O
Nubian Agriculture & Technological Research Center (NATRC) October University for Modern Sciences & Arts Faculty of Engineering Architecture Department Graduation project 1 Fall 2018
Supervised By:
Researchers:
Pr. Dr. Hesham Aref Pr. Dr. Sameh El-Fekky Pr. Dr. Omar Fawzy Dr. Kanzy Abdel Raouf Dr. Rania El-Miessidy Dr. El-Mahdy Ali Gamal Dr. Duaa Esmat Dr. Ismael Anees
Ahmed Abdulhakeem Ahmed Bassem Ahmed Hamdy Amr Ibrahim Amr Magdy Laura Medhat Muhammed Mahmoud Yara Mohamed
ID: ID: ID: ID: ID: ID: ID: ID:
152611 154033 151673 152249 151973 152263 155109 155357
Index
Chapter I: Nubia History I.1 I.2 I.3 I.4 I.5
Evolution of Nubian Lands The Rise of Dams in Nubia Historical Timeline The Impact on Agriculture Literature Review
Chapter II: Urban Studies II.1 II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 II.6
III.1 III.2 III.3 III.4 III.5
030
Project Introduction Project Scope Vision Mission Project Approaches
Chapter IV: Site Selection IV.1 IV.2 IV.3 IV.4
013
Urban Analysis Climate Analysis Architectural Analysis Agricultural Analysis Social Analysis Conclusion
Chapter III: Project Selection
033
Selection Criteria Suggested Site Analysis SWOT Comparison Further Analysis for the Proposed Site
Chapter V: Design Issues V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 V.7 V.8 V.9
005
Circulation Flexibility Security Interaction Audibility Environmental Impact Economy Image Mood
049
Chapter VI: Case Studies
067
VI.1 Local Case Study | Agriculture Research Centre “ARC” In Egypt VI.2 Regional Case Study | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre VI.3 International Case Study | IBN – Institute for Forestry and Nature Research VI.4 International Case Study | Spanish-Portuguese Agricultural Research Center VI.5 International Case Study | Design Strategy & Research Center VI.6 International Case Study | Research Center ICTA-ICP - UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE VI.7 International Case Study | Arizona College Community Building & Science + Agriculture Center VI.8 International Case Study | A High-Rise Agricultural Research Facility
Chapter VII: Project Components VII.1 Space Program VII.2 Functional Requirements VII.3 Design Standards & Guidelines VII.3.1 Laboratories VII.3.2 Multipurpose Hall (MPU) VII.3.3 Libraries VII.3.4 Lecture Halls VII.3.5 Meeting Rooms
Chapter VIII: Sustainability VIII.1 VIII.2 VIII.3 VIII.4
120
VII.3.6 VII.3.7 VII.3.8 VII.3.9
Offices Virtual Reality Rooms Greenhouse Accommodation Units
133
Description Social Sustainability Economical Sustainability Environmental Sustainability
Chapter IX: Individual Work
139
Chapter X: Table of Figures
204
Chapter XI: References
208
Chapter I | Nubia History
Chapter I: Nubia History The Nubians are an ethnic group that has been living for centuries in old Nubia. Once a kingdom, Nubia is located in the south of Egypt, and the North of Sudan. Because of colonial settings and the division of Egypt and Sudan into two countries instead of one, Nubia had been divided into these two parts, despite the fact that social links had been mostly sustained between the two. The Nubians are among them divided into some three main tribes, the Kenouz, Freija and Arabs. Their main economic activities were based on agriculture largely and on fishing to a lesser extent in their original homeland. Figure I.1: Ancient Nubian territory, Courtesy of Crystalinks
Historically Nubia has been a nucleus of diverse cultures. It has been the only occupied strip of land connecting the Mediterranean world with “tropical” Africa. Nubia was an important trade route between sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world. Its rich material culture and tradition of languages are seen in archaeological records. Nubian traders supplied Egypt with animal skins, ivory, ostrich feathers, fur, gold, and beautiful woods from the African interior. This trade routes played a huge role in adding luxury to the ancient Egyptians. Figure 1.2: Nubian ancient trade routes, Courtesy of Crystalinks
I.1 Evolution of Nubian Lands: Pharonic Period: 2500 to 1500 BC: Amenhotep I from the Pharonic middle kingdom conquered Nubia which was formally known as kingdom of kerma. Nubians were gradually Egyptianized until, by the middle of the 18th dynasty, their culture had disappeared completely. Ramses II (1279–1213 BCE), of the 19th dynasty, had several temples constructed in Nubia.
Figure I.1.1: Abu Simble temple, Courtesy of Figure I.1.2: Temple of Wadi El-Sebua, Courtesy of Figure I.1.3: Pharonic territory that Sawe, B. Crystalinks included Nubian lands, Courtesy of Crabben, J.
Christian Period: 320 AD to 1500 AD: The Nubians were invaded by the Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum and Christianity eventually spread all over the region. It was strong enough to halt the southern expansion of Islam after the Arabs had taken Egypt. Over time the influx of Arab traders introduced Islam to Nubia and it gradually supplanted Christianity.
Figure I.1.4: Remains of the Fortress of Dongola, Courtesy of Crystalinks
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Chapter I | Nubia History
Islamic Period: 1500 to Today: An alliance between Arab tribes that roamed the country and the local residents resulted in the formation of the capital Sinnar. The region prospered through trade of gold and fur mainly. Architecture did not develop really will in the Islamic era as Nubia was mainly used as man power force and an agriculture hub to supply lower Egypt and other conquerers like Ottomans and British invaders. Figure I.1.5: Ruins of Sinnar Palace, Courtesy of Crystalinks
I.2 The Rise of Dams in Nubia: The Beginning in 1902: The national-colonial coalition started building the low Aswan dam to control the Nile river and benefit the cotton industry. As a consequences of this act, Nubians had to deal with linguistic, cultural differences and shifting jobs in their new homes. Khedive Abbas II of Egypt issued a decree in 1902 to compensate the Nubians but was never implemented.
Figure I.2.1: Resettlement of Nubians (1901), Courtsey of Bashari, R.
Figure I.2.2: Forming temporary dam in West channel (1902), Courtsey of Bashari, R.
Second Resettlement in 1912: The second phase began when the dam was heightened for the first time. Thus raising the water level behind the dam to 114m. This affected 5 villages and caused it residents to relocate far from their homeland.
Figure I.2.3 and I.2.4 Resettlement of Nubians (1912), Courtsey of Bashari, R.
Third Resettlement in 1933: As a result of such action, 10 villages were evacuated. This time the government acted as Nubians demanded to be compensated. Nubians received later a meager compensation.
Figure I.2.5: Nubian Village after Flood (1933), Courtsey of Bashari, R.
Figure I.2.6: Nubians during immigration (1933), Courtsey of Bashari, R.
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Chapter I | Nubia History
The Great Displacement 1964: • The high dam of Aswan was built and with came the “Great Displacement”. • 44 villages were evacuated or face being submerged behind the Nasr Lake. • 48,000 Egyptian Nubians had to resettle 3-10 km from the city Kom Ombo. • This time the government tried to compensate them well. • Promises were given that the newly placed location would be the exact similar to their old homes and that after finishing with the whole high dam construction Nubians would be able to return back to their homeland near the Nile. • After resettlement Nubians found out that most of their new homes was not finished. • The evacuation process was rushed and thus finishing the construction of new houses was not possible. • The new villages was far away from the Nile river and thus resulted in change in social characteristics. • Due to the major migration, first generation of Nubians faced several epidemics and newly introduced diseases that was never caught by them before. • There was a clear shift in jobs towards service sector and many of them migrated to Lower Egypt to find job opportunities. • Any Nubian family that has less than one feddan was not given any land but rather compensate with money. • Any family that had 2-5 feddan was given back a new land in his new village though all of his crops were expected to join government controlled products.
Figure I.2.7: Settlements Pattern in Old Nubia, with the villages being Figure I.2.8: The original plan for new ressetlments in kom Ombo close to the Nile and bordered by agricultural lands (1962), Courtsey (1964), Courtsey of Serag, Y of Serag, Y
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Chapter I | Nubia History
Figure I.2.9: Nubian old villages that got submerged since Aswan dam till the rise of the High dam, Courtsey of Project unsettled
Figure I.2.10: Nubian old villages that got submerged when the High dam was built, Courtsey of Salem, M.
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Chapter I | Nubia History
I.3 Historical Timeline:
Figure I.3.1: Historical Timeline, Courtesy of the Researcher
I.4 The Impact on Agriculture: The positive impact: • The Aswan High Dam brought the Nile’s devastating floods to an end that caused several acres of lands to lose its crops. • Reclaimed more than 100,000 acres of desert land for cultivation. • Additional crops made possible on some 800,000 other acres. The negative impact: • Most costly is the gradual decrease in the fertility of agricultural lands in the Nile delta, which used to benefit from the millions of tons of silt deposited annually by the Nile floods. • Nubians that got resettled had to learn new farming techniques as the new lands in Nasr El-Nubia was not able to sustain their crops which caused many farmers to have a career shift and rent their lands to other Sa’idi farmers as they are more able to farm those lands. • The number of fishes in the Nile delta has reduced sharply after the High dam of Aswan was built. The waste products of the fishes used to sustain the soil in the delta which disappear when the dam was built.
So why we decided to choose Eneiba? - It was the center of the old Nubia and still acts as the center of New Nubia which is called Nasr El-Nubia. It still posses a hefty amount of governmental building where decision makers are there. The Forgotten Nubia | 10
Chapter I | Nubia History
Drainage Ezbet El-khor El Kebly - Arab Juhaina Road
Figure I.4.1: Aerial view of Nasr El-Nubia presenting their new homes and their agriculture lands, Courtsey of Projectunsettled & annotated by the researcher
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Chapter I | Nubia History
I.5 Literature Review: “Agriculture is a major component of the Egyptian economy, contributing up to 14.5 percent of GDP and 28 percent of all jobs. Agriculture employs almost 45 percent of all women in the workforce. The agriculture sector in Egypt is dominated by small farms which use traditional practices that do not comply with internationally recognized standards. For example, farmers tend to overuse and misuse agricultural chemicals and use outdated technologies and tools for land preparation, irrigation, and harvesting. As a result, farmers experience increased production costs, reduced yields, decreased soil fertility, and limited marketing opportunities. They are further constrained by lack of cold storage infrastructure, transportation systems, and market information.” - US Agency for International Development, Agriculture and food security. The US Agency for international Development Has a great role in Egypt, As the implement a program of a total 30 billion dollars and that is since 1978. This program had a direct impact and made some solid achievements to improve lives and the future in Egypt. USAID has cooperated with the Egyptian government to design this program and all of that to create sustainable prosperity. The goal of this program is to develop the agriculture and improve the water productivity to elevate the livelihoods in the areas where there is poverty and problems at finding jobs, targeting mainly the younger generation and the women in the society. “Prior to relocation, the scarcity of cultivable land forced Nubian men to emigrate to Cairo in search for jobs. Nubian women farmed the land, cared for animals and poultry, and performed domestic tasks. Since relocation, men have been cultivating the land because it is at quite a distance from the home. In cases where there is no able-bodied male to tend the land, a relative or hired helper from one of the surrounding Saidi villages does the work.” - Ammar, N. Dr. Ammar is a criminology professor at the university if Ontario institute of technology. She is the dean of the faculty of social sciences and humanities (Ontario-Canada), and before that she worked at Kent State University in the US as a professor. She researched in many subjects like women in the criminal justice system, Arab laws, Muslim and immigrant women, restorative justice and violence against Arab.
Figure I.5.1: Nawal H. Ammar, Courtesy of Academia
“The inevitable reduction of Nile waters for the agricultural and industrial sectors and private consumption in Egypt will require a re-assessment of the productivity of irrigation water and land, efficiency of irrigation system and optimal allocation of irrigation water. Agriculture is by far the major waterconsuming sector in Egypt. Irrigated agriculture absorbs 89 percent of Nile flows, which is the major source of freshwater. The urgent tasks are, therefore, to examine the current and potential water supply and uses and to evaluate their implications for agricultural productivity in Egypt.”Ferrari, E. This paper was published for the 16th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis “New Challenges for Global Trade in a Rapidly Changing World”, Shanghai, June 12-14, 2013. This was under the supervision of Oxford Brooks University, specifically the department of Accounting, Finance and Economics –Faculty of Business.
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Chapter II: Urban Studies II.1 Urban Analysis: Landuse
Figure II.1.1: Land use map, Courtesy of the researcher
Residential
Public Facilities
Commercial
Industrial
Religious
Crafts
Educational
Agriculture
Drainage
Roads
Most of the buildings present in Eneiba is residential buildings with significant low services amenities. The main hot spots in the city is the health center, Eneiba post office and Madyafa. There is also a lack of religious buildings in the area. Local handcrafts units are available in the area but not fully used by the residents of Nasr el Nubia. Drainage waste water is present where it is used for agriculture waste and for industrial use. Eneiba does have also a public school that services until high school.
Figure II.1.2: Land use percentage, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Building Heights:
Figure II.1.3: Building heights map, Courtesy of the researcher
1 Floor
2 Floors
3 Floors
4+ Floors
As illustrated in the map, most of Eneiba buildings consists of 1 floor buildings as the most of the government houses where all built with same criteria. 2 floor buildings are also found in excess. Most of the 3 and 4+ floor buildings are newly built and is located in the outskirts of the city. Most of the 3 and 4+ floor buildings act as a public service facility for the residents of Eneiba.
Figure II.1.4: Building heights percentage, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Building Conditions:
Figure II.1.5: Building conditions map, Courtesy of the researcher
Good
Bad
Deteriorated
All newly built buildings which is located in the outskirts of the village are in a relatively good conditions. The other majority of the buildings there are in a bad conditions due to the decline in soil. These phenomena makes most of the buildings in risk of being damaged. 15.5% of the buildings are heavily deteriorated and are present in the core of the city and is mainly the government buildings that residents got during the resettlement in 1964. Those buildings needs immediate intervention as it might collapse at any time.
Figure II.1.6: Building conditions percentage, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Accessibility & Road Hierarchy:
Figure II.1.7: Road hierarchy map, Courtesy of the researcher
Accessibility
Micro bus
Main Streets
Toktok
Secondary Streets
Walking
Cycling
Alleys
Car
• Eneiba is accessible via four different roads as illustrated in the map above. • All main roads are asphalted and are relatively suitable for cars. • Most of the streets in Eneiba is pedestrian friendly as there is no jam in any of the streets plus most of the people can not afford to have cars. • Microbuses are found mainly in the outskirts of the city. • The icons above illustrates the main transportation strategy the residents of Eneiba mostly uses. • Microbuses is used to help resident move from Eneiba to other villages and cities like Aswan and Kom Ombo. • The toktok is used mainly for the transportation in the local village of Eneiba. The Forgotten Nubia | 17
Chapter II | Urban Studies
Urban Pattern:
Figure II.1.8: Urban pattern map, Courtesy of the researcher
• A huge difference is clearly visible from the old and new urban fabric. • The new urban fabric a grid style while the old one was a group of clusters beside the Nile. • There were no more than 3 o 4 rows of dwellings facing the Nile from the front and the agriculture land from behind in the old fabric. • As a result, the people of Nubia did had a more coherent relationships between each other. • Nubians faced a lot of mental difficulties at the beginning as they arid region that is far away from the Nile river and at the time of resettlement there was no vegetation whatsoever. • During the 1964 resettlement, Nubian people got their homes randomly without taking into consideration the social bonds which resulted in some degradation of relationships between neighbors as most of them did not know each other. Figure II.1.9: Urban pattern in Nubian lands besides Nile before resettlement in 1964, Courtesy of Serag, Y.
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Solid & Void:
Figure II.1.10: Urban pattern map, Courtesy of the researcher
The solid to void ratio is clearly more but not by that much as the solid ratio is about 77% to 23% of void to the number of land that is dedicated for building. As result there is a lack of open spaces and greenery in general.
3D Perspective:
Figure II.1.11: Eneiba 3D shot, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Figure II.1.12: 3D Shot of Eneiba Village, Courtesy of the researcher
Skyline:
Skyline scene in front of site
Skyline scene in front of site Figure II.1.13: Skyline illustration, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
II.2 Climate Analysis: Wind Frequency: • Maximum wind from the North. • Minimum wind from the South and South East. • Best orientation for maximizing gain from prevailing wind is North for good ventilation.
Figure II.2.1: Wind frequency
Wind Temperature: • Maximum wind temperature is 450C. • Minimum wind temperature is 50. • Use passive solar techniques to reduce heat gain in the summer and maintain heat in winter.
