Motainai Design Journal

Page 1



MOTAINAI もったいない

ABPL 90114 TRAVELING STUDIO BRAZIL

YEE ANN EAN, TAN



CONTENTS 1.0

Code for sustainable homes

2.0

Hot2000

15

3.0

Strategies for zero energy homes

23

4.0

Traveling research and ZEMEC workshop

29

5.0

Site analysis

45

6.0

Design concept

61

7.0

Rationale for study

65

8.0

Objectives/ Research methods

71

9.0

Research

75

7

10.0 Design goals/ rules

115

11.0 Housing prototypes

137

12.0 Mass customisation

163

13.0 Demonstration of house development

183

14.0 Conclusion

193

15.0 References

198

16.0 Bonus Instagram photos

204



1.0 CODE FOR SUSTAINABLE HOMES WEEK 1-2


CODE FOR SUSTAINABLE HOMES

The code for sustainable homes is an assessment guideline to assess the house and its energy efficiency. This guide is a tool that was utilized and studied in the first few weeks of the course. These 9 categories are factors that are considered through the course.

10


CATEGORY 1: Energy and CO2 Emissions Dwelling Emission Rate

External Lighting

Fabric Energy Efficiency

Low and Zero Carbon Technologies

Energy Display Devices Drying Space Energy Labelled White Goods

Cycle Storage Home Office

CATEGORY 2: Water Indoor Water Use External Water Use

CATEGORY 3: Materials Environmental Impact of Materials Responsible Sourcing of Materials – Basic Building Elements Responsible Sourcing of Materials – Finishing Elements

CATEGORY 4: Surface Water Run-off Management of Surface Water Run-off from Developments Flood Risk

CATEGORY 5 : Waste Storage of Non-recyclable Waste and Recyclable Household Waste Construction Site Waste Management Composting 11


CATEGORY 6: Pollution Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Insulants NOx Emissions

CATEGORY 7 : Health & Wellbeing Daylighting 192 Sound Insulation 199 Private Space 204 Lifetime Homes 208

CATEGORY 8: Management Home User Guide 213 Considerate Constructors Scheme 219 Construction Site Impacts 224 Security 231

CATEGORY 8: Ecology Ecological Value of Site Ecological Enhancement Protection of Ecological Features Change in Ecological Value of Site Building Footprint 12




2.0 HOT2000 WEEK 1-2


HOT2000 Test Results

Net Electrical load 3154.84 --> 379.41 (87%) Fan operations 163--> 186.7 (14.5%) Annual energy consumption 7202.63 -->390.30kW/h (94%) ` Estimated fuel consumption 1380.1-->893.59 (35%)

16


BASE HOUSE VS PROPOSED HOUSE ((ENVELOP) Base house:

Proposed House:

Poor insulation

Ceiling

Ceiling: R value (0.3)

Blown mineral fiber RSI 9.0

Poor insulation

Polyurethane foam 76mm

Walls: R value (0.28)

Interior gypsum and RSI 1.4

Solid wall 75mm concrete

Walls R value (4.47)

No insulation and framing

Polyurethane foam

Interior 12mm gypsum board

51 mm polyurethane foam Plywood sheathing Gypsum and insulation (interior) Mortar (exterior)

17


BASE HOUSE VS PROPOSED HOUSE ((WINDOWS) Poor insulation

Glazing: R value (0.40)

Glazing: R value (0.18)

Double glazed Aluminum frame with thermal break with 13mm air (RSI= 0.42)

Single Glazing Clear Wooden frame.

(Capral 100mm 419 Flushline windows with low-e coating) Thermally broken aluminum frame (Yields 2.3W/m2K, 0.28 SHGC, 0.47 VLT, and 0.09 air infiltration) Triple glazing is only 30% more effective than double glazing, but 50% more expensive. Single glazing is 25% cheaper, but costs up to 50% more energy for air conditioning. (H/C)

18


BASE HOUSE VS PROPOSED HOUSE ((SLAB) Slab: Uninsulated (0.0)

Slab: Insulated (2.09) 89mm polyurethane foam Wood finishing

19



3.0 STRATEGY FOR ZERO ENERGY HOMES WEEK 2-3


STRATEGY FOR ZERO ENERGY HOME 1. Improving building envelop a. Insulation b. Ceiling c. Windows d. Walls e. Slab/foundation 2. Utilizing Passive design a. Cross vent b. Shading devices 3. Utilizing Active designs a. PV cells (offset operational energy) b. Solar hot water c. Ground source heat pump d. Water collection system (offset water usage) e. Air condition with economizer control (reduces energy requirements) 4. Selecting energy efficient appliances. a. With A energy efficient ratings

24


STRATEGY FOR ZERO ENERGY HOME 1. Considering the climate Maritime temperate climate 2. Consider the material’s embodied energy and availability. 3. Balancing between cost and efficiency of the components. 4. Balancing between systems Cross ventilation (air tightness) vs Heat transfer

25


KEY NOTES IN CLASS Cost quality Time location Goal to reduce heating lighting hot water using passive designs 1. Orientation 2. Configuration 3. Materials used

26




4.0 TRAVELING RESEARCH AND ZEMEC WORKSHOP


COHAB PREFAB HOUSES

30


ITAPU DAM

31


ZEMEC WORKSHOP FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

32


ZEMEC WORKSHOP DESIGN RULES

1. Managing potential growth

4. Access to communal space

2. Densification to increase communal space

5. Supports expansion

3. Easy access for disabled and elderly at ground level

33


LIFE CYCLE OF PROPOSED HOME

34


DESIGN CONCEPT SKETCH

35


SITE PLAN : ZEMEC WORKSHOP

36


SITE RENDERS

37


ENERGY ANALYSIS: SOLAR SHADOWS

Spring Equinox

Summer Solstice

Autumn Equinox

Winter Solstice

ENERGY ANALYSIS: SOLAR ACCESS

North-West Orientation

38

South-East Orientation


ENERGY ANALYSIS: SOLAR EXPOSURE

Upper Units -Expanded

Lower Units -Expanded

ENERGY ANALYSIS: VENTILATION

Module version 1

39

Module version 2


FLOOR PLANS

40


MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

41


FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

STANDARD MODEL MATERIALS

42




5.0 SITE ANALYSIS


BACKGROUND : GLOBAL Increase in GHG and CO2 emission 70% increase in emission from 1907s too 2000s

Loss of Eco-diversity as a result of urban sprawl

46


BACKGROUND : BRAZIL Insufficient housing for low income people living in slumps Housing shortage (5.4 Million) 90% low income 70% pop live in urban environment 65% of urban housing (12 million people are living in spontaneous settlements )

