SHEFFIELD VIADUCT REDEVELOPMENT
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
Green Infrastructure and Ecological Masterplanning
SHEFFIELD VIADUCT
CONTENTS
01. STAGE 1 : SITE ANALYSIS *See attatched pdf file for detail 02. STAGE 2 : VISION AND CONCEPT 2.1. A Think Piece : Humans and Nature
3
03. STAGE 3 : MASTERPLAN DEVELOPMENT 3.1. Design Approach 01 : Inspirations 3.2. Design Approach 02 : Developing Patterns 3.3. Masterplan (1:1000) 3.4. Emotion and Activities 3.5. Vegetation Typologies 3.6. Section 01 (1:100) : Courtyard ~ Crevice Garden 3.7. Detail Plan (1:500) 3.8. Section 02 (1:50) : Wetland 3.9. Woodland Plantation 3.10. Woodland Habitat Creation 3.11. Wetland Habitat Creation 3.12. Perspective
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
REFERENCES
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SHEFFIELD VIADUCT
2.1. A THINK PIECE : HUMANS AND NATURE
Dear My Friend, I would like to extend my sincere thanks for letting us use your Wicker for the new home for my family. The rocks, trees and pond are perfect for them. Once my children find the perfect spot, they will build very creative homes. It is wonderful to see them enjoying and resting themselves satisfied. I must mention how much grateful I am for your help with bring a festive and positive vibe to the city. People are impressed with the park. The park itself is a visual narration of the story of the old railway. Many people who often have not been in nature, are truly stunned that we have such great natural resources in our midst. I can’t tell you how many people are using the Wicker to rest and make friends. We had forgotten just how lovely nature is. You are a perfect green sanctuary and bring such calm to a chaotic day. Thank you for your trees, your birds, your grass and your pond. We deeply appreciate you helping to spread this positive vibe throughout our world. Lots of love, Sheffield
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
3| STAGE 2 _ A THINK PIECE : HUMAN AND NATURE
3.1. DESIGN APPROACH 01 : INSPIRATIONS
Mapping 1. Emotional Mapping of Grindleford : Emotion Through Motion
Mapping 2. Spatial Structure
Emotion can vary with different spatial qualities. Inspired by walking in Grindleford, the first step of the design stage was thinking about emotion, the feelings and experiences in the proposed design space.
Experiment 1. Spatial Qualities Across the Different Spots 4 | STAGE 3 _ DESIGN APPROACH _ INSPIRATIONS
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
3.2. DESIGN APPROACH 02 : DEVELOPING PATTERNS Spatial qualities were constructed by developing patterns from vegetation : open, fragmented and enclosed. The following are abstract masterplans created by experimenting with representative tiles derived from vegetation structures, landform and materialities.
Experiment 2. Spatial Structure : Open, Fragmented and Enclosed
Experiment 3. Movement of the space and materials YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
Mapping 3. Creating the Spaces with Vegetation Structure
Mapping 4. Reimagining the Proposed Design Through Representative Spatial Patterns 5 | STAGE 3 _ DESIGN APPROACH _ DEVELOPING PATTERNS
3.3. MASTERPLAN (1:1000)
KEY
1
2 16
5
Fu rni va
16
7 6
Mixed woodland
11
Wetland walk
2
Forest cafe
12
Dancing grass walk
3
Picnic area and crevice garden
4
Sand planters
13
Enhanced brownfield meadow and sand pits
5
Hotel courtyard 1
14
Mound features
6
Stepping stones in gravel
15
Gabion waterfall
7
Amphitheatre
16
Viewpoint
8
Birch grove Hotel courtyard 2
17
9
Access points with stairs and the lift
10
Perennial walk
18
The Wicker plaza
19
Rain water pipe
17
Sorbus aria
Effi
ng ha m
8
St
4
lR d
3
+52.4
1
Mixed woodland (e.g. Salix fragilis, Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens
+55.7
11
Don
Betula pendula
Sussex St
Populus alba x tremula
12
River
9
Prunus serrula
19
Fur n
iva
l Rd
Refer to 3.7. 1:500 Plan for detail 13
16
18
+57.2
17
+45.7
15
10
Derek
Doole
y Way
Vic t qua oria ys
14
+57.4
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
1
Calming Forest Cafe
2
Friendly Picnic Area and Crevice Garden
3
Relaxing Courtyard
4 5
Adventurous Stepping Stones Rustling Amphitheatre and Birch Grove
6
Welcoming Courtyard
Surprise
7
Festive Plaza
Playful
8
Immersive Nature Hub
9
Curious Log
10
Amazing Viewpoint
11
Playful Sand Pit
12
Surprising Waterfall
13
Mysterious Landform
Excited Calm Mystery Safe
Degree of Emotion
4
10
1
3.4. EMOTION AND ACTIVITIES
2
Emotional changes while experiencing the different spatial qualities in the proposed site.