Figure II.2.2: Wind temperature
Average Relative Humidity: • Maximum humidity is 75%. • Minimum humidity is 150. • Humidify hot dry air before it enters the building from enclosed outdoor spaces with spray-like fountains, misters, wet pavement, or cooling towers. • Flat roofs work well in hot dry climates Figure II.2.3: Average relative humidity
Figure II.2.4: Average monthly temperature
Figure II.2.5: Solar Path in Eneiba
Figure II.2.6: Average rainfall
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
II.3 Architectural Analysis: Old Nubian House: 1. The Entrance gate: It is 1.2 by 2.4 m, in the center of a high mud wall approached to the Nile. Also, there are 3 windows on its both sides. 2. Entrance transition area: Main entrance portico. 3. Mandara: It is the guest room, located next to the main entrance and opens the inner courtyard right inside the house. 4. The Courtyard. 5. Bedrooms: It has two bedrooms or more. 6. Kitchen: It consists of two rooms, usually covered with a dome and an open vent on the top for ventilation. Also the domes hanging up in the middle tray ‘‘Meshlaa” serves as the refrigerator and on the reservation. 7. Storage room: It is one of the most important element in the Nubian house.
Figure II.3.1: Old Nubian house, Courtesy of Ali, O.
Architectural Features Before & After relocation:
Before relocation
After relocation
After occupancy
Figure II.3.2: Development of Nubian House through the process of resettlement, Courtesy of Ali, O.
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Elevation Analysis of Current Nubian Houses:
Figure II.3.3: Residential buildings in Eneiba, Courtesy of the researcher
1. Wooden window basic in design.
2. Painted elevation.
3.
4. Wooden door painted with colorful colors.
Use of mastaba for gathering between residents.
5. Brick extension used for shading during hot summer seasons.
6. Masonry wall.
7. Louvered window.
8. Waste stack.
9. Use of Nubian brick styles.
10. Rain drainage pipe.
11. Steel bars used for spreading the clean clothes.
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Role of Mastaba in Nubian Houses & Society: The Mastaba is a traditional element of the Nubian home culture. It is a cuboidal attachment to a house’s main facade. It functions as a simple bench attached to the house and associated with its household. Nubians showed their resentment towards the built environment by transforming virtually every possible aspect of the latter. Architecture professor Yasser Mahgoub notes that by the 1980s, virtually all Nubian households had performed some kind of change to their houses.
Figure II.3.4: Mastaba in old Nubian houses, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled
Figure II.3.5: Mastaba in new Nubian houses, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled
To understand the role of the Mastaba in making a post-displacement home, we must first look at the original Mastaba and its relationship to the old house. Mastabas were oriented towards the river Nile, inspiring a poetic image of buildings performing an ancient prayer. .Historically, the Mastaba was a prominent feature of old Nubian houses. They were used as: • Typographic negotiation in the construction process. This complexity created outdoor places and facilitated outdoor situations while connecting a household to the outside, especially with the river.
Figure II.3.6: Nubian residents before the introduction of Masaba to the new settlements, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled
Figure II.3.7: Nubian residents after the introduction of Mastaba to the new settlements, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
A feature that appears intentionally is that of rooms adjacent to the Mastaba. Indeed, they always contain furniture that mirrors the Mastaba from the other side of the wall, whether they be wooden benches or beds or in some cases masonry benches.
Figure II.3.8: Integration of Mastaba into Nubian houses, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled
According to project unsettled “Nubians also add an external window above their Mastaba, which is quite peculiar if you take into account that external windows are very rare and do not appear in any other exterior wall. We believe that the Mastaba introduced these windows in order to create a relationship with the inside. This configuration also helps to retrieve some qualities of the multi-environmental spaces that were common in traditional Nubian houses where spaces were semiclosed, including both the open air and a shaded area, all incubating an activity to offer different enveloping experiences without separating the occupants. The multienvironmental space was a sophisticated feature of the Nubian house that was not incorporated in the dwelling design of new houses. The Mastaba evokes a temporary version of this feature, namely when the windows between the spaces are open in a spontaneous contact between inside and outside, which is encouraged.� Figure II.3.9: Addition of windows above Mastabas to create a relationship with the outside & the inside, Courtesy of the Project Unsettled
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
Comparison Between Nubian Houses After & Before Resettlement
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
II.4 Agricultural Analysis: As our project is heavily focused about improving agriculture & making it more efficient we had to analyze the most crops that grows there as every area has it own agriculture crops that the government allows them t grow. Such analysis will help the people first & improve their yield which will benefit them economically and will help them to sustain and continue in the field of agriculture.
100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0
Wheat Barley
Onion
Beans Roselle Sesame Broom Maize Tomato Corn Figure II.4.1: Main crops in Eneiba, Courtesy of General Directorate of Information and Decision Support Center as of 2015
1500000 1200000 900000 600000 300000 0
Peach
Orange Mandarin
Lemon
Guava
Mango
Fig
Grapes
Banana
Figure II.4.2: Main Fruits in Eneiba, Courtesy of General Directorate of Information and Decision Support Center as of 2015
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Chapter II | Urban Studies
II.5 Social Analysis: Social Survey Preface Collecting social information about Nubian people who suffered from displacement would not be accurate unless we travel to their villages in the desert, specially “Eneiba” village. We targeted specially those who lived in the period of the great displacement in 1964 to get an accurate opinions and demands about what they need. We have done social survey by interviewing the locals residents to see their needs, visions and goals to improve their community through their point of view.
First Interview with “El Sayed Hassan Mohammed El Kheir” The increase of unemployment rate issue “The lack of jobs and the inefficiency of labor, where we do not have the efficiency to cultivate our land and to produce high quality crops, so we have to intent to others to cultivate our land” Youth Needs “These days, Nubian youth want to learn modern technology, craft and minor hand works like ceramic works, plaster and painting, cars mechanics, sanitary works, electrical works”. “As you know, we have old factories and we need to replace it with a new one to train laborers and help them to work in new crops cultivation and to process the cultivated crops to different products to be sold.” Their Problems “We have lots of services, workshops, artisan and craft centers are available but no trained labors are available for working in such places.”
Figure II.5.1: Interview with El Sayed Hassan, Courtesy of the researcher
Second Interview with “Mahmoud Mohamed” the President of Association of Eneiba in Nasr El-Nubia” Problems in Agriculture “It really annoyed us, the increase of the cultivation supplies prices like the compost, seeds and Insecticide, which makes it hard for cultivating and the products prices parley enough for providing these supplies for the next season not for living.” “Sometimes the water pumps breaks down for days, which ends up with died of the crops and thus losing more money.” Different needs from his point of view
Figure II.5.2: Mahmoud Mohamed, Courtesy of Al-jazeera
“We really need to restore the multi purposes halls “Madyyafa” since it is very old and deteriorated and it is very important for the village’s public events “Weddings, Funeral… etc.” “Replacements for all of the old deteriorated buildings “mosques, houses, etc.” The Forgotten Nubia | 28
Chapter II | Urban Studies
II.6 Conclusion: List of Nasr El-Nubia Problems
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Chapter III | Project Selection
Chapter III: Project Selection III.1 Project Introduction After studying the place and analyzing the urban & social analysis, we decided to make a project that will take the first step of its kind in Nasr El-Nubia to solve the main problem of agriculture and the high rates of unemployment. Modern technology should be integrated to bridge the gap between Nubian people and the outside world. The appropriate project that is going to match such criteria is Agricultural & Technological Research Center.
III.2 Project Scope The project is mainly dealing with the agricultural problem in Nubia. Agriculture is and always will be a huge part of the essence of the Nubian culture. By bringing back this culture legacy to the younger generations we’re not only helping them take advantage of their unused lands, but also take a huge step at reviving and developing this rich culture that is the Nubian culture.
III.3 Vision Our vision is to see Nubia a green productive city with no agriculture problems. Also, to make it a leader in technological techniques regarding agricultural, to enhance the quality of life, and to prepare young people with what they have – lands – to be well-educated and self-independent. The Forgotten Nubia | 31
Chapter III | Project Selection
III.4 Mission Providing a place equipped with all the needed technological system and machines that provides the ability for the agriculture researchers to invent and develop new techniques in agriculture and also provides an area for the people to get to know more about the new techniques and machines in agriculture.
III.5 Project Approaches Economic Approach: Improving the Agriculture will have a huge impact on the economy level of the Nubian villages. The Project will not only make use of an enormous agriculture fields which will create an income and many business opportunity but also it will create a future value as the youth will be always developing and working to expand their work. Cultural Approach: Even though project NATRC mainly focuses on creating jobs and elevate the economic level of Nubian, we can’t ignore its effect on the Nubian culture. Agriculture is an essential part of the Nubian culture, and developing it directly develops and boost the Nubian culture and helps reviving it. Scientific Approach: Creating a huge research facility like NATRC in Nubia will make a scientific impact as people will come from all over the country and even the world to study, research and develop in the facilities. It will also encourage the younger generation to peruse these sciences.
The Target Group
Youth
Children
Economy Agriculture
Entertainment
Researchers
Unique Environment
Advanced Equipments
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
Chapter IV: Site Selection Site A is located between two villages and near to the main road. Site B is surrounded by agricultural land and the desert. Site A is at the edge of Eneiba village and surrounded by desert from the other side.
Figure IV.1 Proposed Sites Map,Courtesy of the Researcher
Site A
Site B
Site C
IV.1 Selection Criteria • Views and Sensors • Neighborhoods and Landuse • Street Networks and Accessibility • Topography and Nature of the site • Corresponding to Project Conditions
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.2 Suggested Sites Analysis: IV.2.1 Site A: IV.2.1.1 Neighborhood and Landuse Site A Residential Agriculture Industrial
IV.2.1.2 Views and Sensors Site A Positive View Negative View Noise
IV.2.1.3 Street Networks and Accessibility Site A Main Road Secondary Road Alleys
VI.2.1.4 Topography and Nature of The Site Section A-B Section A-B
A 363 ft
363 ft
Section C-D
367 ft
B 355 ft
Section E-F
B 361 ft
Site A Figure IV.2.1: Site A Analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.2.1.5 SWOT Analysis
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
III.2.2 Site B:
III.2.2.1 Neighborhood and Landuse Site B Residential Agriculture Hospital Public Utilities
III.2.2.2 Views and Sensors Site B Positive View Negative View Noise
III.2.2.3 Street Networks and Accessibility Site B Main Road Secondary Road Alleys
III.2.2.4 Topography and Nature of The Site Section A-B
Section C-D
Site B Figure IV.2.2 Site B Analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.2.2.5 SWOT Analysis
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
III.2.3 Site C:
III.2.3.1 Neighborhood and Landuse Site C Residential Agriculture Hospital Public Utilities Industrial
III.2.3.2 Views and Sensors Site C Negative View Noise
III.2.3.3 Street Networks and Accessibility Site C Main Road Secondary Road Alleys
III.2.3.4 Topography and Nature of The Site Section A-B
Section C-D
Site C Figure IV.2.3: Site C Analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.2.3.5 SWOT Analysis
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.3 Swot Comparison: Comparisons between site A,B and C, we found that site A takes the highest rates according to our votes which came through analysis and studies for the site criteria we chose before. So, we found that site A is the most suitable site to implement our project NATRC.
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4 Further Analysis for the Proposed Site: After comparing the 3 sites we choose site 1 as our final location for the project. Our decision is based on different factors as shown in the site analysis and the swot comparison. Being easily accessible from both out side via main roads and from inside by being at the center of the villages is a key element in our project. Also bending near an industrial space may have it’s disadvantages but it asures the accessibility of the needed infra structure to the site. Also being near the water supply is so important as the project is based on agriculture. Having a simple couture lines make the preparations need for the land fewer and the open spaces of the chosen site gives more freedom in the design and also chance to expansion if needed. Also the site is well planed and it’s taking a near geometry.
Figure IV.4.1: Site A, Courtesy of the Researcher
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4.1 Neighborhood and Landuse: • The dominant surrounding of the site is residential area . • There is an industrial area close to our project land . • From the south east, there is a huge area of agricultural land .
Figure IV.4.1.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
Key: Residential
Agriculture
Industrial
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4.2 Views and Sensors • Our Main positive view is at the south east direction because it has a direct view to the agricultural lands. On the other hand, our other views are not good or even can be consider as bad views because it is surrounded by residential areas and deserts. • Our main noise sources from industrial space or residential areas.
Figure IV.4.2.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
Key: Positive View
Negative View
Noise
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4.3 Street Networks and Accessibility • The site is accessible from the main street which make it easier to reach for visitors. It also centered between two villages, so it is accessible from many pedestrian roads.
Figure IV.4.3.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
Key: Main Road
Secondary Road
Alleys
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4.4 Topography and Nature of the site • Contour line of the land is fairly close at heights which make the land easier for construction and doesn’t make to much preparation .
Figure IV.4.4.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
Topography Section A-B Section A-B
A 363 ft
363 ft
Section C-D
367 ft
Section E-F
B 355 ft
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4.5 Building Heights • Most of Eneiba buildings consists of 1 floor buildings as the most of the government houses where all built with same criteria. • Most of the 3 and 4+ floor buildings are newly built and is located in the outskirts of the city.
Figure IV.4.5.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
Key: 1-2 Floors
3-4 Floors
4+ Floor
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Chapter IV | Site Selection
IV.4.6 Building Condition • All newly built buildings which is located in the outskirts of the village are in a relatively good conditions. • The other majority of the buildings there are in a bad conditions due to the decline in soil.
Figure IV.4.6.1: Site A analysis,Courtesy of the Researcher
Key: Good
Bad
Deteriorated
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Chapter V | Design Issues
Chapter V: Design Issues V.1 Circulation: Definition General Definition: It is the transmission of anything from zone to zone or one to one. Architectural Definition: It is the connection that links the spaces of a 0building or any series of interior or exterior spaces.
Types of circulation Horizontal circulation: It might include hallways, atria, paths, entries and exits. In some cases it must reduce the traveling distance between two points and other cases for architectural reasons you’ll want to interrupt a direct circulation path with an item of furniture or a change in level to define a change in place, make people slow down, or provide a focus point. Rather, it can take into account the sequence of spaces, thresholds, and atmospheres encountered through movement, which prepare you for the transition from one space to the next. Circulation can be choreographed, to add architectural interest. 1. Corridors • Primary Corridors: These corridors are used in the middle between the main elements of the project and these corridors are characterized with its width to accommodate a large number of uses. • Secondary Corridors: These are the sub-corridors that flows out of the ones and they connect all the secondary elements to the spinal pathways and they are relatively less in width as they are not areas of heavy traffic.
Figure V.1.4: Different type of corridors integrated in plans
2. Travelators These horizontal circulations methods are used in large areas such as airports where walking can exhaust the users and decrease the efficiency of usage so it could be used in the research center to facilitate the circulation between distant rooms especially for the handicapped. Figure V.1.3: Travelator in Airports
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Chapter V | Design Issues
Vertical circulation: It is how people move up and down within the building, so includes things like stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders and escalators which allow us to move from one level to another. 1. Stairs • The most used in building, but it still a common problem with disable people to use it. • According to building code escape stairs used for more than floors building.
Figure V.1.4: Stairs
2. Elevators: It is mechanical form of vertical circulation, which helps to make the ease of movement with people. Uses: • Making the vertical movement easy and quick. • Used in building for disabled people. • Panorama elevators are used to connect the user with an external view. • Used in high rise building that exceeds 10 floors. • Escalators or powered stairs are used when it necessary to move large number of people from floors to floor as they provide continuous movement of people so it can thus reduce traffic conditions addressed by elevators. • Escalators makes the vertical circulation quick and easy especially in the shopping malls ,airports ,station and business park.
Figure V.1.5: Panorama Elevator
Note: Escalators are difficult technically to create (need structural, electrical and fire considerations), especially spiral one as it is more complex. 3. Ramps: Ramps provide an effective solutions for the vertical circulation especially for the handicapped and the workers who transfer heavy weights in logistics. • Maybe used as a main circulation system in public buildings such as museums. • Proper inclination should be taken in consideration for each function.
Figure V.1.6: Ramps integrated with stairs
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Chapter V | Design Issues
Parking It is the act of stopping cars and leaving it unoccupied at certain place. Types of Parking: 1. Vertical: Mechanical parking. 2. Horizontal: Slots arranges in geometric way to accommodate the largest number of cars.
