function of the building is the access from different entrances and exits, which provides a clear circulation for different users.
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
Ground Floor Plan
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
3rd Floor Plan
6th Floor Plan
2nd Floor Plan
5th Floor Plan
8th Floor Plan
1st Floor Plan
4th Floor Plan
7th Floor Plan
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
B
A
A
B
Section B-B
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P1. TECHNICAL THESIS
DESIGN & CASE STUDIES SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
Section A-A
FACADE PERFORMANCE
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE STRATEGY
External View: Facade
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE STRATEGY
The building façade is aiming to the improvement of environmental conditions, with an emphasis on enhancing the habitat and biodiversity. The building façade is covered by 2 to 3-meter height trees and shrub, which are located towards the orientation of the sun. All the trees and shrubs are located in the containers of the cantilevered terraces. The load-bearing façade walls combined with different sized perforations, allows to fill it in with the insect’s hotel. By install insect’s hotel and greenery on the façade, it is an approach to contribute to the reforestation in the urban city and increase urban biodiversity without expanding the city land. The extension of façade wall has been manipulated according to the orientation and angle of the sun. On the upper floors, the façade wall has been extended 2 meters, which is represented as the shading system. However, the extension has been decreasing on the lower floors, which allows maximum natural light into the building. The key performance of the façade includes the insulated wall and shading system with triple-glazed thermal curtain wall system. Those approaches are the key parts of the whole energy efficiency strategy.
Isometric Drawing of Nottingham Wildlife Trust Center
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE STRATEGY
The map shows the urban heat island of Nottingham in 2015 (Department of Energy& Climate Change)
Perceptive and cognitive response/proposals for climate change adaptation, environmental psychology, tc.
Response
Proposals
Noise
Noise reduction 8dB = ambient sound halved
Street level air pollution
Street level air pollution removed by up to 60%
02, co2
1m² of living wall produces 1.7kg of oxygen per year 1m² of living wall extracts 2.3kg of CO2 per year
Rainwater
Reduced rain water runoff risk of flooding lowered Steady evaporation ground water preserved
Sunlight
Sunlight 50% absorbed, 30% reflected
Urban heat
Urban heat island effect reduced up to 3°C
Satisfaction
Workplace satisfaction increase up to 40%
Wellbeing
Improve wellbeing reduce stress
- Environmental psychology Productivity + notably increased - Local ecosystem biodiversity increased - Biophilia - Views out onto dynamic nature, nature night impacts on circadian rhythms, nature pattern: material, product and texture
Today, nearly 54 % of the earth’s populations reside in cities; it will increase to 66% by 2025 (living green city, 2015). However, by the introduction of green facade systems in the building, we will see the creation of health and environmentally friendly ecosystem. According to research by Living Green City 2015, it demonstrates that 1m² of living wall produces 1.7kg of oxygen, extracts 2.3kg of CO2 and reduce 8 dB noise per year. Flooding is a problem in Nottingham, because of huge amount of impervious surfaces such as slate or concrete. However, green facade can help reduce storm water runoff and risk of flood. Car pollution is one of the main reasons of urban heat island effect. The average car pr duces 5 tons of carbon per year (living green city, 2015). Green facade can help mitigate heat island effect by absorbing sunlight adjustment surface temperature. Vertical garden also can increase local biodiversity which reduces stress and improves people’s satisfaction with the city.
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE
The faรงade provides habitats for different species, such as bees, butterflies, birds and other insects. By installing insect habitat on the faรงade, not only for the ornament, but to also achieve to bring biodiversity back into the city and protect wildlife.
The image shows different type of habitats fill into the facade.
A
A
Isometric drawing of facade panel
Section A-A
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE
The colour of the plants will be changed by seasons and years.