10
3
4
5
5
6
9 8
6
7
10
11 12
13
12
8
11 YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
9 7 | MASTERPLAN BREAKDOWN_ACTIVITY MAP
3.5. VEGETATION TYPOLOGIES
Wetland
Woodla nd
Enhance
d Brown
Dr y Mea
field Me a
dow
dow
Sand Pla
Mown G
nters
rass
Mixed Woodland with Edible Shrubs
Riparian Edge
Mixed Woodland with Semi-shade Perennials
Wet Woodland
Mown Grass and Crevice Garden
Biohaven Floating Wetland
Birch Grove with Semi-shade Ground Cover
Scattered Drought Tolerant Plants in Sand
Tall Grass
Enhanced Brownfield Meadow
Species Rich Meadow Dry Meadow in Gravel Wet Meadow
8 | MASTERPLAN BREAKDOWN_VEGETATION TYPOLOGIES
Sedum Green Roof Waterside Marginal Planting Rain Gardens
Species R Transition ich Meadow wit h al Dr y M eadow
Perennia ls
and Tall
Grass
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
LOCATION
A’
TYPOLOGY SPACE USAGE
3.6. SECTION 01 (1:100) _ COURTYARD ~ CREVICE GARDEN Hotel Courtyard Species Rich Meadow
Nature Hub
Dry Meadow in Gravel
Sand Planters
Nature Hub
Picnic
Mixed Woodland
1
Inspiration
A
Materiality
Railway
Mixed Spontaneous Woodland Vegetation
Mown Grass and Crevice Garden
A
Nature Hub
Mixed Woodland
HOTEL
2
3
4
1
A
A 1
A’
A
2
A
Replicating brownfield sites with
Solitary bees will create habitats in sand planters
an open mosaic of habitats such
through holes (Little, 2021). Constructing planters
as sedum based green roof, has
Spontaneous vegetation will be a
with perforated steel and planting drought-
benefits for wildlife (Buglife, 2012). Substrates will be constructed with Figure 1. Sedum green roof materials from local quarries.
Figure 2. Sand planter
reminder of the history of the site.
tolerant plants will increase biodiversity, as well
Leaving gaps between locally sourced
as aesthetic value.
stone paving will permit vegetation to grow. Although it has often not been
4
3
considered to be of aesthetic value
A neatly mown grass picnic area that is encircled with a crevice garden, can also serve as a threshold. Constructing a crevice garden with locally sourced
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
2015).
itself, additional species will help to
can achieve both aesthetic and ecological value.
make it more attractive to people
Creating log piles by arranging them vertically
(Kuhn, 2006).
