Morphogenetic Agents | AADRL | Workshop 02

Design Research Lab

MORPHOGENETIC AGENTS Workshop ll | Term l | Phase l

Tutors Mostafa El Sayed | Aleksandar Bursac Team 2 Gizem Dogan | Stefan Manousof | Yara Manla | Yunpeng Chen January 2021

Design Research Lab

3

MORPHOGENETIC AGENTS Workshop ll | Term l | Phase l

Tutors Mostafa El Sayed | Aleksandar Bursac

Team 2 Gizem Dogan | Stefan Manousof | Yara Manla | Yunpeng Chen

January 2021

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : PREFACE

Chapter 2 : Defining Particle Behaviour

1.1 Morphogenetic Agents

09

1.2 Precedents

11

1.3 Logic Evolution

13

2.1 Functions

17

Chapter 3 : Particle Negotiations Within a Single Boundary

3.1 Single Boundary Studies

21

3.2 Intra-Population Attraction

25

3.3 Inter-Population Repulsion

29

5

Chapter 4 : Particle Negotiations Within Multiple Boundaries 4.1

Chapter 5 : Epilogue

Reaction Diffusion

35

4.2

Multi-Spherical Inter-Population Repulsion

39

4.3

Age-Driven Radius Growth

43

4.4

Age-Driven Radius Growth

47

4.5

Density-Driven Radius Growth

51

4.6

Population Increase

55

4.7

Force Field Decrease

59

4.8

Force Field Increase

63

4.9

Velocity Addition

67

4.10 Time-Based Parameter Alteration

71

4.11 Reversed Density-Driven Radius Growth

75

5.1 Conclusion

Chapter 6 : References 81

6.1 Image References

85

7

CHAPTER 1 : PREFACE

1.1 MORPHOGENETIC AGENTS WORKSHOP BRIEF The workshop’s main scope was the exploration of the concept of agency through the study of particles.

More specifically, how aspects like single component behaviours, relationships and environmental conditions act on entire systems and what roles these factors play during design processes.

WHAT IS AN AGENT? An agent is something that acts in and with the environment, is defined by specific attributes, receives information through its sensors, and interacts with the world.

PREFACE

9

1.2 PRECEDENTS ANDY LOMAS Mathematically morphogenetic forms created emergently by digital simulation of growth.

ATOMIC FORCES The electromagnetic force holds together the negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons.

PREFACE

MICROBIOLOGY A virus is an infectious agent that replicates inside the living cells of an organism.

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1.3 LOGIC EVOLUTION

CONCEPT The main design concept of the research revolves around the aggregation of certain types of particles and the negotiation of volumetric space and surface between them within specific geometric boundaries. These particles are defined by specific attributes properties, while the rules of aggregation and negotiation of space vary according to each experiment. The methodology of the workflow can be described in three simple steps. Firstly, specific particle behaviors and ways of control were studied and defined, which were later implemented into single boundary space negotiation experiments and lastly, these examples evolved to multiboundary environments.

PREFACE

Defining Particle Behaviour

Particle Negotiations Within a Single Boundary

Particle Negotiations Within Multiple Boundaries

13

15

CHAPTER 2 : DEFINING PARTICLE BEHAVIOUR Defining particle behavior and controlling parameters are vital for this research as they govern the rules of population growth and expansion, space negotiation and particle radii fluctuation.

2.1 FUNCTIONS EMISSION Particles are generated at a controlled rate.

ATTRACTION Can be applied between different populations or within members of a single particle group.

REPULSION Can be applied between different populations or within members of a single particle group.

DEFINING PARTICLE BEHAVIOUR

OFFSET Time based relocation of particles in space that leave a controled number of particles in the previous position.

INHERIT These new offset sets of particles can inherit numerous attributes, like position, size, color etc.

RESOLUTION The radii of particles are related to their individual proximity to others.

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19

CHAPTER 3 : PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN A SINGLE BOUNDARY The particle behaviour studies were carried on with an investigation of particle aggregation and occupancy of space and surface within a single spherical volume.