Southwest facade in Spring and Winter
Southwest facade in Autumn and Summer
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE
The building façade is covered by 2 to 3-meter height trees and shrub, which are locate towards the orientation of the sun. All the trees and shrubs are located in the containers of the cantilevered terraces. Shrubs
Variegated Japanese laurel
Characteristics
Colour
Foliage: Evergreen
Colour in Autumn
Habit: Bushy
Colour in Spring Colour in Summer Colour in Winter
Camellia sasanqua ‘Plantation Pink’
Camellia japonica ‘Lily Pons’
Full shade and Partial shade Aspect: north-facing or east-facing or west-facing
Colour in Autumn
Habit: Bushy
Colour in Spring
Fragrance: Flower
Colour in Summer
Aspect: north-facing or east-facing or west-facing
Colour in Winter
Exposure: sheltered
Foliage: Evergreen
Colour in Autumn
Habit: Columnar/Upright
Full shade and Partial shade
Colour in Spring
Colour in Winter
Foliage: Evergreen
Colour in Autumn
Habit: Bushy
Colour in Spring Colour in Summer Colour in Winter
Soil Soil: Loam, Chalk, Sand
Exposure: exposed or sheltered
Foliage: Evergreen
Colour in Summer
Taxus baccata
Sunlight
Full shade and Partial shade
Aspect: north-facing or east-facing or west-facing
Aspect:South-facing or North-facing or Westfacing or East-facing Exposure: Exposed or Sheltered
- Ultimate height 1.5-2.5 metres - Ultimate spread 1.5-2.5 metres - Time to ultimateheight:10-20 years
Soil: Sand, Clay, Loam
- Ultimate height 1.5-2.5 metres - Ultimate spread 1.5-2.5 metres - Time to ultimateheight: 5-10 years
Soil: Loam, Clay, Sand
Exposure: sheltered
Full Sun, Full shade and Partial shade
Size
- Ultimate height 2.5-4 metres - Ultimate spread 2.5-4 metres - Time to ultimate height: 10-20 years
Soil: Chalk, Clay, Sand, Loam
- Ultimate height 2.5-4 metres - Ultimate spread 1.5-2.5 metres - Time to ultimate height: 20-50 years
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE STRATEGY
Tree
Malus ‘Echtermeyer’
Characteristics
Colour
Foliage: Deciduous
Colour in Autumn
Habit: Pendulous/Weeping
Colour in Spring
Sunlight Full sun and Partial shade Aspect: North-facing or East-facing or South-facing or West-facing
Soil Soil: Loam, Clay, Sand, Chalk
Exposure: exposed or sheltered
Illicium anisatum
Foliage: Evergreen
Colour in Autumn
Full sun and Partial shade
Habit: Bushy
Colour in Spring
Aspect: South-facing
Fragrance: Flower
Colour in Summer
Exposure: sheltered
Foliage: Deciduous
Colour in Autumn
Habit: Pendulous/Weeping
Colour in Spring
Fragrance: Flower
Colour in Summer Colour in Winter
Malus ‘Royalty’
Soil: Sand, Loam
Full shade and Partial shade Aspect: North-facing or East-facing or South-facing or West-facing
Soil: Loam, Clay, Sand, Chalk
Full Sun and Partial shade
Habit: Bushy
Colour in Spring
Aspect:North-facing or East-facing or South-facing or West-facing
Habit: Pendulous/Weeping
Full Sun Aspect:South-facing or North-facing or Westfacing or East-facing Exposure: Exposed or Sheltered
- Ultimate height 2.5-4 metres - Ultimate spread 2.5-4 metres - Time to ultimate height: 10-20 years
Exposure: exposed or sheltered
Colour in Autumn
Colour in Spring
- Ultimate height 2.5-4 metres
- Time to ultimate height:10-20 years
Foliage: Deciduous
Foliage: Deciduous
- Ultimate spread 2.5-4 metres
- Ultimate spread 2.5-4 metres
Soil: Loam, Clay, Sand, Chalk
Exposure: Exposed or Sheltered
Cherry ‘Kiku-shidare-zakura’
- Ultimate height 2.5-4 metres
- Time to ultimate height:10-20 years
Colour in Winter
Crab apple ‘Red Jade’
Size
- Ultimate height 4-8 metres - Ultimate spread 4-8 metres Time to ultimate height: 20-50 years
Soil: Sand, Clay, Chalk, Loam
-Ultimate height 2.5-4 metres - Ultimate spread 2.5-4 metres - Time to ultimate height: 20-50 years
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
Detail 4
Detail 3 Detail 2
Detail 1
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
1
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
2 3 5 10
7 8 9
4 6 The detail shows the connection between the columns. Concrete slab used on the ground floor and helps protect the timber from moisture. The raised steel joints can stop the moisture from the ground and also reduce maintenance cost.