Figure V.1.6: Horizontal parking
Figure V.1.7: Vertical parking
Pedestrian The term of “Pedestrian” comes from the Latin “Pedester” which means going on foot. Application: 1. Using interesting pathways with an identity related to the culture of the region. 2. Nodes in the pathways are used as focal gathering point which enhance the inter action between the workers. 3. Furniture and landscape may be added to create interesting paths especially indoor.
Figure V.1.8: Pedestrians Pathway
Figure V.1.9: Interior Pathway
Case Study Guggenheim Museum is extending vertically so the innovative design forces the tourists to move through it on ramps which extend from ground floor to the top of a sky light.
Figure V.1.10: Guggenheim Museum
Conclusion Good circulation is very important in the research center to facilitate the transitions between buildings, labs, and lecture rooms so it must not be neglected to enhance the user comfort. The Forgotten Nubia | 52
Chapter V | Design Issues
V.2 Flexibility: Definition General Definition: It is the ability of doing different function without negative impact for the first function. Architectural Definition: It is the ability to be easily modified for different function.
Flexibility Issues 1. Adaptability It represent that things or elements could be movable or changed according the need of the user. Figure V.2.1: Adaptable Structures
2. Transformality Characterized by modular design (capable of adding or removing units or components) transformable structures can also open and close, change form, or change color.
Figure V.2.2: Transformable structures
3. Responding Responsive structures can react to various outside boosts, including condition, association, use, or occupation.
Figure V.2.3: Responsive buildings
4. Convertibility Convertibility suits changing capacities through a specific measure of development. It lessens development cost and time by foresee the potential future needs. Changes to the assembled condition which happen under convertibility reacted to bigger time and spatial scales. (Anon., 2007)
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Case Study Habitat 67, it is designed by the Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie as the Canadian Pavilion for the World Exposition of 1967, was originally intended as an experimental solution for high-quality housing in dense urban environments. Safdie explored the possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for a new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into an urban high-rise.
Figure V.2.4: Habitat 67 Plan
Figure V.2.5: Habitat 67
Conclusion Flexibility can be found in the research center in the combination of several zones as multi propose hall for huge exhibition or showroom, also the several outdoors activities - cultural - can be held in the same place as the place can be used for multiple functions.
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Chapter V | Design Issues
V.3 Security: Definition General Definition: It is the control of recognized hazard to reach the least level of risk. Architectural Definition: It means creating a safe environment and safe buildings.
Security Levels Minimum Security Level: • Its usage is in public spaces like playgrounds and open areas. • This type has no fences and it is the lowest degree of protection.
Figure V.3.1: Aswan Market
Medium security level: • It is used mostly in all the buildings and spaces. • This type of security depends only on identifying the entrances and exits of the facility or space to control the users. Maximum security level: • This system is used in buildings that has valuable items or the places that need maximal control and high privacy like jails, libraries and museums. • This type depends on surveillance cameras, alerts and security personnel.
Figure V.3.2: Aswan Market
Figure V.3.2: Museum Security
1,2,3 4,5 6 7,8,9,10 11 12
Alert Glass Cover Low Rail Surveillance Camera Alarm Window Watchman
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Case Study The Egyptian Museum, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities. It has 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display.
Figure V.3.3: The Egyptian Museum in Cairo
1 2 3
Reinforced Skylight Reinforced Glass Cover Surveillance Camera
Conclusion Security is an important issue for the research center as their valuable researches or study material that need to be secured. Ways to keep the building secure: • Assess risks per year • Update or Install or Security Cameras • Implement smart card process • Imitation of campus entrances / exits • Install an IT infrastructure
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Chapter V | Design Issues
V.4 Interaction: Definition General Definition: It is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an effect upon one another. Architectural Definition: It is a set of behavior & cognitions which a person or a group exhibits based on planed zones and spaces.
Types of social interaction: 1. Visual Communication • It is the process of communicating by sending and receiving wordless messages. • Urban arts, graphite designs and street signs express it in architecture.
Figure V.4.1 & V.4.2: Use of visual arts in Nubian houses
2. Social Exchange In architecture field the social exchange is the best direction can be achieve and it’s also from the goals and the concepts of a lot of buildings such as open spaces which have a lot of activities food and entrainment.
Figure V.4.3: Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo
3. Cooperation: Is the process of two or more people working or acting in concert. According to architecture field this type of interaction has a lot of examples depends on the activity that has been happened.
Figure V.4.4: Nubian Village, Courtesy of Yasser Rasoul
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Case Study The American University in Cairo has many gathering spaces to enhance the interaction between the students and the social exchange.
Figure V.4.5: Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo
Conclusion For research center the interaction between researchers, students and lecturers will be one of the main issues that needed to be solve and occur so a culture zones must be introduced to ensure the direct interaction which means all types of people communicate and interact together without neglect anyone.
V.5 Audibility: Definition General Definition: It is the ability to be heard Ordinary people can hear from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Noise control is an engineering problem that should be solved by engineering means, in particular through noise control at source. Architectural Definition: Audibility has proven to provide a decent plan for the impact of the building, where each building has a vocal ability as shown through the use of it, if it is a musical that will require a high level of resonance in opposite to office building opportunity, which need clear on.
Audibility Problems in the Project 1. Manufacturing: Equipment used in the training partition may cause noise; therefore, workers wear earplugs to reduce the noise impact. 2. Touristic Areas: The recreational activities cause noise. 3. Lecture Halls: The sound of the participants may cause noise.
Audibility Solutions In project form design This section describes some of the physical methods which architects, developers and builders can employ to reduce noise impacts. • Site Planning: The arrangement of buildings on a tract of land to minimize noise impacts by capitalizing on the site’s natural shape and contours. Barrier buildings can be arranged to shield noise sensitive activities from noise.
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• Architectural Design: Noise reducing concepts in the details of individual buildings. The areas of architectural concern include building height, room arrangement, window placement, and balcony and courtyard design.
Figure V.5.1: Noise barriers can shield only Figure V.5.2: Use of courtyard house to Figure V.5.3: Noise impacts can be reduced by use of the lowest floors of a building obtain quite outdoor environment single-story houses
• Acoustical Construction: The usage of building materials and techniques to reduce noise transmission. • Noise Barriers: They can be erected between noise sources and noise-sensitive areas. Barrier types include berms made of sloping mounds of earth, walls and fences constructed of a variety of materials, thick plantings of trees and shrubs, and combinations of these materials. To be effective, a barrier must block the “line of sight” between the highest point of a noise source and the highest part of a receiver. (Fhwa.dot.gov, 2018) Figure V.5.4: Blocking the Line of Sight, Courtesy of Anon
Case Study The concert hall DR Koncerthuset in Copenhagen is designed by French architect Jean Nouvel. The acoustics are amazing, and in 2012 the venue was named one of the 10 greatest concert halls of the new millennium by the renowned British magazine Gramophone. The architect Jean Nouvel worked closely together with the Japanese acoustic specialist Yasuhisa Toyota, and each of the four halls have variable acoustics that can be tailored to a given ensemble or musical genre.
Figure V.4.5: Gathering Space at The American University in Cairo
Conclusion The research center there are lecture halls ,showrooms, labs and MRI labs which need high acoustical insulation and constant echo level according to the size of the room. • Be conscious acoustic reflections. The tone surfaces straight into the center space reflect what the clarity of the sound is muddy. • Select acoustically treated carefully. Various materials absorb sound frequencies in different ways. • Echo reduction when necessary. • Noise protection is important to keep other building systems maintained (eg. HVAC systems) and control work. Keep this noise clatter to a minimum. The Forgotten Nubia | 59
Chapter V | Design Issues
V.6 Environmental Impact: Definition General Definition: It is the effect that the activities of people and businesses have on the environment. Architectural Definition: Architects create buildings that are energy efficient, like green buildings or sustainable buildings which are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and nature.
Environmental features of old Nubian Housing • Construction Materials: Mud-bricks are a mixture of mud, small particles of gravel and straw. • Walls’ Thickness: Wall thickness is 500 mm. And thus it maintains room temperatures to keep cool in hot climates. • Openings: Their width at the elevation is narrow, to maintain privacy and decrease the exposed areas to heat and sun glare. • Roof: The rooms are covered with timber less vaults made of mud-bricks and mortar.
Figure V.6.1: Nubia decorated houses with the use of vaults
Figure: V.6.2 Indoor shot for Nubian home and the wooden ceiling
Advantages of Vernacular vault • Ecologically Sustainable: No corrugated iron roofing sheets, no timber beam rafters. • Carbon Neutral: none of the constructed materials are manufactured, or transported long distances, nor any tree are cut. • Thermally and acoustic comfortable. • Economically Viable: only locally available raw materials (earth, rocks, and water). • Modular: applicable to a wide variety of buildings (such as houses and schools).
Figure V.6.3: Ventilation systems through cross ventilation and stack effect, Courtesy of Hassan Fathy
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Vernacular and Appropriate Techniques Wind Catcher • Wind catchers are mainly used in hot dry regions for cooling purposes. • The tower is meant to catch the wind at higher elevations and direct it into the living spaces. Figure V.6.4: Dwelling house in Ancient Egypt with wind catcher
Wind Towers Towers that placed at the top of the buildings with air outlet that direct air prevailing air current it capture cold air and passes it through the interior spaces of the building.
Figure V.6.5: Wind findingbackroads.com
Tower,
Courtesy
of
Case Study The New Gourna at Luxor is a good example has it built by earth building materials and have no negative impact on the environment as the concrete emissions
Figure V.6.6: The New Gourna
Conclusion Environmental aspects should be respected to ensure the environmental sustainability through using efficient techniques and materials as: • Local material with thermal mass to reduce heat gain of the building. • Shading devices to decrease heat loads. • The form of the building to ensure the self-shading of the building.
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V.7 Economy: Definition General Definition: It is careful management of available resources. Architectural Definition: It is new way of thinking about the design process and its influence on the supply chain was necessary to achieve circularity at every level.
Obstacles Time and care are needed to ensure materials are properly disposed, yet businesses tend to save time by utilizing the easiest methods, such as bulk disposal and unrefined delegation to recycling services, to accomplish their goals, which can lead to poor planning for waste diversion.
First, how can we add value and reduce waste in our existing buildings? Minimizing negative externalities is a core aim of the circular economy. In the built environment these include climate change, water, soil, noise and air pollution. The Resolve framework is: 1. Regenerate 2. Share 3. Optimize 4. Loop 5. Virtualize 6. Exchange The six elements can be applied to products, buildings, neighborhoods, cities. (Lemmens and Luebkeman, 2016)
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Conclusion From the main purposes of the research center is mainly economic as it will provide many job opportunities for the community and it will raise the use of the lost agriculture land which in turns reflects on the general economy of Aswan. The Forgotten Nubia | 63
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V.8 Image: Definition General Definition: It is the general impression that a person, an organization or a product offers to the public. Architectural Definition: It is the engineering shape and surface looks like a space’s personality what’s more, culture so it’s specifically corresponding to the qualities of the encompassing environment.
Building & Identity 1. Defining ‘Place Identity’ • Identity is seen as the result of and belonging to a particular place, environmental psychology considers the place of identity to be a characteristic of a person rather than a place. • In the architectural sense, a place of identity is the sum of the specific components and functions of the material, the existence and essential role of these components of materials and characteristics mean that the distinct identity of the general agreement of a place can be literally perceived and defined.
Figure V.8.1: Nubian Museum,Aswan, Courtesy of The Researcher
2. Local Value Environmental psychologists have emphasized the importance of belonging in a particular place, and there is general agreement that the main function of the site is “to create a sense of belonging and attachment” (Proshansky et al., 1983).
Figure V.8.2: Nubian House, Courtesy of The Researcher
3. Reflecting Place identity It is the importance of reflecting locations and helping to place identity. In Nubia, the architectural style is unique, so it reflects on the project to be attached to the location style and history.
Figure V.8.3: Nubian Houses
Figure V.8.4: Old Nubian Houses
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Chapter V | Design Issues
Case Study The Nubian Museum in Aswan is built on a steep cliff, which enables it to embody a full scale design for the Nile River from its origins in Ethiopia and Sudan to Egypt. The edifice is surrounded by a Natural Botanical Garden, which contains a large variety of Egyptian flora. And the faรงade of the building use the traditional Nubian motifs with building by local materials.
Figure V.8.5: The Nubian Museum in Aswan
Conclusion The picture of the building being renovated holds the required image of the proposed project as it is considered a good reflection of traditions.
V.9 Mood: Definition General definition: It is a temporary state of mind or feeling. Architectural Definition: It is the atmosphere or sense of a place that creates a specific perception for the user.
Factors Affecting Comfort 1. Color effect: The color effect almost be most seen effect in the mood of any building especially in the Nubian culture the effect of the colors cannot be neglected.
Figure V.9.1 & figure V.9.2: Touristic Nubian Houses
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2. Light effect: Light is an important parameter for humans to sense and perceive the spaces surrounding them. Light and shadow tell us about form, materials, texture, rhythm and history. To design buildings is to work with form and light. To work with a light aperture is to design not only the space´s lighting, but also its appearance and atmosphere.
Figure V.9.3: Philae Temple, Courtesy of The Figure V.9.4: El Gourna, Hassan Fathy Researcher
Figure V.9.5: Indoor Nubian houses
3. Material effect: The texture of the material for a building is very important. It gives a character to the building. • The rough surfaces emphasize Structure. It tends to be better with low relief. • Structure smooth surfaces hidden. Figure V.9.6: Sheraton el Gouna Red Sea
Case Study At Siwa Oasis in Egypt is a place one of a kind. It’s an ecological ‘resort’ built entirely from local resources like mud bricks and palm tree wood found on site and around the oasis, The building is very unique in its design and make the visitors feel by the mood of the desert context. Figure V.9.7: The Eco-lodge at Siwa Oasis
Conclusion The “Mood’ in a design requires detailed studies, researches and understanding of the different aspects of the specific adopted mood; starting from the human perception through his/her senses (what a person see, hear, smell and touches) to perceive this specific perception that is then translated into a specific personal mood.
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Chapter VI | Case Studies
Chapter VI: Case Studies VI.1 Local Case Study | Agriculture Research Centre “ARC” In Egypt
Figure VI.1.1: Agriculture Research Centre “ARC” In Egypt, Courtesy of the researcher
Location: 9 Cairo University St., Giza Governorate
Description: The ARC meant for plants and soil researches to develop the agriculture. Labs, green houses and plantations found for studying the plants nature, diseases and its applications in medicine.
Contextual Analysis: Cairo University Giza Zoo Education Ministry Return Road Main Road Main Entrance Site Boundary
Figure VI.1.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter VI | Case Studies
Zoning: 1. Administration building 2. Financial & Administrative Affairs 3. Sections of tropical, Olive trees & wood 4. Sections of fruit falling & Citrus 5. Sections of fruit, vegetable & the main hall 6. Sections of botanical gardens, decoration & treatment center 7. Garden
Figure VI.1.3: Site components, Courtesy of the researcher
Figure VI.1.4: Green house in the project, Courtesy of the researcher
Figure VI.1.5: MPU Building, Courtesy of the researcher
Figure VI.1.6: lab interior, Courtesy of the researcher
Plans: Key: Stairs Offices Entrance
Figure VI.1.7: Ground Floor - Offices, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter VI | Case Studies
Key: Stairs Offices Toilets Circulation Figure VI.1.8: Typical Floor - Offices building, Courtesy of the researcher
Key: Stairs Offices Toilets Toilets
Figure VI.1.9: Typical Floor of laboratories building, Courtesy of the researcher
Structure:
Traditional RC column, beam and slabs.
Beam
Columns
Slabs
Figure VI.1.10: Structure of the project, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter VI | Case Studies
Design Issues: 1- Circulation
Figure VI.1.11: General Circulation, Courtesy of the researcher
Key: Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation Entrance
Figure VI.1.12: Ground Floor - Offices, Courtesy of the researcher
Key: Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation
Figure VI.1.13: Typical Floor - Offices, Courtesy of the researcher
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Chapter VI | Case Studies
Key: Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation
Figure VI.1.14: Typical Floor of laboratories, Courtesy of the researcher
• The horizontal circulation of buildings depends on main axis “Corridor” leads to the building’s spaces. • Vertical circulation is one staircase in each building. 2- Flexibility • The building’s interior divided using movable portions, which makes it flexible for any future changes. • Site area is large and flexible in adjusting to future extensions.
