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GENERAL CONTENTS
YES Volume 26
This page should help you to navigate the magazine in general. Notice that on pages 6, 12, 61, 87 and 111 there are more details for each section of the magazine.
10
20
74
16
42
83 Audio Download Code: Yes26_e28x_68 To download the audio files for this issue, please go to the 'Downloads' page on www.yes-mag.com for instructions. You will need the code given above to access the files.
4
How to Use Your English Supplement
6 7 8 9 10 11
Current Affairs Contents News Technology News Weather News Psychology News Science News
12 13-18 20-23 24-27 28-32 33-35 36 37 38-39 40-41 42-45 46-49 50 51 52-55 56-57 58-59
THE WEATHER DOSSIER The language of weather Clouds The Weather in History Health and Weather Art and Weather Sport and Weather Literature & Weather: the Pathetic Fallacy Economics and Weather Mythology and Weather Weather Lore: Meteorological Folklore The Shipping Forecast The Weather Forecast Confusing Words: Weather vs. Time vs. Tense vs. Tempo Weather Idioms Weather False Friends Weather Phrasal Verbs
60
SUBSCRIPTION FORM
61 62-65 66-69 70-72 73-83
THE TIME DOSSIER Time and society Changing Time Economics: Time is Money The Language and Grammar of Time
84-85 86
The Yes Community Picture Description
87 88
Audio Scripts Contents Audio Scripts
111 Exercises Contents 112 Exercises 134 135
Staff and contact addresses In next month’s issue
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YES 26 | 3
How to Use Your English Supplement SYMBOLS
Each page-long article in the magazine has been created to be used more or less independently so that you can learn and practise even if you only have five or ten minutes free. At the same time, the symbols below allow you to develop a theme you are interested in more extensively. Teachers can use these symbols to instantly prepare a class or classes around a common theme.
Exercise (at the end of the magazine). Test and consolidate what you have learned.
Speaking extension. A question aimed at provoking a group discussion of the topic in question.
Downloadable audio file (see also audio scripts). There are recommendations on how best to use the audio files on p. 87.
This arrow directs you to other related articles in the magazine.
ABBREVIATIONS KEY Listening extension (Internet). Once you’ve learned the basic vocabulary of a topic, why not listen to further discussions? 4 | YES 26
These are the only abbreviations you have to know to use this magazine: sb. = somebody sth. = something swh. = somewhere [U] = uncountable noun [C] = countable noun
FOOTNOTES
The superscript numbers in the text refer to the footnotes at the bottom or at the side of the same page. The footnotes explain the difficult vocabulary as determined by our non-native proofreaders. Like you, these proofreaders are learners so they are able to identify the exact words you need to know to understand the sentence. Definitions are given in English, so that you learn to think in English and these definitions are then checked by the non-native proofreaders to ensure that you will understand them. Some words are defined by pictures: we use these visual stimuli when that is the best way to fix an idea in your memory. Read the definition or look at the illustration and then re-read the sentence in question. By working with English-language footnotes you will rapidly increase your vocabulary and learn how English words relate to each other, all of which will have a dramatic impact on your fluency and self-confidence1 . Some readers find it useful to put their finger next to the word in the article that they are looking for in the footnotes to make it easier to return to the text afterwards. Either way, it shouldn’t be difficult to find your place because the footnotes are numbered and the words are highlighted in bold. Notice that the syllables and words that should be stressed2 are underlined. Red footnotes give extra cultural (rather than linguistic) information, or they refer you to other articles.
PHONEMIC SYMBOLS Here are the phonemic symbols that we use which might cause you problems.
Consonants
1
self-confidence – self-assurance (opposite of ‘self-doubt’, ‘hesitancy’) to stress sth. – emphasize, underline
2
/ʧ/ as in church, watch /ʃ/ as in wash, sure, action /ʤ/ as in judge, gesture /ʒ/ as in measure, vision /j/ as in yes /θ/ as in thick, path /ð/ as in this, breathe /ŋ/ as in sing
Pure Vowels
/æ/ as in cat /ʌ/ as in cut /ə/ as in occur, supply, aroma /ɜ:/ as in first, turn, earn /ɔ:/ as in court, warn
Dipthongs
/iə/ as in ear, here /eə/ as in air, there
YES 26 | 5
CURRENT AFFAIRS
This section of the magazine offers short news stories organized thematically:
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION Speak: how has immigration enriched your culture over the centuries? Speak: should the dead be more mobile? Speak: can the EU survive in the long term while there are nation states in it? 7
8
News Perspectives on contemporary issues from around the world Exercise 2
8
Technology News The impact of social media on our lives Exercise 2
9
Weather News The imminent meteorological impact on your life. Exercise 2
10
Psychology News Teenagers have more healthy lives than they have done in generations, so why are they so unhappy? Exercise 2
7
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Science News Good news for your health and that of hundreds of millions of people Exercise 2
6 | YES 26
Speak: has new technology fundamentally changed the way we relate to each other or not? Speak: did you imagine that Patsy and John were white? Does the fact that they are African Americans change your perception of the story?
9
Speak: do you think the weather will have a serious impact on your life in the next few years?
10
Speak: are today’s teenagers happier or less happy in general than their parents were as adolescents? Can they expect a better or a worse world as adults?
Speak: do you use music to chill you out when you are stressed out? If so, which music works for you? Speak: do fish calm you down? How do other animals affect your frame of mind? Watch this short video about the ‘drinkable book’: https://goo.gl/2pNjwp 11
WEATHER DOSSIER CONTENTS
40-41
Mythology: gods and wind bags
42-45
Weather Lore: the truth behind meteorological folklore
46-49
The Shipping Forecast: poetry for an island nation Exercise 16
50
The Weather Forecast: the rise of ‘weather-tainment’
13
Freak Weather: the Gathering Storm Exercise 4
51
Confusing Words: Weather vs. Time vs. Tense vs. Tempo – can you use them all correctly?
14
Wind: terminology and etymology Exercises 4, 27
52-55
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Stormy Weather: terminology and etymology Exercises 4, 27
Weather Idioms: expressions about rain, wind and storms Exercise 9
16
Precipitation: terminology and etymology Exercises 4, 27
Weather False Friends: would you enjoy a ‘derecho’? Exercise 5
17
Weather Conspiracies: is somebody manipulating our weather?
