MOTAINAI もったいない
ABPL 90114 TRAVELING STUDIO BRAZIL
YEE ANN EAN, TAN
CONTENTS 1.0
Code for sustainable homes
2.0
Hot2000
15
3.0
Strategies for zero energy homes
23
4.0
Traveling research and ZEMEC workshop
29
5.0
Site analysis
45
6.0
Design concept
61
7.0
Rationale for study
65
8.0
Objectives/ Research methods
71
9.0
Research
75
7
10.0 Design goals/ rules
115
11.0 Housing prototypes
137
12.0 Mass customisation
163
13.0 Demonstration of house development
183
14.0 Conclusion
193
15.0 References
198
16.0 Bonus Instagram photos
204
1.0 CODE FOR SUSTAINABLE HOMES WEEK 1-2
CODE FOR SUSTAINABLE HOMES
The code for sustainable homes is an assessment guideline to assess the house and its energy efficiency. This guide is a tool that was utilized and studied in the first few weeks of the course. These 9 categories are factors that are considered through the course.
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CATEGORY 1: Energy and CO2 Emissions Dwelling Emission Rate
External Lighting
Fabric Energy Efficiency
Low and Zero Carbon Technologies
Energy Display Devices Drying Space Energy Labelled White Goods
Cycle Storage Home Office
CATEGORY 2: Water Indoor Water Use External Water Use
CATEGORY 3: Materials Environmental Impact of Materials Responsible Sourcing of Materials – Basic Building Elements Responsible Sourcing of Materials – Finishing Elements
CATEGORY 4: Surface Water Run-off Management of Surface Water Run-off from Developments Flood Risk
CATEGORY 5 : Waste Storage of Non-recyclable Waste and Recyclable Household Waste Construction Site Waste Management Composting 11
CATEGORY 6: Pollution Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Insulants NOx Emissions
CATEGORY 7 : Health & Wellbeing Daylighting 192 Sound Insulation 199 Private Space 204 Lifetime Homes 208
CATEGORY 8: Management Home User Guide 213 Considerate Constructors Scheme 219 Construction Site Impacts 224 Security 231
CATEGORY 8: Ecology Ecological Value of Site Ecological Enhancement Protection of Ecological Features Change in Ecological Value of Site Building Footprint 12
2.0 HOT2000 WEEK 1-2
HOT2000 Test Results
Net Electrical load 3154.84 --> 379.41 (87%) Fan operations 163--> 186.7 (14.5%) Annual energy consumption 7202.63 -->390.30kW/h (94%) ` Estimated fuel consumption 1380.1-->893.59 (35%)
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BASE HOUSE VS PROPOSED HOUSE ((ENVELOP) Base house:
Proposed House:
Poor insulation
Ceiling
Ceiling: R value (0.3)
Blown mineral fiber RSI 9.0
Poor insulation
Polyurethane foam 76mm
Walls: R value (0.28)
Interior gypsum and RSI 1.4
Solid wall 75mm concrete
Walls R value (4.47)
No insulation and framing
Polyurethane foam
Interior 12mm gypsum board
51 mm polyurethane foam Plywood sheathing Gypsum and insulation (interior) Mortar (exterior)
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BASE HOUSE VS PROPOSED HOUSE ((WINDOWS) Poor insulation
Glazing: R value (0.40)
Glazing: R value (0.18)
Double glazed Aluminum frame with thermal break with 13mm air (RSI= 0.42)
Single Glazing Clear Wooden frame.
(Capral 100mm 419 Flushline windows with low-e coating) Thermally broken aluminum frame (Yields 2.3W/m2K, 0.28 SHGC, 0.47 VLT, and 0.09 air infiltration) Triple glazing is only 30% more effective than double glazing, but 50% more expensive. Single glazing is 25% cheaper, but costs up to 50% more energy for air conditioning. (H/C)
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BASE HOUSE VS PROPOSED HOUSE ((SLAB) Slab: Uninsulated (0.0)
Slab: Insulated (2.09) 89mm polyurethane foam Wood finishing
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3.0 STRATEGY FOR ZERO ENERGY HOMES WEEK 2-3
STRATEGY FOR ZERO ENERGY HOME 1. Improving building envelop a. Insulation b. Ceiling c. Windows d. Walls e. Slab/foundation 2. Utilizing Passive design a. Cross vent b. Shading devices 3. Utilizing Active designs a. PV cells (offset operational energy) b. Solar hot water c. Ground source heat pump d. Water collection system (offset water usage) e. Air condition with economizer control (reduces energy requirements) 4. Selecting energy efficient appliances. a. With A energy efficient ratings
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STRATEGY FOR ZERO ENERGY HOME 1. Considering the climate Maritime temperate climate 2. Consider the material’s embodied energy and availability. 3. Balancing between cost and efficiency of the components. 4. Balancing between systems Cross ventilation (air tightness) vs Heat transfer
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KEY NOTES IN CLASS Cost quality Time location Goal to reduce heating lighting hot water using passive designs 1. Orientation 2. Configuration 3. Materials used
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4.0 TRAVELING RESEARCH AND ZEMEC WORKSHOP
COHAB PREFAB HOUSES
30
ITAPU DAM
31
ZEMEC WORKSHOP FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
32
ZEMEC WORKSHOP DESIGN RULES
1. Managing potential growth
4. Access to communal space
2. Densification to increase communal space
5. Supports expansion
3. Easy access for disabled and elderly at ground level
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LIFE CYCLE OF PROPOSED HOME
34
DESIGN CONCEPT SKETCH
35
SITE PLAN : ZEMEC WORKSHOP
36
SITE RENDERS
37
ENERGY ANALYSIS: SOLAR SHADOWS
Spring Equinox
Summer Solstice
Autumn Equinox
Winter Solstice
ENERGY ANALYSIS: SOLAR ACCESS
North-West Orientation
38
South-East Orientation
ENERGY ANALYSIS: SOLAR EXPOSURE
Upper Units -Expanded
Lower Units -Expanded
ENERGY ANALYSIS: VENTILATION
Module version 1
39
Module version 2
FLOOR PLANS
40
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION
41
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
STANDARD MODEL MATERIALS
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5.0 SITE ANALYSIS
BACKGROUND : GLOBAL Increase in GHG and CO2 emission 70% increase in emission from 1907s too 2000s
Loss of Eco-diversity as a result of urban sprawl
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BACKGROUND : BRAZIL Insufficient housing for low income people living in slumps Housing shortage (5.4 Million) 90% low income 70% pop live in urban environment 65% of urban housing (12 million people are living in spontaneous settlements )
Most homes in Brazil are poorly insulated homes with zinc roofs and concrete walls
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BACKGROUND : BRAZIL Bad living conditions in favelas and River settlement conditions Sanitation Fire hazard Sprawling into protected area Safety
Relocation of the Riverside favela to Social housings Government subsidies
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BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Moradias Castanheira (Villas Castanheira)
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BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Moradias Castanheira (Villas Castanheira) 10m slope gradient In between 2 two- way Roads Top road : Rua Joãƒo Kowal
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BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Moradias Castanheira (Villas Castanheira) Cohab’s plan is to cram as much apartments into the site without any consideration of 1. The site context