Section Detail 1: Foundation connection finished floor
10
Isometric drawing of foundation connection finished floor
1. Glulam Column 300mm x 300mm 2. Steel Joint on Foundation 3. Plywood Floor Finish 4. Electricity Pipes 5.CLT Floor Panel 6. Insulation Board 150mm 7. Concrete Floor Slab 8. Waterproof Membrane 9. Concrete Foundation 10. Drainage Pipe
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
2 4
1 3
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
1. Plywood Floor Finish, 13mm 2. Acoustic underlayment 3.CLT Floor Panel 4. Electricity pipes 5. Floor Rise Plate, 300mm 6. Irrigation Pipes 7. Waterproof Membrane 8. Insulation Board 9. CLT Floor Panel, 99mm 10. Glulam Beam 11. Steel Bracket (detail see fabrication specification 1) 12. Glulam Column
Section Detail 2, 1:20: Glulam column and beam connection with finished floor
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
Isometric drawing of Glulam column and beam connection with finished floor (detail see fabrication specification 1, see page 58)
The detail shows the connection between floor, column and beam. The most important of this detail is the CLT floor system with notched glulam column. The CLT floor system uses overlapped CLT panel combine with the floor rise create a simple and clearly floor system for the building irrigation. The services pipe and acoustical performance layer are in between of the CLT floor panels. Fire stopping provided at the joints between CLT panels. Heavy glulam columns beam construction incorporate with CLT floor and mass solid timber panel achieve 60 minutes fire resistance rate. The CLT floor, wall, column and beam covered with the fire-retardant coating to reduce the flame spread. The notched glulam column creates the moment connection and easy to assembled on the site.
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
1
2 9
3 4
10
5
11
6
12
7
13
8
14
1. Glulam Column (detail see fabrication specification 2, see page 59) 2. Aluminum Window (detail see materials specification 3) 3.CLT Floor Panel 4. Electricity pipes 5. Floor Rise Plate, 300mm 6. Irrigation Pipes 8. CLT Floor Panel, 99mm 9. Fire Insulation 10. Cantilevered Terrace Timber Finish 11. Metal Container, 10mm 12. Drainage Layer 13. Waterproof Membrane 14. Steel Bracket Connection 15. Glulam Beam, 300 x 300mm
Section Detail 3,1:20 : Cantilevered terrace connection with finished floor
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
The detail shows the connection between the column, beam, and cantilever terrace. The cantilever terrace made by 10mm steel container box. The steel truss designed in the box, which allowed increasing the rigidity of the terrace. Use timber as the finish that is to increase the aesthetic of the overall building faรงade. The cantilever terrace overlapped on the main beam, also connected by the steel plate and bolt. Isometric drawing of cantilevered terrace connection with finished floor
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
13 10
1 2 5
3 4 6 11
7 8 9
12
1. Plants growing medium 2. Filter Layer 3. Drainage retention 4. Waterproof Membrane 5. Roof barrier 6. Insulation 7. Glulam Beam, 100 x 300mm 8. Glulam Beam, 300 x 300mm 9. Steel Bracket Connection (detail see fabrication specification 4) 10. Roof Gutter 11. Glulam Column (detail see fabrication specification 2) 12. Drainage pipe 13. Gutter filter
Section Detail 4,1:20 : Green roof with glulam column
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE FACADE DETAIL
The rainwater harvesting system, grey water recycling, and sustainable drainage have been designing within the building. The rainwater will harvest from the green roof, a vertical distribution through the vertical core to the water tank in the basement. The faรงade irrigation system will be distributed horizontally through the raised floor to each cantilevered terrace. The rainwater harvested from the green roof, collected through the drainage retention and distribution through the vertical core and external drainage pipe. The external drainage pipe only designs hide behind the column in the void space, which keeps aesthetic values of timber faรงade. The gutter designed hide back of the wood block is also to keep the aesthetic values of timber faรงade.
Isometric drawing of green roof with glulam column
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE MATERIAL SYSTEM
Wood
Appearance
Larch
External exposure to moisture or indoor wetting
Durability
Location
Class 3, Moderate
European and Siberian sources.
Douglas fir
Moderate (3) to Slight (2)
Imported or British grown
Why
Caribbean pine (similar to Pitch pine)
Class 3, Moderate
USA
Steel and concrete are the most common material used for the building construction. However, steel and concrete are the material with very high energy and high greenhouse gas emission in their process.
