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The Secrets of the Sea
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GENERAL CONTENTS
YES Volume 27
This page should help you to navigate the magazine in general. Notice that on pages 6, 12, 64, 87 and 111 there are more details for each section of the magazine.
8
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78 Audio Download Code: Yes27_w34a_52 To download the audio files for this issue, please go to the 'Downloads' page on www.yes-mag.com for instructions. You will need the code given above to access the files. www.yes-mag.com // facebook.com/YesZine // @yeszine
4
How to Use Your English Supplement
6 7-9 10-11
Current Affairs Contents News Sea-Science News
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-23 24 25-28 29 30-31 32-33 34-36 37-39 40-42 43-46 47 48-49 50-51 52-59 60-63
The Sea Dossier Contents waves storm surge tsunami rogue waves maelstrom sea names SUBSCRIPTION FORM visualizing marine vocabulary the Arctic Ocean plastic sea monsters economics, fishing and the EU the container trade peak leak adrift: murder at sea the Hanseatic League smuggling captain Cook pirates maritime pronunciation confusing maritime terms maritime phrasal verbs maritime idioms nautical literature
64 65-66 67 68 69-74 75 76 77 78-83
The Philosophy Dossier Contents What is philosophy? And does it even exist? mediaeval philosophy in Britain the Golden Rule the language of philosophy thinking about thinking drifting truth What if plants are conscious? stuff and us
84 86
The Yes Community Picture Description
87 88-110
Audio Scripts Contents Audio Scripts
111 Exercises Contents 112-133 Exercises 134 135
Staff and contact addresses In next month’s issue www.yes-mag.com
YES 27 | 3
How to Use Your English Supplement SYMBOLS
Each page-long article in the magazine has been created to be used more or less independently so that you can learn and practise even if you only have five or ten minutes free. At the same time, the symbols below allow you to develop a theme you are interested in more extensively. Teachers can use these symbols to instantly prepare a class or classes around a common theme.
Exercise (at the end of the magazine). Test and consolidate what you have learned.
Speaking extension. A question aimed at provoking a group discussion of the topic in question.
Downloadable audio file (see also audio scripts). There are recommendations on how best to use the audio files on p. 87.
This arrow directs you to other related articles in the magazine.
ABBREVIATIONS KEY Listening extension (Internet). Once you’ve learned the basic vocabulary of a topic, why not listen to further discussions? 4 | YES 27
These are the only abbreviations you have to know to use this magazine: sb. = somebody sth. = something swh. = somewhere [U] = uncountable noun [C] = countable noun
FOOTNOTES
The superscript numbers in the text refer to the footnotes at the bottom or at the side of the same page. The footnotes explain the difficult vocabulary as determined by our non-native proofreaders. Like you, these proofreaders are learners so they are able to identify the exact words you need to know to understand the sentence. Definitions are given in English, so that you learn to think in English and these definitions are then checked by the non-native proofreaders to ensure that you will understand them. Some words are defined by pictures: we use these visual stimuli when that is the best way to fix an idea in your memory. Read the definition or look at the illustration and then re-read the sentence in question. By working with English-language footnotes you will rapidly increase your vocabulary and learn how English words relate to each other, all of which will have a dramatic impact on your fluency and self-confidence1 . Some readers find it useful to put their finger next to the word in the article that they are looking for in the footnotes to make it easier to return to the text afterwards. Either way, it shouldn’t be difficult to find your place because the footnotes are numbered and the words are highlighted in bold. Notice that the syllables and words that should be stressed2 are underlined. Red footnotes give extra cultural (rather than linguistic) information, or they refer you to other articles.
PHONEMIC SYMBOLS Here are the phonemic symbols that we use which might cause you problems.
Consonants
1
self-confidence – self-assurance (opposite of ‘self-doubt’, ‘hesitancy’) to stress sth. – emphasize, underline
2
/ʧ/ as in church, watch /ʃ/ as in wash, sure, action /ʤ/ as in judge, gesture /ʒ/ as in measure, vision /j/ as in yes /θ/ as in thick, path /ð/ as in this, breathe /ŋ/ as in sing
Pure Vowels
/æ/ as in cat /ʌ/ as in cut /ə/ as in occur, supply, aroma /ɜ:/ as in first, turn, earn /ɔ:/ as in court, warn
Dipthongs
/iə/ as in ear, here /eə/ as in air, there
YES 27 | 5
CURRENT AFFAIRS
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION 7
Speak: do you think that English needs gender-neutral pronouns?
8
Speak: can you think of any other national celebrations (in other countries) that are mythologized and manipulated?
10
Watch: this short documentary on Doggerland at: https://goo.gl/3DXifU
11
Watch: an interesting documentary about the Mary Rose: https://goo.gl/fOc8pm
This section of the magazine offers short news stories organized thematically:
7
News - A revolutionary new way to get electricity and - A proposal to solve one of the greatest defects in the English language Exercise 2
News - Is Thanksgiving a celebration of US anti-socialism? - A lesson in perceived value Exercise 2 9 News - Was cinema invented in England? Did the French invent cricket? - Every strike has a silver lining. Exercise 2 8
10
Sea Science - Welcome to the British Atlantis Exercise 2
11
Sea Science - Fishing and the colonization of North America - An environmental success story Exercise 2
6 | YES 27
Watch: a short explanation of how Bio-bean works at https://goo.gl/jUZsBR
News investors who financed the Pilgrim Fathers voyage. The settlers1 had to rotate the use of the farms each year to ensure that the division of land was fair12. However, each family individually owned what it produced from the land. The system was inefficient as there was no incentive to invest in13 the land. What’s more, contractually half of the Pilgrim Fathers’ land was to revert to the investors after seven years, which of course never happened. It would be more correct to say that Thanksgiving is a celebration of a blasé14 attitude to contract law than to claim15 that it is a celebration of anti-socialist values.
THE TEA-PARTY THANKSGIVING
On Thursday November 26th this year Americans will celebrate Thanksgiving. For the rest of the world it is a bizarre holiday that commemorates how the settlers1 were saved from starvation2 by the Native Americans only to subsequently perpetrate genocide on their saviours3. Of course, that’s not how Americans see it. For them it is a celebration of family and harmony between different ethnic communities. However, there is a new take on4 Thanksgiving that has been gaining traction 5 over recent years. Tea-party types repeat a revisionist mantra that Thanksgiving is the celebration of America’s rejection of socialism. The argument of this ‘free-market folktale’6 goes like this. When the Pilgrim Fathers arrived they practised collective farming for a few years. This led to7 famine8 and they had to be saved by the ‘Indians’. After that they owned9 the land privately and the rest is manifest destiny. There are a couple of problems with this parable. For one thing10 the first Thanksgiving was celebrated in 1621 – two years before the abandonment of collective farming. More importantly, the system of land rotation had nothing to do with11 socialist – or hippie – ideals. The system was a contractual imposition by the company of British settler – colonist starvation – dying of hunger 3 X’s saviour – sb. who saves X 4 take on – interpretation of 5 to gain traction – become more popular 6 folktale – fairy story, legend 7 to lead to (lead-led-led) – cause, result in 1
2
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famine – starvation2, general hunger 9 to own – possess 10 for one thing – to start with, first of all 11 to have nothing to do with (have-had-had) – be unrelated to 12 fair – just, equitable 8
A LESSON IN PERCEIVED VALUE
It’s an old trick16 – used by Louis XVI to promote potatoes and Captain Cook to promote sauerkraut17 (see p. 41) – but it’s good to know it still works18. Martin Thomas from Surrey writes in The Daily Telegraph: “My daughter put an old fridge19 in her front garden to be taken away by the Council20. There it sat21 for several days, until she placed22 a note on it reading ‘£30’. It was gone by the morning.