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BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Wind and sun analysis with ecotec
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BACKGROUND : CURITIBA 1. Solar sun path 2. Convenient store 3. Prevailing winds (southeastern wind)
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Curitiba is a mild temperate climate Average monthly temperatures of 7.7oC Mean temperature in Curitiba is 16.50C Diurnal range average: 10.3oC Mean temperature of Hottest month (February): 19.9oC Mean temperature of Coldest month (June): 12.2 oC
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BACKGROUND : SITE Cohab house design (Not meeting the need of users) Small with potential Poorly Planned Meeting only the minimum requirements Abutting next to each other Relatively low density
Expansion of boundaries and alteration of internal space Not meeting the needs of the users 57.5% changed their external structure 22.5% changed their internal 20% changed both internal and external Not used to small space (Social habits)
Photo of site
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BACKGROUND : SITE Construction of Wall fences Social disjunction and distrust Low density relative desolate
Unsightly Litter Bad social habits of littering (both construction workers and residents) Messy urban typology Not safe environment Unpleasant
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COHABI HOMES VS FAVELAS Cohab house Companhia de habitacao popular de Curitiba (Housing company people of Curitiba)
Sanitized Structurally sound Better Fire contingency Compact and small but not efficient or flexible More open space
56
COHABI HOMES VS FAVELAS Favelas
Social community due to proximity and density Compact and small and messy Character and individuality Semi outdoor space within the homes Unique building typology but not always efficient
57
BACKGROUND : CURITIBA STAKEHOLDER Residents: Diverse types of family unit The family nucleus is no longer as common. The different family result in different needs requirement
Government: Balancing between cost and quality of living space Social housing heavily subsidised Benefits of designing a good home and residential plan doesn’t have any immediate effects on the society or economy, making it difficult to decided between long term and short term solutions.
Architects and Urban planners IPPUC: Designing and planning IPPUC has a small voice in regards to the issue Designers have the ability to shape and change and improve the lifestyle of the people and activate the site with a good planning scheme.
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6.0 DESIGN CONCEPT
DESIGN CONCEPT Mottainai もったいない
This Japanese phrase captures the essence of ‘not wasting’ or ‘don’t waste’ which response to the various aspects of the brief.
1. Loss of Environment --> reduce materials and architecture footprint 2. Lack of housing for low income communities --> densifying the site 3. Cheap and little materials to construct homes.
Multi-Functionality
It could be defined, as single component could be used in multiple ways or have several functions
Condensed Living
Avi Friedman/ Alejandro Aravena Small, tall and narrower homes require less materials Energy saving --> adjacent buildings reduces heating of up to 30-40% Reduce urban sprawl Optimising space : Free plan --> utilising partitions
62
7.0 RATIONALE FOR STUDY
RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: 1.Clear Issue with current social house Alterations done on the houses. 2. Identify possible design strategies to meet the various needs of the different users, improving the current design. 3.While Keeping it Cheap and efficient Limited and extensive reliance on governmental funding.
$ Not meeting needs of users
66
Needs of residents
Low cost
RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: 4. Improve their quality of life and break out of poverty cycle with design.
Efficiency Easiest and most practical way to resolve the housing issue, while considering the future The consideration of a good layout that can potentially be utilized with little modification for the next relocation project
67
Breaking out of poverty cycle
RESEARCH QUESTION: How can Multi-functionality be applied to both building components and space to increase the efficiency of condensed social housing in Curitiba?
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8.0 OBJECTIVES/ RESEARCH METHODS
LIST OF OBJECTIVES / RESEARCH METHODS 1. Does narrow small homes improve social condition? Does it meet the needs of the stakeholders? --> Yes, supported by research 2. How to create perceived comfort in small space? 3. Breaking down building elements to incorporate multi functionality --> Roofs that not only shelter but let light in, collect water 4. Identify the needs of different demographic users. --> Research and get information from Cohab 5. How to meet the needs of these users through design --> Analysis micro house examples that maximizes space use. 6. Design a House that meet the needs of users through multifunctional strategy based on (4 and 5) 7. Considering a larger scale and how the configuration and orientation of houses to activate the site Utilizing and planning open spaces --> Research --> Ecotect 8. Detail and materials of home Research materials components available 9. Educating residents how to use the space.
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9.0 RESEARCH
9.1 IDENTIFY HOW DOES SMALL/NARROW HOMES IMPROVE LIVING CONDITION OF USERS? AND MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS? 1. Requires less land (Fit more people, prevent urban sprawl) 2. Less infrastructure (Quicker construction, relocate and improve the city’s quality of life) 3. Less materials 4. Less operational energy
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9.2 HOW TO CREATE GREATER PERCEIVED SPACE?
1. Lighter colors walls and furniture 2. Narrower kitchen 3. Taller windows/doors 4. Translucent materials to bring in light 5. Grow plants at start and end to increase the view’s depth 6. Taller ceiling height 7. Openings through spaces These features will be considered in the final design
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9.3 IDENTIFY VARIOUS ELEMENTS MAKING A STANDARD SOCIAL HOUSE AND HOW THESE COMPONENTS CAN BECOME MULTI FUNCTIONAL? Create the list and evaluate these factors in terms of cost and feasibility (availability of material and technology ). A. Volumetric study of homes B. Housing configuration: (how the “negative”/open space can be designed and used ) C. Exterior (Walls) D. Interior Partitions E. Roof F. Openings (windows, doors) G. Furniture
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A.
B.
C.
D.
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E.
F.
G.
A. VOLUMETRIC STUDY OF HOMES
Circle Plan: 1. Least surface area for heat gain and loss. 2. Most difficult to build 3. Least usable space
Square Plan: 1. Second lowest surface area or heat gain and loss. 2. Simple construction 3. Multi-functional spaces created when blocks interact with each other
Rectangle Plan:
T Plan (abutting shapes):
1. More Surface area than Square plan. 2. Simple construction
1. Most Surface area than Square plan. 2. Most wall joints (heat loss) 3. More components to construct 4. Bends become multifunctional spaces.