European red wood
External exposure to moisture or indoor wetting
Class 2
Scandinavia/Russia
European white wood
External exposure to moisture or indoor wetting
Class 1
Scandinavia/Russia
European oak
Internal structure
Class 2
European
Internal structure
Class 2
European
Class 2 higher than European oak
American
Softwood Wood Wood gives the texture of nature; it is connecting us to nature in the building environment.
Wood is the best solution for the greenhouse gas emission and stores the carbon. In additions, wood has the capacity to store the carbon. Onemeter square wood will store one ton of carbon dioxide. Wood is the only big material can be build with that’s already grown by the power of the sun, when the tree grows in the forest and gives off oxygen and soaks up carbon dioxide, it dies and falls to the forest floor, it gives that carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere or into the ground. Use wood as a construction material has capacity to store the carbon and provide us with a sequestration. The greenhouse gases impact CO2 emissions: 47% buildings, 33% transportation, and 19% industry.
Hardwood
Sweet chestnut
American white oak
The different between softwood and hardwood. All trees reproduce by producing seeds, but the seed structure varies. In general, hardwood comes from a deciduous tree that loses its leaves annually and softwood comes from a conifer, which usually remains evergreen. Hardwoods tend to be slower growing, and are therefore usually more dense. Hardwoods grow much longer than softwood.
According to the wood analysis, I found out Larch and Douglas fir is the best material can be used in this project because use locally manufactured wood products, which is a way to encourage local lumber economy and offer work opportunities for the local people. Moreover, by using wood as construction material, increases the government’s concerns about deforestation, encouraging forest security of UK. Use local wood products instead of import products, which transported by container ship transported. It is a sustainable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE MATERIAL SYSTEM
Material and construction:
Products
used
for
building
- Glued Laminated Timber used for beam and column. - Cross-laminated timber used for floors, walls and roofs. Mass Timber Panel
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Structural Insulated Panels
A definition of mass timber panel which includes several existing large scale panel products in the current markerplace including Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) and Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL).
LVL is made from layers of veneer laid parallel to each other and bonded together with moisture-resistant adhesives. LVL is typically used for beams and headers in residential and commercial construction. LVL usually used for the window mullions, entrance canopy, feature stairs, and other applications.
Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) are a structural frame made from a sandwich of two layers of structure and one layer of insulation.
The timber mass panel has efficiently benefited to the building construction, which includes lightweight structure, fire, acoustic performance and structural performance, scale, material durability.
The standard 144mm Sips Eco Panel comprises of two layers of Oriented Strand Board (OSB), either side of 122mm of premium carbon treated expanded polystyrene (EPS). The nature of the stressed skin panel makes it exceptionally strong, whilst largely comprising of insulation, meaning you can achieve high levels of insulation in thinner wall thicknesses than other forms of construction.
Cross-laminated timber
Parallel strand lumber (PSL)
CLT is an engineered wood panel made by arranging and gluing layers of dimension lumber. Each layer is perpendicular to the next. CLT panels typically consist of three, five or seven layers. The dimensions of CLT panels are limited only by transportation constraints but they are typically up to 40 feet long and up to eight feet wide. CLT panels are typically used for floors, walls and roofs.
PSL is a high-strength structural composite lumber product manufactured by gluing strands of wood together under heat and pressure. It is well-suited for use as beams and columns for post-and-beam construction, and can be used for long span beams when laminated into deep sections in both residential and commercial building construction. PSL beams usually used in concealed locations to transfer column loads over the main level.
Recycled Waste Materials use recycled waste materials, such as logs, dry leaves, create the habitats for insects.
- Laminated veneer lumbe used for the window mullions, entrance canopy, feature stairs, and other applications. - Parallel strand lumber used in concealed locations to transfer column loads over the main level. - Structural Insulated Panels used in the thermal timber wall. - Recycled waste wood materials used in the building facade create the habitats for insects.