Movable partitions
Figure VI.1.15: Labs building interior shot, Courtesy of the researcher
3- Security • All buildings has one entrance and each floor has one corridor leading to the main spaces, that is make self-security to the building. • Buildings are near to each other. 4- Interaction The ARC is open to public and has several outlets for selling the produced products from the agriculture like bee honey, baptistery, cheese, oils … etc.
Figure VI.1.17: Outlets for selling center’s products, Courtesy of the researcher
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5- Audibility Acoustic solutions are not clear in this project. 6- Environmental impact The project provided for a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through the large planted areas and plantations which acts like a lung for the area.
Figure VI.1.18: Plantations in the project, Courtesy of the researcher
7- Economy Products produced from the cultivated plants at the plantations and green houses sold at the selling outlets. Economy in architecture is not clear enough. 8- Image No image just blank boxes with Windows Figure V.1.19.
Figure VI.1.19: Office building exterior, Courtesy of the researcher
9- Mood No inspired mood from the surrounding context.
Conclusion: Positive points: 1. Defined activities for each building 2. Easy access for buildings 3. Circulation between buildings is defined 4. Flexibility of the movable partitions Negative points: 1. No architectural image 2. No architectural economy strategies used 3. Noise level inside the offices and labs is high since no audibility strategies used The Forgotten Nubia | 73
Chapter VI | Case Studies
VI.2 Regional Case Study | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies & Research Centre
Figure VI.2.1: KAPSRC Exterior shot, Courtesy of Archdaily
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects Location: University Road, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Project Year: 2017 Area: 70000.0 m2
Description:
It’s a chartable organization for energy resources and consultation studies that insures social life around the world. Also it works on strategies based on technology to reduce the energy costs and reduce the carbon emissions to improve the environment and reduce the bad impacts on it.
Contextual Analysis: 1
Operation Center at princess Noura University
2
Dr. Cafe caffee Return Road Main Road Main Entrance Site Boundary Figure VI.2.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Google maps & annotated by the researcher
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Zoning: Key: Offices Lecture Halls Recreational MPU Labs Courts Theatre Path ways
Figure VI.2.3: Site components, Courtesy of Archdaily
Structure:
Structure is based on parametric folding technology that gives unique form to the building and its concept inspired from the sand dunes shape.
Figure VI.2.4: Ceiling structure, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure VI.2.5: KAPSRC Elevation, Courtesy of Archdaily
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Design Issues: 1- Circulation Horizontal circulation depends on central node leads to 3 axis leading to the spaces.
Figure VI.2.6: Circulation in KAPSRC, Courtesy of Archdaily
2- Environmental impact Since the project is at Saudi Arabia which its climate is arid and hot. In addition, since the project is located in a desert area it is exposed to sand storms. 1. The building protected with metal shield with narrow openings. That shield protects the buildings from sand storms, acts as shading devices for the narrow glass windows and gives a unique form for the building with it folds. 2. Narrow openings on the exterior facade to minimize the direct solar heat to the building and to use the natural lighting, inclined skylights are used. 3. Thick exterior walls with shield to decrease the solar heat and thus decrease the energy consumption for mechanical cooling for the building.
Figure VI.2.7: Part from the exterior facade showing the metal shield, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure VI.2.8: Part from the exterior facade showing the inclined sky lights, Courtesy of Archdaily
3- Economy Optimizing the use of energy by: 1. Minimizing the openings on the facade to reduce the solar heat. 2. Minimizing the use of artificial lights by using inclined skylights.
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4- Image The image of KAPSRC is inspired from the sand dunes, which is the surrounding environment of the project. The parametric folding of the form of the project as it gives the shape of the sands it represents the contemporary architecture of our era.
Figure VI.2.9: Exterior perspective showing the sand dunes shape, Courtesy of Archdaily
5- Mood The interior design of the KAPSRC as it has geometric forms it gives the mood of keeping the Islamic heritage along with the touch of modernity of our contemporary era.
Figure VI.2.10: Interior design for the praying chamber, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure VI.2.8: Hall interior design, Courtesy of Archdaily
Conclusion: Positive points: 1. One of a kind form represents both the Saudi’s culture and inspired from the surrounding context. 2. Optimizing the use of energy by: - Using thick walls to reduce the solar heat. - Shield with narrow openings to protect the building from sand storms. - Inclined skylights provide natural lighting without direct sun rays. 3. Keeping the Islamic heritage along with the modernity of our contemporary era. Negative points: 1. Circulation between paths is not easy to navigate. 2. Flexibility its not taken into consideration for any future changes. 3. Interaction between the exterior and the interior is weak since the exterior facades openings are narrow. The Forgotten Nubia | 77
Chapter VI | Case Studies
VI.3 International Case Study | IBN - Institute for Forestry and Nature Research
Figure VI.3.1: Interior shoot for the inner court, Courtesy of Divisare
Architect: Stefan Behnisch Competition: 1993, 1st Prize Planning and construction: 1994–1998 Location: Droevendaals Steeg, Wageningen the Netherlands
Description: Sustainability is the main aim for this project since it’s critical location next to the forest in the middle of an agriculture land, “human and environmentally friendly building for the future”, was needed.
Contextual Analysis: Key: City Fabric Site Location Forest Agriculture Fabric Figure VI.3.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Divisare
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Structure: Using steel frames
Figure VI.3.3: Steal Frame seen in the faced, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.4: Steel Frame beam, Courtesy of Divisare
Zoning:
Figure VI.3.5: Ground floor plan, Courtesy of Divisare & annotated by the researcher
Figure VI.3.6: Section
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Design Issues 1- Circulation Main axis
Secondary axis
Main entrance Figure VI.3.7: Vertical Circulation, Courtesy of Divisare & annotated by the researcher
Figure VI.3.8: Horizontal Circulation, Courtesy of Divisare & annotated by the researcher
2- Flexibility • There is a plan for future extension. • Spaces planned for specific functions and the adaptability to future changes is limited.
Figure VI.3.9: Flexibility concept sketch, Courtesy of the researcher
3- Security • High visibility between spaces adds more security to the facility. • Inner spaces open on inner courts to increase the visibility.
Figure VI.3.10: Bird eye view for 3D model, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.11: Interior shoot for the court, Courtesy of Divisare
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4- Interaction The building provides full interaction between indoor and outdoor areas since it has two main gardens within the building acting like an unformed meeting areas for researchers also it integrate with the outdoor gardens
Figure VI.3.12: Interior shot from an office, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.13: Exterior shot for the restaurant, Courtesy of Divisare
5- Audibility Since the project is in the middle of the agriculture fabric and far to the city noises, the acoustic strategies needed only between the interior spaces only and it has not very clear shown in this case study. 6- Environmental impact • The project provided for a maximum reduction of carbon dioxide emissions • Most of the used materials in the building derived from the adjacent nature like wood dry-stone walls, scattered tree groves and alleys, hedges. • Two internal gardens serve as the “lungs” of the building, improving the performance of the external envelope.
Figure VI.3.14: Interior shot, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.15: Exterior shot Exterior shoot Eastern facade, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.16: Longitudinal section showing the ventilation, Courtesy of Divisare
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7- Economy Optimizing the use of energy by a) Using glass openings that allows more natural light and reduce the use of artificial lights. b) Using Vernacular materials from the adjacent nature which is wood that worms up the building in winter. 8- Image The building image represents its function as forestry institute through the using of wood and internal gardens that merged the building with the nature.
Figure VI.3.17: Exterior shoot Northern facade, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.18: Exterior shoot SE facade, Courtesy of Divisare
9- Mood The main mood affecting the design is the forest nature surrounding the project.
Figure VI.3.19: Indoor gardens, Courtesy of Divisare
Figure VI.3.20: Inner court, Courtesy of Divisare
Conclusion: Positive points: 1. Creating space in harmony with the surroundings representing its function and merging with the nature. 2. Using materials from the surrounding nature for construction. Negative points: 1. Flexibility in changing the function of spaces to adapt with the future changes is limited.
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V.4 International Case Study | Spanish-Portuguese Agricultural Research Center
Figure VI.4.1: Eye bird view of the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Architect: Canvas Arquitectos Location: Salamanca, Spain Area: 4800.0 m2 Project Year: 2012
Description:
The site is part of a bigger area of environmental interest close to the river Tormes. We therefore propose an intervention in which the architecture is not imposed but rather becomes part of the territory. We intend to rethink the existing terrain into a new transformed landscape and discover a hidden morphology in the site through the activation of the current topography. Working on it emerged a series of folds and movements that have defined a landscape in which is recognized the former one.
Contextual Analysis:
Figure VI.4.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Structure
The educational program is located in a representative volume that occupies the upper level of the access. The research program and support facilities occupy an elongated half-buried volume that gives access to different nuanced services through an interior street. The laboratories are situated in four cubes on piles, guiding their views to the river and being separated in such a way to allow a sequenced view to the river bank from the common area.
Figure VI.4.3: Piles structure, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.4.4: Piles structure, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.4.5: Elevation E-E, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
Figure VI.4.6: Elevation G-G, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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The topographic redevelopment of the site lead to two levels: in the upper, with the entrance from the street, the building is hidden in the landscape, while the lower level opens onto the river, separating from the ground by piles that isolate the construction of possible floods.
Figure VI.4.7 & VI.4.8: Interior shot for lecture hall, Courtesy of Achdaily
The building is separated from the ground and supported on piles, the materiality of the structure is revealed throughout the entire building, establishing a heavy and steady world. On the contrary the facade systems are light, dry mounted to exhibit their temporary and removable character. A gallery of accessible facilities under the slabs runs the building all the way long. This infrastructure can solve the maintenance and further introduction of new services and technology. This solution avoids ceilings that would hide the structure and blur the proposal.
Zoning This laboratory is meant for research and experimentation in farming and plant maintenance. It has the infrastructure required to conduct research related to agricultural activities in the field of physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of plants, fungus and microorganisms.
Figure VI.4.9: Layout, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Design Issues 1- Circulation
Figure VI.4.10: Floor plan, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
2- Flexibility The architecture is clear and easily understandable, seeks a flexible and versatile scheme, able to solve the appearance of new programs that will necessarily be incorporated into the research complex.
Figure VI.4.11: Axis, Courtesy of Achdaily
3- Security Permeability and transparency between building and landscape, in order to obtain this, a light multilayer facade system is used, resulting in necessary privacy. 4- Audibility The buildings are far from city noise, so it’s not necessary to add acoustics insulation. It will be added only between interior walls, but that is not clear in this case study. The Forgotten Nubia | 86
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5- Environmental impact One of the aims of the proposal is to get permeability and transparency between building and landscape, in order to obtain this, a light multilayer facade system is used, resulting in a variable density filter that meets both the heat and sunlight needs as well as the necessary privacy
Figure VI.4.12: Multilayer facade system-Exterior shot, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.4.13: Sections, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
6- Economy Green roofs reduce the heat flux through the roof, and less energy for cooling or heating can lead to significant cost savings. The research area is reached after crossing the pronounced cut of the slab that supports the roof garden, a ramp guides you to the hall and the interior street that goes across and articulate the whole.
Figure VI.4.14: Green roof-Exterior shot, Courtesy of Achdaily
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In the closest area to the river there are a number of greenhouses connected by a path outside, inside them is particularly suitable the research related to the agrobiotechnology.
Figure VI.4.15: Bird-eye view, Courtesy of Achdaily
7- Interaction The relationship between the volumes of the laboratories and the one containing the educational program set up a wide compositional sequence allied to the cadence of the vegetation and topography of the bank, which helps the building to integrate itself into the landscape.
Figure VI.4.16: Bird-eye view, Courtesy of Achdaily
The existing terrain is transformed landscape and discover a hidden morphology in the site through the activation of the current topography. Working on it emerged a series of folds and movements that have defined a landscape in which is recognized the former one. Permeability and integration between building and landscape, in order to obtain this, a light multilayer facade system is used
Figure VI.4.17: Folds-Exterior shot, Courtesy of Achdaily
8- Image This laboratory is meant for research and experimentation in farming and plant maintenance. Therefore, the green roof and the green house have an impact on the project nature.
Figure VI.4.18: Exterior shot, Courtesy of Achdaily
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9- Mood Through a glass wall protected by the eaves of the roof garden, light flows in this elongated and complex space that, despite undergoing the strictness demanded by the functional program, is energized with ramps and galleries that give way to the platforms of the different laboratory volumes, the exit zone or the teaching building; this varied sequence receives more interest having as a background reference the dense layer of trees and river water.
Conclusion Positive Points • Transforming the existing terrain into a new landscape and discover a hidden morphology in the site through the activation of the current topography. • Flexibility able to solve the appearance of new programs that will necessarily be incorporated into the research complex. • Using a light multilayer facade system is used, resulting in a variable density filter that meets both the heat and sunlight needs as well as the necessary privacy. • The materiality of the structure is revealed throughout the entire building, establishing a heavy and steady world. The infrastructure can solve the maintenance and further introduction of new services and technology.
Figure VI.4.19: Sections, Courtesy of Achdaily
Negative Points • Some rooms don’t have natural lighting and ventilation. • Some rooms have an uncomfortable arrangement. • Administration building don’t have view to river and green areas, as it’s blocked by the labs. • The greenhouse building is not related to the main axis ,and it’s make harmony the rest of the project.
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V.5 International Case Study | Design Strategy & Research Center
Figure VI.5.1: Main elevation of the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Architect: THE_SYSTEM LAB Location: Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea Area: 6311.13 m2 Project Year: 2015
Description: The designers wanted to create an excellent emotional and functional space that provides the flexibility in expanding three dimensionally and providing ventilation and the aspects, which helps in getting inspirations and motivates both thoughts and skills.
Contextual Analysis:
Figure VI.5.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Structure: The open working spaces covered with folded concrete slab supported on columns. It provides large open spaces also; it gives a unique form for the place.
Folded slab
Supporting column
Figure VI.5.3: Part from the main elevation, Courtesy of Achdaily
Plans:
Figure VI.5.4: Ground floor plan, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Figure VI.5.5: Basement floor plan, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
Figure VI.5.6: Roof floor plan, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
Design Issues 1- Circulation • The horizontal circulation for this building is main axis leading to the buildings spaces. • The vertical circulation for every working space it has its own stair and two escape stairs at the both ends of the building.
Internal stairs Elevator Escape stairs Horizontal circulation
Figure VI.5.7: Ground floor circulation, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
2- Flexibility • The open spaces with less columns provides the flexible three-dimensional expandability, which gives the freedom in changing the interior design according to the need.
Figure VI.5.8: Flexible Courtesy of Achdaily
moving
furniture,
Figure VI.5.9: Large open space with less columns, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
Figure VI.5.10: Internal stairs, easy access to 1st floor, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Figure VI.5.11: Diagram shows the expandability of each floor, Courtesy of Achdaily
3- Security Since the project have internal opened spaces and the floors have direct access to one another, also, the large glazed that opens the exterior to the interior all of that adds self-security to the project. 4- Interaction Large open glassed windows connects the interior space with the outdoor areas spirally that this facility main aim is providing a comfortable place for creative thinking and designing and the location provides beautiful views between Yangsan’s mountains.
Figure VI.5.12: Exterior shoot showing the open interior space at night, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.5.13: Interior shoot showing the interaction between the interior floors together with the outdoor area, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.5.14: Interior shoot showing the large glazed, Courtesy of Achdaily
5- Audibility Acoustic solutions are not clear in this project. 6- Environmental impact • Using solar panels, which provides clean energy with low carbon emissions. Fig.16 • Small green roofs with water recycling pipes underneath to clean the water. Fig.16 • Large open glassed widows providing natural lighting reducing the use of energy. • Using Bernoulli’s principles free cooling and ventilation system by using a temperature detector window that opens to exit the exhaust air in the top. The Forgotten Nubia | 93
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Figure VI.5.15: Cross Section, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
7- Economy Minimizing the use of energy by: • Using natural lighting through large glassed windows • Optimizing the use of water • Using free system for ventilation at spring & autumn and HVAC flooring system which is efficient in energy saving. 8- Image Creating a unique form, which acts like a landmark for the area. Also, represent the contemporary architecture for the 21st century.
Figure VI.5.16: Main facade, Courtesy of Achdaily
9- Mood Creating modular that can add flexibility to future extension. Also, makes a unique form that represent the future of architecture.