Photo by Frank Vincentz
to invest in – make an effort to improve 14 blasé – nonchalant, uncaring, indifferent 15 to claim – declare 16 trick – (in this case) ruse, stratagem 17 sauerkraut – a dish of vegetables (especially cabbage) preserved in vinegar 13
to work – (in this case) function, be effective 19 fridge – (colloquial) refrigerator 20 the council – (in this case) the municipal authorities 21 there it sat – it stayed there, it remained there 22 to place – put 18
2
p. 6
THE SEA DOSSIER 13
Waves: the mystery of Malaysia Flight 370 Exercise 6
14
Storm surge: Britain’s worst natural disaster
15
Tsunami: the death of a English term
16
Rogue waves: out of the blue
17
Maelstrom: reaping the whirlpool
18
Sea names: why do we say ‘Red Sea’, ‘Black Sea’, ‘White Sea’ and so on? Exercise 3
19
SUBSCRIPTION FORM
20
Visualizing marine vocabulary Exercise 27
21-23
The Arctic Ocean: all change on top of the world Exercise 16
24
Plastic sea monsters
25-28
Economics, fishing and the EU Exercise 25
29
The container trade
30-31
Peak leak: the imminent environmental disaster
32
Murderous maritime madness Exercise 24
33
Killing with impunity: worse things happen at sea
34-36
The Hanseatic League: mediaeval globalization Exercise 26
37-39
Smuggling: free-trade crusaders Exercise 21
40-42
Captain Cook: Britain’s greatest mariner Exercise 12
43 44-46
Corsairs: Mediterranean piracy The surprising truth about buccaneers Exercise 20
47
Maritime pronunciation: talk like a sea-dog
48-49
Confusing maritime terms: false friends at sea Exercise 5
50-51
Maritime phrasal verbs Exercise 22
52 53
Maritime expressions: sailing & sails Maritime expressions: steering & navigation Exercise 9
54 55
Maritime expressions: bad weather Maritime expressions: ropes & anchors Exercise 11
56 57 58 59
Maritime expressions: boats & flags Maritime expressions: tales of salted pork Maritime expressions: ships in trouble Miscellaneous nautical expressions Exercise 18
60-63
Nautical literature
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION Watch this BBC documentary about the Bristol Channel Surge of 1607, which puts forward the idea that it might have been caused by a (seismic) tsunami: https://goo.gl/1H1s1C 14
16 30-31
12 | YES 27
Watch this BBC documentary about rogue waves: https://goo.gl/mujbfg Speak: who should pay for mitigating ‘peak leak’?
Sea
Tsunami A Linguistic Tsunami A curious thing happened on 26th December, 2004; an expression disappeared from the English language. When I was a child exceptionally large1 surges2 caused by underwater seismic events were called ‘tidal 3 waves’4 . The term was universally known in everyday English. ‘Tsunami’ was used by some scientists but the Japanese term didn’t even appear in the 2,672-page Shorter Oxford English Dictionary in the 1970s. Then, the Boxing Day5 tragedy of 2004 occurred and the media use of tsunami meant that ‘tidal wave’ was swept out of6 the language forever. This is a good thing as the old expression was misleading7 – tsunamis have nothing to do with8 the tide 9. However, it should be noted that in Japanese tsunami (= harbour10 wave4) is hardly11 more accurate12.
Photo by UBC Library Digitization Centre
The Worst Waves 60% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific, a quarter in the Mediterranean and 12% in the Atlantic. Although the 2004 tsunami was the most deadly13 in history (killing 230,000), Europe has also known devastating surges2 . The 1908 Messina tsunami caused 123,000 deaths in Sicily and southern Italy while the Lisbon earthquake and tsunami killed as many as 100,000. A tsunami off Crete in 365CE is estimated to have killed as many as half a million people in the Mediterranean. The biggest tsunami in history occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska in 1958. A landslide14 caused by an earthquake created a tsunami 524 metres high! Because of the remoteness of the location only two people (who were fishing) were killed.
Tsunamis & Climate Change
Aftermath of the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami. large – (false friend) big surge – abrupt forward movement of water 3 tidal (adj.) – (literally) related to the tide9 4 wave – undulation on the surface of the sea 5 Boxing Day – 26th December 6 to sweep sth. out of (sweepswept-swept) – eliminate sth. from 1
2
Photo by Alex
misleading – confusing, specious 8 to have nothing to do with (have-had-had) – be completely unrelated to
7
Tsunamis such as that of 2004 cannot be linked to climate change. However, global warming could provoke tsunamis in the future. The melting15 of frozen16 methane on the ocean floor17 is likely to18 destabilize the Norwegian coast. In 6100BCE a landslide14 on the Norwegian coast created a 45m-high tsunami that smashed into19 the east coast of Scotland and surged20 80km inland. tide – the periodic rise and fall of the sea (typically every 12 hours) 10 harbour – port 11 hardly – not really 12 accurate – precise, exact, correct 13 deadly – lethal 14 landslide – rockfall, avalanche 15 melting – liquefying, unfreezing
9
frozen – solid as a result of cold 17 the ocean floor – the seabed, the bottom of the ocean 18 is likely to – will probably 19 to smash into – collide with, impact against 20 to surge – flow, rush 16
www.yes-mag.com YES 27 | 15
Sea
The World’s Worst Whirlpools No, not an article about washing machines!
A
whirlpool is the water equivalent of a whirlwind1. A big whirlpool can be called a ‘maelstrom’, which is in fact the proper name2 of a tidal current3 in the Lofoten Islands off the northwest Norwegian coast. The name comes from two Old Dutch4 words: malen (= to grind up5, A Japanese whirlpool
The Corryvreckan Whirlpool
Photo by Walter Baxter
related to English ‘mill’6) and stroom (= stream, current). The world’s biggest whirlpool is not in fact the Maelstrom but7 another one not far away at Saltstraumen. The third biggest is at Corryvreckan in Scotland. Corryvreckan comes from the Gaelic term coirebhreacain, which means ‘cauldron8 of the speckled9 sea’. An experiment using a mannequin10 in a lifejacket11 found that this Hebridean maelstrom could pull a man to a depth of 262 metres and then drag12 him a considerable distance along the seafloor13. Whirlpools are caused when a tidal current3 has to pass through a narrow14 channel and are compounded15 by a very uneven16 seabed.