58-59
Weather Phrasal Verbs Exercise 22
18-19
60
SUBSCRIPTION FORM
Weather Talk: could you chat about the weather with an Anglo? Take the test. Exercise 4
20-23
Clouds: secret messages in the sky? Exercise 29
24-27
The Weather in History: how weather shaped our world Exercise 25
56-57
28-32
Health: the weather determines how you feel in dozens of ways. Exercise 3
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION 13-19
Speak: what’s the most ‘interesting’ weather you’ve ever experienced? Do you feel that you live in a climate with benign weather?
24-27
Watch: an excellent 1-hour documentary on the history of British weather from the BBC: https://goo.gl/w8BRXA
38-39
Read: there are lots of interesting articles on weather and economics at: www.weatherandeconomics.com
Art: ‘weather painting’ is the great forgotten genre of world art. Exercise 21
36
Sports: Rain stopped play
Watch: an interesting two-hour US document on the world’s weather as a single system at: https://goo.gl/bBNN6t
37
Literature: Weather and the Pathetic Fallacy
38-39
Meteorological Economics: saving for a rainy day Exercise 6
33-35
12 | YES 26
Weather
Stormy Terminology Explained Cyclones Cyclones are part of the normal weather pattern1 and are associated with wind and rain, but in some parts of the world intensify to cause considerable damage. ‘Hurricane’ is the word used around North America and in the Caribbean, ‘typhoon’ in the China Sea (i.e. in the Western Pacific). Cyclones form over warm water and dissipate over land.
Hurricane This is a large2 tropical storm or cyclone (500km to 800km in diameter) in the north Atlantic, the Caribbean and the Eastern Pacific. This word comes from the Taino language once spoken in the Bahamas and the Antilles via Spanish and Portuguese. Early versions of the word in English varied from ‘vracan’ (Robert Parke, 1588) to ‘furacan’ to ‘hurricano’ (Shakespeare, 1606). The US pronunciation /ˈhʌrikein/ reflects the spelling better than the British pronunciation: /ˈhʌrikən/. The number of category four or five hurricanes has doubled in the last 40 years as a result of rising3 sea temperatures.
Hurricane Danny
Photo by NOAA Satellite and Information Service
Typhoon /taiˈfu:n/ This term seems to be the result of conflating4 the Chinese term tai fung (= big wind) with the Arabic term ţūfān (= storm). The English spelling was affected by the name of ‘Typhon’ /’taifon/, the giant who was the father of the winds in Greek mythology. His name means ‘smoke’ and is related to the names of diseases5 ‘typhus’ /ˈtaifəs/ and ‘typhoid’ /ˈtaifoid/.
Blizzard This is a violent snowstorm characterized by strong winds. The word comes from US English and was first a colloquial word for a diatribe.
Haboob
Haboob in Texas weather pattern – meteorological systems 2 large – (false friend) big
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12
4, 27
Photo by NOAA - George E Marsh
rising – ascending to conflate – combine 5 disease – illness
This word for a sandstorm6 means ‘blowing furiously’ in Arabic and is related to the word habb (= wind). The term is used on the Arabian Peninsula, in the Sahara and in Arizona. Such sandstorms can be nearly7 100km wide8 and three kilometres high. They can travel at 50kmh. Haboobs typically kill five people a year in Arizona.
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sandstorm – desert storm nearly – almost, practically, just under
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wide – in diameter
www.yes-mag.com YES 26 | 15
Weather
Weather Conspiracies S
ome people find it hard1 to believe that weather can just2 happen. How could something as devastating as a hurricane not be anyone’s fault? In the past we could hold the gods responsible3 but that is a less popular explanation these days (even though in law a natural disaster is still referred to as ‘an act of God’).
Vaporized The vapour trails4 left by jets in the sky are called ‘contrails’ (= condensation trails) in the USA. Not all such contrails are as innocent as they look. Some are ‘chemtrails’ /ˈkemtreilz/ (= chemical trails). Somebody – possibly the ‘New World Order’ – is ‘crop-spraying’ 5 us with chemical and biological agents. This is being done a). to control our minds, b). to control population numbers by making us infertile, or c). to control the weather. Or perhaps some vapour trails simply disperse in unusual ways depending on the winds in the stratosphere.
Harping on6 Haarp The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (Haarp) is a grid7 of 180 radio towers in Alaska. Haarp is a joint8 project between the University of Alaska and the US military. Haarp is either an obscure project for studying the ionosphere 9 or a SPECTRE-esque10 plot11 to control the world’s weather. hard – difficult just – (in this case) simply 3 to hold sb. responsible (holdheld-held) – blame sb., accuse sb. of being responsible 4 vapour trail – white line left by a jet plane in the sky 5 to crop-spray – crop dust (US English), cover fields with insecticide etc. from an aeroplane 6 to harp on sth. – talk incessantly about sth. 7 grid – matrix, network 1
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2
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joint – shared, collaborative ionosphere – part of the thermosphere that contains a high concentration of ions and free electrons and is able to reflect radio waves
Chemtrails
Photo by Marina Carresi
Rain of Terror According to US meteorologist Scott Stevens, Hurricane Katrina was caused by the Yakuza 12 to avenge13 the bombing of Hiroshima 60 years earlier. This would sound utterly14 ridiculous if US Secretary of Defense William Cohen hadn’t publicly declared in 1997 that some countries were already involved in15 climate-altering environmental state terrorism. Unfortunately, Mr Cohen never elaborated on these comments. Extreme libertarian conservatives16 in the USA believe in anthropogenic17 climate change. However, it isn’t industry and capitalism that are to blame18, it’s the United Nations! The UN is using global warming to overthrow19 the US government and establish a one-world government. SPECTRE-esque – similar to SPECTRE (= Special Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge, and Extortion – the criminal organization that James Bond fights against) 11 plot – (in this case) conspiracy 12 the Japanese mafia 13 to avenge – take revenge for, wreak vengeance 14 utterly – completely, totally 15 to be involved in – carry out, execute 10
libertarian conservative – sb. who believes that the only acceptable function for the state is to organize the police and the army 17 anthropogenic – caused by humans 18 to be to blame – be responsible 19 to overthrow (-throw/-threw/thrown) – supplant, subvert 16
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Weather
Painting the Weather Much of what we call ‘landscape painting’ could just as well1 be called weather painting.