CONCEPT The initial experiments revolved around space occupancy behavior of single and double populations, as well as intra-population relationships when rules like self attraction were enforced.

OUTCOME The single population experiment provided limited options, therefore double populations allowed for more meaningful fields of experimentation.

21

3.1 SINGLE BOUNDARY STUDIES

3.1 SINGLE BOUNDARY STUDIES ONE PRIMARY POPULATION

TWO PRIMARY POPULATIONS

INTRA-POPULATION ATTRACTION

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN A SINGLE BOUNDARY

23

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN A SINGLE BOUNDARY

3.2 INTRA-POPULATION ATTRACTION

25

3.2 INTRA-POPULATION ATTRACTION LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Intra-Population Attraction

Intrapopulation relationships played a significant role within the course of this workflow. In this early example, two different groups of particles, white and grey, are emitted steadily from the center. Once they encounter the boundary sphere, they are transformed to blue and red respectively, and they seek and attract their own kind. The initial particles, white and grey, are merely generators of the blue and red which are eventually the evaluated particles.

OUTCOME Attraction is significant for the growth and movement of particles and is only prevented by the physical body of other particles or the boundary. After studying the result, the lack of hierarchy and differentiation proved to be inadequate. Both populations have identical behavior so the decision moving forward was to introduce interpopulation hierarchy.

Emitter Attributes:

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN A SINGLE BOUNDARY

Emitter Attributes:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

Em itte r

Emitter Attributes:

Per-Particle Attributes:

VALUES Att rib ute s

:

Per-Particle Attributes:

Pe

PER-PARTICLEr-PATTRIBUTES a rtic

le Att rib u Per-Particle Attributes: tes

:

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: En vir

on me

nta l

Att rib ute s

:

Environmental Attributes:

Environmental Attributes:

Radius Mass

0.05 1

0.05 1

Max Count Radius Radius Scale Input Max Stickiness Friction Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

∞ 0.13 12 0.7 0.1 Worldspace 0 5 1

∞ 0.13 1 0.7 0.1 Worldspace 0 5 1

27

29

3.3 INTER-POPULATION REPULSION

3.3 INTER-POPULATION REPULSION LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Inter-Population Repulsion

Interpopulation relationships were studied in an equal and thorough manner. The particles are generated the same way as in the previous example, the red particles once again seek and attract their own kind, but the blue have a more dominant presence repelling everything; red and blue alike. This results in the blue being the dictators of space creating strong repelling force fields around them. Although the red form bigger population groups, the space left for them to populate is dependent on the position of the blues.

OUTCOME Introducing hierarchy between populations was found successful but the lack of density is noticable. Therefore, the hierarchy was carried forward in addition to the introduction of complexity through further investigations.

Emitter Attributes:

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN A SINGLE BOUNDARY

Emitter Attributes:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

Em itte r

Emitter Attributes:

Per-Particle Attributes:

VALUES Att rib ute s

:

Per-Particle Attributes:

Pe

PER-PARTICLEr-PATTRIBUTES a rtic

le Att rib u Per-Particle Attributes: tes

:

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: En vir

on me

nta l

Att rib ute s

:

Environmental Attributes:

Environmental Attributes:

Max Count Emitter Radius Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

40 20 0.18 2.5 Worldspace 4 -4 0.6

-1 80 0.13 1 Worldspace 0 5 1

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33

CHAPTER 4 : PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES The next step was to introduce a notion of scale to the project by implementing growing concentric multi-spherical boundaries, in which the particles migrate in a time-based process.

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4.1 REACTION DIFFUSION

4.1 REACTION DIFFUSION LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Spatial Negotiation

SECTIONS Half Section

3. Offset

Similarly to the single sphere examples and inspired by reaction-diffusion systems, the first multi-sphere experiment generates two sets of particles which both attract their own kind and repel the other. This behaviour offsets, or in other words copies, to the outer spheres over time. By applying this process, distinct groups are formed which migrate to the outer boundaries in a controlled way.