Literary Whirlpools The literary pedigree of maelstroms is reflected in the fact that the whirlpool Charybdis features17 in Homer’s Odyssey. 18 Whirlpools captured the imagination of a number of 19th-century novelists. Edgar Allan Poe wrote A Descent into a Maelstrom in 1841 and a maelstrom played an important part in Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870). The Norwegian maelstrom is also mentioned in Moby Dick (1851). Poe’s and Verne’s image of a monster whirlpool capable of devouring ships whole inspired the gigantic maelstrom in Pirates of the Caribbean: At the World’s End (2007). whirlwind – tornado proper name – name, toponym, title 3 tidal current – movement of water during 12 hours because of the influence of the moon 4 Old Dutch – (false friend) the archaic form of the language of Holland and of Afrikaans 5 to grind /graid/ up (grindground-ground) – triturate 1
2
mill – place where grain is turned into flour 7 but – (in this case) by contrast it is 8 cauldron – big metal pot for cooking over an open fire 9 speckled – dappled, covered in small areas of colour 10 mannequin – dummy, lifesized model of a human 6
lifejacket – buoyant jacket for keeping a person afloat in water 12 to drag – pull along the floor 13 seafloor – bottom of the sea 14 narrow – restricted 15 to compound – aggravate, exacerbate 16 uneven – irregular 17 to feature – appear 11
English refers to this Sicilian whirlpool in the assonant expression, “between Scylla and Charybdis” /kəˈribdis/, which means ‘between a rock and a hard place’, ‘between the devil and the deep blue sea’ (= between two dangers)
18
www.yes-mag.com YES 27 | 17
Sea
Container Shipping I
n the popular imagination sea travel is old-fashioned and romantic, a hangover1 from a bygone2 era. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Sea Blindness My father emigrated to Britain from New Zealand by ship. It took him six weeks3. In the 1950s most people travelled long distances by ship; passenger planes were a luxury that only the ‘jet set’ could afford4. By 1970 the world’s middle class had shifted 5 to air travel and passenger ships were largely6 a thing of the past. We may spend our summers storing up7 skin cancer on Mediterranean beaches but in all other regards8 we suffer from what the chief of the British Royal Navy calls ‘sea blindness’9. It may therefore come as a surprise to learn10 that seaborne trade11 has increased 400% since 1970. Indeed12, our way of life is dependent on 100,000 transport ships – everything from iPhones to bananas to T-shirts reach13 us in container ships. Big container ships are awesome beasts14 . A single large vessel can carry 746 million bananas – that’s one banana for every European (EU and non-EU) on a single ship. 38 million metric tons of crude oil are at sea on ships at any one time15. The largest ships can now carry 18,000 containers. They could be used to carry a major sports stadium if somebody wanted one transported around the world!
Out-of-Sight, Out-of-Mind Yet16 this enormous business is out-of-sight17 and outof-mind18. It is intensely mechanized, so few people work hangover – (in this case) obsolete custom 2 bygone – past, previous 3 it took him six weeks – his voyage lasted for six weeks 4 could afford – had enough money to pay for 5 to shift – (in this case) convert, go over 6 largely – more or less 7 to store up sth. – prepare what is necessary for sth. in the future 1
in all other regards – in all other ways 9 blindness – (in this case) ignorance, not perceiving sth. 10 to learn – (in this case) discover 11 seaborne trade – maritime commerce 12 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 13 to reach – get to, come to 14 awesome beast – leviathan, monster 8
Photo by John Murphy
the docks or work on the container ships. Those that work on board ship are abysmally20 paid seamen21 from developing22 countries. Research suggests that conditions for sailors23 on many ships are worse than those in European prisons, except that there is a meagre24 salary. Moreover, partly because of the terrorist threat25, this industry worth26 hundreds of billions of dollars is not on view but hidden away27 behind tight28 security. It is the scale and the minimal labour costs that make container shipping so cheap. In the past transport might eat up 25% of the final cost of a product. Now it costs $0.01 to ship a can29 of beer around the world. That’s why British apples are shipped to South Africa to be polished30 and then returned to Britain and why Scottish cod31 goes to China to be filleted before returning to Europe. 19
at any one time – at any single moment 16 yet – however, nevertheless 17 out-of-sight – not visible, not evident 18 out-of-mind – ignored, not thought about 19 docks – port, area for loading ships 20 abysmally – very badly 21 seaman – sailor, mariner 22 developing – (in this case) Third World 15
sailor – seaman, mariner meagre – deficient, inadequate 25 threat – menace, danger 26 worth – valued at 27 hidden away – out-of-sight17 28 tight – strict 29 can – metal container for a drink 30 to polish – shine 31 cod – a North Atlantic species of fish 23
24
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Sea
A Time Bomb of the Deep T
he mention of shipwrecks1 probably conjures up2 images of sunken 3 Spanish galleons full of silver and gold from the Americas or perhaps the RMS Titanic. However, most of the world’s shipwrecks come from a six-year period and offer few opportunities for adventure and finding treasure4 . By contrast, these sunken vessels5 threaten to6 cause a worldwide environmental catastrophe within7 most of our lifetimes. Photo by FL3JM
The Size of the Problem There are 8,569 potentially polluting wrecks1 around the world; 1,583 of them are oil tankers. The principal problem with these sunken3 vessels 5 is that they contain large 8 quantities of bunker oil9. Estimates of the oil remaining10 in sunken3 vessels 5 vary from 2.5 million tons to 20 million tons. Let’s put that in perspective.
The Exxon Valdez disaster of 1989 is probably the most famous tanker spill11. It resulted in around 40,000 tons of crude oil being released12 into the sea. The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon disaster spilt13 approximately 1.1 million tons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico, which still hasn’t fully recovered. So, shipwrecks1 pose14 potentially 18 times the damage of the 2010 disaster or the equivalent of between 60 and 500 Exxon Valdez spills.
Where Are the Wrecks? Three-quarters of the shipwrecks that could spill oil into the oceans were sunk during World War Two. This historical reference implies that the wrecks are not evenly15 distributed and that is very much the case. There is a high concentration in the western Pacific from New Guinea and Singapore all the way up to Japan. There is another concentration in the West Indies because the U-boats16 were highly17 effective against US shipping18 in the Caribbean when the States entered the Second World War. A third concentration is situated off the US and Canadian Eastern Seaboard. However, the worst concentration stretches19 from Newfoundland across the North Atlantic to completely surround Britain and Ireland and run20 down the French, Spanish and Portuguese coasts. Photo by Woodym555
(ship)wreck – ship that has been destroyed 2 to conjure up /ˈkʌndʒər/ – evoke 3 sunken – submerged 4 treasure – precious metals and gems 5 vessel – ship 1
30 | YES 27
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to threaten to – (in this case) will probably 7 within – in, (in this case) during 8 large – (false friend) substantial, great 9 bunker oil – fuel oil, a highly polluting form of crude oil 10 remaining – still, continuing to be 6
spill – spillage, leakage, act of spilling13 12 to release – emit, spill 13 to spill (spill-spilt-spilt) – empty, pour, emit 14 to pose – (in this case) represent 15 evenly – uniformly 16 U-boat – German submarine 11
highly – very shipping – ships, maritime transport 19 to stretch – extend 20 to run (run-ran-run) – (in this case) continue 17
18
12
Sea
The Wild West Waves
International waters are like the Wild West: weak rules, few sheriffs, lots of outlaws1.