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
Connections
FACADE PERFORMANCE MATERIAL SYSTEM
Beam to Beam Connections
Glued Laminated Timber Beam and Column Glulam is made by gluing together laminations of solid-sawn lumbers that are specifically selected and positioned based on their structural strength and appearance characteristics. Glulam is typically used for beams and columns and can be manufactured in curved sections. By laminating a number of smaller pieces of timber, a single large, strong, structural member is manufactured from smaller pieces. These structural members are used
Glulam
Curved glulam
Adhesives
Available dimensional ranges
Appearance and surface finishes
Connections
Softwood
produced by heating or steaming the laminations
Melamine-UreaFormaldehyde adhesives (demand for high water and weather resistance)
maximum lengths of up to about 60 m are feasible maximum cross-section wider than about 225 mm
Modern wood finishes contain anti-mould agents and coating system.
Finger joints
Hardwood
produced by heating or steaming the laminations
Melamine-UreaFormaldehyde adhesives
maximum lengths of up to about 60 m are feasible maximum cross-section wider than about 225 mm
Modern wood finishes contain anti-mould agents and coating system.
Finger joints
(Glued Laminated Timber Association, 2016)
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P2. TECHNICAL THESIS
FACADE PERFORMANCE MATERIAL SYSTEM Foundation Beam-Pocket Detail
Beam- to -Beam Connections using Concealed Plates
Beam to column - U- Bracket – Wood or Pipe Column
Beam in Bent Hanger
Cantilever Beam Connection Independent Tension Tie
Beam to Bearing Connection- Sloped End Cut
Cantilever Beam Connection- Welded Tension Tie
Beam to column - T - Bracket – Wood or Pipe Column
Wood Column to Concrete Base
Cantilever Beam Connection- No Tension Tie
Notch in Beam over Column
Beam to column - with Top Lateral Support Plate
Glulam Arch to Foundation
Truss Connections
STRUCTURAL STRATEGY CONSTRUCTION METHOD FABRICATION ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
STRUCTURAL STRATEGY
Structural Diagram: Structural Core and Shear Wall
Cantilevered Terrace on the southwest facade
Structural Diagram: column, beam structure
Cantilevered Terrace with timber facade on the southwest facade
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
STRUCTURAL STRATEGY
3250mm
7500mm
12000mm
32
50
m
75
00
m m
m
Structural Column Non- Structural Column
Shear Wall Structural Beam
Structural Plan: Typical Floor
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
STRUCTURAL STRATEGY
Vertical load
The zigzag form of the wall is used to reduce the bending moments and transverse loads acting on the wall, therefore increasing the rigidity. Wind pressure is a major problem of external facades. The zigzag perforated facade can help reduce the wind pressure. The green facade can decrease the effect of wind pressure and also creating a buffer against wind during winter months.
Pressure: Wind load
Pressure: Wind load
Isometric drawing shows overall strategy of wind pressure on the building facade Vertical load
Wind Movement: Southwest
Isometric drawing shows the wind pressure on the facade component
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
STRUCTURAL STRATEGY
Vertical Load Lateral Stability
Isometric drawing shows structural design
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
STRUCTURAL STRATEGY
1
4
2
3
Isometric drawing of facade bay shows column beam and floor system
1. Glulam column is intersected by two pairs of glulam beams 2. CLT floor system covered with the fire-retardant coating 3. Cantilever terrace overlap on the beam 4. Beam- to -Beam Connections using Concealed Plates
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
1. The primarily structural provided by the elevator and stair core walls, which consist of CLT panels. The shear walls are anchored to the foundations. Concrete slab used on the ground floor and helps protect the timber from moisture.
Structural Column Non- Structural Column Construction Sequence
2. The building structure is glulam columns and beams system.
3. The building structure is glulam columns and beams structural with CLT floor panel system. Glulam beams frame into glulam column using aluminum plate connector.
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
4. The cantilever terrace overlaps on the glulam beam and connected to the CLT floor system.
5.The extension of façade wall has been manipulated according to the orientation and angle of the sun. On the upper floors, the façade wall has been extended 2 meters, which is represented as the shading system.However, the extension has been decreasing on the lower floors, which allows maximum natural light into the building.
6. The load-bearing façade walls combined with different sized perforations, allows to fill it in with the insect’s hotel.