OUTCOME Quadrant Section

For the multi-sphere examples, the section as a evaluation tool was introduced, this way the multi-crust effect and relations were visible, as well as the ratio of positive to negative space. This evaluation was based on one population, in order to study the negative spaces.

The hierarchy between the populations is not prominent, therefore in the next step the inter-population behaviour is controlled by one group.

Emitter Attributes:

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Max Count Radius Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

1000 0.18 2.5 Thickness Relative 5 20 8

500 0.13 1 Thickness Relative 5 20 4

Radius Radius Scale Input Max

0.4 9

0.8 1

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES

Offset + Emit

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes:

Offset + Emit

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39

4.2 MULTI-SPHERICAL INTER-POPULATION REPULSION

4.2 MULTI-SPHERICAL INTER-POPULATION REPULSION LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Offset

3. Spatial Negotiation

Another already explored idea from the single sphere explorations, the concept of one group of particles dominating the other is being transferred to the multi-dimensional environment. Initially, white and grey particles are emitted from the center moving outward. These groups are copied on a time-based logic and leave behind blue and red particles, where the red attract each other and the blue have a strong repelling field around them.

OUTCOME SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

The dominant blue particles dictate the space negotiations, therefore the red seek available uninhabited space while turning yellow over time. An observation that can be extruded from the section is the gradual decay of density, as the particles move to the outer layers.

As both populations are transferred to multiple crusts, a semitransparent multi-layer sphere is generated. Since the desired level of density between layers was not fully achieved, the next step introduced continuous particle emission and radius growth.

Emitter Attributes:

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Max Count

70

700

Radius Radius Scale Input Max Friction

0.45 1 0.02

0.2 3.371 100

Stickiness Conserve

0.7 0.3

1 0.8

Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

2.5 Worldspace 4 -5 2

1 None -

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes:

Offset + Emit

Acceleration

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4.3 AGE DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH

4.3 AGE DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Inter-Population Attraction

3. Offset

Age driven radius growth is the next concept introduced to the project. In the beginning only blue particles were generated, which in turn emit red ones. The blue group attracts the red particles, while repelling its own kind.

This logic is then offset over time to the outer spheres.

OUTCOME SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

The blue particles generate the red ones which grow over time as they age. Since the emission of particles is constant and continuous, density is no longer dependent on the initial particle generation. By doing this, the desired density was achieved. Due to the inter-population attraction the resolution of newly generated particles is not very evident.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Max Count Radius Radius Scale Input Max Stickiness Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

Pe

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

Offset + Emit

Offset + Emit

En vir

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

Inherit

100 0.6 1 2 5 Worldspace -5 -10 2

0.3 2 1 1 None -

45

47

4.4 AGE DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH

4.4 AGE DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Inter-Population Repulsion

3. Offset

The same age driven growth logic was also implemented similar to example 4.2. In this case, the blue produce red particles and the inter-population repulsion also is applied. 0n a time basis, the system copies to the new layer. The blue particles generate the red which grow over time as they age.

OUTCOME SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

Compared to the previous example, the negative spatial footprint of the blue particles is more evident. The desired density was achieved, and particle resolution was introduced. But managing the particle radius with a time-based parameter provided limited agency.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Radius Radius Scale Input Max Stickiness Conserve Drag Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

Pe

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

Offset + Emit

En vir

Offset + Emit

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

Inherit

:

0.9 1 1 1 0 10 Thickness Relative 10 -10 4

0.25 5 0 0 2 0.001 None -

49

51

4.5 DENSITY DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH

4.5 DENSITY DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

4. Offset

Density driven radius growth was introduced to achieve more resolution. The logic is similar to the previous example with the added factor of density defined radius growth. The red particle radii are completely related to their direct proximity to other particles. As the scene populates, the red particles adjust their size depending on the density of the area they are in. So as their neighborhood becomes denser, they grow bigger and darker and vice versa.

OUTCOME

SECTIONS Half Section

3. Density Driven Growth

Quadrant Section

The density driven radius growth managed to introduce resolution fluctuation. So the evaluation of this example could be considered successful due to the achieved resolution, but the population could be increased in order to observe the effect on the density.