Most homes in Brazil are poorly insulated homes with zinc roofs and concrete walls

47


BACKGROUND : BRAZIL Bad living conditions in favelas and River settlement conditions Sanitation Fire hazard Sprawling into protected area Safety

Relocation of the Riverside favela to Social housings Government subsidies

48


BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Moradias Castanheira (Villas Castanheira)

49


BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Moradias Castanheira (Villas Castanheira) 10m slope gradient In between 2 two- way Roads Top road : Rua Joãƒo Kowal

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BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Moradias Castanheira (Villas Castanheira) Cohab’s plan is to cram as much apartments into the site without any consideration of 1. The site context

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51


BACKGROUND : CURITIBA Wind and sun analysis with ecotec

52


BACKGROUND : CURITIBA 1. Solar sun path 2. Convenient store 3. Prevailing winds (southeastern wind)

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Curitiba is a mild temperate climate Average monthly temperatures of 7.7oC Mean temperature in Curitiba is 16.50C Diurnal range average: 10.3oC Mean temperature of Hottest month (February): 19.9oC Mean temperature of Coldest month (June): 12.2 oC

53

200


BACKGROUND : SITE Cohab house design (Not meeting the need of users) Small with potential Poorly Planned Meeting only the minimum requirements Abutting next to each other Relatively low density

Expansion of boundaries and alteration of internal space Not meeting the needs of the users 57.5% changed their external structure 22.5% changed their internal 20% changed both internal and external Not used to small space (Social habits)

Photo of site

54


BACKGROUND : SITE Construction of Wall fences Social disjunction and distrust Low density relative desolate

Unsightly Litter Bad social habits of littering (both construction workers and residents) Messy urban typology Not safe environment Unpleasant

55


COHABI HOMES VS FAVELAS Cohab house Companhia de habitacao popular de Curitiba (Housing company people of Curitiba)

Sanitized Structurally sound Better Fire contingency Compact and small but not efficient or flexible More open space

56


COHABI HOMES VS FAVELAS Favelas

Social community due to proximity and density Compact and small and messy Character and individuality Semi outdoor space within the homes Unique building typology but not always efficient

57


BACKGROUND : CURITIBA STAKEHOLDER Residents: Diverse types of family unit The family nucleus is no longer as common. The different family result in different needs requirement

Government: Balancing between cost and quality of living space Social housing heavily subsidised Benefits of designing a good home and residential plan doesn’t have any immediate effects on the society or economy, making it difficult to decided between long term and short term solutions.

Architects and Urban planners IPPUC: Designing and planning IPPUC has a small voice in regards to the issue Designers have the ability to shape and change and improve the lifestyle of the people and activate the site with a good planning scheme.

58




6.0 DESIGN CONCEPT


DESIGN CONCEPT Mottainai もったいない

This Japanese phrase captures the essence of ‘not wasting’ or ‘don’t waste’ which response to the various aspects of the brief.

1. Loss of Environment --> reduce materials and architecture footprint 2. Lack of housing for low income communities --> densifying the site 3. Cheap and little materials to construct homes.

Multi-Functionality

It could be defined, as single component could be used in multiple ways or have several functions

Condensed Living

Avi Friedman/ Alejandro Aravena Small, tall and narrower homes require less materials Energy saving --> adjacent buildings reduces heating of up to 30-40% Reduce urban sprawl Optimising space : Free plan --> utilising partitions

62




7.0 RATIONALE FOR STUDY


RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: 1.Clear Issue with current social house Alterations done on the houses. 2. Identify possible design strategies to meet the various needs of the different users, improving the current design. 3.While Keeping it Cheap and efficient Limited and extensive reliance on governmental funding.

$ Not meeting needs of users

66

Needs of residents

Low cost


RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY: 4. Improve their quality of life and break out of poverty cycle with design.

Efficiency Easiest and most practical way to resolve the housing issue, while considering the future The consideration of a good layout that can potentially be utilized with little modification for the next relocation project

67

Breaking out of poverty cycle


RESEARCH QUESTION: How can Multi-functionality be applied to both building components and space to increase the efficiency of condensed social housing in Curitiba?

68




8.0 OBJECTIVES/ RESEARCH METHODS


LIST OF OBJECTIVES / RESEARCH METHODS 1. Does narrow small homes improve social condition? Does it meet the needs of the stakeholders? --> Yes, supported by research 2. How to create perceived comfort in small space? 3. Breaking down building elements to incorporate multi functionality --> Roofs that not only shelter but let light in, collect water 4. Identify the needs of different demographic users. --> Research and get information from Cohab 5. How to meet the needs of these users through design --> Analysis micro house examples that maximizes space use. 6. Design a House that meet the needs of users through multifunctional strategy based on (4 and 5) 7. Considering a larger scale and how the configuration and orientation of houses to activate the site Utilizing and planning open spaces --> Research --> Ecotect 8. Detail and materials of home Research materials components available 9. Educating residents how to use the space.

72




9.0 RESEARCH


9.1 IDENTIFY HOW DOES SMALL/NARROW HOMES IMPROVE LIVING CONDITION OF USERS? AND MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS? 1. Requires less land (Fit more people, prevent urban sprawl) 2. Less infrastructure (Quicker construction, relocate and improve the city’s quality of life) 3. Less materials 4. Less operational energy

76


9.2 HOW TO CREATE GREATER PERCEIVED SPACE?

1. Lighter colors walls and furniture 2. Narrower kitchen 3. Taller windows/doors 4. Translucent materials to bring in light 5. Grow plants at start and end to increase the view’s depth 6. Taller ceiling height 7. Openings through spaces These features will be considered in the final design

77


9.3 IDENTIFY VARIOUS ELEMENTS MAKING A STANDARD SOCIAL HOUSE AND HOW THESE COMPONENTS CAN BECOME MULTI FUNCTIONAL? Create the list and evaluate these factors in terms of cost and feasibility (availability of material and technology ). A. Volumetric study of homes B. Housing configuration: (how the “negative”/open space can be designed and used ) C. Exterior (Walls) D. Interior Partitions E. Roof F. Openings (windows, doors) G. Furniture

78


A.

B.

C.

D.

79

E.

F.

G.


A. VOLUMETRIC STUDY OF HOMES

Circle Plan: 1. Least surface area for heat gain and loss. 2. Most difficult to build 3. Least usable space

Square Plan: 1. Second lowest surface area or heat gain and loss. 2. Simple construction 3. Multi-functional spaces created when blocks interact with each other

Rectangle Plan:

T Plan (abutting shapes):

1. More Surface area than Square plan. 2. Simple construction

1. Most Surface area than Square plan. 2. Most wall joints (heat loss) 3. More components to construct 4. Bends become multifunctional spaces.

