Master Thesis Research Landscape Architecture Wageningen University Yesol Park 2016
Adapting and Communicating Urban Climate by Design ‘Research through designing’ for improving current urban climate adaptation situation of South Korea
THE URBAN PARK WITH MICROCLIMATE EXPERIENCE
Adapting and Communicating Urban Climate by Design ‘Research through designing’ for improving current urban climate adaptation situation of South Korea This master thesis elaborates on how landscape architects can contribute to not only adjusting urban climates, but also communicate issues regarding urban climate adaptation to inhabitants. With rapid urbanization, combined with industrialization, South Korea is experiencing extreme and exceptional heat waves, particularly in the urban area. There is compelling evidence that this phenomenon will rise sharply in the near future. The research aims to understand to what extent South Korean people groups – citizens, politicians, planners, designers and urban climate experts – are aware of the urgency of adapting to this phenomenon, and how far they are prepared to implement efficient adaptation measures.
From a landscape architect’s point of view, the study argues that there are two potential implications for design. First, there is a need to improve the urban thermal environment; second, it is necessary to bring people’s perceptions and actions vis-à-vis adapting to urban climate up to date. In order to test and prove these arguments, an example of a design proposal has been created considering the context of a specific project site in Seoul. Focusing on the double aspects of ‘functional’ and ‘revelatory’ climate adaptation design, this proposal aims to set an example of possible adaptation practices. The effects of the design are explained through visual impressions of the space and devices used, as well as of the potential climate improvements visitors to the site might experience. N
Site selection based on climate analysis N
N
N
1240m
N
Air Temperature Deviation (Local Scale) The air temperature of surrounding Seunsangga buildings is particularly higher
N
Air Temperature Deviation Map (City Scale) Most parts of inner city areas of Seoul are exposed to the UHI effect
Study and Design Site Seunsangga Complex, is a 50 meters wide and 1 kilometre long mega structure constructed from 1967 to 1972
Concept & Design idea: Transforming ruined building to urban climate park
Urban decline and potential for changing use
urban climate park
N
N
B
A
C
D
E
F
remained former building structure
ruined building
+ adapting local urban climate
H
G
+ climate experience
N
N
Programe and climate experience in the park
Design focus area wind bridge
sunny side warm deck(west)
warm place for sun lovers cool place for shade lovers cool place with vegetation mixed area with various climate experience
sunbathing rooftop heat refuge
wind wind bridge bridge underground
climate experience rooms green climate atriumsunbathing sunbathing
rooftop rooftop
sunny sunny side side warm warm deck(west) deck(west)
sunbathing rooftop
climate experience rooms bamboo
climate climate experience experience wind rooms rooms
bamboo forest green climate forest
bridge
atrium
green green climate climate atrium atrium
sunny side warm deck(west)
community mushroom farm
winter wind protecting area
multifunctional bamboo glass canopy forest for weather protection
heat heat refuge refuge underground underground community communitywinter wind mushroom mushroom farm farm
protecting winter winter wind wind area protecting protecting area area multifunctional glass canopy
wind multifunctional for weather multifunctional bridge glass canopy Climateprotection glass canopy for experience for weather weather protection rooms protection
wind wind bridge bridge
essential columns secondary elements slab terrace / balcony wall glass
Ja Kim, Arch166
Consultation with the architect in Seoul
wind bridge
Climate atrium with vertical green structures
Cafes, shops - commercial indoor area
heat refuge underground Designed park structure community mushroom farm - Feasibility study
1
The heat intensity of building surfaces and indoor temperature for the warmest summer period in South Korea is evaluated by shadow pattern studies. Considering the analysis results, various schemes for programs are developed depending on existing temperature conditions.