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B. ARRANGEMENT HOUSES AND THE NEGATIVE SPACE CREATED (HOW THE NEGATIVE SPACE CAN BE USED ) 50 people in bungalow = 200 people Smaller narrow houses. Grouping in clusters reduces construction and energy. Semi detached homes reduce 36% of wall area. Grouping 4 together exterior further reduces area by 28% and heat loss by 31%. Open spaces and proper circulation are important factors to achieve pleasant environment. Ratio 1:3 1:5 More will be analysed at (Section 10 Design rules).
Several smaller open space than one large one
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C. MULTIFUNCTION EXTERIOR (WALLS) In-cooperating 1. Natural light source Translucent polycarbonate walls (which lights up the space) Optic fiber concrete wall Clerestory
2. Shade and vision Multi-layered wall: Openable wall panels Awining wall
3. Shade Attached eaves
4. Storage space
1. Bricks stacked with gaps 2. Litracon 3. Awining wall
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4. Polycarbonate panels 5. Litracon optic fibre detail 6. Cleasrory brickwork
D. MULTI-FUNCTIONAL INTERIOR PARTITIONS
Free plan: 1. Flexible space 2. Partition screens 3. Movable materials
1. Screens 2. Mesh/nets 3. Curtains
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4. Movable screens 5. Movable screens 6. Partition walls
E. MULTI-FUNCTIONAL ROOF
1. Natural lighting Skylights
2. Garden space Green roof
3. Generate electricity PV
4. Storage space 5. Water storage 6. Heating water
1. Cleastory and storage 2. Attic (storage)
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3. Skylights 4. Lightwell/dome 5.PV cells
6. Sun tunnel 7. Roof garden
F. MULTI-FUNCTIONAL OPENINGS (WINDOWS, DOORS) 1. Safety barrier 2. Adjustable sunshade 3. Shutters 4. Bug screen 5. Fold-able window opening up for ventilation and view
1. Saftey barrier 2. Blinds/shutters 3. Blinds/shutters 4. Fold-able window
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G. FURNITURE 1. Flexible designs 2. Storage spaces relating to plans 3. Shifted to create open plan Research how furnitures can influence space use efficiency The furnitures in Curitiba market Useful furnitures Cost breakdown Design a customized furniture for the house. Reducing area and height and redirecting funds to furnitures to create quality space that allows for a multi-functional space
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FURNITURE CATALOGUE Schemaa apartment in paris
Gary Chang’s Family apartment
Gary Chang’s Family apartment
Design Feature
Narrow stairs
Fordable/extend-able tables, chairs and bed
Double decked beds
Feasibility (Cost)
It’s not expensive but requires greater control in detailing
Existed years ago and is used greatly in asia. It could be cheaply produced with social housing.
Double decked beds
Precedents
Storage space
87
FURNITURE CATALOGUE Kali board
Ikea Tromso Loft bed frame, white
Precedents
Design Feature
Tables that are cupboards
Bed and desk
Feasibility (Cost)
It’s not expensive but requires Greater control in detailing
$249 Length: 198 cm Distance from floor to bed base: 164 cm Width: 141 cm Height: 206 cm Mattress length: 189.2 cm Mattress width: 134.6 cm
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FURNITURE CATALOGUE Having considered the various furniture designs available, I would utilises and adapt some of these furnitures to optimize the internal space of the house design in Section 11.
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9.4 IDENTIFY VARIOUS FAMILY UNITS AND THEIR NEEDS IN A HOME Create the list and evaluate these factors Investigate the reason for expansion from data collected by Cohab and data we collected on site These are 4 main groups that the project would consider A. Standard nucleus family Toilets More room and space with larger family unit Safe play area for children Children safe design
B. Single parent Safe play area for children Children safe design
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C. Aging parents Handicapped-accessible / wheelchair-equipped Space for wheelchair access Toilet features such as pedestal, water closets, lever tap, non slip tiles, grab bars ,lift up every floor, emergency fire alarm
D. Extended family A+C
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9.4 NEEDS OF ALL USERS: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Bedroom
Bathroom
Living room/Open spaces
Sleeping, watching TV, sex, working on the computer, reading, listening music, playing, using the bed as a sofa to host visitors
Bathing, physiological needs, washing clothes, drying clothes, working (washing up service)
Relaxing, family meetings, watch TV, working on computer, income generation activities, reading, playing, sleeping Gatherings
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Kitchen
Outdoor Space
Drinking coffee, having lunch/dinner, family meeting, in-come generation activity, listening music, ironing clothes
Play, relaxation, Barbecue
9.4 NEEDS OF ALL USERS: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 2 bedrooms
1 toilet
Standard nucleus family Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light
Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works
Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light
Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works
Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light Ground floor access
Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works Disabled features Bathtub Bigger bathroom
Single family
Elderly/Disabled family
Extended family
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Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light Ground floor bedrooms for elderly/ disabled
Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works Disabled features Bathtub Bigger bathroom
Outdoor Space
1 living space
1 kitchen + wet area
Play / study area has to be safe
Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other
Access to the outdoor public area.
Play/ study area has to be safe
Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other
Access to the outdoor public area.
Rest / Study area has to be safe
Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other
Access to the outdoor public area.
Rest / Study /Play area has to be safe
Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other
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Access to the outdoor public area.
POSSIBLE CHANGES IN OCCUPANTS Divorce/death
Standard nucleus family
Single family
Age
Marriage (out) Elderly/Disabled family Elderly/Disabled family
Divorce/death
Marriage (in) Elderly/Disabled family
Single family
Marriage (in)
Divorce/death Elderly/Disabled family
Single parent family
Extended family
Standard nucleus family
Move out Elderly/Disabled family
Divorce/death
Marriage (in)
Single family
Standard nucleus family
Move out Elderly/Disabled family
Age/pregnancy Extended family
Elderly/Disabled family
Divorce/death
Pregnancy
Elderly/Disabled family
Extended family
Move out Elderly/Disabled family
Death Marriage (in) Single family
Elderly/Disabled family
Death and Pregnancy Divorce/death Single family
Standard nucleus family
Extended family
Move out Elderly/Disabled family
Death age/pregnancy Standard nucleus family
Extended family
Divorce/death
Moving out
Single family
Elderly/Disabled family
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Marriage (out)
Standard nucleus family
The diagrams above show cases the many permutation of family unit The diagram on the left showcases how over time the family unit changes. The population can be broke down the population into 4 main types of family unit.