The Advent of Weather Judging from Western painting, weather did not exist until the 15th Century. Then, suddenly2 weather appears all at once3 in 1435. In that year Jan van Eyck painted a diptych4 of The Crucifixion and The Last Judgement. In the sky of the Crucifixion the Dutchman 5 offers us recognizable cirrus, cirrocumulus and cumulus clouds6. As the Renaissance took root7, weather spread 8 through European painting. By 1510 weather could be the subject9 of a painting like Giorgione’s The Tempest. The painting is probably an allegory of some sort (nobody knows of what) but it is clear that a realistic portrayal10 of a thunderstorm11 was important to the artist suggesting a broodingly12 violent setting13 in which the mother suckles14 her infant. If anyone doubts the enormous step forward15 that this painting represents, just compare it to the storm at sea fresco in the Piccolomini Library of Siena Cathedral painted perhaps only three years earlier. However, it was El Greco who took the expressionist potential of a stormy16 sky to its 16th-century peak17. just as well – equally suddenly – abruptly 3 all at once – all at the same time 4 diptych /’diptik/ – painting in two halves on wooden panels 5 Dutchman – man from Holland 6 cloud – nebular mass of water vapour 7 to take root (take-took-taken) – become established 8 to spread (spread-spreadspread) – propagate 9 subject – (in this case) focus, theme 10 portrayal – depiction, representation 1
2
21
thunderstorm – electrical storm, tempest 12 broodingly – menacingly 13 setting – context 14 to suckle – breastfeed, give milk to a baby from a mammary gland
The Tempest by Giorgione
11
step forward – advance stormy – tempestuous 17 to take sth. to its peak (taketook-taken) – fully realize, fully express
The Crucifixion by Jan van Eyck
15
16
Storm and Sea fresco
In the Piccolomini Library
www.yes-mag.com YES 26 | 33
Weather
Weather and Economics W
hat does the weather have to do with1 economics? Well, the first answer is that both weather forecasters2 and economists try to predict the future and, as far as most people are concerned3, neither do it very well!
A Perfect Storm But weather and economics are more intimately linked. The weather introduces doubt about the future. Will we have a bumper crop4 or will the harvest 5 fail6? Will the music festival be rained out7? Indeed8, weather can be a determining factor for an entire political economy. In 1788 in France there was a drought9 in the summer that caused crop failure 10 and a freezing11 winter which affected the transportation of goods12 by road or river. As a result food prices soared 13 and, with the agrarian economy near to collapse, wages14 fell dramatically. The result of this ‘perfect storm’ was, of course, the French Revolution. Across the channel the toast15 of English farmers 16 was “to a wet harvest 17 and a bloody18 war!” Were these people crazy? Hadn’t they heard the stories of
the bloodshed19 and the destruction of The Terror? No, the British farmers16 were being economically rational (if a tad20 cynical). A wet harvest17 is a good thing for farmers16 if there is inelastic demand for grain because it means that prices will go up a lot. Demand usually is inelastic because most people would prefer to eat than to starve21 and so they will give up22 almost any expenditure before giving up food. The solution to a wet harvest is to import grain. However, a bloody war meant that ships were requisitioned by the Royal Navy making it difficult to import food and increase supply23. Hey presto24, a wet harvest 5 and a bloody18 war would make the farmers rich (unless they were lynched by their starving neighbours, in which case they would be dead rich25).
A Third of the World Freak26 weather and climate change increasingly impact the economic prosperity of 2.5 billion members of smallholding families27 around the world and affect the food security of us all.
A lesson in meteorological economics What does A have to do with B? – How is A related to B? 2 weather forecaster – meteorologist who predicts the weather 3 as far as X are concerned – in the opinion of X 4 bumper crop – unusually good harvest 5 harvest – collecting of agricultural production 6 to fail – be unsuccessful, be insufficient 1
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to be rained out – be cancelled because of rain 8 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 9 drought /draut/ – prolonged period with little rain 10 crop failure – a bad harvest, insufficient agricultural production 11 freezing – very cold 12 goods – products 13 to soar – increase dramatically 14 wages – pay, salaries 15 toast [C] – desire expressed before drinking together
7
farmer – agriculturalist wet harvest – insufficient agricultural production because of rain 18 bloody – (in this case) ferocious, brutal 19 bloodshed – massacres, carnage 20 a tad – (informal) a little 21 to starve – die of hunger, be famished 22 to give up (give-gave-given) – renounce 16 17
supply – what is on offer for sale 24 hey presto – et voilà , there you have it 25 dead rich – (informal) very rich. Of course, they would be dead and rich, which is not the same. 26 freak (adj.) – anomalous, aberrant 27 smallholding family – family that has a very small farm 23
6
Weather
Weather Lore W
e tend to look down on1 weather lore2 as unscientific but it was a distinct3 improvement on the mediaeval practise of astro-meteorology: predicting the weather from the movement of the stars, which was popular in European universities throughout4 the Middle Ages. An English churchman called William Merle, kept the world’s first weather journal 5 for eight years until his death in 1347. Every day he recorded in painstaking6 detail all the meteorological information he could muster7. Merle showed that “farmers’ rules8” were more accurate 9 than the universities’ forecasts10. Even so, almanacs of astrology-based weather forecasts proved popular until well into the 19th Century.
Observing Cows One of the farmers’ rules8 was to observe animals. Cows are sensitive to cold and damp11 on their abdomens so, when they sense rain is coming, they sit down on a dry patch12 of grass13. Even before they sit down they can be seen sniffing14 the air. Cattle15 also swish16 their tails17 about16 a lot before a thunderstorm18. This is because
The cows have spoken: it’s going to rain! to look down on sth. – consider sth. with disdain 2 weather lore – popular customs relating to the meteorological prediction 3 distinct – definite, evident 4 throughout – during all of 5 weather journal – daily meteorological record 6 painstaking /ˈpeinsteikiŋ/ – meticulous 7 to muster – gather, collect 8 rule – code, custom 9 accurate – precise, exact, correct 10 forecast – (weather) prediction 1
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Photo by Marina Carresi
damp (n.) – wetness, moisture patch – area 13 grass – green plant that dominates lawns and sports fields 14 to sniff sth. – smell sth. (with an obvious audible gesture) 15 cattle – cows 16 to swish sth. about – move sth. energetically 17 tail – posterior extension of the vertebrae 11
12
That groundhog.
Photo by Anthony Quintano
the flies19 that torment them become especially active before a storm. Terrestrial molluscs and some other insects tend to become more active and visible before rain, too. So worms20, slugs21, snails22 and ants23 surface24 when a shower25 is in the offing26. However, when bees27 don’t appear, this signals rain: If the bees stay at home, Rain will soon come. If they fly away, Fine28 will be the day.