Conclusion Positive Points • Creating flexible large spaces able to be expanded three dimensionally according to the needs. • Using folding ceiling structure which provided the ability of having a module unit of a large space and able to be repeated. • Creating a comfortable place integrated with the surroundings. • Using environmental techniques for optimizing the use of energy - HVAC flooring power saver system. - Bernoulli’s principles for free ventilating. - Water recycling unit to optimize the use of water. Negative Points • The Acoustic solutions are not clear. • Large open spaces may cause echo problem. The Forgotten Nubia | 94
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V.6 International Case Study | Research Center ICTA-ICP - UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE
Figure VI.6.1: Main elevation of the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Architect: H Arquitectes, DATAAE Location: Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain Project Year: 2014
Description: An environmental sciences and paleontology research Centre. According to the users of the building in the research field, the building was prepared to give an ambitious response to the challenges of sustainability.
Contextual Analysis:
Figure VI.6.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Structure Pre-stressed concrete slabs with air pipes in the middle used as the main structure because:1- Long life, low coast and light weighted. 2- The air pipes used to circulate the air in the building.Fig.4 3- The thermal mass at the top and the bottom of the slab activated by geothermal energy system. Triangular sky lighting covering the ceiling: 1- Providing Natural Lighting. 2- Providing natural ventilation when it open, it allow the exhaust air to exit and replace it with fresh air.
Figure VI.6.3: Interior Shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily
Skin The skin is automatized louvers that open and closes in accordance with sun, which is, reflects the direct sun rays in summer for cooling, and allows the sun rays to enter and raise the temperature inside the building in winter. That’s insures thermal comfort through the natural ventilation which the louvers provide.
Figure VI.6.4: Section in a typical office, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Zoning
Figure VI.6.5: Ground & first floor plans, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
Design Issues 1- Circulation
Horizontal circulation
Vertical circulation
Figure VI.6.6: Vertical & horizontal circulation in ground & first floor plans, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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2- Durability The construction system is based on prestressed concrete system, which provides strength, durability and a long life for the buildings structure. Pre stressed concrete slab Pre stressed concrete column
Figure VI.6.7: Interior shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily
3- Security The building is in closed on it self and opens over 4 inner courts which adds self security for the building since all the interior is open. Also the large gazed windows that adds clear vision for whats happening both in and outsides adds more security.
Figure VI.6.8: Exterior night shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.6.9: Inner court, Courtesy of Achdaily
4- Interaction The building is interacted with the surroundings with providing large glazed windows opening to the out door. 4 atruims at the middle of the building connecting all floors interior together.
Figure VI.6.10: Exterior Shoot showing the visibility of the interior at night, Figure VI.6.11: Inner court, Courtesy of Achdaily Courtesy of Achdaily
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5- Audibility The wooden partitions at the interior is filled with acoustic insulation material to absorb the noise from the adjacent rooms. Also, the exterior glass is double glazed to insulate the sounds coming from outdoor.
Figure VI.6.12: Office interior, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.6.13: Laboratory interior, Courtesy of Achdaily
6- Environmental impact Natural ventilation: • The triangular sky lighting automated to open at summer acting like a chimney that sucks the hot air up to outside and replace it with fresh cool air to inside as illustrated in Figure VI.4.15. • The atomized louvers that open its angle at winter to allow the sun rays to enter thus heating the space in side. As well, it closes at summer to reflect the sun rays to cool the building without using much energy as illustrated in Figure VI.4.15. • Geothermal HVAC system is used to reduce the use of energy. Since it dependence on the earth’s inner heat to heat the water and thus worming the building in winter as illustrated in Figure VI.4.14. • Optimizing the water cycle by reducing the consumption of water through recycling and reusing the rainwater, gray water, waste and yellow water.
Figure VI.6.14: Cross Section, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
Figure VI.6.15: Geothermal heating system, Courtesy of Achdaily
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7- Economy • Low cost Pre-stressed concrete with air pipes in the middle. • Depending on natural lighting and natural ventilation to reduce the costs of using electrical power. • Using wood as the interior walls which it’s cheaper, provides the needed heating and cooling with using less energy. 8- Image As the project is environmental research center its image reflects the nature inusing natural materials like wood. Large glazed openings Wood
Figure VI.6.16: Exterior shoot, Courtesy of Achdaily
9- Mood The mood of this project inspired from nature. That is obvious in using four open green courts inside the building and green roofs. Also, using wood as the main building material.
Figure VI.6.17: Waiting area, Courtesy of Achdaily
Figure VI.6.18: Green house at the roof, Courtesy of Achdaily
Conclusion Positive Points • Obtaining sustainability through using building materials, which it is low, cost long life durability and optimizes the use of energy. • Providing comfortable working spaces interacted with the both indoor through large windows and indoor through four large atrium connecting all the inner spaces together. • Using simple natural ventilation techniques to ventilate the building naturally using less energy as possible. • Creating identity image for the place since its main functions are for nature its image is form nature. Negative Point • Flexibility for future changes is limited. The Forgotten Nubia | 100
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V.7 International Case Study | Arizona College Community Building & Science + Agriculture Center
Figure VI.7.1: Main elevation of the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Architect: Gould Evans Location: 2020 South 8th Avenue, Yuma, AZ 85364, United States Area: 175000.0 ft2 Project Year: 2008
Description:
The Arizona Western College Community Building and Science + Agriculture Center in Yuma, Arizona reflect the college’s bold identity and its commitment to its students and to the local community. This project provides a new gateway to the campus by marking multiple points of inflection : integration of science and community, a boost to student success initiatives, and closed loop sustainable goals
Contextual Analysis: Key: College community center Science & agriculture complex Labs Plaza
Figure VI.7.2: Contextual Layout, Courtesy of Achdaily & annotated by the researcher
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Structure
Structure overlapping to create collaborative zones
Figure VI.7.3: Structure system used
Zoning College community center
Figure VI.7.4: Level 1 floor plan
Service core Server room Figure VI.7.5: Level 2 floor plan
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Figure VI.7.6: Level 3 floor plan
Science agriculture complex
Figure VI.7.7: Level 1 floor plan
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Figure VI.7.8: Level 2 floor plan
Design Issues 1- Circulation
Figure VI.7.9: Level 1 floor plan- College community center
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Figure VI.7.10: Level 1- Science agriculture complex
2- Flexibility The ‘one-stop shop’ concept was designed to bring multiple programs from dispersed locations on campus into a central location, streamlining the student service process.
Figure VI.7.11 to figure VI.5.13: one-stop shop
3- Security Security in this case study is a weak point. 4- Audibility Audibility in this case study is a weak point. 5- Interaction The community building connects students and faculty, by overlapping paths and creating visual connections between spaces (both inside and outside). the front door is flanked with student services, a one-stop-shop, and invites the surrounding society inside as a setting for conferences and cultural events. This is accompanied by a distinctive exterior composed of panels that reflect the rich textures of the desert, of the intense blue sky, and the students who pass by.
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Horizontal, vertical, visual and audible overlaps
The design team saw an opportunity to maximize programmatic overlaps as a way to create collaborative zones for spontaneous interaction between diverse users.
Figure VI.7.14| Overlapping in design
6- Environmental impact As one of the sunniest places in the US with 242 clear days, the site provided a unique opportunity for on-site renewable energy. A 100kW photo voltaic system was integrated into the design of the Science and Agriculture building as an energy source for their ‘green-tech’ program. It serves as a teaching tool for the existing campus, partner programs and use worldwide via web-based instruction. Moreover, waste from the student cafeteria is composted, used in campus agricultural fields and sold to local farmers.
Figure VI.7.15| Outdoor cafeteria
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7- Economy Exterior cladding skin sections were designed as repeating modular elements, providing a simplified production process, reduced waste and cost effective, high visual impact solution.
Figure VI.7.16| Exterior Cladding skin
The self-shading skin pattern also creates a ventilated wall cavity, reducing heat gain. Initially designed as copper, the skin was changed to aluminum due to material cost escalation. The building concept easily supported this change without compromising the integrity of the design. The color of the aluminum skin changes as the sun moves throughout the day.
Figure VI.7.17| Elevation Patterns
The distinctive exterior wall panels of both buildings reflect the rich textures of the desert, the intense blue sky, and the students who pass by.
Figure VI.7.18| Wall panels
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8- Image The project is using high-tech program and this technology is not popular in the surrounding context. As one of the sunniest places in the US with 242 clear days, the site provided a unique opportunity for on-site renewable energy. A 100KW photo voltaic system was integrated into the design of the science and agriculture building as an energy source for their “green-tech” program. It serves as a teaching tool for the existing campus, partner programs and use worldwide via web-based instruction. 9- Mood
Conclusion Positive Points • Increase interaction amongst user groups inside and outside at all scales. • Achieving sustainable solutions by energy production and providing learning opportunities for the green technology classes. Negative Point • Meeting rooms are not ventilated.
Figure VI.7.7: Level 1 floor plan
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V.8 International Case Study | A High-Rise Agricultural Research Facility
Figure VI.8.1: Main elevation of the project, Courtesy of Geng
Location: Chicago Area: 670,000 m2
Description:
High rise agriculture research building. Several buildings with high density. So that it would leave vast land for field. The agriculture research community would rather be a rural land area than an urban area. In addition to that, this area would have clear identity, the vast rural land and high-rise agricultural research tower.
Contextual Analysis:
Figure VI.8.2: spiral curve based on urban context, Courtesy of Geng
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Structure
Figure VI.8.3: Truss structure is used, Courtesy of Geng
Program Analysis
Figure VI.8.4: Program area percentages, Courtesy of Geng
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From Program to Form Cut the program bar into small pieces and remix them. Different programs are combined but stay the same proportions
Extrude the program bar in the tower volume. The combination in 3D creates a lot of potentials for interesting space, such as terrace, courtyard and high space. Figure VI.8.5: Schematic form, Courtesy of Geng
Research facility typology
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Green house typology
Concept illustration According to the program analysis and also the composition logic of the high-rise building, it would be around 400m high. It can accommodate 120,000 working stuff as estimated.
Figure VI.8.6: Burr puzzle, Courtesy of Geng
The only tower was surrounded by a spiral curve, which shapes the building based on the urban context. The tower is cut into two pieces, one is about 280m high, the other is 150m high. The advantage of splitting the tower into two pieces is that two similar iconic building would create much iconic atmosphere than one did. The other advantage is the height of the building is dramatically reduced, so that the shadow of the building would affect the surrounded research filed less.
Figure VI.8.7: Splitting of the tower, Courtesy of Geng
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Figure VI.8.8: Functional analysis, Courtesy of Geng
Figure VI.8.9: 254.4m floor level plan, Courtesy of Geng
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Figure VI.8.10: 278.4m floor level plan, Courtesy of Geng
Zoning
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Design Issues 1- Circulation
X-axis Elements Research facilities & offices
Y-axis Elements Research facilities & offices
Voids Inside of high rise tower High rise tower
Concrete cores which contains elevators and staircases
Functional elements are hanging on the concrete cores
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2- Flexibility Concrete cores: Different directions of vertical elements. All of the elements are in the same size. But the vertical elements can not go through bottom to top fluently.
Figure VI.8.11: Vertical elements, Courtesy of Geng
3- Security The research offices are mainly in the lower tower. The research part and office part are all in blocks with notches. Half of the blocks are connected to concrete cores, the other half are resting on the first half. The interlocking structure can guarantee the building to be persistent in gravity and wind load.
Figure VI.8.12: Concept, Courtesy of Geng
4- Audibility Audibility in this case study is a weak point. 5- Environmental Impact
Figure VI.8.13: Chimney effect in summer & winter, Courtesy of Geng
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Figure VI.8.14: Air exchange system, Courtesy of Geng
Figure VI.8.15: Heating & Cooling system, Courtesy of Geng
6- Economy The high rise research center is for agriculture. Therefore, on the terrace, the researchers could have build their own green houses for agriculture research. In addition to that, the terrace space could also function as public space, such as for viewing as leisure. On top of the towers, there exists glass pavilion, which are purely intended for scenery viewing and public functions.
7- Interaction On the terrace, the researchers could have build their own green houses for agriculture research. In addition to that, the terrace space could also function as public space,such as for viewing and leisure. On top of the towers, there exists glass pavilion, which are purely intended for scenery viewing and public functions
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8- Image Reflection place identity: Near the location of high-rise research building, there exists 7 iconic buildings. They are mainly agriculture related functions, such as food market and agricultural museum. What I propose is a virtual spiral curve, which connects these iconic buildings and loop center. This curve related the urban context with the high-rise building and helps to define the shape of it.
Figure VI.8.16: Site context, Courtesy of Geng
9- Mood The one high tower is cut into two pieces, one is about 280m high, the other is 150m high. The advantage of splitting the tower into two pieces is that two similar iconic building would create much iconic atmosphere than one did. The other advantage is the height of the building is dramatically reduced, so that the shadow of the building would affect the surrounded research field less
Figure VI.8.17: Volume split, Courtesy of Geng
Conclusion Positive Points • The shape of the building is assembled by many similar two-storey cuboid with refined truss on the facade. • The research programs are mainly in the high tower, while the research offices are mainly in the lower tower. The research part and office part are all in blocks with notches. Half of the blocks are connected to concrete cores, the other half are resting on the first half. The interlocking structure can guarantee the building to be persistent in gravity and wind load. • From outside of the building, it is rather a random appearance. But in the sense of architecture design, it should be logical somehow. The entirely random scheme is assembled by small blocks and units. It’s organized in a burr puzzle, which is a 3D puzzle to assemble some identical blocks into a stiff shaper puzzle is a flexible system and can be easily withstand gravity and wind load when it is translated into building Negative Point • The two towers are 400m high , those building are so high that the agriculture lands will not be easily accessible.
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VI.9 Analysis Result of Case Studies Criteria ratio for design issues: 1) 0-3 weak
2) 3-6 neutral
3) 6-10 strong
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Chapter VII: Project Components VII.1 Space Program:
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Figure VII.1.1: Main components of the project, Courtesy of the Researcher
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VII.2 Functional Requirements:
Figure VII.2.1: Function requirements of the project, Courtesy of the Researcher
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VII.3 Design Standards & Guidelines: VII.3.1 Laboratories Definition: A lab is a space which gives controlled conditions in which logical techniques including research. Laboratory types: There are two main types of laboratories wet and dry all of which differ in design according the needs and requirements. Wet Laboratories: Utilize, test and investigations chemicals, drugs or other material organic issue they nearly require plumbing as water supply, drainage for example chemical labs, biomedical laboratories. Dry Laboratories: Designed for electronic, dried stored materials as antenna .Almost require accurate temperature and humidity control, dust control and clean power for example Physics labs, engineering labs.
Figure VII.3.1.1: Wet labs need plumbing fixtures
Generally research center labs may be wet or dry laboratories or a combination of both
Figure VII.3.1.2: Dry labs
Standards Dimensions in any Scientific Lab:
Figure VII.3.1.3: Labs standards, Courtesy of Neufert Book
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According to use: • Laboratories for teaching and practical, comprising a large number of workstations, usually with simple basic equipment. • Research labs are usually need smaller spaces with specific equipment. • Autoclaves and washing up in the entrance if it needed.
Figure VII.3.1.4: Labs with large number of workstations, Courtesy of Neufert Book
According to subject: • Chemistry and biology labs with fixed benches and rooms must ensures frequent air exchange. • Special labs need radiation safety. • Clean rooms labs need dust free filtered air for some fields such as microelectronics or any dangerous substances which should be prevented from entering surrounding rooms. • Genetic engineering and microbiology labs should be isolated for it’s safety.
Figure VII.3.1.5: Clean room Lab, Courtesy of Neufert Book
Lab workstation: • The bench movable or fixed is the module which determine the lab workstation. • Normal measurement for the standard workbench 120cm width 80 cm depth. • Fume cupboards are part of the modular system with width 80cm, 120cm ,180cm. • Genetic engineering and microbiology labs should be isolated for it’s safety. • Benches are made of steel tubing with work surfaces of stone panels without joints.
Figure VII.3.1.6: Bench dimension, Courtesy of Neufert Book
Ventilation: Labs where chemicals are used must have artificial air supply and extraction .air changes per hour: • Chemical labs 8 • Biology labs 4 • Physics labs 3-4 Figure VII.3.1.7: Ventilation and environmental control system, Courtesy of Neufert Book
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VII.1.2 Multipurpose Hall (MPU) The multipurpose hall serves both curriculum activities and recreation activities and it plays a focal role for research center.
Uses: • Meetings of the local community, presentation and performances and meetings. • Theater events, and documentary films. These events will require a large space with an audience seated in rows.