- MARK YOUNG 2
Mass Murder3 This summer a video emerged on the Internet of four unarmed men being shot in cold blood4 in the sea. The men floating were next to an overturned5 wooden6 boat and were shot from several tuna trawlers7. It has been suggested that the victims were inept pirates – as if that justified their summary execution. However, maritime experts say that it is just as likely8 that the men were local fishermen in disputed waters, mutinied crew9, stowaways10 or thieves caught stealing fish. Nobody has investigated these murders.
Capsized
Photo by MCC Chris Hoffpauir
The Death of Akhona Geveza Hundreds of seamen11 are murdered every year. More than 500 are currently being held hostage12 by pirates. However, the violence is not limited to piracy. In 2010 a 19-year-old South African woman cadet, Akhona Geveza, was raped13 by the first officer aboard the ‘Safmarine Kariba’. The next day she was dead in the sea. Nobody was prosecuted and the case was dismissed14 as suicide. When the South African Sunday Times investigated they found that the rape of young women and young men on-board ship was common. One cadet revealed to the newspaper, “We were told that the sea is no-man’s land15 and that what happens at sea, stays at sea.” At the same time thousands of children and adults are enslaved16 and exploited on boats around the world.
Nobody Cares
Unarmed in the water outlaw – criminal, bandit retired United States CoastGuard commander and former (= ex-) chief of enforcement for the Pacific Ocean 3 mass murder – (according to the FBI) the illegal killing of four or more people in a single incident 4 in cold blood – callously, in a cruel way 1
2
Photo by MC2 Matthew R. Cole
overturned – capsized, upside down 6 wooden – made of wood 7 tuna trawler – fishing boat used to catch tuna fish 8 to be just as likely – be equally probable 9 mutinied crew – people that work on a ship who have rebelled 5
It is estimated that less than one per cent of crimes17 at sea are prosecuted. Most crimes are committed between fishing boats and, so long as18 the victims aren’t North American or European, nobody cares. stowaway – sb. who enters a ship without permission and tries to travel on it undetected 11 seaman – sailor, mariner 12 to hold sb. hostage – illegally detain sb. until one’s demands are satisfied 13 to rape sb. – sexually assault 14 to dismiss – disregard, forget 10
no-man’s land – (in this case) area that is not under the jurisdiction of any country 16 to enslave sb. – deprive sb. of his/her freedom, treat sb. like a captive servant 17 crime – illegal act 18 so long as – as long as, provided that, if (and only if) 15
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Sea
Pirates: Corsairs
T
he word ‘corsair’ in English is used to talk about pirates from the Barbary Coast. In the Early Modern period this was the unstable, poverty-stricken1 area around the ports of Algiers, Tunis, Tangiers and Tripoli. For 250 years the corsairs pillaged the wealth2 of Christian Europe. In the 17th Century the North African pirates snatched3 boats in sight of4 Plymouth Sound 5 , abducted, captured slaves6 in Ireland and roamed7 as far north as Iceland. It is estimated that the corsairs enslaved more than one million Europeans.
Christian Corsairs However, to frame 8 the problem of corsairs as an ethnic confrontation would be to completely misrepresent9 the question. Some of the worst offenders in the Mediterranean were Christian corsairs from Malta who indiscriminately attacked ships from friendly and neutral countries.
poverty-stricken – economically disadvantaged 2 wealth – riches 3 to snatch – grab, (in this case) capture 4 in sight of – in view of, close to, near to 5 an important base of the Royal Navy in southwest England 6 slave – sb. who will be sold in servitude 1
20
John Ward (1553-1623) was a fisherman from Kent who became a buccaneer10. He was jailed11 in 1602 and impressed into12 the Royal Navy in 1603. However, he led13 a group of deserters who captured a ship and sailed to14 the Mediterranean, where he placed15 his crew16 under the authority of the ruler of Tunis. In 1606 and 1607 Ward was a highly17 successful18 corsair commander. Despite some setbacks19, Ward settled in 20 Tunis an extremely rich man. He ‘turned Turk’21 and became known as Yusuf Raïs. Ward continued to take part in pirate raids22 until he was almost 70. Ward was just one of a number of English pirates operating in the Mediterranean under the auspices of the Muslim rulers23 of the Barbary Coast. Another was a one-armed 24 Londoner named Robert Walsingham, who was active between 1613 and 1618. No wonder25 Shakespeare, who died in 1616, included pirates in six of his plays. 26 John Ward (Yusuf Raïs)
to roam – travel to frame – interpret, understand 9 to misrepresent – falsify 10 buccaneer – pirate in the Caribbean 11 to jail – imprison, put in prison 12 to impress sb. into – (in this case) force sb. to serve in 13 to lead (lead-led-led) – captain 14 to sail to – go by sea to 15 to place – put
7
8
Yusuf Raïs
crew – group of people who work together on a ship 17 highly – very 18 successful – effective 19 setback – reverse 20 to settle in – establish one’s permanent home in 21 to turn Turk – (historical) convert to Islam. This phrase would be considered offensive in a modern context. 22 raid – surprise attack 16
ruler – leader, lord one-armed – who only had one of his two arms (= upper limb) 25 no wonder – it is not surprising that 26 Antony and Cleopatra, 2 Henry VI, Measure for Measure, Twelfth Night, Hamlet and Pericles 23
24
www.yes-mag.com YES 27 | 43
Sea
Tales of Salted Pork I
n the past a staple1 part of the diet on sailing ships was salted pork which was kept in a barrel full of grease2, known as a pork barrel. When food was running short3 the sailors4 would scrape 5 the barrel so as to have something to eat. At the end of a voyage the barrel would contain leftover6 grease2, which was known as ‘slush’. This could be sold in port to make soap7 or candles8. The money from selling the residual grease was known as the ‘slush fund’. Three English idioms come from this little piece of nautical sociology: >> a pork barrel (US English) = an enterprise in which funds and jobs are dispensed without accountability9: - The ‘War on Terror’ turned out to be10 the biggest pork barrel in US history.
Photo by Marina Carresi
>> to scrape (the bottom of) the barrel = be reduced to using things or people of the poorest quality because there is nothing or no one else available: - We’re going to have Sheldon in our team? That’s scraping the barrel a bit, isn’t it? >> a slush fund = a. a general fund for unplanned expenses; b. an undeclared fund of money used for political bribery11 and other unethical payments. Notice the assonance: - It was revealed that the party had a slush fund financed by the sale of honorific titles.
Nelson’s Blind Eye >> to turn a blind12 eye = pretend not to notice13 sth., intentionally ignore sth. The phrase is believed to refer to an incident involving Horatio Nelson at the Battle of Copenhagen (1801). Nelson’s superiors signalled14 an order that he should not attack. Nelson put his telescope to his blind eye and said that he could not see the signal. He attacked and won the battle. Notice the assonance: - She often works late into the night, so the boss turns a blind eye when she arrives late in the morning.