That Groundhog29 The most famous predictive animal these days, thanks to Hollywood, is the American groundhog. If it sees its shadow30 on 2nd February, winter will continue for another six weeks. This reflects a tradition that is much older than cinema. 2nd February is Candlemas Day, when Catholics celebrate the purification of the Virgin. This co-opted31 the Celtic feast of Imbolc (1st February). Fine weather on this day was a bad presage: If Candlemas be fine28 and clear, There’ll be two winters in the year. thunderstorm – electrical storm, tempest (poetic) 19 fly – flying insect 20 (earth)worm – (Lumbricidae) 21 slug – terrestrial gastropod mollusc with no shell 22 snail – terrestrial gastropod mollusc with a shell 23 ant – (Formicidae) industrious social insect 24 to surface – appear (from underground) 18
shower – (in this case) fall of rain 26 to be in the offing – be imminent 27 bee – black and yellow insect that makes honey 28 fine – (in this case) sunny 29 groundhog – North American marmot 30 shadow – silhouette from sunlight 31 to co-opt – adopt for a different use 25
Weather
Metaphorical Weather Phrasal Verbs Weather words are used metaphorically in a number of common phrasal verbs. >> be snowed under = be inundated1 , have too much work etc. - Sorry I can’t do that translation for you, I’m snowed (with work) under at the moment. >> breeze in = enter in a carefree2 way: - He seems to think he can breeze into the office at half past nine.
>> storm out = leave in anger: - When she accused him of being drunk he stormed out of the room. >> rain down = be thrown in great quantities: - Bottles and other objects rained down onto the pitch3 from the terraces4. - Confetti rained down on the newlyweds5.
His face clouded over when he heard the news.
Photo by Jeannot Ruff
>> cloud over - This verb can describe a sky that becomes covered in clouds6. However, it is also used to describe a face that begins to frown7: - His face clouded over when he realized8 that they had invited his brother to the party. >> blow in [blow-blew-blown] = appear unexpectedly, arrive casually and unannounced: - Look who just blew in! >> fog up = (of glass) stop being transparent because of condensation. We can use ‘mist over’ and ‘mist up’ in this sense, too: - The windscreen’s9 fogging up. Could you wipe it clean10 , please? - As soon as she entered the sauna her glasses misted up and she couldn’t see anything.
Confetti rained down. ‘inundated’ is normally used in the metaphorical sense, e.g. to be inundated with work, e-mails etc. (but not with water) 2 carefree – happy and relaxed 3 pitch – sports field, playing area
1
22
Photo by Tony Webster
terraces – a standing area in a football stadium 5 newlyweds – two people who have just got married, two people at their wedding reception 6 cloud /klaud/ – nebular mass of water vapour
4
7
>> mist over = (of eyes) fill with tears: - When I mentioned her dead dog her eyes misted over.
to frown – scowl, look displeased in one’s facial expression
to realize – (false friend) become conscious 9 windscreen (UK English) – windshield (US English), window at the front of a vehicle that the driver looks through 10 to wipe sth. clean – clean sth. with a cloth (= piece of textile) 8
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THE TIME DOSSIER CONTENTS
A Brief History of (Abstract) Time: the long road to accurate clocks Exercise 20
63
Time: the enemy of the artist
64
Natural Time: life without clocks
65
The Shifting Sands of Time: is time just an illusion?
66
Times of Conflict: people get violent when their time is threatened Exercise 26
62
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION 62
Speak: is there anything you do to a high degree of accuracy or can you live to approximate time?
Watch: this 30-minute BBC documentary about John Harrison and the Clock that Changed the World at: https://goo.gl/bmr0DG
63
Speak: do you consider time your enemy?
64
Speak: do clocks make your life better or do they oppress you?
65
Speak: can you conceive of time being an illusion? Do you agree that it is?
Watch: a 50-minute US documentary on the physics of the illusion of time at: https://goo.gl/k4bUzy
Watch: a 50-minute BBC documentary on the same subject at: https://goo.gl/trWMcl
67-69 Changing Time: should we reform the Gregorian calendar and GMT? 70
Time and Turkey: festive birds & currency exchange
71-72 Time is Money: from clichĂŠ to mindset 73
Word Building: -time Exercise 14
74-75 Telling the Time: advanced class Exercise 12 76-77 Natural Time: expressing time without clocks Exercise 6 78-79 Natural Time expressions Exercise 11 80-82 Time Expressions: All in Good Time Exercise 18 83
It’s Time Exercise 24
YES 26 | 61
Time
Natural Time Winter is Not Coming The way we think about time is trapped1 in a web of metaphors. We think of time as flowing2 like a river. However, for something to flow it must do so relative to something else, so, unless we postulate that there is a second type of time against which time flows, the metaphor breaks down3. Yet4 flowing time is at the heart of5 Western languages. We say “Winter is coming” just as6 we might say, “My mother-in-law7 is coming”. Not all languages see the world like this. The Amondawa people of Brazil have a completely different conception of time.
“...we see almost everybody crawling around half dead with hunger!” to be trapped – be captive, be imprisoned 2 to flow – move continuously, run like water 3 to break down (break-brokebroken) – collapse 4 yet – (in this case) nevertheless, however 5 to be at the heart of – be central to 6 just as – in the same way that 7 one’s mother-in-law – one’s spouse’s mother 1
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indeed – (emphatic) in fact to marshal – organize, order 10 throughout – (emphatic) during 11 to get by (get-got-got) – cope, survive 12 just fine – (colloquial) perfectly well 13 actually – (false friend) in fact 14 yoke – tyranny, oppression 15 to complain – protest, object 16 properly – appropriately 8
9
Indeed8, they don’t even have a word for abstract time – the nearest they come is a word for the sun. The sun determines when they get up, eat, work and sleep but they live quite happily without months, years, and birthdays. They have no way of saying, “the dry season is coming”, though they understand space-time metaphors in Portuguese. Amondawa time is identical to the natural events of everyday life, not an abstraction used to marshal9 those events.