Additionally, since this example could be considered relatively successful the focus of the following work was to underline the importance of individual properties, thus this example acts as a base for the remaining explorations, as most properties remain unchanged and only specific ones are altered.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Stickiness Self Collide Itarations Conserve Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance Radius Growth

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES Pe

En vir

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

Neighborhood

25 p/s 25 0.5 0 8 1 10 Worldspace 8 -5 5

30 p/s ∞ 0.2 0.5 40 0 0.001 None -

53

55

4.6 POPULATION INCREASE

4.6 POPULATION INCREASE LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Density Driven Growth

4. Offset

Density has been a concern from an early stage, thus illustrating the effect of a major population increase would indicate the outcome of such change on the entire system.

OUTCOME

SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

The increase in population caused higher levels of densities, therefore affecting the fluctuation of resolution.

Predictably, areas with low density and high resolution have become scarcer, moreover, any cavities created are more distinguishable.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Stickiness Self Collide Itarations Conserve Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance Radius Growth

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES Pe

En vir

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

Neighborhood

25 p/s 25 0.5 0 8 1 10 Worldspace 8 -5 5

45 p/s ∞ 0.2 0.5 40 0 0.001 None -

57

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4.7 FORCE FIELD DECREASE

4.7 FORCE FIELD DECRESE LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Density Driven Growth

4. Offset

The blue particles repulsion field dictates the available space in which the red particles can negotiate. By alternating the radius of the repulsion zone, the effects on the system’s density and resolution can be visible.

OUTCOME The decrease in the blue particles’ repulsion field grants more available aggregation space for the red, thus decreasing the density levels.

SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Stickiness Self Collide Itarations Conserve Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance Radius Growth

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES Pe

En vir

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

Neighborhood

25 p/s 25 0.5 0 8 1 10 Worldspace 2.5 -5 5

30 p/s ∞ 0.2 0.5 40 0 0.001 None -

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63

4.8 FORCE FIELD INCREASE

4.8 FORCE FIELD INCREASE LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Density Driven Growth

4. Offset

Contrary to the previous example, the effect of an increase to the repelling force field radius was tested in this study.

OUTCOME

SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

By increasing the blue particle repulsion zone, the available negotiation space for the red decreases.

Compared to example 4.5 the difference on the inner layers is not noticeable, due to the by default limited space of the inner spheres. However, this effect becomes stronger as the outer crusts begin to populate, where bigger clusters and voids are created.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Stickiness Self Collide Itarations Conserve Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance Radius Growth

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES Pe

En vir

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

Neighborhood

25 p/s 25 0.5 0 8 1 10 Worldspace 7.5 -5 5

30 p/s ∞ 0.2 0.5 40 0 0.001 None -

65

67

4.9 VELOCITY ADDITION

4.9 VELOCITY ADDITION LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Density Driven Growth

4. Offset

Challenging the relatively static nature of the project has been another consideration, by applying velocity attributes to the blue particles, more dynamic environments would be possible to emerge.

OUTCOME As blue particles are the generators of the red particles, adding motion to them created a more vibrant system and provided deeper variety between layers.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Self Collide Itarations Conserve Drag

30 p/s 30 0.5 4 1 0

∞ ∞ 0.3 100 0 2

Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

10 Thickness Relative 5 -5 5

0.001 Thickness Relative 0 3 6

Pe

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

Velocity

En vir

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

69

71

4.10 TIME-BASED PARAMETER ALTERATION

4.10 TIME-BASED PARAMETER ALTERATION LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Density Driven Growth

4. Offset

The introduction of motion provided intriguing results, but the unchanging behaviour of the red particles provided limited enhancement to the system. Following the previous dynamic system, the step forward aimed to generate an initially stiff system that developed into a flexible sequel.