Battle of Copenhagen staple – essential, dominant grease – animal fat, lard 3 to run short (run-ran-run) – become scarce, run out 4 sailor – seaman, mariner 5 to scrape – use a hard object to get sth. off a hard surface 6 leftover – residual 1
2
18
7
soap – solid blocks of a substance that is used to clean people’s bodies
candle – cylinder of wax with a wick (= thin cord) down the middle that is ignited for illumination 9 without accountability – with no official record of where the money went 10 turned out to be – was... in the end 8
bribery – illegal payments blind /blaind/ – not able to see, sightless 13 pretend not to notice – act as if you have not noticed 14 to signal /ˈsignəl/ – send a message (in this case) using flags 11
12
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Sea
Nautical Fiction
The Odyssey
The Origins of Sea Lit Nautical /ˈnɔ:tikəl/ fiction starts with The Odyssey. Not only is Homer’s epic poem the earliest known work set1 almost entirely at sea (and visiting islands) 2 but it established the motif of man as mariner and the voyage as the ‘journey of life’. Homer’s sea is personified as Poseidon and the sea god will do anything to scupper3 Odysseus’s voyage home. 4 Faced with 5 such overwhelming6 force the hero has little choice but7 to persevere, rely on 8 his intelligence and hope that eventually9 his luck will change. The Odyssey also makes use of the homosocial setting10 of seafaring11. The mariner is desperate to
The Wanderer to be set – take place, occur OK, the last third takes place in the countryside of Ithaca but it is clearly about a voyage 3 to scupper – sink, (in this case) ruin, destroy 4 because Odysseus blinded Poseidon’s son, Polyphemus 5 faced with – confronting 1
2
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overwhelming – formidable, irresistible 7 but – other than, except 8 to rely on – depend on, count on 9 eventually – (false friend) in the end 10 setting – context, surroundings 11 seafaring – maritime life 6
return to his home and his wife, the embodiment12 of tranquillity and civilization, but first he must prove himself amongst men. Homosocial contexts in literature tend to be extreme because women tend to represent nurturing13 and moderating influences. It is this context of masculinity and adventure in which the hero will discover who he really is and only then can he return to domesticity.
Anglo-Saxon Sea Lit14 The earliest examples of maritime literature from the Anglosphere are a couple of short Anglo-Saxon elegies: The Wanderer15 and The Seafarer16. They could have been written any time between the 5th and the 9th Centuries and indeed17 may have evolved18 in the oral tradition over that period. The sea is again hostile in these poems, though it is not personified as such. This is the winter sea and it represents emptiness, loneliness and exile. It is cold and empty, an embodiment12 of the failure of human relationships, and the intimidating surroundings reflect the mariner’s depressive frame of mind19. He is a warrior living in exile separated from his community and apparently from all human contact. He is world-weary20 having seen all his friends die. Yet21 it is precisely the isolation of the sea that allows22 the wanderer15 and the seafarer16 to understand the errors of the materialistic life they have lived up to this point23. embodiment – incarnation nurturing – caring, motherly, maternal 14 sea lit – sea/nautical literature 15 wanderer /ˈwondərər/ – sb. who travels but does not have a destination 16 seafarer – mariner, sailor 17 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 12 13
to evolve – develop, be gradually transformed 19 frame of mind – emotional state 20 world-weary – exhausted by and cynical after one’s experiences 21 yet – (in this case) however 22 to allow – permit, enable 23 up to this point – until now 18
THE PHILOSOPHY DOSSIER
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION 66
Watch Damon Horowitz talking about his philosophy class in St. Quentin’s prison at: https://goo.gl/XGtPl7
67
Watch this entertaining and intelligent documentary about mediaeval ‘philosophy’ presented by Monty Python’s Terry Jones (although it says its 48 minutes in fact it’s only 28 minutes the last 20 minutes are repetition): https://goo.gl/TpdLcT
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Watch this brilliant clip from ’24-Hour Party People’ quoting about ‘the Boethian wheel’ at: https://goo.gl/SaML58
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Does philosophy exist?
66
What is philosophy? Exercise 15
67
Mediaeval philosophy in Britain
68
Ethics: the Golden Rule
69
Pronouncing philosophers’ names Exercise 14
Watch an excellent 3-part history of western Philosophy at: https://goo.gl/wV6A4t
70-71
Philosophy in everyday English
76
72-73 74
Philosophical one-liners Philosophical concepts Exercise 17
Watch: Samuel Arbesman explains the halflife of facts at: https://goo.gl/KULs56 or if you prefer, this cartoon presentation of the same ideas: https://goo.gl/nalVmC
75
Thinking about thinking: what is thought?
76
Epistemology: drifting truth – Hegel was right: facts decay, but how fast?
77
What if plants are conscious?
78 79 80
Stuff and us: how we became acquisitive Stuff and us: mine! What stuff says about us: thinking through things Materialism and anti-materialism: you can’t take it with you Compulsive hoarding disorder: when stuff takes control Stuff and us: the future of our relationship Exercise 4
81 82 83
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AUDIO EXTENSION 88
Watch: this short video about the mosque-to-church controversy in France: https://goo.gl/fLNUyd
Speak: should disused churches be used as mosques?
93
Watch: this excellent short video on keystone species and trophic cascades: https://goo.gl/kOnLTm
98
Speak: do you agree with the Impact Teams actions?
104
Speak: what is your relationship to the sea?
Philosophy
Does Philosophy Exist? Encroached on All Sides One of the problems with philosophy is that it doesn’t really exist. Of course, there is a body of knowledge that has been built up1 and is taught in philosophy departments in universities all over the world but philosophy overlaps with2 so many subjects3 that if they each took their share4 away5, there would be nothing left. Much of philosophy until the 18th Century was focused on proving the existence of God; what we would call theology today. Indeed6, in the Middle Ages ‘philosophy’ meant ‘scientist’. Another big chunk7 of philosophy is about how societies should function. Hobbes, Locke, Marx and so on8 are studied by philosophy students but they are equally part of any political science course. Philosophy also overlaps with2 mathematics, psychology, history, sociology and linguistics.
The Anglo Lacuna9 This, incidentally, is why philosophy does not tend to be taught in Anglo schools. Conventional thinking in the Anglosphere is that philosophy has to be applied to another subject3 – that it is not much use on its own10. From this point of view every subject – maths11, physics, linguistics, economics, history of art, whatever – ends up being largely12 a question of philosophy as you get to the doctorate level but there’s no room13 for philosophy at high school. That, of course, would be a controversial idea in many countries and here we are simply explaining the Anglo system, not saying it is right!
Photo by UserFA2010
Philosophy or theology?
This is not a new situation. There is some truth to the caricature that while 19 th -century Continental Europeans were worrying about dialectics and all that jazz14, the Victorians were far too busy making money and building their empire to worry about abstract thought. In any case most Anglos don’t study doctorates so don’t be surprised to find your Anglo acquaintances15 remarkably ignorant about philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes to build up (build-built-built) – accumulate 2 to overlap with – (in this case) cover some of the same areas of knowledge 3 subject – (in this case) academic discipline
1
share – portion to take sth. away (take-tooktaken) – eliminate sth. 6 indeed – (emphatic) in fact 7 chunk – piece, part, portion 8 and so on – et cetera, etc.