Down with Clocks! It is easy to forget that our clock time is an artificial construct. However, throughout10 most of humanity’s existence people have got by11 just fine12 without knowing the time in the modern sense. Fascinatingly, we can actually13 know how Westerners reacted when they first fell under the yoke14 of time. In the 4th Century BCE Aristotle complained15 that theatre-goers didn’t watch the plays properly16 because they were mesmerized17 by the public clepsydra18. A similar frustration with the clock time was expressed a couple of centuries later in Plautius’s Boeotia: “Let the gods damn19 the first man who invented the hours, the first man who set up20 a sundial21 in this city! He has chopped 22 the day into slices23! When I was young, there was no other clock than my stomach. For me it was the best and most accurate24 clock; at its call, we ate. [...] Now, we have to eat only when it pleases the sun. The city is full of sundials21, but we see almost everybody crawling around 25 half dead with hunger26!” The Amondawa don’t find the sun so oppressive because its dictates are not transformed into abstract numbers for them. to be mesmerized – be fascinated 18 clepsydra – water clock, chronometer that uses dripping water 19 to damn – pronounce a malediction on, condemn to suffering 20 to set sth. up (set-set-set) – erect 21 sundial – instrument showing the time by the shadow (= silhouette created by the sun) 17
of a pointer on a plate marked with the hours of the day 22 to chop – cut (literally) with an axe 23 slice – section 24 accurate – precise, exact 25 to crawl around – (in this case) move slowly because one has no energy 26 hunger – feeling hungry, a desire for food
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Time
Times of Conflict Most people seem to be pretty1 nonchalant2 about time... until someone tries to change theirs. The October (November) Revolution
Calendar Conflicts
Britain adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752. As a From the Papal adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in result, Wednesday September 2nd was followed by Thurs1582 until 1923 European dating3 was chaotic as first day 12th. Some historians claimed14 that there were riots7 Catholic, then Protestant and finally Orthodox countries demanding “Give us our eleven days!” but most modern adopted the new, more accurate4 system. Bizarrely, the historians think that this is a fiction. Spanish Netherlands switched over5 at the very end6 of Russia didn’t adopt the Gregorian calendar until after 1582 (from 21st December to 1st January), which meant that the Bolsheviks took over15. As a result, the insurrection there was no Christmas that year. There were sporadic in Petrograd known the world over as ‘the October Revriots7 across Europe with the introduction of the new cal- olution’ actually16 started on 7th November, according to endar in the late 1500s. The process in Sweden was espe- the Gregorian calendar. cially traumatic with an attempt8 to phase in9 the new calendar in the first Un-Happy Hour half of the 18th Century. This meant Don’t think for a moment that civil many years in which the Swedes foltime has now been successfully lowed a calendar different from both globalized. Since its introduction in the Gregorian and the Julian system. the First World War daylight-saving When it became clear that the Swedtime17 (DST) has provoked numerous ish system wasn’t working the Swedes conflicts around the world from reverted to the Julian calendar10 Britain to Belarus. In 1997 and 1998 rather than11 proceeding to the Grethousands of students rioted18 at Ohio gorian. The Swedish mayhem12 even University in Athens (USA) because included having a 30th February in the introduction of DST meant they 1712! Sweden and Finland finally went had an hour less drinking time. Gregorian13 in 1753. Photo by Andreas Praefcke pretty (adv.) – reasonably nonchalant – calm, relaxed 3 dating – use of calendars 4 accurate – precise, correct 5 to switch over – (in this case) change from the Julian calendar10 to the Gregorian one 6 very end – (emphatic) end 1
2
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riot /ˈraiət/ – violent tumultuous public disturbance 8 attempt – effort 9 to phase in – gradually introduce 10 the Roman calendar introduced by Julius Caesar 11 rather than – instead of, as opposed to
7
mayhem /ˈmeihem/ – chaos to go Gregorian (go-wentgone) – adopt the Gregorian calendar 14 to claim – say 15 to take over (take-took-taken) – take control 16 actually – (false friend) in fact 12 13
daylight-saving time – the advancing of the clocks one hour during the summer months, British Summer Time (UK English) 18 to riot – cause a riot7 17
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
The following pages contain the transcriptions of what is spoken on the audio files.
SPOKEN-ENGLISH TIPS
Spoken English is significantly different from the written language: A more limited vocabulary is generally used and it is, by definition, more colloquial. Moreover1, spoken English uses many more incomplete or badly constructed sentences. On the other hand, intonation and stress can be used in speech.
HOW TO USE THE AUDIO SCRIPTS
Follow our eight-step process to get the most out of the audio scripts:
1
Before you listen we recommend that you read through the relevant section of the footnotes2 (not the text itself). This should give you some idea of the subject3 and help you to understand the more difficult vocabulary as you listen.
YES NO 26 TRACK LIST Mini-debates (29m21s) 1. Resisting English (10m43s) 2. Cells in Schools (9m16s) 3. The Death of Youth Culture (9m22s) Monologues: Birds (15m44s) 4. Monologue 1 [US English] (4m03s) 5. Monologue 2 [UK English] (2m52s) 6. Monologue 3 [UK English] (3m19s) 7. Monologue 4 [Scottish English] (5m30s) 8. Pronunciation Exercise (1m08s) 9. Upton Priory (14m12s)
2
When you listen the first time, don’t expect to understand everything; listening practice should not be a painful4 process. Simply see how much meaning you can extract from the recording.
3
Listen more times going back to the footnotes to integrate the information you have.
4
Once you understand reasonably well, do the relevant exercise.
5
Finally, read the audio scripts as you listen again.
6
Stop each time you get lost or encounter a structure that interests or confuses you.
7
Repeat words or phrases whose pronunciation surprises you.
8
Two or three days later, listen to the text again without reading to see if your understanding has improved5.
This process is intense and time-consuming. However, it will eventually6 solve the problem most learners have of relating7 the spoken word to the written. Once you’ve done that, the rest is easy!