Figure VII.3.2.1: MPU different furniture distribution shows the flexibility of design, Courtesy of Neufert Book
Design criteria: • Capacity and area: the surface area has been calculated on a ratio of 0.50 M2 per person. • Annexes: the M.P.U may have annexes such as a kitchenette, a preparation room for researches with toilet facilities and lockers, stores, a foyer (at the main entrance). • Location: several options are acceptable. For example, next to the main entrance would allow sharing reception facilities. • Flexibility: the layout should be very flexible and ease the adaptation of several activities.
Special requirements: • Acoustics: sound proofed must provide to avoid noisy activities. • Lighting: Should offer the possibility of darken for data shows • Ventilation: continuous ventilation is essential with adequate heating.
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VII.1.3 Libraries Definition: Libraries perform a range of functions in society. From spreading culture and data. Main factors leading to change in design of library buildings: • New information technology and new forms of electronic data exchange. • Impact of mass culture and new social media. Types of Libraries:
Science libraries: • The entrance should be clear and connected with the reading hall. • The loan area consists of a loan counter and it’s about 40-50 m2. • Reading hall: It should be in the center of the library. • The window space should be one fifth of the total area of the hall and the lighting should be good. • The reading hall should oriented towards the north.
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General dimension:
Figure VII.3.3.1: Shelf’s height and corridor width, Courtesy of Neufert
Book
Figure VII.3.3.2: Distance of corridors between tables,
Courtesy of Neufert Book
Figure VII.3.3.3: Study area dimensions, Courtesy of Neufert
Book
Zoning Zoning the interior of the library into different areas rather than separate rooms is the policy generally adopted in all but national libraries. Integration is the norm within the constraints imposed by noise, PC screen conditions and reader comfort.
Figure VII.3.3.4: Library zoning diagram, Courtesy of Neufert Book
Example for library furniture plans:
Figure VII.3.3.5: Relationship between the functional and social zones in the library, Courtesy of Neufert Book
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VII.1.4 Lecture Halls General guidelines: • Seating in lecture halls depending on subject number of students and teaching. • Amount of space per student depends on the type of seat and depth of the writing shelf. • Amount of space per student for seating in comfort 70x65 cm and on 60x80 cm.
Sections:
Figure VII.3.4.1: Lecture hall section, Courtesy of Neufert Book
Plans:
Figure VII.3.4.2: Fan plan dimensions,
Courtesy of Neufert Book
Figure VII.3.4.3: Rectangular plan dimensions and vision,
Courtesy of Neufert Book
Acoustics and lighting:
• Sound should reach each member of the audience with equal amplitude without any suspended ceilings for reflection and absorption. Rear walls lined with sound absorbent material other walls smooth.
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VII.1.5 Meeting Rooms General guidelines:
Figure VII.3.5.1: Different furniture meeting rooms Area = 22.5 m2, Courtesy of Neufert Book
VII.1.6 Offices
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VII.1.7 Virtual Reality Rooms Dimensions: • Min moving area = 0.5 m2 with oculus 2 camera 360. • Moving area = 0.75 m2 with oculus 3 camera. • Moving area = 1.0 m2 with oculus 3 camera. • Moving area = 1.12 m2 with oculus 3 camera.
Figure VII.3.7.1: VR range standard, Courtesy of RoadtoVR company
VII.1.8 Greenhouse Definition A building, room, or area, usually chiefly of glass, in which the temperature is maintained within a desired range, used for cultivating tender plants or growing plants out of season.
Design Guidelines • Structure and Standard Greenhouse structures differ a lot from simple and very cheap structures to high-tech multi span-structures .The reasons for the large variety of greenhouse types in the world are mostly local conditions and the availability of building materials like timber, bamboo or steel. • Orientation Greenhouse and Inclination. For the quantity of light level inside the greenhouse, besides the structural parts and cladding material, also the orientation of the greenhouse has influence. • Roof Slope • Framing and Glazing Materials • Glazing • Insulation The Forgotten Nubia | 131
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Figure VII.3.8.1: Green house design standard dimension,
Courtesy of Neufert Book
VII.1.9 Accommodation Units Definition Accommodation units are small building designed for commuters or visitors.
Design Criteria • Accommodation units are generally one or two floors. • Rooms size vary between 16-25 m². • The reception area be close to the rooms. • The rooms may contain bath and a kitchenette. • Repetitive units may be arranged in pairs or cluster around a central service core.
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Chapter VIII | Sustainability
Chapter VIII: Sustainability General Definition “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Brundtland Report for the World Commission on Environment and Development (1992) (Globalfootprints.org, 2015)
Architecture Definition Architectural sustainability means using buildings materials, design, energy and spaces to reduce the bad environmental and social impacts on the ecosystem and communities. Sustainability concerns with main three dimensions social, economic and environmental and it aims to reduce the consequences that may occur in the future due to today’s actions. (Build Abroad, 2016)
VIII.1 Description From our point of view, sustainability it is how we implement a project meeting the present needs as well as having the flexibility to accept and implement the future needs as well. In September 2011, the United Nations (UN) in its 64th conference they ended up choosing 17 goals as a mission to achieve tell 2030, having a vision for a more sustainable world. Since Egypt took a part in this mission seeking for being a sustainable country, we took in our consideration to concentrate on some goals to be a mission to achieve in our project.
VIII.2 Social Sustainability Through the Interaction Area targeting two groups: Kids: • Introducing technology to them in fun Way using VR and Hologram movies. For Example: In a less time, kids can know the information that can open virtually undiscovered universes to them. So, by utilizing virtual reality , Kids can find more about science and other major subjects in a comprehensive way. • Improving their mental intelligence by providing a place for them to invent and improve their skills.
Figure VIII.2.1: Diagram shows kids interaction methods, Courtesy of the Researcher
• Let them participate in agriculture like in the green house. For Example: Kids can be disconnected when it comes to knowing where their food comes from, so they will get knowledge and learn agriculture principles. The Forgotten Nubia | 134
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Adults: • Raising awareness about the new techniques in agriculture. • Giving simple training courses teaching how to make an organic fertilizer, which it is more efficient and the products are more valuable.
Figure VIII.2.2: Diagram shows adults interaction methods, Courtesy of the Researcher
VIII.3 Economical Sustainability 1. Reducing energy consumption by:• Generating energy using solar power. Since, this area in particular is sunny almost all year.
Figure VIII.3.1: Solar Pannel
Figure VIII.3.2: Chart shows Aswan climate, Courtesy of Aswan Governorate
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For example: Adaptive solar facade
Figure VIII.3.3: Adaptive solar panels, Courtesy of Raznick
This Solar Shell which is a double envelope, helps to be more efficient 40% than the stationary panel. As opened, they shade building interiors during summer months and ventilate the double envelope passively. When the panels close, they shut to allow an external watertight.
Figure VIII.3.4: Adaptive solar panels detail, Courtesy of Raznick
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• Using less artificial lighting and depending on natural lighting. • Smart heat sensors that controls the HVAC, and reduces energy consumption. Figure VIII.3.5: Natural lighting through openings
2. For farmers raising their awareness about how to turn their house waste to natural fertilizer that enhance the crops with less money and getting maximum. For example: Natural fertilizer comes from animal wastes and plants. This technology could be happening on a small scale (on scale of individuals).
Figure VIII.3.6: Composing Cycle
3. The implemented SDGs Goal no.8 decent work and economic growth and goal no.9 industry innovation and infrastructure. Since our project will provide multiple job opportunities which will help in the unemployment problem. In addition, through the technology that taught, innovated and applied to products it will enhance the agricultural economics in Nubia.
Figure VIII.3.7: Sustainable Development Goals no. 8&9, Courtesy of UNDP
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VIII.4 Environmental Sustainability 1. Reducing the carbon emotions by: • Replacing nonrenewable energy with clean solar power energy. • Recycling water like gray water to use in green house and black water to use in watering the landscape areas.
Figure VIII.4.1: Septic Tank, Courtesy of Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
2. Using the compressed earth blocks (CEB) instead of breaks in building the walls because: • it uses natural material from the site • It’s cheaper • Reduces energy consumption since it is a vernacular material.
Figure VIII.4.2: CEB, Courtesy of BENAA Foundation
3. Implemented SDGs: • SDG no.7 - Using clean energy like solar panels. • SDG no.13 - Using vernacular building materials that have less carbon emissions. • SDG no.15 - Improving the agricultural areas that not only useful for food production but also acts as lungs for the area.
Figure VIII.4.3: Sustainable Development Goals no. 7,13&15, Courtesy of UNDP
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Chapter IX | Individual Tasks
Chapter IX: Individual Tasks
Ahmed Abdulhakeem Galaleldeen Oshallah
“Revival of the Nubian Prosperity�
IX.1.1 Abstract: Nubia is one of the oldest and most unique civilizations throughout history. And like any civilization, Nubia has experienced periods of prosperity and decay. In the past, it was on of the most prosperous civilizations. But now, after the migration from the banks of the Nile to desert of Kom Ombo, Nubia is undergoing a period of decay and marginalization. The basic services of the population are not available and they are unable to practice the activities they used to do in the past. And one of the most serious problems that some people know about Nubia is currently only some pictures and tourist attractions in Aswan.
Figure IX.1.2.1: Glimpses of Nubian Life, Courtesy of hbicar.com
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IX.1.2 Mission Statement: The role of NATRC will be as a center for development in the entire Nubia, attracting people’s attention once again as an educational and research destination, while on the other hand, it will attract people to the forgotten Nubia as a place of unique culture character.
IX.1.3 Objectives: The main objectives of our project are: • Providing high-tech. equipments to help the population in developing the standard of living in general and agriculture in particular as it is the main activity of the Nubians, which began to decay because of the inefficiency of the current methods they use in agriculture. • Preserving their unique culture and heritage by integrating them in the project. • Community engagement at the whole process.
IX.1.4 Concepts: Concept I: Old Nubian Urban Fabric The old Nubian urban fabric was very distinctive as the houses were randomly distributed on the banks of the Nile and around the houses they were used to practice their main activity which is the agriculture. Reviving this spirit again in our project will fit the nature of the Nubians and will increase the relation between the people and the project. Where some of the functional zones will consist of buildings and every building has its own outdoor space and a common one for the activities which are related to the functional zone.
Figure IX.1.4.1: Concept I, Courtesy of the Researcher
Figure IX.1.4.2: Concept I, Settlements Pattern in Old Nubia, Courtesy of Mahgoub 1990
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Concept II: Preserving Nubian Intangible Heritage
Figure IX.1.4.3: Breakfast in Nubia, Courtesy of alarab.co.uk
Figure IX.1.4.4: Nubian Henna, Courtesy of Eslam Salheen
In Nubia, the people have strong social relations where the people of one village support each other on all religious or personal occasions and also they have their style of singing and dancing. This is an intangible heritage that must be preserved. Therefore, creating communal spaces within the project and making it the main axis for it will create the sense of belonging.
Figure IX.1.4.5: Public Space, Courtesy of documentos.arq.com.mx
Figure IX.1.4.6: Communal Space, Courtesy of britannica.com
Figure IX.1.4.7: Open Public Space, Courtesy of ggwash.org
Figure IX.1.4.8: Open Communal Space, Courtesy of Lively Social Space, Well-Being Activity, and Urban Design
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Concept III: The lifeline Throughout history, the Nile river is the source of life for Egyptians, specially for the Nubians. Where they had a direct relationship to the Nile and relied on it in all their daily activities such as agriculture, fishing and transportation. The most important thing that affects them now after the displacement to Kom Ombo desert is their distance from their lifeline. So creating a spin with treated water will be a good sollution to revive this environment.
Figure IX.1.4.10: Old Nubia, Courtesy of elwatannews.com
Figure IX.1.4.9: Concept III, Courtesy of the Researcher
Figure IX.1.4.11: Settlement of Nile Valley, Courtesy of sutori.com
IX.1.5 Sustainability and Technological Approach: 1- Using Local Construction Materials:
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2- Water Treatment:
Figure IX.1.6.2.1: Settler and ABR, Courtesy of Compendium Sanitation Figure IX.1.6.2.2: Wetland System, Courtesy of Compendium Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Systems and Technologies.
3- Social Sustainability: Cooperation between all stakeholders including the community leaders in decision making will create the best solution to enhance the quality of the project. It is also important to ensure the interaction of society at all ages with the project.
4- Solid Waste Management:
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Ahmed Bassem Mohamed
“People ignore design that ignores people” Chimero, F. Abstract Nubian people has faced a lot of difficulties via their journey of resettlement several times. Through neglect for more than 100 years, Nubian youth generation are feeling the effects hard of such neglection from the government. According to Eman, S. “Here in our region, there are no chances, there is no education after high school, and the cost of sending someone to a good university would be really expensive for the majority here. There are also no job opportunities. Either you work as a farmer, or you leave and go find a better chance in Cairo.” Such phenomena affects the social state of mind of youth and make them less attached to their homeland and make them seek refuge in any place that could afford them any improvement to their standard of living even if it is marginal. So social integration should be restored and faith in their community should be regained by giving a glimpse of hope through NATRC. Figure IX.2.1: Nubian youth, Courtesy of Raseef22
Mission Nasr El Nubia has a treasure between their hands and it needs to be used efficiently. So the main mission of the project is to allow the youth of Nasr El-Nubia to be integrated within the agriculture fabric and to know the modern techniques that will help them maximizing benefits from their lands.
Objective Designing an agriculture and research center in Eneiba that plays a huge role in social coherency and making Eneiba a hub for innovation and pioneering ideas and techniques that is related to sustainable and modern agriculture. Such ideologies could be achieved through three concepts: • Integration of past & future • Communal Cluster Figure IX.2.2: Nubian woman, Courtesy of Raseef22
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XI.2 Concept 1: “Integration of past & future� The aim is to give nostalgic feeling and sense of their lost heritage. The Nubian triangle will serve as symbol of centralization. The main plaza in the center will serve as nucleus between different zones and areas of the project.
Research Center
Main Plaza
Labs Center Figure IX.2.3: Concept sketch, Courtesy of the researcher
Administration & Multilateral facilities
Figure IX.2.4: Concept sketch, Courtesy of Francis D.K. Ching
Figure IX.2.5: Zoning sketch, Courtesy of the researcher
The sketch here illustrates the main idea of the concept by making the three focal main buildings centralized between the Nubian triangle while minor spaces are distributed among the rest of the triangle. The Forgotten Nubia | 146
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XI.2 Concept 2: “Communal Cluster� While designing any project, community should get their fair share in the project as they are the main source of inspiration to any successful project. So by taking their old urban fabric which was clusters around the Nile river, the second concept where generated. The Nile river will represent the main masses of the project while the clusters will be used to integrate the community within the project by creating interactive zones.
Figure IX.2.6: Zoning sketch, Courtesy of the researcher
Such clusters will help integrate people especially young Nubian people to feel attached to the project. Such investment in community will be returned back as the residents will be the first to help sustain the project and make it an integral part of their urban integration. The interactive zone or the communal facilities will include a VR section which will help educate people in a fun & new way about new and sustainable technologies such as clean energy, nano technology and water efficiency systems. Such interaction will help youth to educate themselves and keeping up with the pace of the developed world. Moreover, kids will have special zones for them to interact and communicate with each other. Figure IX.2.7: Old Nubian clustering, Courtesy of Serag, Y.
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XI.2 Concept 3: “Organic Fluidity� As the Nubian environment is inhospitable and harsh, so there architecture had to adapt to the surrounding and the environment there. As a result there style had to adapt to minimize such effects. So as an example there architecture had to use vaults & domes to reduce the exposed surface area to sun. So as a form of adaptation i decided to use such approach in my plan to adapt to their harsh environment.
Shades created as a result of organic form
Figure IX.2.8: A diagram illustrates the proposed form in the plan and how the curved shape minimize the exposed surface to the sun,
Courtesy of the Researcher
Figure IX.2.9: A diagram illustrates the proposed form in the plan and how the wind will interact with the building to decrease heat gain,
Courtesy of the Researcher
Figure IX.2.10: A photo shows the Nubian traditional elements to tackle the hot environmental issue, Courtesy of Wikipedia and annotated by
the Researcher
Figure IX.2.11: A sketch illustrating the elevation design using the traditional Nubian motifs, Courtesy of the Researcher
Figure IX.2.12: Masdar city in UAE by Foster and partners is prime example for how it treat the hot climate issue using fluidity in design, Courtesy of
Archdaily
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XI.2 Inspirations Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia • The project respected local architecture traditions that inspired the use of the mashribyah and other local strategies to enhance the privacy within the project.