OUTCOME SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

By manipulating the parameters of stickiness and bounciness within the red population over time, the behavioural nature is initiated to be rigid in the central crust that becomes more fluid as the system expands.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Stickiness

25 p/s 25 0.5 0

Bounce

0

Self Collide Itarations Conserve Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance Velocity

8 1 10 Worldspace 8 -5 5

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES Pe

En vir

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

Stickiness

Bounce

30 p/s ∞ 0.2 Frame 1 = 1.5 Frame 199 = 0 Frame 1 = 0 Frame 199 = 1.5 40 0 0.001 None -

73

75

4.11 REVERSED DENSITY DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH

4.11 REVERSED DENSITY DRIVEN RADIUS GROWTH LOGIC 1. Initial Emission

CONCEPT 2. Secondary Emission

3. Density Driven Shrinking

4. Offset

Contrary to all previous density driven radius growth experiments, a step was taken towards applying a reverse effect in which particles decrease in size as their proximity to others increases and vice versa.

OUTCOME

SECTIONS Half Section

Quadrant Section

The reversed growth logic resulted in density and resolution becoming proportionate to each other, so they both increase and decrease in value similarly.

Furthermore, an eradication of the limits of each crust is achieved, resulting to a homogenous outcome.

Emitter Attributes:

Em itte r

PARTICLE NEGOTIATIONS WITHIN MULTIPLE BOUNDARIES Att rib ute s

:

EMITTER ATTRIBUTES

VALUES

Per-Particle Attributes:

Emitter Max Count Radius Stickiness Self Collide Itarations Conserve Mass Force Field Generation Force Field Magnitude Self Attraction Point Field Distance

Pe

r-P

a rt icle

Att rib ute s

PER-PARTICLE ATTRIBUTES :

25 p/s 25 0.5 0 8 1 10 Worldspace 8 -5 5

Radius Growth

En vir

on me

ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES Environmental Attributes: nta l

Att rib ute s

Neighbourhood

: 1.5

55 p/s ∞ 0.2 0.5 40 0 0.001 None -

77

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CHAPTER 5 : EPILOGUE

5.1 EPILOGUE

EPILOGUE

CONCLUSIONS The concept of agency plays a prominent role in both natural and man-made systems. In its natural state it is considered a bottom-up approach, but when translated into a designing environment it incorporates both top-down and bottom-up processes. Subsequently, the methodology of this workshop could be described as a dynamic, shifting relationship of the aforementioned procedures. In other words, all aspects were developed and evaluated from both points of views.

In most cases, the main challenge was the enforcement of control which required a deep comprehension of the parameters and their effect on the system. Distinguishing these properties and testing them in simple environments, provided the foundation in which all future examples were explored on. Once this knowledge was acquired, many of the outcomes were relatively predictable.

However, after a certain level of complexity, the effects of some of these properties became less noticeable. So, an evaluation method during the later stages was the alteration of certain parameters within a system, like population number or repulsion zone radii, which generated illustrations of the results within the specific complex environment.

On rare occasions, examples of unpredictable outcomes would occur. While the logic and rules could be defined easily, the results were difficult to imagine without simulations. This aspect was especially highlighted in example 4.11 and elevated the artistic nature of some of the experiments. It proved that not all results needed to be controlled and predicted to provide pleasing outcomes.

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CHAPTER 6 : REFERENCES

6.1 REFERENCES IMAGE REFERENCES Andy Lomas, Cellular Froms, 2014, Pinterest, (https://tr.pinterest. com/pin/514395588679118605/ ) Andy Lomas, Morphogenetic Creations, 2019, Andy Lomas Official Website (https://andylomas.com/ ) European Commission, Creative Europe Programme, Corona Virus: Consequences for Creative Europe programme and related activities, March 2020, ( https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/ content/corona-virus-consequences-creative-europe-programmeand-related-activities_fr ) Softology, 3D History Dependent Cellular Automata, 2018, Softology Blog (https://softologyblog.wordpress.com/2018/02/05/historydependant-cellular-automata/ ) The Great Courses Daily, The Basic Structure of the Atom, December22, 2016 (https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/basicstructure-atom/ )

REFERENCES

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Design Research Lab