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D E S IG N THE NEW ATKINSON CENTER NET-ZERO ACADEMIC BUILDING .............................................................................................................................................................
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NGURAH RAI AIRPORT STRUCTURAL MODEL ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
CAMBRIDGE PUBLIC LIBRARY THE PUBLIC STAIRCASE .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
ITHACA EARLY AVIATION MUSEUM MONOLITHS AND FLOATING FINS ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
HANGING PAVILION VARIATION WITHIN SEQUENCE ................................................................................................................................................................. 14
ITHACA AQUATIC CENTER THE CITY, RIVER, AND THE BRIDGE ........................................................................................................................................................ 18
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R E S EARCH RESIDENTIAL DAYLIGHT SCORE 22
................................................................. BUILDING SIMULATION 2017 | LIGHTING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2018, 2020
QUANTIFYING DAYLIGHT LOSS 24
........................................................................................................................................................ NEW CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY
CRITICAL REVIEW OF DAYLIGHTING METRICS 25
......................................................................................................................................... LIGHTING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY 2018
DIRECT LIGHT & OVERHEATING 26
....................................................................................................................................................................... BUILDING SIMULATION 2019
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THE NEW ATKINSON CENTER NET-ZERO CAMPUS ACADEMIC BUILDING Prof.s Timur Dogan, Caroline O’Donnell Spring 2019
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At the point where Cornell University’s Central Campus meets the wilderness of its Botanical Gardens, the project pushes itself down underground, leaving nothing but a subtle landscape above. Like massive fingers, the project drives itself into the slope, opening up to the Botanical Gardens to the north through what resemble viewing ports. Because they are north-oriented, the interior spaces are guaranteed a gentle influx of diffuse light throughout the day and the year. And because the spaces are embedded
into the ground, which acts a “temperature reservoir” that increases the thermal inertia of the building mass, heating and cooling energy costs are decreased during colder and warmer months respectively. A field of walkable photovoltaic panels populates the landscaped world above, producing sufficient energy to heat, cool, and light the office, public, classroom, and laboratory spaces underneath. The project, in the end, is indeed self-sufficient and net-zero.
(Top Left and Right) Sectional sketch and sketch model (Middle Left and Right) Planar sketch and sketch model (Bottom Left and Right) Model of shear walls in landscape
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Above-ground and below-ground levels
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Solar Yield (kWh/m2/a): 0
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(Right) A total of 3,790m 2 of photovoltaic panels on the ground level is predicted to produce 870,000 kWh of energy per year. (Far Right) Daylight supply analysis: % Well-lit hours among all occupied hours (Bottom) Longitudinal section, looking North.
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(Left) Main public hall, facing North. (Right) View from Tower Rd.
Total Energy Usage, per parameter change: South-facing massing North-facing massing + Underground halls + Better insulation + Continuous dimming
(Top) Section through laboratory, looking West.
+ H/C Threshold 1°C Change 0
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(Left) Total energy consumption per year, which decreases as a function of each parameter change listed on the far left. The final energy consumption estimate meets the total photovoltaic production on-site: the building is net-zero.
NGURAH RAI AIRPORT STRUCTURAL MODEL With Gordon Yoo (Cornell B.Arch ‘20) Prof. Mark Cruvellier | Fall 2016
As a public space for parting and meeting, the Ngurah Rai Airport in Bali, Indonesia requires open, airy spaces for flexible uses. To minimize spatial and visual obstructions created by columns, its roof employs a modular system of trusses that creates an “undulating” effect. This detailed structural model captures the essence of the terminal structure with hundreds of bent steel tubes
soldered together and a stepping groundscape, a creative addition to the actual site. A set of eight bumps formed by curved steel beams intersect with one other and undulate at different heights to create the distinct, wavy roof surface which, while being repetitive and modular, also embodies the dynamic atmosphere of the island of Bali. (Medium: Steel, Whitewood)
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CAMBRIDGE PUBLIC LIBRARY THE PUBLIC STAIRCASE
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Prof. Vincent Mulcahy | Spring 2018 Situated on a trapezoidal site between the historic Harvard Lampoon building and the Church of St. Paul, the new Cambridge Public Library boasts a grandiose, welllit staircase as a reading platform. Safeguarded against
the sun behind a massive masonry wall are its collection of books, accompanied by dimly-lit, narrow corridors from which users may come back out into the sun-filled, ascending atrium.
