Interim Submission by Yi fu (Frank) Jin

ARCHITECTURE STUDIO AIR YI FU (FRANK) JIN 2013, SEMESTER 1

TIMELINE

.......................................................................................................................................... ARCHITECTURE STUDIO AIR Name : Yi Fu (Frank) Jin Student No: 542190 Year: 2013, Semester 1 Studio Group: 10 & 11 Tutors: Daniel & Adam

.......................................................................................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction......................................................01 Architecture as Discourse......................................

TIMELINE

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................

ello, I’m Frank and like most of the other people in this course i’m majoring in Architecture. In the past i’ve only used computational design techniques when it was absolutely required in subjects such as Virtual environments. Personally computer techniques, for me personally were never a design tool but more of a way of enhancing my designs in the final presentations phase. For example i would use Photoshop and Illustrator to layout presentation of hand-drawn plans and sketches. I’ve always found hand drawing and physical model making to be more intuitive and natural: i could brainstorm multiple ideas with thumbnail skecthes in quick succession and i liked to have models which i could interact with in tree dimensons. On the other hand, with computational techniques i find it to be a much slower process (mostly because of my lack of skills with the programs) and i often find that i need to know what i’m designing before hand which seems more restrictve to me. However i’m looking froward to learning some new skills and techniques in this course.

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PART A. EOI I: CASE FOR INNOVATION

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A.1. ARCHIECTURE AS DISCOURSE ..........................................................................................................................................

s Richard Williams argues in Architecture and Visual Culture, ‘architecture is the most public of Arts’ and therefore an inextricable part of daily life for anyone living in an urban society.

Buildings quite literally frame our lives; define our movements through a city and is ‘the principal means by which the public realm is materially represented’, making the practice of enormous social importance.2 At the same time, Architecture is a unique practice in that the buildings are often designed for the public (In the case of public buildings) and thus, in a way, the people have a partial ownership over those buildings. After all, they are ones who ultimately end up using those spaces. However as the critic Walter Benjamin argues, most people tend to look at architecture in a ‘state of distraction’, as something to be viewed from the corner of your eye but not looked at in detail, as something to pass through to where you need to go.3 As a result, architecture has ironically become a difficult and exclusive area of visual culture for the average person; the very people of which the buildings were designed for. I think this is especially relevant given that the purpose of the course is to de1 Williams, Richard, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), p. 102. 2 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 102. 3 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 103.

sign the Wyndham City Western Gateway, not only because it’s a public space but also how to engage an audience that only views the structure ‘in a state of distraction’. The aestheitc apsects of the structure (where we want people to appreciate the beauty of the structure) is in direct opposition to the function of the gateway (where we want people to pass through without obstruction). Would a visually striking gateway ultimately distract the user? Or perhaps, in the worst case, even confuse them and congest the gateway, thereby compromising the function for aesthetics? Or, on the other hand, if the design of the gate is mut ed will the user even notice it? Or should the gateway be designed in a way to assume that the user is in constant motion? Will they get the symbolism? Do they care? Should they? In order to find the solutions to these problems we must first understand the role of Architecture in our society. In order to do this we must look at Architecture as a discourse.

ings and architecture. To Pevsner anything that ‘encloses space on a scale sufficient for a human being to move in is a building’ such as a bicycle shed.5 The term Architecture, on the other hand, ‘applies to buildings designed with a view to aesthetic appeal’ such as Lincoln Cathedral. A good architect, Pevsner proposes, is a combination of a sculptor and a painter thus making the profession not only a synthesis of art forms but the most superior. 6 My problem with Pevsner’s view is that it limits the scope of the profession as it seems to imply that Architecture is purely about, for lack of a better phrase, making things look good. However I would argue that just because a bicycle shed is not as aesthetically pleasing as a cathedral does not mean there was no design intent. As far as I’m concerned as long as the architect was conscious during the design process, any building no matter size, purpose or beauty is the result of design intent. After all, even the lack of an aesthetic could be considered as a type of aesthetic.

ARCHITECTURE AS ART One way of viewing architecture is as an art form. Thus an architect can be seen as a special kind of artist, one who works in three dimensions in order to fill and enclose space.4 In addition, as art historian and critic Niklaus Pevsner argues in An Outline of European Architecture, there is a distinction between mere build4 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 103.

5 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 103. 6 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 103.

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The problem of the Architectureas-art argument is that emphasizing the visual aspect of architecture above all else, the other components of the practice may be compromised. A painting is produced for aesthetic appeal; its only purpose is to be viewed, analyzed and studied by people. A building, on the other hand must also serve a function: if it’s a bicycle shed it must be able to store bicycles. Furthermore as Williams argues that architecture as a practice ‘involves much more than the material production of an individual’. Therefore as architecture has a unique position in the public realm, it should be considered ‘compromised art, if it is art at all.’ Architects are beholden to the client ‘who determines the function of the project, its specification, its location and above all, its cost; the architect works within these parameters.’ 1 It is these limitations that ground architecture in the real world and compromises architecture as purely art. Thus, it is the aspects of architecture which 1 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 107.