with sufficient gaps, will allow creatures to live
stone can create niche habitats (RHS, Figure 3. Crevice garden
Inspired by the artist Michael McGills, log piles
there (Domoney, 2016). Figure 4. Log piles
Figure 5&6. Large irregular stone paving
9 | SECTION 01 (1:100) _ COURTYARD ~ CREVICE GARDEN
3.7. DETAIL PLAN (1:500)
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
KEY
7
D
+56.7 +55.7
C
1
Biohaven floating wetland
2
Zone 1 : Shallow marsh (fens)
3
Zone 2 : Wet meadow
4
Zone 3 : Shrub wetland
5
Zone 4 : Mixed forested wetland
6
Dry meadow in gravel
7
Tall grass
A
Wetland view point
B
Raised perforated metal walkway
C
Stepping stones
D
Irregular large stone paving Mixed woodland (e.g. Salix fragilis, Sorbus aucuparia, Alnus glutinosa and Betula pubescens
1 2 A
Betula pendula
3
+53.7 Prunus serrula
4
Refer to 3.9. Woodland Plantation for detail
B
A
5
6
10 | DETAIL PLAN (1:500)
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
3.8. SECTION 02 (1:50) _ WETLAND
1
Inspiration
A
Materiality
LOCATION
B’
TYPOLOGY SPACE USAGE
B
Riparian Edge
Mixed Woodland Transition
Stepping Stones
Dry Meadow in Gravel
Zone 4. Mixed Forested Wetland
Zone 3. Shrub Wetland
Wetland Pond
Riparian Transition Edge
Zone 1. Shallow Marsh Zone 2. Wet Meadow
Zone 2. Wet Meadow
Wetland with Floating Island
Zone 3. Shrub Wetland
Mixed Woodland
Grass Walk
Railway
Zone 4. Mixed Forested Wetland
Tall Grass
Spontaneous Vegetation
Refer to 3.10. Woodland Habitat Creation for detail 6
5
B
A
B
C
C
5
Figure 7. Dry meadow
To achieve artificial naturalness, large stepping stone slabs from concrete on site are designed to intermingle with the elements of nature and history. The timeline of the site is carved on each concrete segment to remind visitors of the old railway station and its history.
YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
B Refer to 3.11. Wetland Habitat Creation for detail
Standing/fallen dead trees attract birds, as they create invaluable habitats for invertebrates (Redpath, 1995).
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Figure 8. Biohaven Floating Wetland
A floating wetland is not only has ecological value, but also aesthetic. Planting with native wetland species will provide a habitat, fish refuge and water purification (Floating Island International, 2021).
Figure 9. Dead Wood
B’
A
People are expected to interact with the vegetation through the design of a permeable metal pathway. Raising it above the surrounding wetland, plant space will allow vegetation to thrive. The material itself is a resemblance of a railway track, Figure 10. Perforated Metal which also contributing to visitors’ Pathway sensory experience by creating a soundscape. 11 | SECTION 03 (1:50) _ WETLAND
3.9. WOODLAND PLANTATION Spatial and taxonomic complexity in vegetation maximises the opportunities for wildlife (Hitchmough, 2021). Birds prefer areas with greater habitat fragmentation which increases the richness of different species (Redpath, 1995). Based on the woodland structural complexity index (Gibbons et al., 2005), the following sections and a diagram summarise the key structural elements for a successful woodland vegetation strategy for wildlife habitats.
A. LARGE TREE SPACING WITH MULTI-STOREY
B. LARGE TREE SPACING WITH RARE GROUND VEGETATION
Canopy Layer Salix fragilis Sorbus aucuparia
Canopy Layer Alnus glutinosa Betula pubescens
Field Layer Carex sylvatica Dryopteris erythrosora
Field Layer Caltha palustris Iris versicolor
Shrub Layer Rubus fruticosus Ribes nigrum Buddleja davidii
C. SMALL TREE SPACING WITH MULTI-STOREY
D. SMALL TREE SPACING WITH RARE GROUND VEGETATION
Canopy Layer Alnus glutinosa Sorbus aucuparia
Canopy Layer Betula pubescens Sorbus aucuparia
Field Layer Pteridium aquilinum Carex pendula
Field Layer Lythrum salicaria Ligularia ‘The Rocket’
Shrub Layer Crataegus monogyna Prunus spinosa Ribes rubrum
A 12 | WOODLAND PLANTATION
B
C
D YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
3.10. WOODLAND HABITAT CREATION The pioneer species of the unmaintained areas live within a complex system in relation to the other species. The following drawings show the schemes connecting the existing characteristics with the newly introduced species and the potential wildlife species that can be found in the proposed design as a result of habitat intervention. (A) Forest Litter (B) Mixture of Humus and Minerals (C) Silt, Loam Soil (D) Weathered Parent Materials (E) Unweathered Parent Bedrock
Birds Picus viridis (Green woodpecker) Cyanistes caeruleus (Blue tit) Regulus regulus (Goldcrest) Animals Talpa europaea (Mole) Sorex minutus (Shrew) Insects Scutigera coleoptrata (Centipede) Lamprima aurata (Beetle) Formica rufa (Wood ant) Plants Pteridium aquilinum (Eagle Fern) Amanita muscaria (Flay Agaric) Mnium hornum (Thyme Moss) Hedera helix (Ivy)