Standard nucleus family
Single parent family
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Elderly/Disabled family
Extended family
9.5 HOW TO CREATE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL LIVING SPACE THAT CAN ADAPT TO THE DIFFERENT NEEDS OF THE 4 MAIN DEMOGRAPHIC TYPES. Documenting micro homes around the world and analyzing their plans. Looking at their 1. Design feature 2. Cost of each component 3. Plan layout
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9.5 MICRO HOUSE CATALOGING RESEARCH Micro Houses precedents are evaluated, to understand how their multifunctional houses are designed
Houses
Dachi Papuashvili’s crossshaped micro home
Lucky drop house by atelier tekuto
MAPA’s Minimod
Design Feature
Cross ventilation
Using high ceiling
Large glazing
Utilize slope of site
1. Increase perceived space
Extremely narrow building
2. Introduce light
Translucent material
Feasibility 1. Cost (building material component) 2. Access (elderly) 3. Local material
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Concept can be utilized in plan with narrow homes
Casey Brown Architecture permanent camping
Olgga architects
Zebra 3
DMVA
Flake house
The cloud refuge
Blob
Open-able walls
Disjoint house
Prefab components
Integrated wall storage
In build integrated bunk bead
A concept that could work where living space could be opened up for views and outdoor space
Separation of functions
Separation of functions
Outdoor element
Outdoor element
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Saving space and is definitely feasible depending of material.
9.5 MICRO HOUSE CATALOGING RESEARCH
Anna & Eugeni Bach Architectes Playhouse
Baumraum The froschkonig treehouse
Matali crasset
Design Feature
Timber-boards that can open as windows or act as eaves
Elevated over a water feature
Rope net over frames acting as a resting area over a elevated space
Feasibility
Operable Wooden screens as a shading device
Building on stilts to open public space . Concern is for elderly access and cost for additional materials and structure.
Could be utilised over a staircase space or a landing
Houses
1. Cost (building material component) 2. Access (elderly) 3. Local material
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the Fera house
Krill Architects
Breathnac Donnellan
Meister garden house
Chapel student workshop
Atelier Workshop Port-a-bach
Eert architects
Modular components 2x3m
Wooden home with no fixture using no nails. It also utilses compressed chipwood
Container re-purposed
Transporting a house in a container
Moveable units, like lego that is reconstructed for different purposes. Drawback is that its difficult for elderly
Consideration of this beautiful material as cladding. Drawback is that it only allows for smaller size houses.
Consideration for quick construction and bringing on site.
Saves time but its probably too costly with the high tech finishes.
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Fits well with the ad-hoc typology.
Cantaining light
9.5 MICRO HOUSE CATALOGING RESEARCH
Houses
Design Feature
Cannata & fernandes
Hangar design group
self sustained module
Joshua Tree
Table integrated with the wall
Steel structure encasing timber panels
WG3 Delux
Use of translucent thermally insulating Interlux panels Recycled chipboard for interior Create shelves
Feasibility 1. Cost (building material component) 2. Access (elderly) 3. Local material
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Perhaps I could utilise the fold-able concept to save space.
Its feasible and it provides a sturdy structure that looks beautiful and provides a variation to the houses
The material allows light in space. Recycled material is ideal for low cost housing Double side stairs is space efficient.
9.6 USING DATA FROM (4. FLEXIBLE PLANS 5. MICRO HOUSE DESIGN STRATEGY PRECEDENTS )
A. Design a Flexible Multifunction Plan that can adapt to the needs of different demographics. B. Utilization of softwares such as Ecotech, Hot2000 and Fluxovento to understand the climatic conditions and ways the design could influence the comfort of the homes. 1. Solar radiation (in section 10) 2. Cross ventilation (in section 10) 3. Material study and their effectiveness in reducing energy (in section 11)
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9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : PLAN LAYOUT 2250.00
1500.00
1500.00
3000.00
750.00
1500.00
Single bed 910x1910
Double bed 1370x1910
Queen bed 1520x1980
King bed 1830 x1980
toilet (890-940)x(1625)
900.00
1000.00
table for 6 -8 table for 4
table for 4
table for 4-6
.95-1.2 sq
.9x1.2
.9x1.5
and 4 seats
and 4 seats
and 6 seats
.9x1.95 and 6 seats
Design based on a Grid system : (1500x750) 1. Facilitates ease of construction 2. Grid matches furniture sizes and human scale
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toilet w tub 1500x2400
9.6.A PRECEDENT DRAWINGS Learning from existing designs
4000.00 2000.00
2302.98
2000.00
2207.76
4000.00
1129.11
2075.00
8000.00 2627.12
8000.00
1262.34
Analysis : Rotating desk to utilise rotating desk to utilise the main space the main space for single parent family at initial stages. This plan can be broken up with for single parent family at initial stages can later be broken up with partition/furniture partition or furnitures in the future
Analysis : Alternative for home. a single parent family. However alternative single family or design single person not idealperhaps an elderly plan this design is not very ideal for the project
2075.00
1129.11 4000.00 2302.98
2207.76
1105.00
2000.00
2000.00
4000.00
1697.02
741.37
2075.00
8000.00 8000.00
2627.12
Analysis : Can be used for a standard nucleus house standard nucleus family layout
2000.00
4000.00
2075.00
8000.00
Analysis : Alternative design for a single parent family. However alternative single family or single person home. not ideal this design is not very ideal for the project
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1262.34
Analysis : Good use of space maximizing the small footprint. It could potentially fit a standard nucleus family.
9.6.A PLAN ITERATION 2 bedroom for family of 4-6 based on Chang’s apartment
Storage Bedroom Toilet Kitchen Living space Vestibule Bedroom/Living Room
3 bedroom for family of 4-6 based on Chang’s apartment
Testing different arrangements and orientations
Vestibule located at the center. Not as useful for ventilation 108
9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : PLAN LAYOUT Storage Bedroom Toilet Kitchen Living space Vestibule Bedroom/Living Room
This design not as ideal as the services are separated.
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9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : PLAN LAYOUT TEST b
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k
not able to cross ventilate
private entrance hidden from service space utilise corridors as living room space (multifunctional) minimise vestibule to reduce wastage of space issue is that the living room space is really small
b
b
b t
t
k
k
b
k L
L
t
t
k L
L
b
b t
k k
k
k
for nucleus family
L
L
central plan with circulation on the external area not effecient no central cross ventilation.
central plan with circulation on the external area not effecient no central cross ventilation.