80


B. ARRANGEMENT HOUSES AND THE NEGATIVE SPACE CREATED (HOW THE NEGATIVE SPACE CAN BE USED ) 50 people in bungalow = 200 people Smaller narrow houses. Grouping in clusters reduces construction and energy. Semi detached homes reduce 36% of wall area. Grouping 4 together exterior further reduces area by 28% and heat loss by 31%. Open spaces and proper circulation are important factors to achieve pleasant environment. Ratio 1:3 1:5 More will be analysed at (Section 10 Design rules).

Several smaller open space than one large one

81


C. MULTIFUNCTION EXTERIOR (WALLS) In-cooperating 1. Natural light source Translucent polycarbonate walls (which lights up the space) Optic fiber concrete wall Clerestory

2. Shade and vision Multi-layered wall: Openable wall panels Awining wall

3. Shade Attached eaves

4. Storage space

1. Bricks stacked with gaps 2. Litracon 3. Awining wall

82

4. Polycarbonate panels 5. Litracon optic fibre detail 6. Cleasrory brickwork


D. MULTI-FUNCTIONAL INTERIOR PARTITIONS

Free plan: 1. Flexible space 2. Partition screens 3. Movable materials

1. Screens 2. Mesh/nets 3. Curtains

83

4. Movable screens 5. Movable screens 6. Partition walls


E. MULTI-FUNCTIONAL ROOF

1. Natural lighting Skylights

2. Garden space Green roof

3. Generate electricity PV

4. Storage space 5. Water storage 6. Heating water

1. Cleastory and storage 2. Attic (storage)

84

3. Skylights 4. Lightwell/dome 5.PV cells

6. Sun tunnel 7. Roof garden


F. MULTI-FUNCTIONAL OPENINGS (WINDOWS, DOORS) 1. Safety barrier 2. Adjustable sunshade 3. Shutters 4. Bug screen 5. Fold-able window opening up for ventilation and view

1. Saftey barrier 2. Blinds/shutters 3. Blinds/shutters 4. Fold-able window

85


G. FURNITURE 1. Flexible designs 2. Storage spaces relating to plans 3. Shifted to create open plan Research how furnitures can influence space use efficiency The furnitures in Curitiba market Useful furnitures Cost breakdown Design a customized furniture for the house. Reducing area and height and redirecting funds to furnitures to create quality space that allows for a multi-functional space

86


FURNITURE CATALOGUE Schemaa apartment in paris

Gary Chang’s Family apartment

Gary Chang’s Family apartment

Design Feature

Narrow stairs

Fordable/extend-able tables, chairs and bed

Double decked beds

Feasibility (Cost)

It’s not expensive but requires greater control in detailing

Existed years ago and is used greatly in asia. It could be cheaply produced with social housing.

Double decked beds

Precedents

Storage space

87


FURNITURE CATALOGUE Kali board

Ikea Tromso Loft bed frame, white

Precedents

Design Feature

Tables that are cupboards

Bed and desk

Feasibility (Cost)

It’s not expensive but requires Greater control in detailing

$249 Length: 198 cm Distance from floor to bed base: 164 cm Width: 141 cm Height: 206 cm Mattress length: 189.2 cm Mattress width: 134.6 cm

88


FURNITURE CATALOGUE Having considered the various furniture designs available, I would utilises and adapt some of these furnitures to optimize the internal space of the house design in Section 11.

89


9.4 IDENTIFY VARIOUS FAMILY UNITS AND THEIR NEEDS IN A HOME Create the list and evaluate these factors Investigate the reason for expansion from data collected by Cohab and data we collected on site These are 4 main groups that the project would consider A. Standard nucleus family Toilets More room and space with larger family unit Safe play area for children Children safe design

B. Single parent Safe play area for children Children safe design

90


C. Aging parents Handicapped-accessible / wheelchair-equipped Space for wheelchair access Toilet features such as pedestal, water closets, lever tap, non slip tiles, grab bars ,lift up every floor, emergency fire alarm

D. Extended family A+C

91


9.4 NEEDS OF ALL USERS: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

Bedroom

Bathroom

Living room/Open spaces

Sleeping, watching TV, sex, working on the computer, reading, listening music, playing, using the bed as a sofa to host visitors

Bathing, physiological needs, washing clothes, drying clothes, working (washing up service)

Relaxing, family meetings, watch TV, working on computer, income generation activities, reading, playing, sleeping Gatherings

92


93

Kitchen

Outdoor Space

Drinking coffee, having lunch/dinner, family meeting, in-come generation activity, listening music, ironing clothes

Play, relaxation, Barbecue


9.4 NEEDS OF ALL USERS: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 2 bedrooms

1 toilet

Standard nucleus family Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light

Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works

Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light

Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works

Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light Ground floor access

Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works Disabled features Bathtub Bigger bathroom

Single family

Elderly/Disabled family

Extended family

94

Side table Wardrobe Access to natural light Ground floor bedrooms for elderly/ disabled

Adjacent to the kitchen for a reduction in pipe works Disabled features Bathtub Bigger bathroom


Outdoor Space

1 living space

1 kitchen + wet area

Play / study area has to be safe

Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other

Access to the outdoor public area.

Play/ study area has to be safe

Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other

Access to the outdoor public area.

Rest / Study area has to be safe

Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other

Access to the outdoor public area.

Rest / Study /Play area has to be safe

Kitchen and toilet/ wet areas should be next to each other

95

Access to the outdoor public area.


POSSIBLE CHANGES IN OCCUPANTS Divorce/death

Standard nucleus family

Single family

Age

Marriage (out) Elderly/Disabled family Elderly/Disabled family

Divorce/death

Marriage (in) Elderly/Disabled family

Single family

Marriage (in)

Divorce/death Elderly/Disabled family

Single parent family

Extended family

Standard nucleus family

Move out Elderly/Disabled family

Divorce/death

Marriage (in)

Single family

Standard nucleus family

Move out Elderly/Disabled family

Age/pregnancy Extended family

Elderly/Disabled family

Divorce/death

Pregnancy

Elderly/Disabled family

Extended family

Move out Elderly/Disabled family

Death Marriage (in) Single family

Elderly/Disabled family

Death and Pregnancy Divorce/death Single family

Standard nucleus family

Extended family

Move out Elderly/Disabled family

Death age/pregnancy Standard nucleus family

Extended family

Divorce/death

Moving out

Single family

Elderly/Disabled family

96

Marriage (out)

Standard nucleus family


The diagrams above show cases the many permutation of family unit The diagram on the left showcases how over time the family unit changes. The population can be broke down the population into 4 main types of family unit.