Construction method: Nottingham wildlife trust center will use local manufactured wood products, which is a way to encourage local lumber economy and offer work opportunities for the local people. The building structure uses prefabricated glulam column and beam, with prefabricated cross-laminated timber floor and wall. The benefit of using a prefabricated structure is the minimized “hot work” during the construction. Construction of the building will use local craftsmen hoisted the structural members into place using cranes, and then secured the components together by hand. A transparent polycarbonate skin around the structure provides for weatherproofing. A storage container will be situated on site for protection of tools and materials. Material transport method: Double-decker trailer trucks transported the columns and glulam beams to the project site.
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
1
2 3
Exploded isometric drawing of facade bay 1. Glulam Column to Beam Connection (column intersected by two pairs of glulam beams) 2. Glulam Column Beam Floor Connection (Beam- to - Column Connections using Concealed Plates) 3. Beam to Beam Connection (Beam- to -Beam Connections using Concealed Plates)
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Fire and safety strategy of Nottingham wildlife trust center Charring Rates: The charring rate is the rate at which a wood member will burn away when exposed to fire over time. This charring rate depends on numerous factors such as timber type, its density, tree species, adhesives, moisture content and structural forces acting upon it, as well as the characters of the fire itself. Timber elements exposed to a fire char at measured rates of 0.65mm/min (for CLT and LSL panels) and 0.635mm/min (for glulam elements). An additional ‘pyrolysis zone’ is assumed to provide negligible resistance to load – this is taken as 7mm, 10mm and 16mm for glulam, floor panels and wall panels, respectively (mgb, 2012). Fire safety is the most important part needing to be considered in the timber structure building. NWTC had a fire safety strategy designed for during the construction process and use process. For example, The building structure uses prefabricated glulam column and beam, with prefabricated crosslaminated timber floor and wall. The benefit of using a prefabricated structure is the minimized “hot work” during the construction. 24-hour security provided on the site, “hot work” were minimized during the construction. Fire stopping provided at the joints between CLT panels. Heavy glulam columns beam construction incorporate with CLT floor and mass solid timber panel achieve 45 minutes fire resistance rate Emergency access in the NWTC is provided by double-scissor stairways, CLT walls, and celling and floor covered with the fire-retardant coating to reduce the flame spread.
Charring Diagram
Interior
The section shows the fire and safety strategy
Exterior
1. Charring area (glumlam timber exposed to fire in one hour) 2. Pyrolysis zone (glumlam timber exposed to fire in one hour) 3. Costing layer
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
FABRICATION ASPECTS
The façade pays attention to the relationship between architecture, human, and nature. The façade is aimed to pleasure human comfort, enhance reduced stress and create health wellbeing for people who work in the building. The prefabricated habitat design is to aim to reduce maintenance cost. NWTC will use local manufactured wood products, which is a way to encourage local lumber economy and offer work opportunities for the local people. Moreover, by using wood as construction material, increases the government’s concerns about deforestation, encouraging forest security of UK.
Exploded isometric drawing of facade overall strategy
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
FABRICATION ASPECTS
1
2
3
1. Glulam column 300mm x 600mm 2. Bolts, 16mm x 500mm (The bolts that hold the composite columns together also secure the beams, completing the rigid moment connection) 3. Notch (prefabricated notched timbers creates the moment connections, and assembled the composite columns in the workshop) 4. Steel Bracket 5. Glulam larch timber beam 100x300mm 6. Glulam larch timber beam 300x300mm
4
The building structure uses prefabricated glulam column and beam, with prefabricated cross-laminated timber floor and wall. The benefit of using a prefabricated structure is the minimized “hot work� during the construction.
5 6
Fabrication specification detail 1: Glulam column intersected by two pairs of glulam beams (1:20)
Fabrication sequence: 1. Prefabricated glulam column with three notches on it. 2. First pair beam nest into 300 x 300 wide,100mm deep notches in the columns. 3. Glulam column and beams held together by steel bracket and 16mm x 500mm bolts. (The bolts that hold the composite columns together also secure the beams, completing the rigid moment connection) 4. The second pair of glulam beam 100x300mm nest into 100 x 300mm notches connected by 16 x 300mm bolts.