Addition of furniture to see if it works together while meeting the needs of users.
110
L
L
central plan with circulation on the external area not effecient no central cross ventilation.
9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : TEST ISOMETRIC HOUSE UNIT
111
MOVING FORWARD Design goals and rules in the next section is informed by the research in this section and the site analysis in Section .
112
10.0 DESIGN RULES/ GOALS
DESIGN RULES COMFORT 1. Double height volume for cross ventilation
2. Living spaces facing north Long side facing north to get more natural light 3. Spacing out homes to prevent overshadow
4. Responding to site conditions Balancing between 1. Sunlight 2. Capturing natural ventilation. 3.Fitting required number on to the site.
116
DESIGN RULES SOCIETY 5. Communal space to promote social cohesion
6. Provision of ground floor access for elderly
Smaller Bigger
2 1
117
7. Meet the needs of different demographics Different size houses. a. Puzzle module b. Stacking of homes.
DESIGN RULES EFFICIENCY 8. Quick construction Modular Grid 9. Optimising building components a. Envelop (walls, ceilings, roofs) b. Furniture (fold-able, unit component furniture) c. Internal partition of space 10. Adaptable for future changes in family dynamics. Double height potential space Flexibility of grid plan allowing for rearrangement of partitions
118
LAYOUT OF HOUSES 2. Living spaces facing north Several design iterations prior to final plan layout
Terracing blocks natural sunlight
Puzzle piece consideration to meet the needs of different demographics
Step to optimise ventilation and access to outdoor space
5. Communal space to promote social cohesion
Original plans
119
Creating public space fostering a sense of community
Zemec final outcome. Natural ventilation and solar maximization not fully optimised
ORIENTATION STUDY Iterations of plans
Original crammed grid with no consideration to natural ventilation or solar access
Semi detached option as it allows for access and ventilation
Shifting building modules to try to identify an ideal arrangement
Consideration of zones and fences.
Stepping of the houses for natural ventilation.
Consideration of shadows, 4 row of houses will have too much shadow. 11 m radius circle showcases the overshadowing on site.
Consideration of the gradient of the site and how to deal with the design.
This orientation can optimise both the solar and ventilation better however it makes the site crammed and inaccessible. The site would have greater shadows casting on adjacent buildings
However this orientation, conflicts with ventilation and does not optimise the sun.
120
ORIENTATION STUDY Step to optimise 1. Natural light 2. Ventilation 3. Access to outdoor space
Width facing the sun and not optimising the wind
Tilting it at an angle for better ventilation results but not ideal for the ventilation
This orientation optimises both the solar and ventilation while ensuring enough space between adjacent buildings to prevent 1. inaccessibility 2. overshadowing
Final site plan design iteration
121
SITE ANALYSIS This table showcase the temperature of Curitiba in a year.
Daily high and low temperature: 7 Dec - 21 March is the hottest period in Curitiba 13 May - 13 August is the Coldest period in Curitiba
122
SOLAR ANALYSIS 7 Dec - 21 March is the hottest period in Curitiba
13 May - 13 August is the Coldest period in Curitiba
123
ECOTECT ORIENTATION STUDY The orientation has a good amount of solar access on the northern facade.
Northern facade
Southern facade
This diagram show case the ample amount of solar access along the northern facade where the living spaces are located. (Refer to plans in Section 11)
124
SHADOW STUDY OF A HOUSE
08:00 am
01 :00 00 pm
10:00 am
12 :00 pm
03 :00 pm
05:00 pm
From this analysis confirmed the need for at least 11m radius to prevent overshadowing for a 2 storey building.
125
SHADOW STUDY IN SITE 7 :30 am
9 :30 am
3:30 pm
5 :30 pm
7 :30 am
9 :30 am
3:30 pm
5 :30 pm
12 :00 pm
12 :00 pm
7 Dec in Curitiba
13 May in Curitiba
Spacing out houses has accommodated the shadows casted by adjacent buildings, preventing overshadowing of houses.
126
LIGHT ACCESS
The awing wall makes the space a lot more accessible by natural light. The depth of the house makes it difficult for sunlight to enter. Clerestory windows enables the sunlight to reach deeper parts of the building evident in the light access analysis above. However, the internal space is still relatively dark. Similarly, this issue is a problem for the current housing design on site. Hence, the use of light transmissive walls as a design solution, would enable much more light into the internal spaces. 127
VENTILATION STUDY
Ventilation iteration informing the opening space of the design.
128
FINAL SITE PLAN 12 .0 0
RU A
à O
01
JO
KO
5.00
W AL
(W
55
5
6.00 6
B) 7.00
8.00
+7 .5 0
12 .00 0
RU A
9.00
10.00
14 .0 0
+0 .0 0
AC
IR
PE
02
A
RE
+0
RU A
RU
,0
IR
A
(W
55
5
0
12 .00 0
C)
1.0 0
1: 2000
Considers 1. Solar access 2. Shadows on site 3. Ventilation 4. Brief requirements (at least 32 house units on site)
129
HOUSE DESIGN :BASE MODULE Grid Unit: 1500x750 Height: 5m Step Distance: 4.5m House Area: 33.75sqm house House dimension: 9000x3750 Semi detached house (balance between heat loss and natural light)
The use of grid and modules enable for ease of construction and ability to replicate them not only to the specific site but on other parts of Brazil. The modular design enables the potential to shift components around. The unit grid is based on the size of a bed and the human scale.
130
RECTANGLE MODULE
PUZZLE MODULE
Fixed Toilet/Kitchen module: 3000x 2250
0
131
1
2
4
6
10
14
A SINGLE MODULE THAT IS ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC NEEDS Rectangle Module
1
Demographics for each module
2
Nucleus family
Extended family
3
4
Single parent family
Disabled family
3 Single storey dwellings
4
Double storey dwellings Puzzle Module
5
6
Nucleus family
Extended family
Future expansion Cross ventilation For extended family with the potential to expand upwards
7
7
8
Single parent family
8
Disabled family
This would be looked at further in Section 11
132
HOW THE HOME ADAPTS TO THE CHANGES IN PEOPLE POSSIBLE CHANGES IN OCCUPANTS The puzzle module’s knobs allows for additional or reduction of space to meet the diverse demographic.
1F for the double height dwellings are left unfurnished allowing for future expansion. The double height module also facilitates cross ventilation and also restrict the growth of the social homes that could cause disputes or unsightly ad-hoc constructions
The modular system allows for dwelling number 1,2,5&6 to change to split dwelling. The house also allows for the smaller dwelling to combine to bigger dwellings.