Figure IX.2.13: Main Elevation, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.14: Use of local architecture elements in the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.15: Inner courts used for natural ventilation, Courtesy of Archdaily
Abu Dhabi Central Market, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates • The project is Inspired by the traditional architecture of the Arabian Gulf in which it wants to rejovonate the old market space. The project is a mix between modernism and vernacular architecture. Inspired from the past the project is more like the old souq by integratin the courts, fountains, bright colors and alleys within the project.
Figure IX.2.16: Gathering space in the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.17: Use of alleys & local architecture elements in the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.18: Natural lightening technique, Courtesy of Archdaily
Da Chang Muslim Cultural Center, Hebei, China • Inspired from traditional mosque designs, the building features elements of the mosque but with modern approaches with also the use of new materials.
Figure IX.2.19: Main elevation of the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.20: Use of alleys & Islamic architecture elements in the project, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.21: Natural lightening technique, Courtesy of Archdaily
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XI.2 Sustainability 1) Maximize water efficiency • Use of adaptive plants & native plants in landscape to reduce water consumption required for landscape.
Figure IX.2.22: Use of cactus, Courtesy of Britannica
Figure IX.2.23: Use of desert plants, Courtesy of Britannica
• Use of efficient irrigation system for the farmlands and landscape within the project.
Figure IX.2.24: Use of dripping irrigation system, Courtesy of Pakistan today
Figure IX.2.25: Use of weather based irrigation controllers, Courtesy of LRI Energy Solutions
2) Use of renewable energy • Usage of solar panels & wind turbines to help sustain energy need the project needs especially that it is located in the desert where the solar energy is abundance and the wind is present in an accelerated form.
Figure IX.2.26: Use of solar panels, Courtesy of Bloomberg
Figure IX.2.27: Use of wind turbines, Courtesy of Cairo scene
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3) Use of local materials • By using local materials, the price of the project will decrease. Rammed earth and using CEB could be used o help in some parts of the project. Residents could learn how to build with local materials and thus could be integrated within the project construction thus raising the sense of belonging towards the project.
Figure IX.2.28: Rammed earth structure, Courtesy of rammedearthwork
Figure IX.2.29: CEB structure, Courtesy of rammedearthwork
4) Use of vernacular approaches • By using vernacular approach, the energy consumption of the building will gradually decrease and thus decreases the carbon footprint of the project.
Figure IX.2.30: Use of Barrel vaults, Courtesy of quora
Figure IX.2.31: Vernacular approach in Handmade School project, Courtesy of Archdaily
5) Social sustainability • Social sustainability is a major part of any project. Without the community and the residents integration the building will not be looked after. By engaging the community within the project, the project will be loved and used by the residents and will not be neglected after a period of time.
Figure IX.2.32: Community engagement in an open space, Courtesy of Wordpress
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XI.2 Technological Studies Vertical Farming • Vertical farming is the production of vegetables, fruits or anything that could be farmed in vertical stacked layers. The modern use of vertical farming is by farming indoor in a controlled environment agriculture (CEA) technology, where all factors can be managed. Such facilities uses artificial control of light and environmental control systems. Softwares can make sure that all the vegetable and fruits get the equal amount of light, water and nutrients. As it is grown in a controlled environment so the need for herbicides and pesticides are not necessary.
Figure IX.2.33 & Figure IX.2.34: Vertical farming techniques, Courtesy of Treehuger
Responsive Design • Responsive architectures are such techniques that sense the surrounding environmental conditions through sensors to make the buildings adapt their shape, form or color responsively. Responsive architectures main goal is to improve and maximize the energy performance of buildings through responsive technologies such as control systems & sensors.
Figure IX.2.35: Al-Bahar responsive design, Courtesy of Archdaily
Figure IX.2.36: inhabitat
Syddansk Universitet responsive design, Courtesy of
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Ahmed Hamdy Soliman Zidan
“The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don’t do anything about it.� Einstein, A. Abstract The relation between agriculture and development is deep and complex, I identify agriculture as one of the fundamental element for the industry revolution and the community development so I believe the presence of a space where this knowledge is guarded and taught so architecture has a role of responsibility in guarding culture and development.
Mission
Figure IX.3.1: A photo illustrates the importance of agriculture in Ancient Egypt in the burial chamber of sennedjem.c1200 BC.
The road to sustainable cities involves new agriculture techniques that fits the new weather,global warming and pollution emissions creates innovative agricultural technologies, and allows public and private partners to participate. The research will raise the awareness of the value of the lost agriculture land by the agriculture new techniques, to enhance the Nubian quality of life.
Figure IX.3.2:A collage shows the difference between old and new techniques in agriculture
Figure IX.3.3: The lost agriculture land in Nubia as result of old agriculture techniques
Objective The objective of the project is to create a research center in which the proposed design reflects the Nubian heritage and culture in a way that fits the modern era in the scientific field and needs.
Target By studying the Nubian history,culture and traditions found that agriculture is main concept in their life so by providing the educational and proper way for agriculture to make them able to compete in the market and take the advantage of their strategic location that is near to the water source and a valuable agriculture land by revival the precious agricultural land benefits. The Forgotten Nubia | 153
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Ahmed Hamdy
Simple form taken from the context
Respect the north for enviromental issues
Fig ix.3.4 the site location oreint the corners towards the community
The project is designed to have a great impact on the population of nuba but it respectful for their taditions ,with a strong modern additude in its forms
Fig ix.3.5 A conceptual sketch illustrates the proposed plan and the concept of intervorted building to create shaded gathering spaces in the hot region .
Fig ix.3.6 Conceptual Sketch for the proposed facade illustrates the integration betwwen informal skyline and the old nubian architural elements
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Chapter IX | Individual Tasks
Ahmed Hamdy
Concept 3
Upgrading
By reading the Nubian history of location we found that it passed by three phases in their location issues each one play a role on their history so creating a three forms each one indicates phase of the three connected to each other as symbol for their crises which leads to an separated spiral form for the research center which indicates the optimism future results from the lost agriculture education
Ahmed Hamdy
Tent Structures
Fig ix 3.8 A sketch illustrates the concept composition
1-The three buildings oriented towards the spiral building. 2-each building of the three indicates one the location phase the nubian passed by . 3-The spiral building for the research building indicates the optimism and the upgraded future after the education . 4-the three buildings will shade each other during the day and it will create a shaded gathering spaces between them Fig ix 3.9 Nagoya Mode Academy Spiral Towers
Fig ix 3.10 Conceptual sketch by the author for the proposed elevation and the three building appears as a steps for the upgraded future The Forgotten Nubia | 156
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Source of inspiration
AHMED HAMDY
Qasr el hokm at gaddah by Rasem badran
The renvovation of using appropriate solutions compitable with arabian desert hot climate and the use of traditional elements such as large gates and towers Fig;ix 3.11 Qasr el hokm large gates and tradi-
Fig;ix 3.12 Qasr el hokm modern design features
A.U.C uniersity in cairo by architect abd elhalem ibrahim
the design is a good of a example for using the modern element as curtains walls and stone claddingnwith revival the
Qasr el hokm modern design features
traditional styles . Fig;ix 3.13 A.U.C modern design features
use of modern techniques and save the traditional theme of arabic architecture
Fig;ix 3.14 A.U.C modern design features such as curtain walls
use of shader for the windows and cladding for the facades from local materials and reduce the heat gain of the building by simple techniques which enhance the economic and enviromental sustainbality
Fig;ix 3.15 image illustrates local cladding and window shaders
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AHMED HAMDY
Source of inspiration
Olympicopolis stadium by ole sheeren
the building responed for the community needs as it have gathering spaces that enhances the social interaction between the individuals through the centralized shaded courts
Fig ix.3.11olympicopolis stadium by ole sheeren
Nubian museum at aswan the museum awarded the aghakhan prize as it us local material in building and the respect the context culture by using local materials in buildings and using traditional elements as the semi-circular arch and the traingles motifs in the facade
Fig ix.3.12 nubian museum at aswan
Petroleum research center at jeddah by zaha hadid architects The is innovative design to respond for the hard context climate,needs and the soul of the era in the design which appear in the modern claddings materials and the parametric design.
Fig ix.3.13 Petroleum research center at jeddah and the modern design features
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Technical and Enviromental approache
AHMED HAMDY
Green Facades
A training system for green plants that allows the creation of green facades. it could be applied for external facades and interior designs or virtual divisions between different function zones . The Green Solutions system consists of fasteners, cables, rods and fittings that are applied according to the need of the project . most of these materials are manufactured in stainless steel .
Fig;ix 3.19 MFO PARK,Oerlikton Architect raderschall landschafts architekten,Zurich
Fig:ix 3.20 shows the Stainless steel wires used and its accessors
Solar Wings .
A mesh design fabric to shade the outdoor areas or even the building to reduce the heat gain inspooired from the Arabic mashrabiya
Fig:ix 3.21 Apple Dubai Mall by foster and parteners and the mesh details
Made entirely of lightweight carbon fibre, each wing has multiple layers of tubes forming a dense net. Following an in-depth study of sun angles, the rods have been distributed in higher concentration where the solar radiation is the most intense over the year.
Fig:ix 3.22 The shading creating by the mesh The Forgotten Nubia | 159
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AHMED HAMDY
Technical and Enviromental approache -Textile Architecture
The project required outdoor spces that should be shaded which would resist all weather conditions including strong winds so tensile material and technologies would be capable for this Specifications Water and corrosion resistant, aesthetic appeal, shade provision, rain protection, fire retardant, high resistance,
-Flexible facades Panels
Facades that can adobt different oreintation according to use it could give diffrent oreintation in a flexible way to give natural light or shading accordind to the need
Fig;ix 3.16The King Abdulaziz Center for World Culture
Fig:ix 3.17 King Fahad National Library | Gerber Architekten
-Use of vernacular architecture and solution
the dome and the vault used to reduce the heat gain of the building by reducing the exposed surface area to the sun and the hot air could escape from it so it also cools the building
Fig ix 3.18 Da Chang Muslim Cultural Center | Architectural Design & Research Institute of SCUT
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Sustainbality issues Social Sustainbality Engage the community with the research center by giving public lectures and workshops related to the agriculture and the new technology to enhance the quality of the agriculture land
fig :ix 3.23 New Artist Residency In Senegal / Toshiko Mori and the gathering space designed for the community
Economic Sustainbality Use renewable energy sources such as sun for electricity and kintic enegry produced from water falls Use local material in construcconstruc tion Recycle cach crops to produce new commercial products Fig:ix 3.24 New Artist Residency In Senegal / Toshiko Mori illustrates how they use cach crops for the roof
Fig:ix 3.26 New Artist Residency In Senegal / Toshiko Mori shows how they recycle the rain water
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Sustainbality issues
Enviromental Sustainbality Skylights and courts provides natural source for light instead of non renewable sources that pollute the environment Cladding and green roofs decrease the heat gain of the buildings so it will decrease the cooling loads as Air conditions Earth building material decrease the emmisions of carbons and gives good indoor environment Fig ix:3.27 Petroleum research center in Jeddah by zaha hadid
Fig ix 3.29 School in Kenya by Kere architecture shows how they use earth building and appropriate t techniques
Fig ix 3.28 HÊlène Binet Captures Kashef Chowdhury's Aga-Khan-Winning Friendship Centre in Bangladesh
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Amr Ibrahim Mohamed Ismaeil
“Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.� Frank Gehry Mission From the standpoint that Nubia is rich with culture and history, most of its people now suffer from a low-quality level of life, high rates of unemployment, and lack of services, That all makes NATRC the first step to a better quality of life and future for Nubia youth through agriculture.
Vision
Transforming the Nubia into a civilized community, and to make it a pioneer in agricultural sciences and studies, and by achieving this, we may have a prototype we can implement in all the villages and cities of upper Egypt.
Objective 1. Reduce rates of unemployment. 2. Introduction of modern technologies in Agriculture. 3. Use of Nubian lands for farming and using the crops for multiple manufacturers. 4. Developing the whole area. 5. Raising awareness. 6. Reviving the rich history of Nubia. 7. Developing new agricultural techniques.
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Nature plays the biggest part here in forming the architecture and the shapes are like dunes intersected and orientated to optimize the prevailing (North) winds.
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Amr Magdy Allam Abdallah
“Reviving the Essence” Abstract The project is mainly dealing with the agricultural problem in Nubia. Agriculture is and always will be a huge part of the essence of the Nubian culture, and by bringing back this culture legacy to the younger generations we’re not only helping them take advantage of their unused lands, but also take a huge step at reviving and developing this rich culture that is the Nubian culture. All of this is for the purpose of making the Nubian people get on their feet after leaving their original land, and we tend to achieve this by using modern technology and knowledge to start a new chapter in their ways which depends on the youth and the new generation.
Misson Our mission is to develop and revolutionize Agriculture in the Nubian villages to make them advance economically and also the legacy of their rich culture.
Objective 1. Using technologies like Genetics, Engineering and geology to improve fields productivity. 2. Creating job offers for the youth and future opportunity for the new generations. 3. Creating social spaces that will help strengthen the community. 4. Rising the whole place’s level by creating a huge project that will attract people from all over the world. 5. Bringing back the essence of the Nubian culture by reviving Agriculture in the area.
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Laura Medhat Girgis
“Linkage of human fabric� Abstract
NATRC is a group of buildings dedicated to research, improve, and develop Nubia with the focus on agriculture using technology and its various techniques in this particular field. Although Nubians suffer from lack of jobs and modern technological means. However, NATRC will provide a place equipped with all the needed technological systems and machines that provide the ability for the agriculture researches to invent and develop new techniques in agriculture. Enhancing the quality of life, and to prepare young people with what they have -lands- to be well-educated and self-independent. I hope that NATRC can be a step for a following fulfillments that improve Nubia and its people from all perspectives
Mission NATRC will lead the way to the future of agriculture, enriching lives around the Nubia with a technological researches and better crops quality. The aim of NATRC is to raise the quality of agriculture in Nubia in special and locally in general, as well as the quality of life of Nubians.
Objective The main objectives of NATRC is responding to the following points: 1. Offering technological techniques in agriculture, as well as the quality of crops. 2. Highlighting the forgotten Nubia and its cultural values, as well as adding a new era of achievements. 3. Achieving interaction between all social groups working on the agricultural research center
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It’s desirable to achieve interaction between social goups in NATRC . As Nubians are known for their sociality , the inspiration was from the integration of Nubians together in their daily life. Also Natrc will help people to integrate together in their daily work day.
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Also, that focal point will take the advantage that rooms in the Nubian houses are mainly opened to the courtyard and closed externally.The courtyard traps cool air for long time due to itsenclosure, and thus the time air remain cool depending on the width of the yard enclosure.
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Also the concept is inspired from the streets in Nubia and the urban fabric of the commercial areas in Nubia. Applying that urban fabic but as a central green spine that branch through all the buildings.
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Adjustable louvres create an entertaining exterior space. These louvers are comfortable to permit sunlight inside when required .They are 100 % watertight for keeping water outside building when needed. It's easy to incline the louvers in both sides for closing them when it’s raining or openning it to permit the amount of light in as you need. These system minimizes temperatures by up to 18 degrees Celsius than the solution of aluminium roofing.
The Solar panels is a self-supporting frontal which surrounds existing buildings by forming a double layer of panels . These solar panels can be connected to work mechanically or electronically. This solar shell helps to be more efficient 40% than the stationary panel. As opened, they shade building interiors during summer months and ventilate the double envelope passively. When the panels close, they shut to allow an external watertight.
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The design uses different sustainable strategies. A large opening in roof help in letting natural light to all stories of the building , while the heating panels which are underfloor can heat and cool the climate by using the geothermal energy.
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Muhammed Mahmoud Hassan
“The future of architecture is culture� Johnson, P. Mission Seeking to help Nubia society, specially who where suffered a lot from resettlement, we focused on youth who really need to know new techniques, so we think about integrating technology in agriculture. The optimum way to do this is providing a place equipped with all the needed technological system and machines that provides the ability for the agriculture researchers to invent and develop new techniques in agriculture and also provides an area for the people to get to know more about the new techniques and machines in agriculture.
Objective The main objectives of NATRC are: 1. Repair youth to be well educated and fully aware of new technological techniques and integrate them into agriculture. 2. Enhance their quality of life and help them to cultivate their land once again in steal of relying on people from another villages or upper of Egypt.
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Yara Mohamed Mahmoud Hamed
“Lets bring the future”
“ The discovery of agriculture was the first big step toward a civilized life”. Keith, A.