Column and beam structure fabrication sequence
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
FABRICATION ASPECTS
1850mm
1850mm
2150mm
2150mm
1850mm
1850mm
2150mm
3000mm
Final form of the glulam facade
2150mm
300mm Component elevation (component dimension in 1:1 scale) 76° 104°
Isometric drawing shows facade panel connection: steel plates and bolts
3073mm
3000mm 104°
76°
300mm
3073mm
The façade panel is produced by the rectangle components. The two different type components composition of the building facade. Each component dived in two parts, which allow easy to transport to the site and easy to build with. The component connected by the steel plate with bolts. The reason of use this connection it because it creates a clear finish on the glulam timber. The sharp edge of the component gives aesthetic values of timber.
Component plan (component dimension in 1:1 scale)
Fabrication specification detail 2: Glulam facade (insect hotel fill into the glulam column)
60
P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
FABRICATION ASPECTS
1850mm
1 2 3
Insect hotel and facade panel connection: T-shaped and dovetail joints: 1. Glulam facade panel 2. T-shaped and dovetail joints 3. Insect hotel steel box The advantages of the T-shaped and dovetail joint are that it is the strongest of all joints, has a large gluing area, is interlocking, resists being pulled apart, looks attractive, and would hold together even without glue.
2150mm
The prefabricated habitat designed with steel box and fill in with recycle wood is to aim to The detail shows the connection between the columns. Concrete slab used on the ground floor and helps protect the timber from moisture. The raised steel joints can stop the moisture from the ground and also reduce maintenance cost..
1850mm
2150mm
1
3000mm 104°
76°
300mm
3073mm
2
3
Fabrication specification detail 2.1: Insect hotel connection
The render shows the material used in the Insect habitat
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
FABRICATION ASPECTS
Reynaers Aluminium window CS68 CS68 is a thermally-broken, multi-chambered system for windows and doors that offers excellent levels of security, weather resistance and thermal insulation (Olsenuk, 2016). The CS68 system offers a comprehensive range of inward- and outward-opening window and door designs that are available in a range of four different styles, making it ideal for both traditional and contemporary building designs. Combined with a huge choice of colours and finishes, and the ability to specify a different colour inside and out, the CS68 is a truly versatile system that can be specified to complement almost any building. The hidden vent style CS68 window installed in the whole building. It shows a very clean and contemporary lines. Product Performance:
The render shows the aesthetic performance of reynaers aluminium window in the office space.
The CS68 not only looks stylish but is also a great all-round performer in terms of thermal insulation, weather resistance and security: • Whole window U-values as low as 1.22 W/m2K • Up to 600Pa air tightness • Up to 1200Pa water tightness • Up to 2000Pa wind load resistance • WK2 and even WK3 security with UK Secured By Design Security, PAS 24:2012 or BS7950 dependent on window type Color: Black Company: Olsen Doors and Windows Ltd
Reynaers Aluminium window: hidden vent style
Reynaers Aluminium window section 1:5
Fabrication specification detail 3: Reynaers Aluminium window (CS68: Hidden Vent)
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
FABRICATION ASPECTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Fabrication specification detail 4: Column and beam with aluminium window connection
1. Glulam beam 100mmx 300mm 2. Glulam beam 300mm x 300mm 3. Steel Brackets 4. Steel Brackets 5. Bolts 6. Glulam column 7. Reynaers Aluminium window frame
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
On the green eco-infrastructure aspect, the façade provides habitats for different species, such as bees, butterflies, birds and other insects. The colour of the plants will be changed by seasons and years. By installing greenery with insect habitat on the façade, not only for the ornament, but to also achieve to bring biodiversity back into the city and protect wildlife. According to the report by Living Green City 2015, it demonstrates that 1m² of living wall produces 1.7 kg oxygen, extracts 2.3kg of CO2 and reduces 8dB noise per year (Living Green City, 2015). The advantage of the green façade design in the urban scale includes reducing the urban heat island effect, Biodiversity air temperature mitigation, absorbing noise pollution, and dust; carbon sequestering; increasing biodiversity; improving natural habitats for different species, and improving the aesthetic appeal. In the building scale, the contribution of green façade includes benefiting the health of the users; improving the building energy efficiency; improving the air quality of the building internal space; protecting the building’s envelope; reducing the noise pollution; shading for cooling and agricultural benefits.