Standard nucleus family

Single parent family

97

Elderly/Disabled family

Extended family


9.5 HOW TO CREATE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL LIVING SPACE THAT CAN ADAPT TO THE DIFFERENT NEEDS OF THE 4 MAIN DEMOGRAPHIC TYPES. Documenting micro homes around the world and analyzing their plans. Looking at their 1. Design feature 2. Cost of each component 3. Plan layout

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9.5 MICRO HOUSE CATALOGING RESEARCH Micro Houses precedents are evaluated, to understand how their multifunctional houses are designed

Houses

Dachi Papuashvili’s crossshaped micro home

Lucky drop house by atelier tekuto

MAPA’s Minimod

Design Feature

Cross ventilation

Using high ceiling

Large glazing

Utilize slope of site

1. Increase perceived space

Extremely narrow building

2. Introduce light

Translucent material

Feasibility 1. Cost (building material component) 2. Access (elderly) 3. Local material

100

Concept can be utilized in plan with narrow homes


Casey Brown Architecture permanent camping

Olgga architects

Zebra 3

DMVA

Flake house

The cloud refuge

Blob

Open-able walls

Disjoint house

Prefab components

Integrated wall storage

In build integrated bunk bead

A concept that could work where living space could be opened up for views and outdoor space

Separation of functions

Separation of functions

Outdoor element

Outdoor element

101

Saving space and is definitely feasible depending of material.


9.5 MICRO HOUSE CATALOGING RESEARCH

Anna & Eugeni Bach Architectes Playhouse

Baumraum The froschkonig treehouse

Matali crasset

Design Feature

Timber-boards that can open as windows or act as eaves

Elevated over a water feature

Rope net over frames acting as a resting area over a elevated space

Feasibility

Operable Wooden screens as a shading device

Building on stilts to open public space . Concern is for elderly access and cost for additional materials and structure.

Could be utilised over a staircase space or a landing

Houses

1. Cost (building material component) 2. Access (elderly) 3. Local material

102

the Fera house


Krill Architects

Breathnac Donnellan

Meister garden house

Chapel student workshop

Atelier Workshop Port-a-bach

Eert architects

Modular components 2x3m

Wooden home with no fixture using no nails. It also utilses compressed chipwood

Container re-purposed

Transporting a house in a container

Moveable units, like lego that is reconstructed for different purposes. Drawback is that its difficult for elderly

Consideration of this beautiful material as cladding. Drawback is that it only allows for smaller size houses.

Consideration for quick construction and bringing on site.

Saves time but its probably too costly with the high tech finishes.

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Fits well with the ad-hoc typology.

Cantaining light


9.5 MICRO HOUSE CATALOGING RESEARCH

Houses

Design Feature

Cannata & fernandes

Hangar design group

self sustained module

Joshua Tree

Table integrated with the wall

Steel structure encasing timber panels

WG3 Delux

Use of translucent thermally insulating Interlux panels Recycled chipboard for interior Create shelves

Feasibility 1. Cost (building material component) 2. Access (elderly) 3. Local material

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Perhaps I could utilise the fold-able concept to save space.

Its feasible and it provides a sturdy structure that looks beautiful and provides a variation to the houses

The material allows light in space. Recycled material is ideal for low cost housing Double side stairs is space efficient.


9.6 USING DATA FROM (4. FLEXIBLE PLANS 5. MICRO HOUSE DESIGN STRATEGY PRECEDENTS )

A. Design a Flexible Multifunction Plan that can adapt to the needs of different demographics. B. Utilization of softwares such as Ecotech, Hot2000 and Fluxovento to understand the climatic conditions and ways the design could influence the comfort of the homes. 1. Solar radiation (in section 10) 2. Cross ventilation (in section 10) 3. Material study and their effectiveness in reducing energy (in section 11)

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9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : PLAN LAYOUT 2250.00

1500.00

1500.00

3000.00

750.00

1500.00

Single bed 910x1910

Double bed 1370x1910

Queen bed 1520x1980

King bed 1830 x1980

toilet (890-940)x(1625)

900.00

1000.00

table for 6 -8 table for 4

table for 4

table for 4-6

.95-1.2 sq

.9x1.2

.9x1.5

and 4 seats

and 4 seats

and 6 seats

.9x1.95 and 6 seats

Design based on a Grid system : (1500x750) 1. Facilitates ease of construction 2. Grid matches furniture sizes and human scale

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toilet w tub 1500x2400


9.6.A PRECEDENT DRAWINGS Learning from existing designs

4000.00 2000.00

2302.98

2000.00

2207.76

4000.00

1129.11

2075.00

8000.00 2627.12

8000.00

1262.34

Analysis : Rotating desk to utilise rotating desk to utilise the main space the main space for single parent family at initial stages. This plan can be broken up with for single parent family at initial stages can later be broken up with partition/furniture partition or furnitures in the future

Analysis : Alternative for home. a single parent family. However alternative single family or design single person not idealperhaps an elderly plan this design is not very ideal for the project

2075.00

1129.11 4000.00 2302.98

2207.76

1105.00

2000.00

2000.00

4000.00

1697.02

741.37

2075.00

8000.00 8000.00

2627.12

Analysis : Can be used for a standard nucleus house standard nucleus family layout

2000.00

4000.00

2075.00

8000.00

Analysis : Alternative design for a single parent family. However alternative single family or single person home. not ideal this design is not very ideal for the project

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1262.34

Analysis : Good use of space maximizing the small footprint. It could potentially fit a standard nucleus family.


9.6.A PLAN ITERATION 2 bedroom for family of 4-6 based on Chang’s apartment

Storage Bedroom Toilet Kitchen Living space Vestibule Bedroom/Living Room

3 bedroom for family of 4-6 based on Chang’s apartment

Testing different arrangements and orientations

Vestibule located at the center. Not as useful for ventilation 108


9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : PLAN LAYOUT Storage Bedroom Toilet Kitchen Living space Vestibule Bedroom/Living Room

This design not as ideal as the services are separated.

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t

k

not able to cross ventilate

private entrance hidden from service space utilise corridors as living room space (multifunctional) minimise vestibule to reduce wastage of space issue is that the living room space is really small

b

b

b t

t

k

k

b

k L

L

t

t

k L

L

b

b t

k k

k

k

for nucleus family

L

L

central plan with circulation on the external area not effecient no central cross ventilation.

central plan with circulation on the external area not effecient no central cross ventilation.