4
5
lacuna – missing portion of knowledge 10 on its own – by itself, alone 11 maths (UK English) – math (US English), mathematics 12 largely – more or less, primarily
9
room – space, (in this case) lesson time 14 and all that jazz – (colloquial) et cetera, and so on 15 acquaintance – sb. one knows 13
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Philosophy
Popular Philosophical Terms A number of key ideas in philosophy have names: >> Plato’s Cave /ˌpleitouz ˈkeiv/ We can perceive truth only indirectly, like prisoners in a cave watching shadow-play1 on a wall. According to Plato, it was Socrates’s cave2 but anyway. Notice the assonance. >> The Boethian wheel3 Boethius believed that history repeated itself and the wheel of fortune returned the individual to where he or she started from. Notice the assonance. >> The Scandal of Induction Induction (testing hypotheses and reaching4 general conclusions) can
The Boethian Wheel shadow-play – interaction of silhouettes cave – cavern 3 wheel – circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle to enable it to move 4 to reach – arrive at, come to 5 to lead to (lead-led-led) – result in 6 to not get out much – have a very limited experience of life 7 wager /weidʒər/ – bet, gamble 1
2
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only lead to 5 tentative truths; the scientific method produces ideas that are true until they are falsified. Anyone who finds that a ‘scandal’ doesn’t get out much6. >> Pascal’s Wager7 A cynic’s guide to faith: if you believe in God and He doesn’t exist, you lose nothing. If you don’t believe in God and He does exist, you lose everything. Therefore, the clever gambler8 should believe in God. >> Hume’s Fork There are three kinds of statements9: 1. ones that are true or false by definition; 2. ones that are dependent on experience/perception; 3. ones that are unknowable (e.g. theological questions). Only the second group are philosophically interesting (from Hume’s empiricist perspective). Sheldon Cooper would insist that it should be Hume’s Trident.10 >> Occam’s Razor Don’t invent (or accept) a complicated explanation for something if
Plato’s Cave
Drawing by Markus Maurer
a simpler one fits11 the facts just as well12. Not to be confused with: >> Occam’s/Ockham’s broom13 Ignoring facts that refute your argument in the hope that your audience don’t notice. The broom is a reference to sweeping evidence ‘under the carpet’ 14. The term was invented recently by Sydney Brenner. >> Cartesian hyperbolic doubt Being systematically sceptical about one’s own beliefs15. >> The Principle of Sufficient Reason Leibniz argued that everything has a reason or cause. This was a reformulation of the idea that nothing comes from nothing.
gambler – risk-taker, bettor statement – assertion, declarative phrase 10 if you are not a fan of The Big Bang Theory, ignore this sentence. 11 to fit – correspond to 12 just as well – (in this case) equally well 13 broom – brush on a long pole for sweeping 14 to sweep sth. under the carpet (sweepswept-swept) – hide evidence 15 one’s own beliefs – (emphatic) one’s beliefs 8
9
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Philosophy
Thinking about Thinking P
hilosophy has been described as thinking about thinking. All humans think; it is as natural for us as it is for dolphins to swim. However, thinking about thinking is almost as unnatural as dolphins wondering1 about how they swim. 2 So, philosophy is not just thinking about thinking but syllogistic3 thinking about systematic, logical and goal-directed thinking. Cool, except it often isn’t. Descartes was ‘the Father of Modern Philosophy’ yet4 many of his ideas came to him in dreams. But dreams are by definition the playground of free association not syllogism 5. I dream therefore I am? Most of the time thought is simply something that happens to us – rather than6 something that is directed and structured. Thoughts can wander7 on topic8 as well as off topic9. So, a lot of philosophizing is simply putting a question to oneself and waiting for one’s subconscious to answer. Undirected thought is when we get our best thinking done. Maybe philosophy is just asking difficult questions.
Distinctly Human Thought Human thought is distinct because it is mediated by language and is social and cultural. Abstract thought is made possible by using symbols (i.e. language) and the sharing13 of thoughts that language offers allows14 us to depend on experts for more difficult thought. What’s more, social thought allows14 ideas to be passed from one generation to another by cultural transmission.
Thought is Metaphysical Thought is a physical and chemical process. We know this through the analysis of brain damage and the predictable effects of substances (from caffeine to cocaine) on thought. Thought can be stimulated by interaction with the physical world (reacting to what you see, hear, taste, smell or touch). Moreover, abstract human thought seems to make evolutionary sense10 as the development of11 simpler forms of consciousness observed in non-human animals. Finally, thoughts are beginning to be observable on fMRI12 scans. to wonder /ˈwʌndər/ – ask oneself, muse 2 philosopher Tim Bayne invented this analogy 3 syllogistic – deductive 4 yet – (in this case) but, however 5 syllogism – deductive reasoning 1
rather than – instead of, as opposed to 7 to wander /ˈwondər/ – digress, divagate 8 on topic – in a way that is relevant to the question being considered 6
There are no evil15 thoughts, only evil actions. Evil15 Thoughts Psychological tests demonstrate that trying not to think about something causes people to think about it more than trying to think about it; the religious concept of evil15 thoughts therefore only leads to16 guilt17. There are no evil thoughts, only evil15 actions. off topic – in a way that is not relevant to the question being considered 10 to make sense (make-mademade) – be reasonable 11 the development of – an evolution from 12 fMRI – functional magnetic resonance imaging
9
sharing – exchange, dissemination 14 to allow – enable, permit 15 evil – malevolent, malicious 16 to lead to (lead-led-led) – result in 17 guilt – a feeling of culpability, contrition 13
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
The following pages contain the transcriptions of what is spoken on the audio files.
SPOKEN-ENGLISH TIPS
YES NO 27 TRACK LIST
Spoken English is significantly different from the written language: A more limited vocabulary is generally used and it is, by definition, more colloquial. Moreover1, spoken English uses many more incomplete or badly constructed sentences. On the other hand, intonation and stress can be used in speech.
Mini-debates (32m48s) 1. From Church to Mosque (8m58s) 2. Re-wilding Britain (9m37s) 3. The Ashley Madison Leak (14m12s)
HOW TO USE THE AUDIO SCRIPTS
4. Pronunciation: Nautical Terms (0m58s)
Follow our eight-step process to get the most out of the audio scripts:
1
Before you listen we recommend that you read through the relevant section of the footnotes2 (not the text itself). This should give you some idea of the subject3 and help you to understand the more difficult vocabulary as you listen.
2
When you listen the first time, don’t expect to understand everything; listening practice should not be a painful4 process. Simply see how much meaning you can extract from the recording.
Monologues: Me and the Sea (10m24s) 5. Monologue 1 [US English] (3m08s) 6. Monologue 2 [UK English] (3m41s) 7. Monologue 3 [Irish English] (1m56s) 8. Monologue 4 [UK English] (1m37s) 9. Improvisation: Necessity is the Mother of Invention (4m44s) 10. Pronunciation: Philosopher’s Names (1m14s)
3
Listen more times going back to the footnotes to integrate the information you have.
11. Picture Description (1m48s)
4
Once you understand reasonably well, do the relevant exercise.
Total time: 0h51m57s
5
Finally, read the audio scripts as you listen again.
6
Stop each time you get lost or encounter a structure that interests or confuses you.
7
Repeat words or phrases whose pronunciation surprises you.
8
Two or three days later, listen to the text again without reading to see if your understanding has improved5.