O2
H20
CO2 H2O
Dust
Acoustic
Advantage of Nottingham Wildlife Trust Center in the environmental aspect
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Rainwater Recycle
Summer
P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
The benifit of green façade design in the urban scale include: 30℃
21℃
Biodiversity
Winter
- Reduce of urban heat island effect - Air temperature mitigation - Improve the air quality of the city - Absorption noise pollution and dust - Carbon sequestering - Increase biodiversity - Improve natural habitats for different species - Improve the aesthetic appeal. In the building scale, the benifit of green façade includes:
CO2
O2
H2O
Captures small dust particles
Protects from the wind
Reduces accoustic pollution
Air flow through the structure Environmental Diagram
- Benefit the health of the users - Improve the building energy efficiency - Improve the air quality of the building internal space - Protect the building’s envelope - Reduce the noise pollution - Shading for cooling - Agricultural benefits
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 7500mm
12000mm
Building Regulations: Approved Document F (Ventilation) Part F will be making reasonable provision to ensure that ventilation for building with natural air supply. In this project, I will use natural cross ventilation system ensure high air quality in the building . The big void space in the middle of the building which designs a natural cross ventilation system in the building which benefits to energy efficiency
12000mm
Ventilation System: Nature Ventilation
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
The big void space in the middle of the building which allows natural sunlight into the building to avoid the use of artificial light in the day. The extend cantilevered terraces has been manipulated according to the orientation and angle of the sun. On the upper floors, the cantilevered terraces has been extended 2 meters, which is represented as the shading system. However, the extension has been decreasing on the lower floors, which allows maximum natural light into the building.
Site plan
Extend cantilevered terraces The image shows green terraces on the southwest facade
Decreased cantilevered terraces
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Irrigation Plan Diagram Rainwater harvest room (vertical distribution) Grey water recycle area Irrigation pipe (horizontal distribution) Drainage pipe (vertical distribution from roof to the ground level)
Water eco-infrastructure is designed in the building. The rainwater harvesting system, grey water recycling, and sustainable drainage have been designing within the building. The rainwater will harvest from the green roof, a vertical distribution through the vertical core to the water tank in the basement. The faรงade irrigation system will be distributed horizontally through the raised floor to each cantilevered terrace. Humidity sensors will be installed in each container to control the humidity of the plants. The irrigation system will be applied to the data record system, which avoids water loss.
Irrigation Diagram
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P3. TECHNICAL THESIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Vertical distribution on the vertical core and external drainage
Horizontal and Vertical distribution through the raised floor
69/
P3. TECHNICAL THESIS BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Arup, (2015) Bosco Verticale: Engineering a forest in the sky. Milan: Arup. [online] Available at: http://www.ingenio-web.it/immagini/Articoli/PDF/G2Gn32E1mD.pdf [Accessed 23 Feb. 2016]. • ArchDaily. (2015). Nest We Grow / College of Environmental Design UC Berkeley + Kengo Kuma & Associates. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/592660/nest-we-grow-college-of-environmental-design-ucberkeley-kengo-kuma-and-associates [Accessed 9 Apr. 2016]. • Department of Energy& Climate Change (2015), Online Image, [online] available at: http://tools.decc.gov.uk/nationalheatmap/ [accessed: 18th March 2016]. • Glulam.co.uk. (2016). GLTA - Glued Laminated Timber Association - GLULAM. [online] Available at: http://www.glulam.co.uk/ [Accessed 10 Apr. 2016]. • Living Green City. (2015) Living Green City, United Kingdom: Living Green City Ltd. [online] Available at: http://www.livinggreencity.com/ [Accessed: 15th March 2016]. • mgb, (2012). The case for tall wood buildings. Canada: mgb. [online] Available at: http://cwc.ca/wp-content/uploads/publications-Tall-Wood.pdf [Accessed 20 Feb. 2016]. • Olsenuk. (2016). OlsenUK. [online] Available at: http://www.olsenuk.com/products/reynaers-aluminium/cf68-cf77 [Accessed 10 Apr. 2016]. • Stormsaver. (2016). Stormsaver’s Rainwater Harvesting system. [online] Available at: http://www.stormsaver.com/products/commercial/how-it-works [Accessed 10 Apr. 2016]. • Techniker. (2010). Tall Timber buildings: Applications of solid timber construction in multistory buildings. London: Techniker Ltd. [online] Available at: http://techniker.oi-dev.org/assets/264739566/52/Tall%20Timber%20 Buildings%20Feb10.pdf. [Accessed 7 Mar. 2016].