Addition of furniture to see if it works together while meeting the needs of users.

110

L

L

central plan with circulation on the external area not effecient no central cross ventilation.


9.6.A DESIGN ITERATIONS : TEST ISOMETRIC HOUSE UNIT

111


MOVING FORWARD Design goals and rules in the next section is informed by the research in this section and the site analysis in Section .

112




10.0 DESIGN RULES/ GOALS


DESIGN RULES COMFORT 1. Double height volume for cross ventilation

2. Living spaces facing north Long side facing north to get more natural light 3. Spacing out homes to prevent overshadow

4. Responding to site conditions Balancing between 1. Sunlight 2. Capturing natural ventilation. 3.Fitting required number on to the site.

116


DESIGN RULES SOCIETY 5. Communal space to promote social cohesion

6. Provision of ground floor access for elderly

Smaller Bigger

2 1

117

7. Meet the needs of different demographics Different size houses. a. Puzzle module b. Stacking of homes.


DESIGN RULES EFFICIENCY 8. Quick construction Modular Grid 9. Optimising building components a. Envelop (walls, ceilings, roofs) b. Furniture (fold-able, unit component furniture) c. Internal partition of space 10. Adaptable for future changes in family dynamics. Double height potential space Flexibility of grid plan allowing for rearrangement of partitions

118


LAYOUT OF HOUSES 2. Living spaces facing north Several design iterations prior to final plan layout

Terracing blocks natural sunlight

Puzzle piece consideration to meet the needs of different demographics

Step to optimise ventilation and access to outdoor space

5. Communal space to promote social cohesion

Original plans

119

Creating public space fostering a sense of community

Zemec final outcome. Natural ventilation and solar maximization not fully optimised


ORIENTATION STUDY Iterations of plans

Original crammed grid with no consideration to natural ventilation or solar access

Semi detached option as it allows for access and ventilation

Shifting building modules to try to identify an ideal arrangement

Consideration of zones and fences.

Stepping of the houses for natural ventilation.

Consideration of shadows, 4 row of houses will have too much shadow. 11 m radius circle showcases the overshadowing on site.

Consideration of the gradient of the site and how to deal with the design.

This orientation can optimise both the solar and ventilation better however it makes the site crammed and inaccessible. The site would have greater shadows casting on adjacent buildings

However this orientation, conflicts with ventilation and does not optimise the sun.

120


ORIENTATION STUDY Step to optimise 1. Natural light 2. Ventilation 3. Access to outdoor space

Width facing the sun and not optimising the wind

Tilting it at an angle for better ventilation results but not ideal for the ventilation

This orientation optimises both the solar and ventilation while ensuring enough space between adjacent buildings to prevent 1. inaccessibility 2. overshadowing

Final site plan design iteration

121


SITE ANALYSIS This table showcase the temperature of Curitiba in a year.

Daily high and low temperature: 7 Dec - 21 March is the hottest period in Curitiba 13 May - 13 August is the Coldest period in Curitiba

122


SOLAR ANALYSIS 7 Dec - 21 March is the hottest period in Curitiba

13 May - 13 August is the Coldest period in Curitiba

123


ECOTECT ORIENTATION STUDY The orientation has a good amount of solar access on the northern facade.

Northern facade

Southern facade

This diagram show case the ample amount of solar access along the northern facade where the living spaces are located. (Refer to plans in Section 11)

124


SHADOW STUDY OF A HOUSE

08:00 am

01 :00 00 pm

10:00 am

12 :00 pm

03 :00 pm

05:00 pm

From this analysis confirmed the need for at least 11m radius to prevent overshadowing for a 2 storey building.

125


SHADOW STUDY IN SITE 7 :30 am

9 :30 am

3:30 pm

5 :30 pm

7 :30 am

9 :30 am

3:30 pm

5 :30 pm

12 :00 pm

12 :00 pm

7 Dec in Curitiba

13 May in Curitiba

Spacing out houses has accommodated the shadows casted by adjacent buildings, preventing overshadowing of houses.

126


LIGHT ACCESS

The awing wall makes the space a lot more accessible by natural light. The depth of the house makes it difficult for sunlight to enter. Clerestory windows enables the sunlight to reach deeper parts of the building evident in the light access analysis above. However, the internal space is still relatively dark. Similarly, this issue is a problem for the current housing design on site. Hence, the use of light transmissive walls as a design solution, would enable much more light into the internal spaces. 127


VENTILATION STUDY

Ventilation iteration informing the opening space of the design.

128


FINAL SITE PLAN 12 .0 0

RU A

à O

01

JO

KO

5.00

W AL

(W

55

5

6.00 6

B) 7.00

8.00

+7 .5 0

12 .00 0

RU A

9.00

10.00

14 .0 0

+0 .0 0

AC

IR

PE

02

A

RE

+0

RU A

RU

,0

IR

A

(W

55

5

0

12 .00 0

C)

1.0 0

1: 2000

Considers 1. Solar access 2. Shadows on site 3. Ventilation 4. Brief requirements (at least 32 house units on site)

129


HOUSE DESIGN :BASE MODULE Grid Unit: 1500x750 Height: 5m Step Distance: 4.5m House Area: 33.75sqm house House dimension: 9000x3750 Semi detached house (balance between heat loss and natural light)

The use of grid and modules enable for ease of construction and ability to replicate them not only to the specific site but on other parts of Brazil. The modular design enables the potential to shift components around. The unit grid is based on the size of a bed and the human scale.

130


RECTANGLE MODULE

PUZZLE MODULE

Fixed Toilet/Kitchen module: 3000x 2250

0

131

1

2

4

6

10

14


A SINGLE MODULE THAT IS ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT DEMOGRAPHIC NEEDS Rectangle Module

1

Demographics for each module

2

Nucleus family

Extended family

3

4

Single parent family

Disabled family

3 Single storey dwellings

4

Double storey dwellings Puzzle Module

5

6

Nucleus family

Extended family

Future expansion Cross ventilation For extended family with the potential to expand upwards

7

7

8

Single parent family

8

Disabled family

This would be looked at further in Section 11

132


HOW THE HOME ADAPTS TO THE CHANGES IN PEOPLE POSSIBLE CHANGES IN OCCUPANTS The puzzle module’s knobs allows for additional or reduction of space to meet the diverse demographic.

1F for the double height dwellings are left unfurnished allowing for future expansion. The double height module also facilitates cross ventilation and also restrict the growth of the social homes that could cause disputes or unsightly ad-hoc constructions

The modular system allows for dwelling number 1,2,5&6 to change to split dwelling. The house also allows for the smaller dwelling to combine to bigger dwellings.