This process is intense and time-consuming. However, it will eventually6 solve the problem most learners have of relating7 the spoken word to the written. Once you’ve done that, the rest is easy!
moreover – what’s more, furthermore footnotes – notes at the bottom of the page (in this box) 3 subject (n.) – (in this case) theme 4 painful – (in this case) arduous, unpleasant 5 to improve – get better 6 eventually – (false friend) in the end 7 to relate – associate, connect, link 1
2
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
A wolf
Photo by Mocbuy
2. Re-wilding Britain (9m37s) South-African Woman (SAW): I wonder how many of you are aware13 that there is a project in Britain at the moment called ‘Re-wilding’. This is a plan to reintroduce species such as the lynx and the wolf68 ... Englishman (EM): Celts! SAW: and wild boar69 that went extinct a long time ago. Interesting where in other parts of the world everyday species are being lost. Do you think it’s a good idea to put these,
wolf (plural ‘wolves’) – (Canis lupus) a type of wild dog 69 (wild) boar – wild pig 70 hugely – enormously, very 71 to support – approve of 72 to take down (take-took-taken) – kill
some of them rather49 wild and dangerous animals back into Britain? EM: Well, are there… which dangerous animals are being proposed? Northern Irishman (NIM): Well, wild boar69 have already been reintroduced in England. And I think the lynx is not far away either. US Man (AM): What about wolves68? NIM: I think the wolves are a work in progress. EM: Yeah, there’s some way to go for
the wolves 68. I mean11, there’s the idea of putting wolves in Scotland first to see how many people they kill! NIM: See if they can alter the next referendum! EM: But no, the lynx is hugely70 popular. The idea that we could have a big cat, biggish cat, a wild cat back in Britain is, 91% of the population support71 having lynxes. SAW: Including the sheep farmers? AM: Yeah. EM: They’re not… they’re probably the other 9%. But, I mean11, lynx will take down72 a sheep, will it? SAW: Well, certainly… NIM: It probably go for a lamb73, yeah.
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lamb – baby sheep www.yes-mag.com
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AUDIO SCRIPTS
managed to280 hide281 their fear and anxiety in the situation because it in no way resulted in any trauma for me. I’d love to go sailing282 again. So, all in all283, I’d say I like the sea in small doses, but I don’t overtly284 romanticize it.
7. Monologue 3 [Irish English] (1m56s)
The North Norfolk coast
I don’t have much experience of travelling on the sea. When I was younger I took the ferry and the hovercraft267 to and from France on a number of occasions but that’s hardly268 maritime experience. The same is true of the ferry between Spain and Africa. In each case you barely269 lose sight of270 land. Curiously this summer we were invited on a cruise in the Mediterranean. I wasn’t sure about my attitude to this type of holiday, but thought that I should try it once. In the end, the plan fell through271, so I don’t know if that’s for me. Certainly it’s not my first choice of holiday plan. As a child we went quite regularly hovercraft – vehicle that travels over land and water on a cushion of air 268 hardly – not really 269 barely – hardly, not really 270 to lose sight of (lose-lost-lost) – stop being able to see 271 to fall through (fall-fell-fallen) – come to nothing, fall apart 272 relative – relation, member of one’s extended family 273 sailing boat – boat with a sail (= big expanse of textile that catches the wind to move the boat) 274 to etch – fix indelibly, write permanently 267
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Photo by Marina Carresi
to north Norfolk coast, where a number of my relatives 272 live. My uncle and cousins had sailing boats273 there and I remember going sailing on a number of occasions. One trip was etched274 in family lore275. My uncle took my entire family out to somewhere on the North Sea and then we were engulfed276 by a bank277 of fog278. As I understand it, we were effectively lost at sea for quite some time before we managed to find our way back to the coast. I found out181 later that my mother was furious with my uncle who had “put our lives at risk279”. However, I don’t have any direct memories of the experience and I think the adults family lore – the legends and stories that are preserved in one’s family 276 to engulf – cover 277 bank – (in this case) blanket 278 fog – thick mist, low cloud 279 at risk – in danger 280 to manage to – be able to 281 to hide (hide-hid-hidden) – conceal, camouflage 282 to go sailing (go-went-gone) – travel in a sailing boat273 283 all in all – on the whole, in general 284 overtly – openly, blatantly. He may mean ‘overly’ (= excessively) 285 seasick – nauseous (because of the sea) 275
Many thoughts come to mind when thinking about the sea. I remember fishing trips with my friends, feeling seasick285 on the ferry from Ireland to Wales, playing in a dingy286 with my English cousins in the summer and searching for crabs287 in rock pools288 as a kid229. The first time a wave234 hits when you’re learning to swim and you get a mouthful289 of salty water290. The sea was my constant companion growing up in a seaside town on the east coast of Ireland. In the summer I’d jump on my bike and be at the rocky beach in less than 5 minutes. After a brief291 but awkward292 ‘Mr. Bean’ style change into swimming trunks293 it was a short painful stumble294 to the shore295. Immersion took a little longer. The Irish Sea isn’t known for its warm currents. Once you got past the ozone layer, that’s the ‘Oh, oh’ zone layer if you dinghy – small recreational sailing boat273 crab – type of crustacean 288 rock pool – small quantity of sea water trapped among rocks 289 mouthful – quantity of sth. that fits in one’s mouth 290 salty water – salt water, sea water 291 brief – quick, rapid 292 awkward – inelegant 293 swimming trunks – bathing suit 294 stumble – inelegant walk 295 shore – seashore, dry land 286 287
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EXERCISES PAGE
EXERCISE
112 1. Illustrations round-up: see if you can identify some of the things mentioned in the footnotes of this issue. 113 2. Title Tag: can you match these alternative titles to the news articles on pp. 7-11? 3. Sea Names: do this quiz about marine toponyms (p. 18). 114 4. Word Search: find the terms from the stuff and us article (pp. 78-83). 115 5. Confusing Nautical Terms: choose the best options (pp. 48-49) 6. Too Many Words – sea art: Find the surplus words in this text from our blog post. 7. US vs. UK: complete the chart with equivalents from throughout the issue. 116 8. Crossword: for revision of vocabulary from throughout the magazine. 117 9. Sea Idioms: a matching and gapfilling exercise. (pp. 52-53) 118 10. Debates: varied listening comprehension exercises for audio tracks 1-3 (pp. 88-103). 119 11. Maritime Idioms – bad weather, ropes & anchors: complete the sentences. (pp. 54-55) 12. Captain Cook: an etymology quiz relating to pp. 40-42. 120 13. Pronunciation: revise the difficult words from the footnotes. 14. Philosophers’ Names: complete the chart with the names of famous thinkers and the corresponding eponymous adjectives. (p. 69) 121 15. Internet listening: test your listening comprehension with this fascinating TED talk about the philosophy of hard choices. 16. Geography: identify the national waters on this map of the Arctic. (pp. 21-23)
PAGE
EXERCISE