10. Picture Description (4m31s) Total time: 1h04m56s
moreover – what’s more, furthermore footnotes – notes at the bottom of the page (in this box) 3 subject (n.) – (in this case) theme 4 painful – (in this case) arduous, unpleasant 5 to improve – get better 6 eventually – (false friend) in the end 7 to relate – associate, connect, link 1
2
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
Photo by Martinak15
3. The Death of Youth Culture (9m22s) Scotsman (SM): Yeah, in the British media100, there’s… there’ve been several articles talking about “the dead of youth culture”. Do you think that youth culture is now dead, that it no longer exists? Englishwoman (EW): Well, I think that if you’re referring to the teenage101 rebel of the 20th Century the mods, punks, metallers, goths, I do believe102 they all have died out103, yeah. media – TV, radio, newspapers, internet, etc. 101 teenage – adolescent 102 do believe – (emphatic) believe 100
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American Man (AM): I don’t agree. I think the typical… your typical104 punk is probably a bastion of perhaps my generation or a generation before mine, but I think youth culture has, isn’t, hasn’t died, it’s just11 transformed. I think with the advent of internet and things like YouTube, I think they’ve found a different outlet105 than in the past. Englishman (EM): Well, I think to some extent 85 what the British 103 104
to die out – become extinct your typical – (informal) the typical, the average
press106 anyway are talking about is the fact that teenage101 culture is a completely artificial thing which was invented in the 1950s. It didn’t really exist before that. And music culture now is no longer directed at teenagers simply because it’s very difficult to start a new young group and so when you have pop festivals most of the acts are middle aged and some of them are old aged. You have quite a lot of people who are objectively pensioners by any criterion107 who are performing and the audience certainly in Britain tend to be – sort of16 – middle aged, tend to be people like me and where there are younger people going there are often outlet – (in this case) way of expressing oneself 106 press – newspapers and magazines 107 by any criterion – under any definition 105
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
intelligent, and that’s the sort of species that learns to coexist with humans. Seagulls 197 would be at sea if we hadn’t emptied the waters around Britain of fish. Given that we have, these gulls197 have learned to take advantage of our overcrowded island. Anyway, to answer the question, I think I like all birds and hate none. However, I have a particular260 soft spot261 for crows164 and ravens231, I’m not quite sure why. 154
7. Monologue 4 [Scottish English] (5m30s) I come from a family of amateur ornithologists. I remember everywhere we used to go everyone would be… everyone in the family would be looking out saying, “Oh, look up there. There’s a – y’know2 – a magpies239, there’s a blackbird262, there’s a golden eagle263”, and whatever and we all had our favourite birds that we’d be looking out for. In the kitchen we had a big chart264 of typical garden birds and my mother had a bird table249 just265 outside the window and, so, every morning while we had breakfast we’d look at the different birds there. And I think for my mother feeding266 the birds was almost more of a priority than feeding her own family! There was always a panic when we went away on holiday that what would happen26 to the poor92 birds. particular – (false friend) special soft spot – emotional susceptibility, affection 262 blackbird – (Turdus merula) small bird that is black (♂) or dark brown (♀) 263 golden eagle – (Aquila chrysaetos) big dark brown bird of prey190 264 chart – illustration, diagram 265 just – (in this case) immediately 266 to feed (feed-fed-fed) – provide food for 260 261
19
A peregrine falcon
Photo by Whitesky
So, anyway, my favourite birds. I have several favourite birds. I think when I was younger my favourite bird was the peregrine falcon 267. They’re impressive, just11 their speed in the air. I think they can get up to268 120 or 140km per hour in a dive269. You know, I guess35 that is just11 the killing machine and as a small boy I used to love those. And so I was very excited. I remember when I saw my first peregrine in Scotland. But I have several other favourite birds. I love blackbirds262. You know when I was younger there was a beech tree270 outside our house and every morning in spring a blackbird262 used to perch271 there singing and I used to wake up every morning to the song of the blackbird262. And even now if I walk down a street or I’m out in the countryside I hear the song, a beautiful whistling272 song, it brings me straight
back again to my childhood. Other birds that I love are starlings273. You know they have those wonderful little glints274 of metallic colour in their feathers182. And, well, they’re not there anymore, but before in London in Leicester Square there used to be thousands of starlings273 and you’d go there in the evening and all the starlings273 would go there to roost275. And you know with the flocks236 of starlings273 when they fly they’d be like shoals276 of fish in the sea – kind of41 – moving from one side to the next, a truly277 incredible sight. So, unfortunately due to278 pollution, some people say due to278 unleaded petrol279, the starling273 population in the south of England, in London, has been decimated. So, you can no longer see them there. There are two other birds that I love. Swifts280, some people call
peregrine falcon – (Falco peregrinus) duck hawk 268 to get up to (get-got-got) – reach speeds of 269 dive – free fall 270 beech tree – (Fagus sylvatica) a species of tree 271 to perch – sit, rest, pose 272 whistling – high-frequency 273 starling – (Sturnus vulgaris) a gregarious Old World bird
glint – reflective point, flash to roost – (in this case) congregate for sleep 276 shoal – school, group 277 truly – really 278 due to – because of 279 unleaded petrol – gasoline containing a reduced level of tetraethyl lead [= (C2 H5)4 Pb] 280 swift – (Apodidae) a very fast small black bird
267
274 275
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
9. Upton Priory (14m12s)