If more space is required the semi detached house allows for the ability to combine the 2 homes into one bigger house if necessary.

133


DESIGN GOALS The Goal is to, create multi-functional homes that are cheap, small and narrow that can meet the needs of various users.

AIMS AND CONTRIBUTION: 1. Residents : learn how to utilize and optimize their space. 2. Social housing architects: have greater empathy for the less fortunate and be greater advocates for them 3. Government: to see this research and convince them the importance of getting social housing done well as a long term social investment.

134




11.0 HOUSING PROTOTYPES


DWELLING TYPES 1+2 Double storey for future expansion+ cross ventilation

2

1

Dwelling 1: (more efficient space)

Dwelling 2: (more privacy option)

2 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom

2 Bedroom + 1 Living room

+ Bigger living room space

- Smaller living room + More private spaces

Single parent family

Standard nucleus family

Single parent family

Standard nucleus family

Toilets are oriented different providing different options

138


DWELLING TYPES 1+2 1F Plan Storage/Potential expansion space

GF Plan Activity: Sleeping

1:200 on A5

00 139

0

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 1+2 GF Plan Activity: Work/study

GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends

1:200 on A5

0

00 140

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 1+2 Customising options

2x4 Grid

Double deck bed

Loft bed/table module

Awning wall Ventilation Natural light Outdoors Foster community

141


DWELLING TYPES 3+4 4

3

3

4

Dwelling 3 (more efficient use of space)

Dwelling 4 (more private space)

1 Bedroom + 1 Living bed room

1 Bedroom + 1 Living bed room

Single parent family

Standard nucleus family

Single storey

Single parent family

Standard nucleus family

Toilets are oriented different providing different options

142

GF units for elderly couples that are old and unable to climb


DWELLING TYPES 3+4 B

GF Plan Activity: Sleeping

GF Plan Activity: Work/study

C

1:200 on A5

0

00 143

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 3+4 GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends

1:200 on A5

00

144

0

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 3+4 Customising options B

2x5 Grid

Double deck bed

Family Room

2x Loft bed/table module

2x Loft bed/table module

Double deck bed

Double deck bed/

C

2x4 Grid

145

living room space


DWELLING TYPES 5+6 5

6

Dwelling 5:

Dwelling 6:

1 combined Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom

1 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom

+ 2 big living space

+ Can utilised both bedrooms and transform them into a big living/multifunction space.

Extended family

146

Standard nucleus family

- No living space in pubic areas

Single parent family Standard nucleus family

Double storey for future expansion + cross ventilation For extended family with the potential to expand upwards


DWELLING TYPES 5+6 1F: Storage/Potential expansion space

GF Plan Activity: Sleeping

1:200 on A5

0

00 147

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 5+6 GF Plan

D&E

Activity: Work/study

GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends

F

1:200 on A5

0

00 148

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 5+6 Customising options D

2.5x5 Grid

2 rooms separated by screens

Single room divided by a screen

Single room that can be a living room

2 separated rooms

2 bed rooms/living room

2 bed rooms/living room

2 separated rooms

E

2.5x4 Grid F

3.5x3 Grid

149

1 bedroom/ living room


DWELLING TYPES 7+8 8

7

8

7

Dwelling 7: 3 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom + Big living space

Dwelling 8: 2 Bedroom + 1 Living bedroom - No living space in pubic areas + Can utilised both bedrooms and transform them into a big living/multinational space.

Extended family

150

Standard nucleus family

Single parent family Standard nucleus family

GF units for elderly couples that are old and unable to climb


DWELLING TYPES 7+8 GF Plan Activity: Sleeping

GF Plan Activity: Work/study

1:200 on A5

0

00 151

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 7+8 GF Plan Activity: Leisure/weekends G

F

1:200 on A5

0

00

152

1

2

4

6

10

14


DWELLING TYPES 7+8 Customising options G

3x4 + 3x2 Grid

2 bed rooms and a storage

3 bedrooms

4 bedrooms

2 bed rooms/living room

1 bedroom/ living room

F

3.5x3 Grid

153

2 bed rooms/living room


FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 6

5

AA

BB

1:200 on A5

0

154

1

2

4

6

10

14


FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 Section AA Activity Sleeping

Section BB Activity Sleeping

1:100 on A5

155


FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 Section AA

Activity Work/study

Section BB

Activity Work/study W

1:100 on A5

156


FURTHER ANALYSIS OF DWELLING 5+6 Section AA

Activity Leisure/weekend

Section BB

Activity Leisure/weekend

1:100 1 100 on A5

157


AXONOMETIRIC DRAWING OF DWELLING 5+6

D

ll we

i ng

5

D

158

w

i el l

ng

6


EXPLODED AXONOMETIRIC DRAWING OF DWELLING 5+6

Dwelling 5 159

Dwelling D lli 6


EXPLODED AXONOMETIRIC DRAWING OF DWELLING 5+6 Ground Floor of Dwelling 5 A. Awning wall

B A

B. Toilet module C. Integrated wall with shelves and cupboards D. Integrated wall with fold out-beds

D

C

G

H

E. Partition screens allowing bedroom to be re-purposed for other functions F. Stairs/storage space. G. Fold out table forming mini dinning area.

F E

H. Screen to re-purpose living room to a bedroom

Ground Floor of Dwelling 6

I. Wardrobe and intergated fold out single bed.

I

J

J. Staircase with storage space K. Awning wall

K

L. Toilet module

N

M.Typical Polycarbonate wall with screens L

160

M

N.Fold-able table and screen seperation to divide the room.




12.0 MASS CUSTOMISATION


MASS CUSTOMISATION Other than the mass customisation of 1.Plans (Section 11) 2.Dwelling floor area (Section 11) The residents can customise the 3. Finishing 4. Materials used for construction of different building components. This section will showcase the breakdown of the material’s properties. The customisation options would be streamlined with more research and information of locally available products.