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(Top Left) Sample plans: Levels 2 and 4 (Top Right) “Canopy view” - view of staircase from the top floor (Bottom Left) Axonometric: Harvard Lampoon to the bottom, St. Paul to the top (Bottom Right) Sectional perspective, looking North
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ITHACA EARLY AVIATION MUSEUM MONOLITHS AND FLOATING FINS
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Prof. Rychiee Espinosa | Spring 2017 The riverside terrain is sliced by two linear monolithic walls, holding between them an excavated exhibition space. One enters through a ceremonial staircase and exits through an elongated ramp. Hovering over this spacious hall is a
series of hanging “fins” which diffuse daylight entering the space to create a soft, even tone of light in the flexible, multipurpose interior. A number of early aircrafts are scattered throughout this linear procession.
(Top) Longitudinal section (Left) Plan, main level
Hanging “fins” diffuse daylight into the interior.
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HANGING PAVILION VARIATION WITHIN SEQUENCE Prof.s Jim Williamson, Lorena Del Rio T.A. Andrew Fu | Fall 2015
Based on the linear, rhythmic repetition of the harvest mouse’s perforation of grass, five modules with two “jaws” each slide along a steel track. The jaws, connected to the bottom of the modules by elastic bands, snap down when the levers behind are pushed down. This instrumental function informs the form of first an imaginary site and then a cliffside pavilion, whose rhythmic descent is dictated by sets of modular elements that begin to vary in number and frequency in relation to one another: the excavations in the cliff, the columns, the hanging canopies, the railings, and even the promenade floor.
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(Above) Plan of the instrument in motion
(Above) A “marriage” between the instrument and a conceptual ”landscape,” imagined to be created by the movement of the instrument’s jaws.
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Side elevation of the cliffside pavilion, inspired by the movement of the instrument.
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Front view of the pavilion.
(Above Left) Frontal elevation (Above Right) Descending promenade, held up by “cables” (Right) A Hierarchy of elements: Cliff excavations, columns, canopies, railings, and floor elements.
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ITHACA AQUATIC CENTER THE CITY, RIVER, AND THE BRIDGE Prof. Andrea Simitch | Fall 2016
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To re-stitche the separated city- and river-realms, a cityside mass to the north, a river-side mass to the south, and a transitional bridge are proposed. The northern aquatic center becomes a part of an urban wall and faces the front courtyard. Meanwhile, the southern cultural center is built on top of an existing riverside wall and becomes a bastion against the waters, meeting the height of a steep cliff on the other side of the river.
The dim “underworld” is clad with dark quartzite slabs that conjure up the imagery of sedimentary bedrock on the riverbeds. The pool complex can be found on this level, with the bright southern sunlight washing into the dark halls and creating a contrast of warmth against the cold masonry. Meanwhile, the “aboveworld” is brightly lit and airy, inviting passersby from the Street and enchanting them to the view of the river.
Plan, mezzanine level
Plan, lower level
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(Above) Pools (Far Left) North entrance promenade. (Left) Exhibition bridge
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(Top Right) Transverse section through the north side (Right) Transverse section through the bridge (Bottom) Longitudinal section
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RESIDENTIAL DAYLIGHT SCORE Current climate-based daylighting metrics have limited applicability for residential use cases and fail to highlight relevant aspects of natural light in residential spaces. A new climate-based, annual evaluation framework called the Residential Daylight Score (RDS) is proposed to quantify both daylight supply and access to direct light in 12 diurnal and seasonal bins for temperate and cold climates. Spatial maps, as well as apartment scores, can be computed. A rigorous testing of the RDS on 2,444 apartments from a set of 18 multifamily buildings from temperate and cold regions around the world highlights the usefulness and sensitivity of the introduced framework over existing daylighting metrics. Published as: •
“A New Framework for Residential Daylight Performance Evaluation” | Building Simulation 2017 | With Timur Dogan, PhD
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“A critical review of daylighting metrics for residential architecture and a new metric for cold and temperate climates” | Lighting Research & Technology, January 2018 | With Timur Dogan, PhD
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“Testing the Residential Daylight Score: Comparing climate-based daylighting metrics for 2444 individual dwelling units” | Lighting Research & Technology, accepted for publication | With Timur Dogan, PhD
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(Top) A comparison of residential daylight autonomy performance during summer versus winter (Left) The Residential Daylight Score workflow
Application of the Residential Daylight Score on different residential multifamily buildings, with a scorecard of best and worst performing apartments for each building.