Lord Poorwell (Lord): Oh, oh, there you are, dear! I just300 had a call on the blower301. Lady Poorwell (Lady): Oh, really? From whom? Lord: From an American. From an American. Do you know Mr Stoker? Lady: No, not Maxwell Stoker, darling. Lord: Maxwell Stoker. He’s coming round302. Lady: Oh, no, really? Oh, you know, you know Cecil that would be so lovely if Henrietta could meet him. You know he really is a millionaire. I think almost a billionaire. Lord: That could save us. Lady: Oh, it could indeed303. Oh, we must really make a good impression. Lord: But he didn’t say what he wanted. Maybe he’s coming to ask for Henrietta’s hand304. Lady: Oh, that would be wonderful. Lord: It would be wonderful, yes. That would save the estate305. We’d be able to continue to live here. The butler306 Sourstone (S): clearing his throat307. Lord: Ah, yes? S: Milud308, Milady309. Well, I’d just310 like to say we’ve got a couple of organizational hiccoughs311. Nothing serious of course, but I’m afraid to say just – (in this case) a moment ago blower – (old fashioned) telephone 302 to come round (come-came-come) – (in this case) come to visit 303 indeed – (emphatic) really 304 to ask for sb’s hand – propose marriage 305 estate – (in this case) aristocratic property 306 butler – chief manservant 307 to clear one’s throat – cough a little to speak more clearly or attract attention 300
301
30
Photo by National Library of Ireland
that the cook is drunk again. Lord: Oh, that’s a bit off312. S: Yes, drinking the cooking sherry she is. Lady: Gladys has been on the bottle313 again? S: We’ve taken her back to her room and laid her out314. And, well, don’t worry, everything’s taken care of315. milud – (old fashioned) my lord milady – (old fashioned) my lady 310 just – (in this case) quickly 311 hiccough (also spelt ‘hiccup’) – (in this case) minor problem 312 to be a bit off – (old fashioned) be rather unsatisfactory 313 to be on the bottle – be drinking, be getting drunk 314 to lay sb. out (lay-laid-laid) – put sb. to bed
Lady: Oh, dear, Sourstone. But I had Bins the gardener hide316 the cooking wine among317 the roses. S: Yeah. Lady: Really, Cecil, you mustn’t leave the key in the drinks cabinet. I always hide316 it in the silver terrine318 on the dresser319. Lord: I’m sorry, dear. One of the two to be taken care of – be under control to hide sth. (hide-hid-hidden) – conceal sth., put sth. out of sight 317 among – amongst, (in this case) under 318 terrine – rectangular tray 319 dresser – (UK English) sideboard (= piece of furniture) with shelves for displaying things
308
315
309
316
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EXERCISES PAGE
EXERCISE
112 1. Illustrations round-up: see if you can identify some of the things mentioned in the footnotes of this issue. 113 2. Title Tag: can you match these alternative titles to the news articles on pp. 7-11? 3. Weather and Health: choose the best answers for this reading comprehension exercise (pp. 28-31). 114 4. Word Search: find the terms from the weather dossier (pp. 12-59). 115 5. Weather false friends: find the false cognates in these sentences. (pp. 56-57) 6. Too Many Words – economics: Find the surplus words in this text from p. 38. 7. Natural Time: a varied exercise to test your understanding (pp. 76-77). 116 8. Crossword: for revision of vocabulary from throughout the magazine. 117 9. Weather Idioms: complete these sentences. (pp. 52-55) 118 10. Debates: varied listening comprehension exercises for audio tracks 1-3 (pp. 88-99). 119 11. Natural-Time Idioms: complete the sentences. (pp. 78-79) 12. Telling the time: read these clock faces. (pp. 74-75) 120 13. False Friends Round-up: test to see if you learned the false friends marked in the footnotes throughout the magazine. 14. Word Building: complete these sentences with -time words. (p. 73)
PAGE
EXERCISE
122 17. Weather Collocations: match the words to form meteorological terms. 18. Time Idioms: complete the sentences to form expressions from pp. 80-82. 123 19. Monologues: a true-false listening comprehension on audio tracks 4-7 (pp. 99-104). 20. Cloze: fill the gaps in this text about longitude and the invention of the watch. (p. 62) 124 21. Wordplay: a word game – relating to the weather-painting article. (pp. 33-35) 22. Weather phrasal verbs: fill the gaps with the multi-word verbs. (pp. 58-59) 23. Pronunciation: revise the difficult words from the footnotes. (audio track 8) 125 24. It’s Time: an excuse for a past tense revision exercise. (p. 83) 126 25. Prepositions: fill the gaps in this text about climate and history with prepositions. (pp. 24-27) 26. Homophones: correct this text about time in Indiana. (p. 66) 127 27. Visualizing Vocabulary: match these illustrations to weather terms mentioned in the weather dossier. 128 28. Wordplay: test your vocabulary and understanding of English morphology. 129 29. Cloud matching exercise: match the cloud terms to their descriptions. (p. 22) 30. Improvisation: answer these questions about audio track 9 (pp. 105-110). 130 31. Sentence transformation: revise structures from throughout the issue. 131-133 ANSWERS
121 15. Internet listening: test your listening comprehension with this fascinating TED talk about the psychology of time. 16. Geography: fill the missing zone names into the shipping chart. (pp. 46-47) YES 26 | 111
4. The word box below contains 22 weather-related words from the weather dossier (pp. 12-59). The clues below should help you to find them:
F
E V A W T A E H N G R
R
E
F
T A M A
E
L
I
C B A M U B O L
E H E
T
E
T H G U O R D P U N L
C C I
T O R N A D O E
N S
F
R
P A E
P
P G R A
I
E
R O S
L
P
T A M A E
E
I
T
C
I
E
R D O
E U
P
L
G M
T U
I
N C O P
F O E N O
P
I
I
E
S
E M S
R T
L
E
T
N G H
Z
P V H P
Z
T
I
Z
R A N Z A
I
N F O G U
I
R W
M A
I
E
R A R D O E O R R D N N T U R O O E O E O L
Y O A M O S
E N S
D B W N S
I
Y D O A T D
T A T
A Y
I
P G D E
T O P
R O L
A
S
T H C V H N
I
I
I
D E O
L O Z
O V E
E
I
L N L O S
T A A
L
S
C
S
R
I
F H S
L O U D B U R
1. a sudden heavy fall of rain 2. a lot of rain in a short period of time 3. a (meteorological) prediction 4. a poetic term for a storm with strong winds 5. an electrical discharge in a storm 6. a light wind 7. a haboob, strong winds that carry large quantities of fine dry particles 8. an intense storm in the Caribbean 9. a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather 10. a storm that forms over warm water 11. a seasonal wind in Asia, especially the one that brings a lot of rain to India
L
S D E N Y
E A M G R V N C
E D E C
R N T
G O
A B S
S
C
P R
T X P
12. when normally dry terrain becomes covered in water 13. light rain 14. a prolonged period with little or no rain 15. a severe storm in the China Sea 16. a twister 17. a snowstorm 18. a sudden blast of wind 19. frozen rain 20. thin cloud at ground level 21. thick cloud at ground level 22. severe winter in Central Asia
Remember to write down any new vocabulary. Moreover, if there are any words you don’t recognize, find them in the articles and write down the context as an example sentence. 114 | YES 26
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Crossword
1
2
3
4
5
9
Test how well you have retained the vocabulary from this issue of Yes by doing the following crossword If you find the crossword difficult, do the easy clues (in bold) first. This will make the rest of the words much easier to find.