Dwelling 5 164


MASS CUSTOMISATION The building components that would be customised. 12.1 Roofs 12.2 Walls type 12.3 Wall components: External Cladding 12.4 Wall components: Framework and Insulation 12.5 Wall components: Finishing 12.6 Wall components: Openings 12.7 Floor 12.8 Furniture

165


12.1 ROOFS 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1. Seamless diamond patterned slate shingles 2. Dark grey slate shingles 3. Light grey slate shingles 4. Timber shingles 5. Dark brown ceramic tiles 6. Light brown ceramic tiles 7. Light grey corrugated steel roof 8. Red corrugated steel roof 9. Green roof 10. Solar PV roofs 11. Skylights and/or solar hot-water 12. Rainwater collection

12

Roof number

Materials

R values

1,2,3

Asphalt Shingles

0.44

4

Wood Shingles

0.97

5,6

Ceramic tiles

0.02

7,8,10,11,12

Steel roof with

0.06

a. Vapour barrier and reflective foil

0.11-0.16

b. Insulation

4.7-7.6

9

166

Green roof


12.1 ROOFS Roof recommendation: 11 , 12 11

12

Solar hotwater Rainwater collection

The utilisation of Solar hot-water would be recommended as 1. The cost is not great 2. It utilises free heating from the sun reducing energy consumption. Rainwater collection 1. The cost is not great 2. It collects free water for washing/cleaning of cars or outdoor spaces. Steel roof 1. Fast construction 2. Material is widely available in Brazil. 3. Longevity, little maintenance 4. Good performance when coupled with insulation (Contractors requires special attention by architects to ensure the prevention of thermal bridge and correct installation process of insulation)

167


12.1 ROOFS 9

10

9. Green roof 10. Solar PV

Rejection of Green roofs/ PV : 1. Expensive 2. Maintenance 3. Requires depth for substrate (Green Roofs) These roof types are luxury items. The primary needs should be considered first and foremost.

168


12.2 WALLS TYPE Solid wall options 1

2

3

1 Reinforced concrete with form-work texture (150mm 0.95) 2. Standard in-situ reinforced concrete walls

4

3. Rein forced concrete panels

5

4. Licracon wall 5. Mycotech wall

Wall number

Materials

R values

1,2,3,4

Concrete

150mm - 0.95

All these options have similar R values. Licracon is recommended as it is concrete made with 4 % glass optical fibres allowing light to enter

the house. This is particularly useful for this project requires the construction of many houses (32) on a small site (4128m 2) with a steep gradient. Even with the 2 tier grading of the site, the amount of shadowing would be great, as confirmed through our site visit. Hence, withe the utilisation of this material it would allow as much light to enter each houses.

This material is not cheap or available yet in Brazil but it is something worth researching. The government could perhaps produce a similar product or purchasing the patent to manufacture the product for mass customisation. In addition, bio-based materials has a lot of potential that could be exploited and developed as well. Mycotech is a product from Indonesia that is produced by fungi. The material has strength greater than bricks, fire resistant, non toxic and is also buoyant.

169


12.2 WALLS TYPE Framed wall components

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 External cladding (polycarbonate) 4mm twin wall 1.42 R value 2. Insulation/ fill for framework (bubble wrap/air) 1.00 R value 3. Framework (Steel) 4. Internal finishing (polycarbonate) 5. Blinds (either 5 or 7) 6. Openings (windows and door frames) 7. External Shading (Screens/Sunshades)

This project would focus on framed wall system due to the ease of assembly and construction. This system enables the addition of insulation that is lacking in houses in Brazil.

170


12.3 WALL COMPONENTS: EXTERNAL CLADDING 1

2

1 Timber board 2.Painted plywood 3.Texture fiber concrete panels

4

4.Fiber cement cladding panels 5. Colored polycarbonate wall 6.Polished concrete or plaster for paint application after completion.

3 6 5

These options are to help control the colour and appearance of the entire community. Some of these have a higher performance and they vary in cost. Polycarbonate cladding would only make sense if the internal cladding is also polycarbonate.

171


12.4 WALL COMPONENTS: FRAME WORK AND INSULATION 1

2

1

1. Steel frame 2. Timber frame

2

1. Recycled paper insulation 2. Paper tubes with insulation 3. Insulation boards 4. Air gap/ bubble wrap (polycarbonate wall system)

3

4

Additional insulations are available as evident in the list on Pg165. Selection of several insulation for customisation would be determined by: 1. Cost 2. Sustainability

172


12.4 WALL COMPONENTS: FRAME WORK AND INSULATION Insulating Materials

Rvalues

Air Space ( Minimum 1/2� up to 4�)

1.00

R-11 Mineral Fiber with 2x4 metal studs @ 16" OC

5.50

R-11 Mineral Fiber with 2x4 wood studs @ 16" OC

12.44

R-11 Mineral Fiber with 2x4 metal studs @ 24" OC

6.60

R-19 Mineral Fiber with 2x6 metal studs @ 16" OC

7.10

R-19 Mineral Fiber with 2x6 metal studs @ 24" OC

8.55

R-19 Mineral Fiber with 2x6 wood studs @ 24" OC

9.11

Expanded Polystyrene (Extruded)

1"

5.00

Polyurethane Foam (Foamed on site)

1"

6.25

Polyisocyanurate (Foil Faced) 1"

173

7.20


12.6 WALL COMPONENTS: FINISHING 1

2

1. Polycoated recycled paper 2. Recycled paper panels. 3. Oriented strand board (OSB ) 4. OSB painted with white paint

4 3

Material

R value

1/2”

Gypsum Wall Board

0.45

5/8”

Gypsum Wall Board

0.5625

1/2”

Plywood

0.62

1”

Plywood

1.25

1/2”

Fiber board sheathing (similar to OSB)

1.32

1/2”

Medium Density Particle Board

0.53

The finishing is to be light in color to increase perceived space and make the room look brighter with less light being absorbed by the wall.

174


12.7 WALL COMPONENTS: OPENINGS Single to Double glazing reduces 4% of energy of a house Single glazing to double heat mirror glazing with 13mm argon spaces ,low e coating with wooden frames reduces 9% of the house’s energy. Information are based of HOT2000 analysis

Single glazing is 25% cheaper, but costs up to 50% more energy for air conditioning. (H/C) Windows recommendation: Double glazed as the design has several openings in the building envelop and without a better glazing system heat would be loss through these openings. Glass’s properties to consider: 1. SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) 2. VLT (visible light transmission) 3. Frame material 4. Spacer The brand or type of window doesn’t matter. What is crucial is the quality and performance of the window/door.

175


12.7 WALL COMPONENTS: OPENINGS Window

R value

Single Pane

0.91

Double Pane with 1/4” air space

1.69

Double Pane with 1/2” air space

2.04

Double Pane with 3/4” air space

2.38

Triple Pane with 1/4” air spaces

2.56

Triple Pane with 1/2” air spaces

3.23

Doors Wood, solid core 1 3/4” Insulated metal door

176

R value 2.17 15.00


12.8 FLOOR Flooring type

R value

Hardwood

0.68

Tile

0.05

Carpet with fiber pad

2.08

Carpet with rubber pad

1.23

Hardwood is utilised in bedroom and living rooms. Tiles are utilised in wet areas such as kitchen and toilets.