Influence of sun exposure Existing condition influenced by solar radiation
summer sun at noontime position
summer sunset 19:41
summer sun at noontime position
winter sun at noontime position
winter sunset 17:16
N W
direct sun
winter sunrise 07:28
summer sunrise 5:10
indirect sun
E
S
Summer and winter solstice of the study site
b
b’
Su
m
m
er
solar radiation intensity
potential cool area with shade
weak area for growing vegetation with less sunlight
potential area for growing vegetation
e
su
Sunbathing Rooftop
surface with the most intensive sun exposure
n
at
n
no
e
m
on
tim
e
um
S
- place for sunbathing
u rs
in
e
th
g
in
n or
tim
m
heliostats move with the sun and reflects the rays to disperse them down into the lower part of the atrium
Climate Green Atrium skylight allows for daylight in the atrium and growing plant
green wall in sunny-side building surface
roof provides natural shading
Cafe & Shop Sunny deck
deck provides natural shading
Indoor space with smooth indirect sunlight
Heat refuge/ Open market
Shady deck
Program sueggestion based on influence of sun exposure
Green Climate Atrium
Green climate atrium offers both cooling effect and novel green experience to visitors
2
Wind flows in urban areas can be both a problem and a potential advantage. During cooler seasons like winter, people prefer to be protected from the wind. However, during the hotter seasons which may include heat waves, sufficient ventilation with cool breeze is in order.
Local wind patterns
Careful analysis of prevailing wind patterns occurring around site buildings during two seasons, summer and winter is the basis of the structural design, in the interest of ventilation during summer and protection from low temperatures during the winter.
Local summer(left) winter(right) wind pattern analysis Local summer wind pattern
Local winter wind pattern
summer prevailing wind direction
winter prevailing wind direction wind-shade created behind buildings
summer prevailing wind with higher speed
potential cool area with summer breeze
problematic area from winter wind nuisance
potential for designing wind protection area
Conclusion on the analysis of prevailing summer and winter wind patterns is the basis of the design draw summer wind building blocks winter wind
block winter wind by bamboo tree planting prevailing summer wind passing through the steel skeleton park
draw summer wind
wind protection area behind the building and bamboo forest
wind bridge as cool spot with summer breeze
Wind indicating Art installation
Summer breeze direction
Wind Bridge Area
Temperature Colour code indicators
During the summer, people can be realized the presence of the breeze and its cooling effect through the climate revelatory installations in wind bridge area
Bamboo Forest
bamboo forest blocks winter wind
In the bamboo forest area, people will be protected from cold wind nuisance
3
Generally speaking, people perceive precipitation as a nuisance from which they want to be protected. However, for the case of hot summer days, people would feel pleasure in the cooling effect from rain showers. Therefore, these two influences from precipitation are considered as the problem and the positive potential to human’s experience. The project site has thereby particularly experienced frequent flooding in the past. As a response to these issues, the design in this study proposes to construct a rainwater harvesting system within the vertical park structure, so that the system will control a peak runoff rainwater flow during the summer months, in addition to using the rainwater in economically savvy ways.
Mean Temperature 40 35
Harvesting & using rainwater 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10
Issues related to precipitation - flooding risk from rainfall JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
Precipitation
OCT
NOV
DEC
Mean Temperature
800
40
700
35 30
600
25 500
20
369.4mm
400
15
294.2mm
300
10
168.7mm
5
200
0 100
-5
0 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
Scheme of rainwater storage and supply systems
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
-10
Use of harvested rainwater
A
B
C
1 A
landscape irrigation
B
C
2
rain/fogging effect in climate experience rooms
D
flushing toilet (in cafĂŠs & shops)
cooling mechanisms
installed steel jets create rain shower effect
Climate Experience Rooms - Rain Room rainfall wall
people who feel weary from extreme heat visit rainfall Rain room wall
installed steel jets create rain shower effect
visitors feel cool while they interact with devices for rain shower effect
In the rain room, the installed system with steel jets sprays innumerable tiny drops of harvested rain water to create rain shower effect. During the heat of summer, the rain room will be a popular space for visitors as a heat refuge
high-pressure spraying is carried out by steel jets
people who feel weary from extreme heat visit Cloud room
people who feel weary from extreme heat visit Cloud room
Climate Experience Rooms - Cloud/Fog Room
high-pressure spraying is carried out by steel jets
visiotrs have fun while they interact with climate devices
cooling effect is generated from cloud and fog
cooling effect from cloud and fog
During the heavy rain season, rainwater will be harvested and stored. During the warm summer days the collected rainwater will be used to generate misting/cooling effects in rain/cloud/fog experience rooms