If more space is required the semi detached house allows for the ability to combine the 2 homes into one bigger house if necessary.
133
DESIGN GOALS The Goal is to, create multi-functional homes that are cheap, small and narrow that can meet the needs of various users.
AIMS AND CONTRIBUTION: 1. Residents : learn how to utilize and optimize their space. 2. Social housing architects: have greater empathy for the less fortunate and be greater advocates for them 3. Government: to see this research and convince them the importance of getting social housing done well as a long term social investment.
134
11.0 HOUSING PROTOTYPES
DWELLING TYPES 1+2 Double storey for future expansion+ cross ventilation
2
1
Dwelling 1: (more efficient space)
Dwelling 2: (more privacy option)
2 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom
2 Bedroom + 1 Living room
+ Bigger living room space
- Smaller living room + More private spaces
Single parent family
Standard nucleus family
Single parent family
Standard nucleus family
Toilets are oriented different providing different options
138
DWELLING TYPES 1+2 1F Plan Storage/Potential expansion space
GF Plan Activity: Sleeping
1:200 on A5
00 139
0
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 1+2 GF Plan Activity: Work/study
GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends
1:200 on A5
0
00 140
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 1+2 Customising options
2x4 Grid
Double deck bed
Loft bed/table module
Awning wall Ventilation Natural light Outdoors Foster community
141
DWELLING TYPES 3+4 4
3
3
4
Dwelling 3 (more efficient use of space)
Dwelling 4 (more private space)
1 Bedroom + 1 Living bed room
1 Bedroom + 1 Living bed room
Single parent family
Standard nucleus family
Single storey
Single parent family
Standard nucleus family
Toilets are oriented different providing different options
142
GF units for elderly couples that are old and unable to climb
DWELLING TYPES 3+4 B
GF Plan Activity: Sleeping
GF Plan Activity: Work/study
C
1:200 on A5
0
00 143
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 3+4 GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends
1:200 on A5
00
144
0
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 3+4 Customising options B
2x5 Grid
Double deck bed
Family Room
2x Loft bed/table module
2x Loft bed/table module
Double deck bed
Double deck bed/
C
2x4 Grid
145
living room space
DWELLING TYPES 5+6 5
6
Dwelling 5:
Dwelling 6:
1 combined Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom
1 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom
+ 2 big living space
+ Can utilised both bedrooms and transform them into a big living/multifunction space.
Extended family
146
Standard nucleus family
- No living space in pubic areas
Single parent family Standard nucleus family
Double storey for future expansion + cross ventilation For extended family with the potential to expand upwards
DWELLING TYPES 5+6 1F: Storage/Potential expansion space
GF Plan Activity: Sleeping
1:200 on A5
0
00 147
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 5+6 GF Plan
D&E
Activity: Work/study
GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends
F
1:200 on A5
0
00 148
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 5+6 Customising options D
2.5x5 Grid
2 rooms separated by screens
Single room divided by a screen
Single room that can be a living room
2 separated rooms
2 bed rooms/living room
2 bed rooms/living room
2 separated rooms
E
2.5x4 Grid F
3.5x3 Grid
149
1 bedroom/ living room
DWELLING TYPES 7+8 8
7
8
7
Dwelling 7: 3 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom + Big living space
Dwelling 8: 2 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom - No living space in pubic areas + Can utilised both bedrooms and transform them into a big living/multinational space.
Extended family
150
Standard nucleus family
Single parent family Standard nucleus family
GF units for elderly couples that are old and unable to climb
DWELLING TYPES 7+8 GF Plan Activity: Sleeping
GF Plan Activity: Work/study
1:200 on A5
0
00 151
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 7+8 GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends G
F
1:200 on A5
0
00
152
1
2
4
6
10
14
DWELLING TYPES 7+8 Customising options G
3x4 + 3x2 Grid
2 bed rooms and a storage
3 bedrooms
4 bedrooms
2 bed rooms/living room
1 bedroom/ living room
F
3.5x3 Grid
153
2 bed rooms/living room
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 6
5
AA
BB
1:200 on A5
0
154
1
2
4
6
10
14
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 Section AA Activity Sleeping
Section BB Activity Sleeping
1:100 on A5
155
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 Section AA
Activity Work/study
Section BB
Activity Work/study W
1:100 on A5
156
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 Section AA
Activity Leisure/weekend
Section BB
Activity Leisure/weekend
1:100 1 100 on A5
157
AXONOMETIRIC DRAWING OF DWELLING 5+6
D
ll we
i ng
5
D
158
w
i el l
ng
6
EXPLODED AXONOMETIRIC DRAWING OF DWELLING 5+6
Dwelling 5 159
Dwelling D lli 6
EXPLODED AXONOMETIRIC DRAWING OF DWELLING 5+6 Ground Floor of Dwelling 5 A. Awning wall
B A
B. Toilet module C. Integrated wall with shelves and cupboards D. Integrated wall with fold out-beds
D
C
G
H
E. Partition screens allowing bedroom to be re-purposed for other functions F. Stairs/storage space. G. Fold out table forming mini dinning area.
F E
H. Screen to re-purpose living room to a bedroom
Ground Floor of Dwelling 6
I. Wardrobe and intergated fold out single bed.
I
J
J. Staircase with storage space K. Awning wall
K
L. Toilet module
N
M.Typical Polycarbonate wall with screens L
160
M
N.Fold-able table and screen seperation to divide the room.
12.0 MASS CUSTOMISATION
MASS CUSTOMISATION Other than the mass customisation of 1.Plans (Section 11) 2.Dwelling floor area (Section 11) The residents can customise the 3. Finishing 4. Materials used for construction of different building components. This section will showcase the breakdown of the material’s properties. The customisation options would be streamlined with more research and information of locally available products.