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QUANTIFYING DAYLIGHT LOSS NEW CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY A new housing development in South Korea that significantly obstructs daylight for an existing project will likely result in a lawsuit for monetary compensation. This case study determines when and to what degree each existing apartment is losing daylight, to entitle each family to a fair amount of monetary restitution.
(Right) Daylighting analysis of apartments before new construction: Residential Daylight Score shown at the top, followed by percentage of well-daylight floor area and hours of direct light over the seasons and time of day.
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International VELUX Competition 2018
Residential Daylight Score: 14
“Winter”
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Criteria II: Hours of Direct Light per Day
The above two criteria are then condensed into a single Residential Daylight Score for each apartment, out of 24 points based on diurnal and seasonal timeframes. It is suggested that each apartment unit be compensated proportionately to how much of a decrease in the score it saw after the new construction. Submitted to:
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“Winter”
Criteria I: Well-Daylit Floor Area
The first criteria evaluates the amount of floor area within each apartment that receives sufficient daylight over the seasons and times of the day. Notable to significant losses in lower and mid-lower apartments are observed during mornings and evenings in all seasons. The second criteria evaluates how many daily hours of direct light each apartment is receiving over the same timebins. Unlike previous expectations, the new development severely hinders direct light access only during winter mornings.
Residential Daylight Score: 14
(Far right) Same analysis of apartments after new construction, located to the front.
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CRITICAL REVIEW OF DAYLIGHTING METRICS FOR RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE Residential architecture constitutes one of the largest market segments in the construction sector. However, the attention that it is given in the field of daylight performance simulation is surprisingly low. Are existing daylighting metrics, then, well-suited for residential design? Findings from 79 references are summarized, and a critical review of current climatebased daylighting metrics in the context of residential architecture is provided. It is found that existing workflows often overlook relevant aspects of daylight in residential spaces, such as diurnal and seasonal availability of daylight and access to direct sunlight. The annual, accumulative nature of current metrics fails to highlight these valuable details. Published as: •
“A critical review of daylighting metrics for residential architecture and a new metric for cold and temperate climates” | Lighting Research & Technology, January 2019 | With Timur Dogan, PhD
(Top left) A comparison of common daylighting metrics, including both supply-based and oversupply-based analyses. (Left) Daylight autonomy analysis: a breakdown over 12 seasonal and diurnal timebins. All such temporal fluctuations are “lost” when data is presented in an annual, accumulative manner.
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DIRECT LIGHT & OVERHEATING IN RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
Access to direct light is often considered a desirable quality in residential architecture. While direct light is a valuable asset for occupant physical and physiological wellbeing and beneficial for both daylighting and passive heating, it can also significantly increase cooling loads. Due to the lack of research that correlates direct light with its thermal contributions, residential daylight evaluation remains difficult in arid, hot, and humid climates, in which the effect of direct light is the largest. The authors juxtapose access to direct light with thermal and daylighting contributions across 14 climate zones over different window-to-wall ratios, construction types, and shading conditions for a total of 448 different scenarios. The impact of direct light on daylight performance, heating loads, cooling loads, and artificial light loads over these scenarios are analyzed. The authors then propose a climate-based schema that considers the thermal implications of daylight in residential architecture to adapt the Residential Daylight Score for use in warmer climates. Published as: •
“Adapting the Residential Daylight Score for Arid, Hot, and Humid Climates” | Building Simulation 2019 | With Timur Dogan, PhD
(Top) Summary workflow of scenario combination logic and analysis results. (Above) A benefit vs. harm analysis of direct light for an apartment in a Warm-Humid climate.
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Visual summary of the impact of direct light on daylight performance, heating loads, cooling loads (no natural ventilation assumed), and electric light loads across different climates and window-to-wall ratios.
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DA N I E L PA R K Cornell University AAP | B.Arch ‘20 Rawlings Presidential Research Scholar y c p 4 @ c o r n e l l . e d u | ( 4 4 3 ) 8 3 8 - 73 1 1