The hibernaculum, which is filled with loose materials and covered with turf or soil, can provide the habitat for reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates (Wiltshire Wildlife Trust, 2018). By constructing it with on-site materials, such as bricks, concrete and railway wood blocks, it will provide a safe space for the species over winter and be a spot for bees and birds. (A) Pipe (Entrance) (B) Top Soil (C) Existing soil (D) Sand and Stones (E) Railroad Wood Blocks (F) Concrete Slabs (G) Bricks (H) Concrete Blocks (I) Gravel
Birds Aegithalos caudatus (Long-tailed tit) Columba palumbus (Wood pigeon) Passer domesticus (Sparrow) Animals Thamnophis sirtalis (Snake) Rana temporaria (Frog) Sciurus carolinensis (Grey Squirrel) Insects Lumbricus terrestris (Earthworm) Cornu Aspersum (Slug)
(A)
(B)
(A) (B)
(C)
(C) (D) (D)
(E)
(E) (F) (G) (H) (I) 01_DEAD WOOD YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
02_HIBERNACULUM 13 | WOODLAND HABITAT CREATION
3.11. WETLAND HABITAT CREATION Floating wetlands provide habitats for birds and pollinators on the surface, and aquatic creatures underwater. Island shade and roots allow fish to thrive. Water quality treatment is also expected as the root systems pull pollutants from the water (Floating Island International, 2021). *Filled in baskets (A) Wood Chips (B) Wood Straw (C) Green Brush (D) Low Saturated Sodic Soil (E) Bedrock Aquifer
Birds Podiceps cristatus (Great crested grebe) Cygnus olor (Mute swan) Anas acuta (Northern pintail) Ardea alba (Great egret) Animals Barbus barbus (Barbel) Abramis brama (Bream) Arvicola amphibus (Water vole)
The riparian zone forms the link between the water and land. Riparian vegetation plays key roles including creating the habitat, protecting water quality, and reducing the risk of flooding (SEPA, 2009). (A) Organic Rich Saturated Wetland Soil (B) Low Saturated Sodic Soil (C) Bedrock Aquifer
Plants Iris pseudacorus (Yellow iris) Lythrum salicaria (Purple loosestrife) Ligularia ‘The Rocket’ (Leopard plants) Lychnis flos-cuculi (Ragged robin) Pimpinella saxifraga (Burnet saxifrage)
Birds Ardea cinerea (Grey heron) Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) Fulica atra (Coot) Animals Arvicola amphibus (Water vole) Insects Sympetrum striolatum (Darter) Aquarius remigis (Water strider) Plants Carex riparia (Greater Pond Sedge) Phragmites australis (Reed) Caltha palustris (Marsh Marigold)
(A) (B) (C)
(A)
(D)
(B)
(E)
(C)
01_BIOHAVEN FLOATING WETLAND 14 | WETLAND HABITAT CREATION
02_RIPARIAN WETLAND YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
3.12. PERSPECTIVE
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YOUNWOO KIM 190157373
15 | PERSPECTIVE
STAGE 1
STAGE 3
Akin, I. (2016) ‘Urban space case study: The Highline, NY’, Ipek Akin architecture student, 20th April. Available at: https:// ipekakin.wordpress.com/2016/04/20/urban-space-case-study-the-highline-ny/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
Buglife (2012). Scottish Invertebrate Habitat Mnagement: Brownfields. Available at: https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2019/08/ Brownfields_0.pdf (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
CABE (2006). Making contracts work for wildlife : how to encourage biodiversity in urban parks, London: CABE. (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
Domoney, D., (2016) Wildlife garden: how to build a log pile to attract insects. Available at: https://www.daviddomoney. com/wildlife-garden-build-log-pile-attract-insects/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
Catford, N. (2017) ‘Sheffield Victoria’, Disused stations site record, 26th May. Available at: http://disused-stations.org.uk/s/ sheffield_victoria/index.shtml (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
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Digimap (2022), Ariel Roam, Wicker Arches, Sheffield. Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/aerial
Gibbons P. et al. (2005) ‘Forest and woodland stand structural complexity: its definition and measurement’, Forest ecology management, 218 (1), pp. 4-7. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705005001?casa_ token=BttE7hARDFUAAAAA:XktW6LEA0d1XyXa7ABmkkV_JGG_xAqPxoPS2B3StqyEl03SBAE3o3ti-qDPSaDIAs9jQQf5IR9g (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022). Redpath, S.M., (1995). Habitat Fragmentation and the Individual. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 64 (5), pp. 652-661.