Dwelling 5 164
MASS CUSTOMISATION The building components that would be customised. 12.1 Roofs 12.2 Walls type 12.3 Wall components: External Cladding 12.4 Wall components: Framework and Insulation 12.5 Wall components: Finishing 12.6 Wall components: Openings 12.7 Floor 12.8 Furniture
165
12.1 ROOFS 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1. Seamless diamond patterned slate shingles 2. Dark grey slate shingles 3. Light grey slate shingles 4. Timber shingles 5. Dark brown ceramic tiles 6. Light brown ceramic tiles 7. Light grey corrugated steel roof 8. Red corrugated steel roof 9. Green roof 10. Solar PV roofs 11. Skylights and/or solar hot-water 12. Rainwater collection
12
Roof number
Materials
R values
1,2,3
Asphalt Shingles
0.44
4
Wood Shingles
0.97
5,6
Ceramic tiles
0.02
7,8,10,11,12
Steel roof with
0.06
a. Vapour barrier and reflective foil
0.11-0.16
b. Insulation
4.7-7.6
9
166
Green roof
12.1 ROOFS Roof recommendation: 11 , 12 11
12
Solar hotwater Rainwater collection
The utilisation of Solar hot-water would be recommended as 1. The cost is not great 2. It utilises free heating from the sun reducing energy consumption. Rainwater collection 1. The cost is not great 2. It collects free water for washing/cleaning of cars or outdoor spaces. Steel roof 1. Fast construction 2. Material is widely available in Brazil. 3. Longevity, little maintenance 4. Good performance when coupled with insulation (Contractors requires special attention by architects to ensure the prevention of thermal bridge and correct installation process of insulation)
167
12.1 ROOFS 9
10
9. Green roof 10. Solar PV
Rejection of Green roofs/ PV : 1. Expensive 2. Maintenance 3. Requires depth for substrate (Green Roofs) These roof types are luxury items. The primary needs should be considered first and foremost.
168
12.2 WALLS TYPE Solid wall options 1
2
3
1 Reinforced concrete with form-work texture (150mm 0.95) 2. Standard in-situ reinforced concrete walls
4
3. Rein forced concrete panels
5
4. Licracon wall 5. Mycotech wall
Wall number
Materials
R values
1,2,3,4
Concrete
150mm - 0.95
All these options have similar R values. Licracon is recommended as it is concrete made with 4 % glass optical fibres allowing light to enter
the house. This is particularly useful for this project requires the construction of many houses (32) on a small site (4128m 2) with a steep gradient. Even with the 2 tier grading of the site, the amount of shadowing would be great, as confirmed through our site visit. Hence, withe the utilisation of this material it would allow as much light to enter each houses.
This material is not cheap or available yet in Brazil but it is something worth researching. The government could perhaps produce a similar product or purchasing the patent to manufacture the product for mass customisation. In addition, bio-based materials has a lot of potential that could be exploited and developed as well. Mycotech is a product from Indonesia that is produced by fungi. The material has strength greater than bricks, fire resistant, non toxic and is also buoyant.
169
12.2 WALLS TYPE Framed wall components
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 External cladding (polycarbonate) 4mm twin wall 1.42 R value 2. Insulation/ fill for framework (bubble wrap/air) 1.00 R value 3. Framework (Steel) 4. Internal finishing (polycarbonate) 5. Blinds (either 5 or 7) 6. Openings (windows and door frames) 7. External Shading (Screens/Sunshades)
This project would focus on framed wall system due to the ease of assembly and construction. This system enables the addition of insulation that is lacking in houses in Brazil.
170
12.3 WALL COMPONENTS: EXTERNAL CLADDING 1
2
1 Timber board 2.Painted plywood 3.Texture fiber concrete panels
4
4.Fiber cement cladding panels 5. Colored polycarbonate wall 6.Polished concrete or plaster for paint application after completion.
3 6 5
These options are to help control the colour and appearance of the entire community. Some of these have a higher performance and they vary in cost. Polycarbonate cladding would only make sense if the internal cladding is also polycarbonate.
171
12.4 WALL COMPONENTS: FRAME WORK AND INSULATION 1
2
1
1. Steel frame 2. Timber frame
2
1. Recycled paper insulation 2. Paper tubes with insulation 3. Insulation boards 4. Air gap/ bubble wrap (polycarbonate wall system)
3
4
Additional insulations are available as evident in the list on Pg165. Selection of several insulation for customisation would be determined by: 1. Cost 2. Sustainability
172
12.4 WALL COMPONENTS: FRAME WORK AND INSULATION Insulating Materials
Rvalues
Air Space ( Minimum 1/2� up to 4�)
1.00
R-11 Mineral Fiber with 2x4 metal studs @ 16" OC
5.50
R-11 Mineral Fiber with 2x4 wood studs @ 16" OC
12.44
R-11 Mineral Fiber with 2x4 metal studs @ 24" OC
6.60
R-19 Mineral Fiber with 2x6 metal studs @ 16" OC
7.10
R-19 Mineral Fiber with 2x6 metal studs @ 24" OC
8.55
R-19 Mineral Fiber with 2x6 wood studs @ 24" OC
9.11
Expanded Polystyrene (Extruded)
1"
5.00
Polyurethane Foam (Foamed on site)
1"
6.25
Polyisocyanurate (Foil Faced) 1"
173
7.20
12.6 WALL COMPONENTS: FINISHING 1
2
1. Polycoated recycled paper 2. Recycled paper panels. 3. Oriented strand board (OSB ) 4. OSB painted with white paint
4 3
Material
R value
1/2”
Gypsum Wall Board
0.45
5/8”
Gypsum Wall Board
0.5625
1/2”
Plywood
0.62
1”
Plywood
1.25
1/2”
Fiber board sheathing (similar to OSB)
1.32
1/2”
Medium Density Particle Board
0.53
The finishing is to be light in color to increase perceived space and make the room look brighter with less light being absorbed by the wall.
174
12.7 WALL COMPONENTS: OPENINGS Single to Double glazing reduces 4% of energy of a house Single glazing to double heat mirror glazing with 13mm argon spaces ,low e coating with wooden frames reduces 9% of the house’s energy. Information are based of HOT2000 analysis
Single glazing is 25% cheaper, but costs up to 50% more energy for air conditioning. (H/C) Windows recommendation: Double glazed as the design has several openings in the building envelop and without a better glazing system heat would be loss through these openings. Glass’s properties to consider: 1. SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) 2. VLT (visible light transmission) 3. Frame material 4. Spacer The brand or type of window doesn’t matter. What is crucial is the quality and performance of the window/door.
175
12.7 WALL COMPONENTS: OPENINGS Window
R value
Single Pane
0.91
Double Pane with 1/4” air space
1.69
Double Pane with 1/2” air space
2.04
Double Pane with 3/4” air space
2.38
Triple Pane with 1/4” air spaces
2.56
Triple Pane with 1/2” air spaces
3.23
Doors Wood, solid core 1 3/4” Insulated metal door
176
R value 2.17 15.00
12.8 FLOOR Flooring type
R value
Hardwood
0.68
Tile
0.05
Carpet with fiber pad
2.08
Carpet with rubber pad
1.23
Hardwood is utilised in bedroom and living rooms. Tiles are utilised in wet areas such as kitchen and toilets.