Mission Seeking to help regain the Nubian agriculture that had been missed after emigration, and in the 21st century, the way to do that is to use the technology that we have nowadays. If we integrated the agriculture with the developed technology, we will find multiple solutions for all the agriculture problems that Enieba village has in both the land problems and the cultivation problems. Therefore, I choose agriculture and technological research center to be a place offers the needed strategies to solve the agriculture problem in Enieba. In addition, to become a plat form for introducing the modern technology to the Nubian people from both kids and adults in the interaction parts of the project.
Objective The main objectives of NATRC is responding to the following dimensions: Agricultural dimension: Offering labs that develops the plants genes to adapt with the land conditions in Enieba. Also,offering lands and green houses to implement the experiments and find the perfect solutions. Technological dimension: Offering high tech. Equipment to help researchers develop their researches. Workshops to make prototype of the agricultural equipment they innovated. In addition, VR and 3D hologram rooms to render the machines to 3D models to be easier in modifying. Social dimension: Interacting locals with the project through seminars that would be held in lecture halls or the MPU to aware the locals with the modern inventions to use in their agriculture. The library will also open for public to the raise the knowledge of Enieba people. VR and hologram will be an introduction for modern technology to locals. In addition, some parts will be available for kids to be a part of their education. Cultural dimension: The main aim of the project is to regain the Nubian agriculture, which is actually an integral part of the Nubian culture. Therefore, the architecture of the project will be reflecting the rich Nubian culture integrated with the contemporary architecture of the 21st century.
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1st Concept
“Agriculture is a step to future” Concept statement Since the agriculture is the first step to civilized cities, as it was the first job that human ever work, so I thought why it would not be the first step to Eineba to technology! Since our site has a simple slope, my idea is to make the buildings of the project like steps starting from the zero level with cultivated areas as levels goes up the technology starts to appear gradually from the green houses to sophisticated workshops to high tech laboratories and VR rooms
VR, Liberaries High Tech labs Mock up workshops Green House Cultivation Graph shows the levels to technology “Sketched by researcher ”
Prespective shows the stepped form “Sketched by researcher ”
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Inspirations
IX.8.1 Eco-Resort (Pinterest,
IX.8.2 NL architects: SOZAWE “Design boom, 2018”
IX.8.3 Ziya Imren Wins Competition for Instanbul's Beykoz School Complex “Arch daily, 2014”
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2nd Concept “Forum”
Concept statement The court at the Nubian house is actually the heart of the house where every one gother and spend most of the time togethe. So, for my project I wanted the centeral node not only to be cross road but to become a place where researchers can meet, share ideas together in a comfortable place.
Nubian house IX.8.4 Farmer's Market Node “Stitch design, 2011”
Plan
Centeral courtyard “Sketched by researcher”
Court yard with connection bridges between spaces “Sketched by researcher”
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Inspiration
IX.8.6 This Copenhagen Diabetes Center Connects Patients to Nature “Arch daily, 2017”
IX.8.5 Arkitema Architects Selected to Design New Offices for Danish Government Agency “Arch daily, 2018”
IX.8.7 Saint Etienne Offices “ E-architect, 2009”
IX.8.8 College inner court (Arch.iit.edu, 2016)
IX.8.9 vincent callebaut plans wooden orchids complex for china (designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2014)
IX.8.10 Research center court (Pinterest,2015)
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3rd Concept “Vector”
Concept Statment The main idea is inspired from the vectors since the sum of vectors leads to resaltant vector in the middle. Since the aim of my project is agriculture and the main vectors leading to that resault are social vectors since agriculture is Eineba’s main problem, Botany and plants genetics labs to improve agriculture and workshops to develop and improve the aggriculture machines and equipment.
Social + Labs + Workshops = AGGRICULTURE
Main Axies
Zoning
Creating path ways & Central node
Gr ee
n
ho
us e
s
Main Axies
Zoning
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Inspiration
IX.8.11 Reinventing The Supermarket As A Terraced Retreat (Fast Company, 2012)
IX.8.12 Reinventing The Supermarket As A Terraced Retreat (Fast Company, 2012)
IX.8.13 Loop House in Heiry Art Valley, South Korea “aeccafe,2011”
IX.8.14 King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre / Zaha Hadid Architects “Arch daily, 2017”
IX.8.15 Sant Josep Library / Ramon Esteve “Arch daily, 2008”
IX.8.16 Sketch by Marcin S “Behance, 2015”
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Roof gardens
Transparent concrete blocks Transparent concrete is mainly made of normal conceret, aggregates, sand and water and optical fibers are added to the mixture to add transparency to the concrete blocks. This method alows natural lighting to enter the space without solar heat. Thus, it reduces the amount of energy needed within the building.
IX.8.22 The 'transparent' cement that lets daylight flood into a room “Mail online, 2011”
Leia 3D display system
Since our prject's main aim is agriculture so I wanted use roof gardens for two main resons. First, roof gardens will decrease the temperature of the building. Second, it will be used in the purposes of botany scince to implement the experaments. So, to protect the building from the roof gardens effects, it should have multible layers, each layer will have purpose like a layer to collect the extra water other to prevent the roots from growing further. According to the dense of plantation, layers become less or more to add more protection to the building structure.
Meduim Deep Shallow IX.8.23 Roof garden systems “North coast roofing systems, 2007”
Bring the future to the project is my personal goal in my project. So imagine that a movie or picture you can actually touch it, modify it in the air as you can see it in three diminsional ways with out even glasses. This brand new system is Leia X-300. Its a simple device attachs to the ceiling and drops a mist up to 3 meters down. This mist shows the image or the movie you qwant to show as it gives you the ability to move the content with a swing of your hands and also modify it in 3 dimensions. This system will be in kids area as an interation for them and also it will be in the innovation workshops to help the researcher develop their innovations easily in 3 dimensions.
Kids interaction area IX.8.24 Leia X300 System “Leia, 2016”
Modelling at the innvention work shops IX.8.25 Leia X300 System “Leia, 2016”
9
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Sustainability Environmental sustainability It's applied in my project in many ways 1- Using Compressed earth blocks at some parts of the project to reduce the energy. 2- using transparent concrete to reduce the use of artificial lighting at some parts of the projects. 3- Roof gardens for experamnets as will reducing the projects temperature. 4- Recycling water "Gray water" using special filters to be used in aggrigation. 5- Using shading devices with attached solar panels for both minimizing the direct sun rays that raises the temperature as will generating clean solar energy for the project.
Compressed earth block
Transparent Conceret
Green garden
Water recycling
Shading devices &Solar panels
Economical sustainability It's applied in my project in many ways 1- Using renewable energy "Solar power" to reduce the costs of using non renewable energy. 2- reduce the use of artifcial lighting using transperant conceret blocks and shading devices. 3- Optimizing the use of water by recycling the gray water and using it in aggrigation. 4- For social economic, This project aims to solve the aggriculture problem in this area using modern innovative systems and techniques updated by researcher to insure maximum profit for the farmers using minimum costs for aggriculture.
Solar Power
Optimizing water usage
Reducing artificial lighting
Max. profit with Min. cost
Social sustainability It's applied in my project in many ways 1- Locals interacting with the project. Kids for developing their skills and intrducing modern technology for them in educational ways. As for adults, making awarness sessions for them with the updated technologies and innovations invented in the project. 2- The forum is for interaction between both locals and researcher for exchanging ideas that will improve their work in both sides.
Kids interaction
Adults awarness
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Chapter X | Table of Figures
Chapter X: Table of Figures Chapter I • Figure I.1 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.2 | Slideplayer.com. (2018). The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide - ppt video online download. [online] Available at: https://slideplayer.com/slide/6073650/ • Figure I.1.1 | Sawe, B. (2018). Abu Simbel Temples - Historic Sites of Egypt. [online] WorldAtlas. Available at: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/abu-simbel-temples-historic-sites-of-egypt.html • Figure I.1.2 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.3 | Crabben, J. (2018). Map of the New Kingdom of Egypt, 1450 BCE. [online] Ancient History Encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.ancient.eu/image/538/map-of-the-new-kingdom-ofegypt-1450-bce/ • Figure I.1.4 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.5 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.6| Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.1.7 | Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Figure I.2.1 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com. Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.2 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com. Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.3 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com. Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.4 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com. Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.5 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com. Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.6 | Bashari, R. (2014). 100 years of Nubian Misery. [online] Abnelnuba.blogspot.com. Available at: http://abnelnuba.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post_12.html • Figure I.2.7 | Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321462543_ Nubian_Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_settings • Figure I.2.8 | Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321462543_ Nubian_Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_settings
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• Figure I.2.9 | Projectunsettled.com. (2018). UNSETTLED | Histories of Nubian Displacement. [online] Available at: http://projectunsettled.com/puresettlementshistory.html • Figure I.2.10 | Salem, M. (2010). Change detection studies on the world’s biggest artificial lake (Lake Nasser, Egypt). [ebook] Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science. Available at: https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/257498502_Change_detection_studies_on_the_world%27s_ biggest_artificial_lake_Lake_Nasser_Egypt • Figure I.4.1 | Projectunsettled.com. (2018). UNSETTLED | Histories of Nubian Displacement. [online] Available at: http://projectunsettled.com/puresettlementshistory.html
Chapter II • Figure II.1.1 | Eneiba land use map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.2 | Eneiba land use percentage, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.3 | Eneiba building height map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.4 | Eneiba building height percentage, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.5 | Eneiba building conditions map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.6 | Eneiba building conditions percentage, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.7 | Eneiba urban fabric map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.8 | Eneiba urban pattern map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.1.9 | Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/321462543_Nubian_Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_ settings • Figure II.1.10 | Eneiba solid & void map, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors (2018), Urban analysis • Figure II.2.1 | Aswan wind frequency. Data source (Ecotect analysis, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2018) • Figure II.2.2 | Aswan wind temperature. Data source (Ecotect analysis, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2018) • Figure II.2.3 | Aswan average relative humidity. Data source (Ecotect analysis, 2017) illustrated by (Authors, 2018) • Figure II.2.4 | Holiday-weather.com. (2018). Aswan, Egypt Average Annual Weather - Holiday Weather. [online] Available at: https://www.holiday-weather.com/aswan/averages/ • Figure II.2.5 | Holiday-weather.com. (2018). Aswan, Egypt Average Annual Weather - Holiday Weather. [online] Available at: https://www.holiday-weather.com/aswan/averages/ • Figure II.3.1 | Eneiba buildings elevation, illustrated by (Authors, 2018), Authors 2018, Urban analysis • Figure II.5.1 | Farmlandgrab.org. (2018). farmlandgrab.org |. [online] Available at: https://www. farmlandgrab.org/cat/show/26 • Figure II.5.2 | 2albak.com. (2018). 2albak.com |. [online] Available at: http://www.2albak.com/wpcontent/uploads/bigstock-Hookah-60007451.jpg The Forgotten Nubia | 206
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Chapter VI • Figure VI.1.1 to figure VI.1.20 | Divisare.com. (2007). Behnisch Architekten Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. [online] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/16701research • Figure VI.2.1 to figure VI.2.16 | Archdaily.com. (2017). Design Strategy & Research Center / THE_ SYSTEM LAB. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/870370/design-strategy-and-researchcenter-the-system-lab • Figure VI.3.1 to figure VI.3.20 | Archdaily.com. (2012). Spanish-Portuguese Agricultural Research Center (CIALE) / Canvas Arquitectos. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/226090/cialevicente-nunez-arquitectos • Figure VI.4.1 to figure VI.4.17 | Archdaily.com. (2015). Research Center ICTA-ICP · UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/636587/research-center-icta-icp-uab-harquitectes-dataae • Figure VI.4.18 | Architizer.com. (2015). Centre of Scientific Research ICTA-ICP. [online] Available at: https://architizer.com/projects/centre-of-scientific-research-icta-icp/ • Figure VI.5.1 to figure VI.4.18 | Archdaily.com. (2014). Arizona Western College Community Building And Science + Agriculture Center / Gould Evans. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily. com/577240/arizona-western-college-community-building-and-science-agriculture-center-gould-evans • Figure VI.6.1 to figure VI.4.17 | Repository.tudelft.nl. (2014).A High-Rise agricultural research facility in South Chicago. [online] Available at: https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A9f0a39e42f9d-48c8-aeb7-f16bf3408dda
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Chapter XI | Bibliography
Chapter XI: References Chapter I • Hopkins, N. And Mehanna, S. (2011). Nubian encounters. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. • Scudder, T. (2016). Aswan High Dam Resettlement of Egyptian Nubians. Springer Nature. • Fahim, H. (2009). Community-Health Aspects of Nubian Resettlement in Egypt. [ebook] Available at: http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/kas055_056-007.pdf • Serag, Y. (2013). Nubian Resettlement Challenges Between past memories and present settings. [ebook] Ain Shams University. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321462543_Nubian_ Resettlement_Challenges_Between_past_memories_and_present_settings • Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Nubia | ancient region, Africa. [online] Available at: https://www. britannica.com/place/Nubia • Crystalinks.com. (2018). Nubia, Kerma, Kush, Meroe, Black Pharaohs - Crystalinks. [online] Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/nubia.html • Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Aswan High Dam | dam, Egypt. [online] Available at: https://www. britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam • Projectunsettled.com. (2018). UNSETTLED | Histories of Nubian Displacement. [online] Available at: http://projectunsettled.com/puresettlementshistory.html
Chapter II • El-Sayed, H. (2018). General history about Nubia. Enieba: Social survey • Mahmoud, M. (2018). General history about Nubia and social analysis. Enieba: Social survey
Chapter V • Fhwa.dot.gov. (2018). 4. Physical Techniques to Reduce Noise Impacts - The Audible Landscape: A Manual for Highway Noise and Land Use - Federal Approach - Noise Compatible Planning - Noise - Environment - FHWA. [online] Available at: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/Environment/noise/noise_ compatible_planning/federal_approach/audible_landscape/al04.cfm • Ammar, S. (2015). Principles of Architectural and Environmental Design • Lemmens, C. and Luebkeman, C. (2016). The circular economy in the built environment. London • ArchDaily. (2017). Competition-Winning Paris Office Park Design to Reintroduce Play into the Workplace. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/882433/competition-winning-paris-office-park-designto-reintroduce-play-into-the-workplace • Ali, O. (2015). Nubian Vernacular architecture & contemporary Aswan buildings’ enhancement. sciencedirect, 57(2), pp.875-883 • Anon. (2007). flexibility in architecture. [online] Available at: https://thewaywelive.wordpress. com/2007/11/15/flexibility-in-architecture/ • ArchDaily. (2010). Colman Triplex / Workshop Architecture|Design. [online] Available at: https://www. archdaily.com/69500/colman-triplex-workshop-architecturedesign • Liston, D. (2004). Museum Security and Protection: A Handbook for Cultural Heritage Institutions. London: Routledge The Forgotten Nubia | 209
Chapter XI | Bibliography
Chapter VI • Archdaily.com. (2017). Design Strategy & Research Center / THE_SYSTEM LAB. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/870370/design-strategy-and-research-center-the-system-lab • Archdaily.com. (2015). Research Center ICTA-ICP · UAB / H Arquitectes + DATAAE. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/636587/research-center-icta-icp-uab-h-arquitectes-dataae • Divisare.com. (2007). Behnisch Architekten Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. [online] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/16701research • Archdaily.com. (2012). Spanish-Portuguese Agricultural Research Center (CIALE) / Canvas Arquitectos. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/226090/ciale-vicente-nunez-arquitectos • Archdaily.com. (2014). Arizona Western College Community Building And Science + Agriculture Center / Gould Evans. [online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/577240/arizona-western-collegecommunity-building-and-science-agriculture-center-gould-evans • Repository.tudelft.nl. (2014).A High-Rise agricultural research facility in South Chicago. [online] Available at: https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A9f0a39e4-2f9d-48c8-aeb7-f16bf3408dda
Chapter VII • Bates, B. (2013). Designing hostels: spaces promoting positive cultural interaction. 2013 • Barai, S., Hossain, S. and Reddy, M. Planning of the Hostel Complex • Mathew, P., jose, D., Rajan, D., K, J. and Varghese, T. (2015). Functional planning of an administrative building. [online]. Available from: international journal of engineering research & technology (IJERT) • Anon. (2000). Greenhouse Production and Management
Chapter VIII • Egypt 2030. (2011). Egypt 2030 - SDS Egypt 2030. [online] Available at: http://sdsegypt2030. com/?lang=en • AENews. (2015). Solar Power. [online] Available at: http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/ technology/solar-power/ • Oskam-vf.com. (2016). Compressed Earth Blocks Natural building material. [online] Available at: https:// www.oskam-vf.com/CEBS_living_building_material.html
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