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Hitchmough, J. (2021). ‘Rewilding and landscape’ [PowerPoint presentation]. Ecology Lecture. Available at: https://vle.shef. ac.uk/ultra/courses/_98030_1/cl/outline (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022). Kühn, N. (2006) ‘Intentions for the Unintentional’, Journal of landscape architecture (Wageningen, Netherlands), 1(2), pp. 46–53. doi:10.1080/18626033.2006.9723372.
Robson, S. (2021) ‘Stunning plans to turn Castlefield Viaduct into urban park boasting secret garden’, Available at: https:// www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/castlefield-viaduct-plans-urban-park-21714509 (Accessed: 3th Jan 2022)
Little, J., (2021). ‘Designing brownfield into public space’ [PowerPoint presentation]. Ecology Lecture. Available at: https:// vle.shef.ac.uk/ultra/courses/_98030_1/cl/outline (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022).
Sheffield History Team (2007) ‘ The Wicker’, Sheffield history, 17th February . Available at: https://www.sheffieldhistory. co.uk/forums/topic/239-the-wicker/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
RHS (2015) Why have a rock garden? Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/gardens/wisley/wisley-blogs/wisley/ march-2015/why-have-a-rock-garden (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
The Wildlife Trusts (2021). Available at: https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/habitats/towns-and-gardens/brownfield (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
SEPA (2009) Riparian vegetation management. Available at: https://www.sepa.org.uk/media/151010/wat_sg_44.pdf (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
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Wiltshire Wildlife Trusts (2018) How to build a hibernaculum for amphibians and reptiles. Available at: https://www.wiltshirewildlife.org/how-to-build-a-hibernaculum-for-amphibians-and-reptiles (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
FIGURES [Figure 1] Bairner, S., (2012) [Green Roof]. Available at: https://cdn.buglife.org.uk/2019/08/Brownfields_0.pdf (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 2] Little, J., (2021). [Habitat Panels, Planters and Signs]. Available at: https://www.grassroofcompany.co.uk/habitat-planters (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [FIgure 3] Barnes, J., (2019) [A Long View of the Crevice Garden at Juniper Level Botanic Garden]. Available at:https://meristemhorticulture.com/planted/2019/7/24/crazy-for-crevices-at-juniper-level-botanic-garden (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 4] Michael, M., (2001) Grommet [Wood, steel and paint]. Available at: https://michaelmcgillis.com/grommet-1 (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
[Figure 5] Jordan, S., (2021) Closed Wiscassett Mills. Available at: https://pin.it/5rHvSKk (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 6] Berman, L., (2022) Green Photos. Available at: https://pin.it/28evndl (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 7] Bild, D., (2019) Park Naturmuseum St. Gallen. Available at: https://landezine-award.com/park-naturmuseum-st-gallen/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 8] Floating Island West (2021) Floating Island. Available at: https://floatingislandswest.com/our-products-biohaven-floating-treatment-wetlands/customized-floating-islands/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 9] The Conservastion Volinteers (2022) Dead Wood and Rocks. Available at: https://blogs.tcv.org.uk/tcv-scotland/ uncategorized/2017/01/13/dead-good-deadwood-blog-whats-good-deadwood/ (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022) [Figure 10] Hernaus, H., (2015) Davis Landscape Architecture. Available at: https://pin.it/IN0SR7c (Accessed: 21 Jan 2022)
REFERENCES
SHEFFIELD VIADUCT