177


12.9 FURNITURE Flexible/multi-functional furniture is employed in this design project. The selection of furnitures depends on The internal division of space. (Section 11- Number of grids units) Determined by a. Number of occupancy to accommodate b. Preference for more public space or more private spaces

2x4 Grid with eight 750x1500 units.

178

Number of occupants to accommodate: 2

Number of occupants to accommodate: 2

Double deck beds

2 Single loft beds

Preference: More public/ shared space

Preference: Private space


12.9 FURNITURE Furniture available for mass customisation. (Refer to Section 11 to see more variation of different furnitures) Beds: 1.Fold-down Single bed

2x Loft bed/table module

2 Fold-down double bed 3. Double deck beds 4. Loft beds(with study table) 5. Sofa beds Walls:

Double deck bed

1. Sliding partitions 2. Folding doors 3. Storage/cupboard walls Double deck bed/ living room space Folding doors

179


12.9 FURNITURE Tables:

Section AA

Activity Work/study

Section AA

Activity Sleeping

1. Fixed fold-away tables 2. Fold-able tables Chairs 1. Fold-able chairs Windows 1. Sunscreens 2. Blinds. 3. Eaves Ventilation: Ceiling / wall fans

Fixed fold-able table

180




13.0 DEMONSTRATION OF HOUSE DEVELOPMENT


D

i ng 6

mo du

le

RENDERED PLAN AND RESPECTIVE RENDERS

D wel l

A

D wel l

i ng 5

mo du

le

B/C

E

184

1:100

L1 zone


RENDER A & B

A. Multifunctional room: Study/work, sleeping and living space. 1. Fold-able bed 2. Furniture as partitions

3. Screens to divide space 4. Efficient staircase

5. Under stairs storage space

B. Storage space / potential growth space that allows for natural ventilation

185


RENDER C

C. Dwelling 6's Multi-functional room: Study/work, sleeping and living space. 1. Fold-able bed 2. Furniture as partitions

186

3. Screens to divide space 4. Sofa bed


RENDER D

D. Semi outdoor space accommodating events and for barbecue Multi-functional external walls: Awning facade that opens up for cross ventilation and barbecues.

187

1. Under stairs storage space 2. Choice of light colors to increase perceived space. 3. Double height at entrance to increase perceived space


RENDER E

E. Semi outdoor space accommodating events and for barbecue. Multi-functional external walls: Awning facade that opens up for cross ventilation and barbecues.

1. Sofa bed 2. Fixed fold-able tables

Render E: Dwelling 6's Multi-functional corridor that adapt to becoming a dining area 1. Fixed fold-able tables

188

2. Storage space for fold-able chairs

3. Under stairs storage space

3. Storage space for fold-able chairs 4. Under stairs storage space


SITE RENDER : COMMUNAL SPACE

Green community space

189


SITE RENDER

Aerial render view of the site

190




14.0 CONCLUSION


REFLECTION With more time and research I believe that details of the design could be worked out. For this project to convince Cobab, IPPUC and the Brazil government a video or a actual prototype house could be built to show the efficiency of the housing module. The modules designed has the potential to stack forming high rise accommodations. With more time on site to survey the residents and access to local information on materials and furniture would have helped the design reach a better resolution.

194




15.0 REFERENCES


REFERENCE 1.

Anon, (2016). [online] Available at: http://icanz.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Final_ handbook_part-1_v2_web29.1.2015_hr.pdf [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].

2.

archtoolbox.com. (2016). R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials - archtoolbox. com. [online] Available at: http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moistureprotection/rvalues.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].

3.

Brady, S., 2001, Dec 08. Avi Friedman: The master of small: Architect believes good storage makes life less chaotic. Edmonton Journal, I7.

4.

Brady, S., 2001, Nov 24. The master of small: Avi Friedman lives what he preaches: modest living spaces in communities where neighbours know each other. Sheila Brady reports. The Ottawa Citizen, I1 / FRONT. ISSN 08393222.

5.

The big book of small house designs. 2011. New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2011; 1st trade pbk. ed.

6.

Broto, E., 2009. Superb small houses. Barcelona : Links, 20

7.

Broxwood. com.2015.’DoubleGlazingVTripleGlazing|Broxwood’.h ttp://broxwood.

com/technical/double-glazing-v-triple-glazing/; Howell, Jeff. 2014. 8.

Chang, G., 2008. My 32m² apartment : a 30-year transformation. Hong Kong : MCCM Creations, 2008.

9.

Friedman, A., 2012. Town and Terraced Housing. [electronic resource] : For Affordability and Sustainability. Hoboken : Taylor and Francis, 2012.

10.

Friedman, A., 2002, Oct 05. Small, smart & sustainable. The Ottawa Citizen, I1 / FRONT. ISSN 08393222.

198


REFERENCE 11.

Friedman, A., 2008, Jun 24. Tall and thin is in; high-density urban living means narrow buildings. CanWest News.

12.

Hildner, C., Lindberg, S., Wiegelmann, A. and Sommer, K., 2011. Small houses : contemporary Japanese dwellings. Basel : Birkhäuser, 2011].

13.

Kottas, D., 2014. New trends in microarchitecture. Barcelona, Spain : Links, 2014; Edition 2014.

14.

London, G. and Anderson , S., 2008. TAKE 7 : housing Australia : how architects can make a difference.

15.

Manuka, ACT. : Australian Institute of Architects, 2008.

16.

Slavid, R., 2009. Micro : very small architecture. London : Laurence King, 2009.

17.

Telegraph.co.uk. (2009). Greenhouses: why polycarbonate beats glass. [online] Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardeningequipment/6537880/Greenhouses-whypolycarbonate-beats-glass.html [Accessed 2 Jun. 2016].

18.

Semenak, S. 2011, Thin is in with modern urban architects; Could narrow houses be the cure for urban sprawl?, Edmonton, Alta.

19.

Semenak, S., 2011, Nov 01. Yes, smaller can be better; Narrow houses fit in with the growing idea that ever-denser cities work better with thin dwellings. Postmedia News.

20.

Do these Look like low-cost homes? Social housing is often associated with ugly concrete tower blocks but a small band of architects is trying to get away from that image, writes Phyllis Richardson :

199


REFERENCE 21.

Jeff Howell: Is Triple Glazing Worth The Money?’. T elegraph.Co.Uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ lifestyle/interiors/jeffhowell/10614496/Jeff-Howell-istriple-glazing-worth-the-money.html.125 Australia,Home.2015;Watts,Louie.2012.

22.

ZEM EC Workshop Curitiba, 2016. Summary of ket benchmarks for design of social housing interest. 2016, .

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