122 17. Philosophical Collocations: match the words to form terms from pp. 72-74. 18. Euphonic Sea Idioms: complete the sentences to form expressions that contain figures of sound from pp. 56-59. 123 19. Monologues: a true-false listening comprehension on audio tracks 5-8 (pp. 104-107). 20. Open Cloze: fill the gaps in this text about pirates. (p. 43-46) 124 21. Wordplay: a word game – relating to the smuggling article. (pp. 37-39) 22. Maritime phrasal verbs: fill the gaps with the multi-word verbs. (pp. 50-51) 23. False Friends Round-up: test to see if you learned the false friends marked in the footnotes throughout the magazine. 125 24. Homophones: correct this text about the man who survived alone and adrift the longest. (p. 32) 25. Economics cloze: fill the gaps with one of the options (pp. 25-28). 126 26. Prepositions: choose the best option for each of the gaps in this text about the Hanseatic League with prepositions. (pp. 34-36) 127 27. Visualizing Vocabulary: match these maritime illustrations to the terms (p. 20). 128 28. Wordplay: test your vocabulary and understanding of English morphology. 129 29. Phrasal Verb Round-up: see how well you have learned the phrasal verbs from throughout Yes 27. 30. Improvisation: correct the mistakes in this summary of audio track 9, pp. 108-110. 130 31. Sentence transformation: revise structures from throughout the issue. 131-133 ANSWERS
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24. Adrift: Homophones. Read the article on p. 32. Below we offer you a true story of survival adrift. However, we have changed 45 words for their homophones. Change them back so that the text makes sense (names have not been changed for their homophones): As wee have scene on pages 32 and 33, the greatest danger at see can cum from ones fellow sailors. Know knead to tell that to cabin buoy Richard Parker who found himself inn a dingy with three men after the yacht Mignonette sank inn 1884 on root to Australia. After too weeks adrift Richard became ill and the captain butchered hymn, ensuring the survival of the other semen. However, watt if ewe are the soul survivor? How long can someone survive alone and adrift? The record is held buy a 25-year-old Chinese-born British sailor called Poon Lim. He was the only won to survive when the merchant ship he was working on, the SS Ben Lomond, was sunk bye a U-boat on 23rd November 1942. Before the ship went down, Poon managed to grab a life-raft and seas enough food and water for about 50 daze. Seven weeks later Poon was still alone and adrift inn the Atlantic. Poon took the spring out of his torch and maid a fish hook with it. He then maid a paste from his final biscuit crumbs and began to fish. For three moor months Poon lived on a diet of roar fish and the occasional seagull. He managed to collect just enough rainwater to quench his thirst. At last on 5th April 1943 Poon was Pict up buy a Brazilian fishing boat. He had spent 133 daze on his own adrift at C – a feet know won has ever equalled before or since. When he was told this, he replied, “I hope know won will ever have to brake that record”. Poon was awarded the British Empire meddle. After he had recovered, Poon applied to join the US Navy. However, Uncle Sam decided to tern hymn down because he had flat feat! Nevertheless, Poon was given US citizenship and he dyed inn New York inn 1991 aged 72. 25. Economics: Read the article on pp. 25-28. Choose the best option to fill each of the gaps in this paragraph from the text: The problem with fish stocks is that it is in nobody’s 1__________ interest to practise self-restraint. The attitude of fishermen and countries is “if I don’t 2____________, someone else will”. This problem is particularly great in international waters. Journalists and politicians 3________ nationalist sentiment against foreigners (usually the Japanese) emptying the oceans, but fishermen (whatever their nationality) are just being economically 4___________. A radical solution would be to assign every last square metre of sea or ocean to a country. Maritime waters could be 5______________ off to the highest 6__________, given to the nearest adjacent country or given proportionally to all the countries in the world, with the opportunity for poorer or landlocked countries to then sell their maritime 7_________ to other countries. The important thing is that if a country – or indeed a company – owns a section of sea there is an interest in fishing in a 8____________ way. If not, the only logical behaviour is to catch as much as possible, while stocks last. The inevitable result will be ‘strangelove oceans’, expanses of salt water with no vertebrate life.
1. a. long-term
b. financial
c. individual
d. altruistic
2. a. over-fish
b. under-fish
c. out-fish
d. catch
3. a. excite
b. whip out
c. calm
d. stir up
4. a. rational
b. reasoned
c. reasonable
d. righteous
5. a. acquired
b. bought
c. auctioned
d. bundled
6. a. offer b. offerer c. bidder d. stake 7. a. allocation
b. allotment
c. assignment
d. assigning
8. a. efficient
b. sustainable
c. sustenant
d. effective www.yes-mag.com
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31. Sentence Transformation. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same thing as the first sentence. The word in bold must be one of the words you use to fill the gap; do not change the form of this word. Each gap requires between two and five words. Page (p.) and footnote (n.) references for each structure are given: 1. When the refugees were settled in the area, racism appeared, unfortunately. ugly (p. 7, n. 24) When the refugees were settled in the area, racism ______________________________________________________ head. 2. Support for animal rights has been becoming popular amongst young urbanites. traction (p. 8, n. 5) Support for animal rights has _______________________________________________________ amongst young urbanites. 3. A body was found in the park and the police think it might be murder! foul (p. 9, n. 7) A body was found in the park and the police __________________________________________________! 4. It can take months or even years to become accustomed to the loss of a loved one. terms (p. 10, n. 25) It can take months or even years to ___________________________________________________ the loss of a loved one. 5. The air is so polluted that humans cannot breathe it. to (p. 11, n. 19) The air is too polluted _______________________________________________________ breathe. 6. The problem is more closely related to family dysfunction than economics per se. do (p. 32, n. 29) The problem has ______________________________________________ with family dysfunction than economics per se. 7. It is equally probable that you will be killed by a jellyfish as a shark. likely (p. 33, n. 8) You ________________________________________________________________________ to be killed by a jellyfish as (by) a shark. 8. If it had not been for that good Samaritan, I would have had to sleep in the street. been (p. 34, n. 3) Had __________________________________________ for that good Samaritan, I would have had to sleep in the street. 9. The director’s offhand comments were the origin of some wild rumours. rise (p. 39, n. 12) The director’s offhand comments __________________________________________________________ some wild rumours. 10. The people were looking for a hero and he seemed to have the necessary attributes. fit (p. 41, n. 22) The people were looking for a hero and he seemed to _________________________________________________________. 11. He called you that?! I’m not surprised you’re upset. wonder (p. 43, n. 25) He called you that?! ____________________________________________________ you’re upset. 12. He changed course to avoid a collision. so (p. 54, n. 14) He changed course ___________________________________________________________ collide.
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STAFF Anglo Files, S.L. (publisher) Nicholas Franklin (editor) nick@yes-mag.com Marina Carresi (artistic director and photography, proofreading) marina@yes-mag.com Nathan Burkiewicz (sub-editor, page-design, webmaster) nathan@yes-mag.com Fabiola Vieyra (promotion) Pilar Susaeta (sales representative) Josh Tampico (sound engineer) Gonzalo Cohen (legal)
WRITERS, VOICES, INVALUABLE SUPPORT & HELPING HANDS Douglas Jasch, Silvia Gimeno Siehr, Prof. Raoul Franklin, Colman Keane, Miles Pratt, Almudena Cáceres, Susannah Jones, Robbie K. Jones, Garrett Wall, AmyJo Doherty, James Duggan, Jim Trainor, Rod E. Musselman, Adrian Hall, Paul Thomas, John Adedoyin, Hamish Binns, Lois Humphrey, Julie Davies, Irene Tremblay, Dave Mooney, Howard Brown, Bea Alzona, Saskia Eijkins, Cristian Dopazzo.
PHOTOGRAPHY Cover photo: “Loudgio Sea Guy” by MikeInfokan Marina Carresi, Almudena Cáceres, Alex, Jaume Carbonell, Leonardo L Carresi, Estrella Ruiz
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