13
14
18
17
19
20
21
23
28
29
31
32
33
36
37 42
51
Across
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26
34 38
39
35
40
41
44
45
49
52
34. therefore. Homophone of ‘sew’ 36. woman who lives in a convent. Homophone of ‘none’ 37. San Francisco (initialism) 39. rotates 40. thin pieces of metal used in clothes making 43. female sibling 46. hole, coalmine 47. same as 13 ACROSS 49. negative adverb. Homophone of ‘know’ 50. hello. Homophone of ‘high’ 52. south-westerly wet Indian wind 53. in a short time 54. preposition. Activated? 56. victim of a raptor. Homophone of ‘pray’ 57. making an effort; annoying
25 30
43
50
53
56
1. meteorology. Homophone of ‘whether’ 3. possessive adjective 5. chop; illegally enter a computer system 9. conjunction. Homophone of ‘awe’ 10. moral tale, parable 11. capable 13 subject and object pronoun 15. make a tunnel 16. quarrel 17. same as 9 ACROSS 18. Egyptian sun god 19. same as 17 ACROSS 20. Noah’s vessel 21. negative prefix 22. black and white bird 24. pastry. Homophone of ‘pi’ 26. lyric poem 27. Scottish ‘small’. Urine? 29. midday meal 31. International Music Association (initialism) 32. US mum 33. Afghanistan (internet address)
24
8
12
16
27
47
11
7
15
22
46
10
6
54
55
57
Down 1. tornado 2. indefinite article 3. simple chronometer 4. make a mistake, blunder 5. bird of 56 ACROSS 6. antibody, Aberdeen (abbreviation) 7. nebular mass of water vapour 8. seed, essence. Homophone of ‘colonel’ 10. prediction 12. noisy, booming 14. Informal British thanks 15. constricting snake 16. precipitation 22. meanwhile 23. brittle transparent (or translucent) substance 24. northern marine birds, auks 25. preposition. Fashionable? 27. forceful movement of air
28. flightless Australian bird 29. girl 30. group of actors 33. donkey 34. term of respect for a man 35. same as 54 ACROSS 38. fishes’ appendages 40. small unit of British money. Girl’s name 41. oscillate 42. the fourth dimension. Homophone ‘thyme’ 44. black powdery amorphous carbon 45. bird’s forelimb 48. plaything 51. operation (abbreviation) 52. object pronoun 54. same as 19 ACROSS 55. New York (initialism)
31. Sentence Transformation. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same thing as the first sentence. The word in bold must be one of the words you use to fill the gap; do not change the form of this word. Each gap requires between two and five words. Page (p.) and footnote (n.) references for each structure are given: 1. Jay is familiar with suffering. He lost his parents when he was very young. stranger (p. 9, n. 6) Jay is ___________________________________________________ suffering. He lost his parents when he was very young. 2. If this fails I’m going to blame you. responsible (p. 17, n. 3) If this fails I’m going to ____________________________________________________________________. 3. There will probably be more falls on the stock exchange before the end of the year. likely (p. 19, n. 9) There ____________________________________________________ more falls on the stock exchange before the end of the year. 4. The baby zebra became separated from the herd and found itself in extreme danger. cut (p. 21, n. 18) The baby zebra got __________________________________________________ the herd and found itself in extreme danger. 5. The Opposition’s criticisms gradually weakened the Prime Minister’s popularity. chipped (p. 22, n. 2) The Opposition’s criticisms _______________________________________________________ the Prime Minister’s popularity. 6. Jeremy has learned to make Spanish omelette with great skill. art (p. 24, n. 8) Jeremy has got Spanish omelette down ________________________________________________________________. 7. The El Niño Phenomenon is completely unrelated to the Chilean Earthquake. do (p. 26, n. 1) The El Niño Phenomenon has __________________________________________________________ the Chilean earthquake. 8. Do you think rugby will ever become established in that country? root (p. 33, n. 7) Do you think rugby will ever ___________________________________________________________ in that country? 9. She enthusiastically accepted the opportunity to learn a new trade. challenge (p. 34, n. 10) She took ______________________________________________________________________ to learn a new trade. 10. The Tropical storm completely disrupted the flights’ schedule at the airport. havoc (p. 36, n. 15) The Tropical storm __________________________________________________________ the flights’ schedule at the airport. 11. How is the country’s risk premium related to the unemployment rate? have (p. 38, n. 1) What does the country’s risk premium _____________________________________________ the unemployment rate? 12. This matter is closed in my opinion. far (p. 38, n. 3) This matter is closed as __________________________________________________________________________ .
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STAFF Anglo Files, S.L. (publisher) Nicholas Franklin (editor) nick@yes-mag.com Marina Carresi (artistic director and photography, proofreading) marina@yes-mag.com Nathan Burkiewicz (sub-editor, page-design, webmaster) nathan@yes-mag.com Fabiola Vieyra (promotion) Josh Tampico (sound engineer) Gonzalo Cohen (legal)
WRITERS, VOICES, INVALUABLE SUPPORT & HELPING HANDS Douglas Jasch, Silvia Gimeno Siehr, Prof. Raoul Franklin, Colman Keane, Miles Pratt, Almudena Cáceres, Susannah Jones, Robbie K. Jones, Garrett Wall, AmyJo Doherty, James Duggan, Jim Trainor, Rod E. Musselman, Adrian Hall, Paul Thomas, John Adedoyin, Hamish Binns, Lois Humphrey, Julie Davies, Irene Tremblay, Dave Mooney, Howard Brown, Bea Alzona, Saskia Eijkins, Cristian Dopazzo.
PHOTOGRAPHY Cover: Photo by Deniltonlima, photomontage Nick Franklin & Marina Carresi Marina Carresi, Ana Miralles, Mario Herrera, Belén Gutiérrez, Leonardo L Carresi, Jaume Carbonell
134 | YES 26
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Published by Anglo Files S.L. C/ Bronce 27, 11-B, Madrid 28045 Depósito legal: M-9788-2013 // ISSN: 2255-5676 PVP: 9,95€ VAT included/incluido IVA // Printed in Spain All rights reserved. Neither all nor part of this magazine can be reproduced, recorded in or transmitted by any information-recovery system by any means, be it mechanical, photochemical, magnetic, electronic, photocopies or any other method or used for commercial purposes without prior written permission from the publisher and in accordance with the Intellectual Property Law. Any violation of these terms and conditions will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.
In the Next Volume of Your English Supplement
Photo by Marina Carresi
THE SECRETS OF THE SEA The seaside features1 prominently in many people’s concepts of an earthly paradise. Yet2 the sea also drowns 3 those looking for a better life. The sea offers a defence to some, and a deadly barrier to others. Tsunamis represent the greatest destructive force in nature. Maritime routes connect us while the oceans’ otherworldliness 4 provides adventures in an unexplored landscape. In any case it is impossible to be indifferent to the sea. We offer you a thorough 5 exploration of all aspects of life (and death) on the waves. >> Marine grammar >> False friends at sea >> Maritime idioms >> Pronounce ‘mainsail’ and ‘boatswain’ like you had salt water in your veins
THE CONSOLATION OF PHILOSOPHY
How to talk about truth, morality and existence in English.
Metaphysicist Frithjof Schuon by Erisedstar30259
A philosopher
PEAK STUFF: THE DECLINE OF MATERIALISM Is our love affair with possessions coming to an end?
CONSCIOUSNESS: THINKING INSIDE YOUR BOX OK, OK, “I think therefore I am” – but what is thought really? to feature – appear, be included 2 yet – (in this case) however 3 to drown sb. – cause sb. to suffocate in water
1
otherworldliness – mystery, unfamiliarity 5 thorough – exhaustive
4