177
12.9 FURNITURE Flexible/multi-functional furniture is employed in this design project. The selection of furnitures depends on The internal division of space. (Section 11- Number of grids units) Determined by a. Number of occupancy to accommodate b. Preference for more public space or more private spaces
2x4 Grid with eight 750x1500 units.
178
Number of occupants to accommodate: 2
Number of occupants to accommodate: 2
Double deck beds
2 Single loft beds
Preference: More public/ shared space
Preference: Private space
12.9 FURNITURE Furniture available for mass customisation. (Refer to Section 11 to see more variation of different furnitures) Beds: 1.Fold-down Single bed
2x Loft bed/table module
2 Fold-down double bed 3. Double deck beds 4. Loft beds(with study table) 5. Sofa beds Walls:
Double deck bed
1. Sliding partitions 2. Folding doors 3. Storage/cupboard walls Double deck bed/ living room space Folding doors
179
12.9 FURNITURE Tables:
Section AA
Activity Work/study
Section AA
Activity Sleeping
1. Fixed fold-away tables 2. Fold-able tables Chairs 1. Fold-able chairs Windows 1. Sunscreens 2. Blinds. 3. Eaves Ventilation: Ceiling / wall fans
Fixed fold-able table
180
13.0 DEMONSTRATION OF HOUSE DEVELOPMENT
D
i ng 6
mo du
le
RENDERED PLAN AND RESPECTIVE RENDERS
D wel l
A
D wel l
i ng 5
mo du
le
B/C
E
184
1:100
L1 zone
RENDER A & B
A. Multifunctional room: Study/work, sleeping and living space. 1. Fold-able bed 2. Furniture as partitions
3. Screens to divide space 4. Efficient staircase
5. Under stairs storage space
B. Storage space / potential growth space that allows for natural ventilation
185
RENDER C
C. Dwelling 6's Multi-functional room: Study/work, sleeping and living space. 1. Fold-able bed 2. Furniture as partitions
186
3. Screens to divide space 4. Sofa bed
RENDER D
D. Semi outdoor space accommodating events and for barbecue Multi-functional external walls: Awning facade that opens up for cross ventilation and barbecues.
187
1. Under stairs storage space 2. Choice of light colors to increase perceived space. 3. Double height at entrance to increase perceived space
RENDER E
E. Semi outdoor space accommodating events and for barbecue. Multi-functional external walls: Awning facade that opens up for cross ventilation and barbecues.
1. Sofa bed 2. Fixed fold-able tables
Render E: Dwelling 6's Multi-functional corridor that adapt to becoming a dining area 1. Fixed fold-able tables
188
2. Storage space for fold-able chairs
3. Under stairs storage space
3. Storage space for fold-able chairs 4. Under stairs storage space
SITE RENDER : COMMUNAL SPACE
Green community space
189
SITE RENDER
Aerial render view of the site
190
14.0 CONCLUSION
REFLECTION With more time and research I believe that details of the design could be worked out. For this project to convince Cobab, IPPUC and the Brazil government a video or a actual prototype house could be built to show the efficiency of the housing module. The modules designed has the potential to stack forming high rise accommodations. With more time on site to survey the residents and access to local information on materials and furniture would have helped the design reach a better resolution.
194
15.0 REFERENCES
REFERENCE 1.
Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: http://icanz.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Final_ handbook_part-1_v2_web29.1.2015_hr.pdf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].
2.
archtoolbox.com. (2016). R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials - archtoolbox. com. [online] Available at: http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moistureprotection/rvalues.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].
3.
Brady, S., 2001, Dec 08. Avi Friedman: The master of small: Architect believes good storage makes life less chaotic. Edmonton Journal, I7.
4.
Brady, S., 2001, Nov 24. The master of small: Avi Friedman lives what he preaches: modest living spaces in communities where neighbours know each other. Sheila Brady reports. The Ottawa Citizen, I1 / FRONT. ISSN 08393222.
5.
The big book of small house designs. 2011. New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2011; 1st trade pbk. ed.
6.
Broto, E., 2009. Superb small houses. Barcelona : Links, 20
7.
Broxwood. com.2015.’DoubleGlazingVTripleGlazing|Broxwood’.h ttp://broxwood.
com/technical/double-glazing-v-triple-glazing/; Howell, Jeff. 2014. 8.
Chang, G., 2008. My 32m² apartment : a 30-year transformation. Hong Kong : MCCM Creations, 2008.
9.
Friedman, A., 2012. Town and Terraced Housing. [electronic resource] : For Affordability and Sustainability. Hoboken : Taylor and Francis, 2012.
10.
Friedman, A., 2002, Oct 05. Small, smart & sustainable. The Ottawa Citizen, I1 / FRONT. ISSN 08393222.
198
REFERENCE 11.
Friedman, A., 2008, Jun 24. Tall and thin is in; high-density urban living means narrow buildings. CanWest News.
12.
Hildner, C., Lindberg, S., Wiegelmann, A. and Sommer, K., 2011. Small houses : contemporary Japanese dwellings. Basel : Birkhäuser, 2011].
13.
Kottas, D., 2014. New trends in microarchitecture. Barcelona, Spain : Links, 2014; Edition 2014.
14.
London, G. and Anderson , S., 2008. TAKE 7 : housing Australia : how architects can make a difference.
15.
Manuka, ACT. : Australian Institute of Architects, 2008.
16.
Slavid, R., 2009. Micro : very small architecture. London : Laurence King, 2009.
17.
Telegraph.co.uk. (2009). Greenhouses: why polycarbonate beats glass. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardeningequipment/6537880/Greenhouses-whypolycarbonate-beats-glass.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].
18.
Semenak, S. 2011, Thin is in with modern urban architects; Could narrow houses be the cure for urban sprawl?, Edmonton, Alta.
19.
Semenak, S., 2011, Nov 01. Yes, smaller can be better; Narrow houses fit in with the growing idea that ever-denser cities work better with thin dwellings. Postmedia News.
20.
Do these Look like low-cost homes? Social housing is often associated with ugly concrete tower blocks but a small band of architects is trying to get away from that image, writes Phyllis Richardson :
199
REFERENCE 21.
Jeff Howell: Is Triple Glazing Worth The Money?’. T elegraph.Co.Uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ lifestyle/interiors/jeffhowell/10614496/Jeff-Howell-istriple-glazing-worth-the-money.html.125 Australia,Home.2015;Watts,Louie.2012.
22.
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