Pevsner would argue makes the profession the most superior art form of all that distinguishes architecture from being merely art. Architecture in its final form must fulfill the needs set by the client, which could be, but is not always an aesthetic function. If a bicycle shed can’t store bicycles than it is a failure no matter how good it looks. If we try to apply the doctrine of ‘architecture as art’ onto the gateway project obvious problems arise. Sure, the gate serves an aesthetic purpose as a first impression for Wyndham City but at the same time it must function as a gate. Neither aspect should be compromised in favor of the other. ARCHITECTURE AS SIGN Another way of viewing architecture is as a representation of symbols. This view was championed by the likes of Roland Barthes who argued that the meaning of any object of analysis including architecture ‘was dependent on its relation with other things around it at the time and on what the beholder

brought to it’ 2 Therefore the meaning of architecture was not static but ever changing and also open to interpretation not only by architects but by anyone. Barthes gives the example of the Eiffel Tower as being able to mean a ‘rocket, stem, derrick, phallus, lightning rod or insect’ simultaneously. 3 This view of architecture certainly removes the veil of exclusivity surrounding architecture as a niche practice knowable only to the educated few. By making the meaning of architecture democratic it allows a far larger group people to be a part of the discourse. This approach, in a way, better suits the realities of the practice. After all, when an architect designs a large public building such as a museum he is not designing it for other architects but the people that will end up visiting it. This also touches upon the nature of ownership in architecture, as ‘the most public of arts’ in the sense that when a building (especially a public building) is opened to the public, 2 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 109. 3 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 109.

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A.1. ARCHIECTURE AS DISCOURSE ..........................................................................................................................................

the public, ownership is in part transferred to them. In a sense, all buildings (all architecture) are owned by the public even the private buildings: not legal ownership but ownership in the sense that even the façade of a private

building is an inextricable part of the cityscape able to be interpreted and judged by anyone who looks. And why shouldn’t meaning in architecture be open to all? One of aforementioned barriers of architecture as a visual culture is the exclusivity, the democratization of architecture solves that problem. As the designers of the Wyndham City Western Gateway (a public structure) wouldn’t we want as many people to engage with it as possible? Whilst making architecture open to all gives the practice a wider

audience, at the same, doesn’t it compromise or hinder the intent of the designer? If you design a building and the audience is unable to interpret its meaning, instead choosing to ascribe their own interpretation, doesn’t that mean the designer has failed? Take for instance, the example of Federation Square: the main square is paved with ochre-coloured sandstone blocks from Western Australia which is meant to invoke images of the Outback.

.......................................................................................................................................... meant to invoke images of the Outback. 1 Now how many people are going to get that? And if they don’t, is it a failure on the part of the architect to communicate their ideas clearly? Or does it even matter what the original design intent was? Now that the building is open to the public it could be argued that the users are free to interpret the paving on Federation Square however they like. My issue with this is that it almost devalues the role of the architect and of meanings in architecture. Now I am certainly not proposing that having meaning in architecture is a waste of time, as the symbolism was probably necessary to the process of arriving at the final design but it seems to me that role of symbols might be less important than I thought.

Furthermore, with the advent of the democratization of meanings architecture, there is the risk of pandering to the lowest common denominator. Take, for example Las Vegas filled with crude signs and symbols of pyramids and castles, the design of the city is meant to attract the largest possible audience but by relying on clichés, the city has nothing innovative to add to the discourse of architecture, it is creatively stagnant. 2I think that the idea of exclusivity is an inextricable part of architecture but at the same time there should be room for multiple readings of architecture. But in order for the practice to advance there needs to be new and chal1 MINISTER FOR MAJOR PROJECTS Media Release. www.legislation.vic.gov.au. 18 October 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2008. 2 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 111.

lenging ideas which might alienate some but I guess that’s the cost of progress. Thus in order to create an architecture that is is bold and can contribute to the discourse of architecture through the Gateway project it is necessary to design something that might not to be easily interpreted by everyone. ARCHITECTURE AS URBAN EXPERIENCE:

Yet another way to view architecture is as an urban experience. This view considers the psychological effects that buildings have. As Henri Lefebvre argues in The Production of Space that ‘urban space is not so much an architectural production as a social one; architects, he writes, produce little more than facades, which can be inhabited in an infinity of ways according to their social context.’ 3 Thus a building is not finished at the end of the design process rather it is something that is constantly changing when it is released to its real world context. This then raises the question of how much of a relationship does the architect have with his building after it is ‘completed’, so to speak. Obviously after the building is opened to the public there could be countless variables that could affect the building: you could assume how people might use the space but you can never be sure. It’s an aspect of architecture which I’ve never really thought about: the fact that the existence of a building is not contained from drawing to construction but also what happens after. 3 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 115.

Once a building is completed it becomes less about the architect and the building but the relationship between the users and architecture. And as the designers of Wyndham City Western Gateway Project how do we go about trying to predict what the users might experience? Atmosphere is such a nebulous and subjective concept, as everyone has their own preconceptions and experiences; you never know how someone will react. No matter how much research you do on the users or the context, in the end you could only speculate, thus a certain aspect of the building is not revealed to the architect until the building is ‘finished’ but by this time isn’t the architect’s job is also finished?

As Williams argues architecture can be evaluated by its contribution to discourse: the depositry of knowledge for all architects. In order to evolve the discourse and the practice as a whole we must bring new and challenging ideas. Just as discourse surrounding architecture evolved from purely about aesthetics to more sophisticated ideas about architecture as symbols and an experience. By exploring the Gateway project through parametic design methods as opposed to traditional methods so too are we contributing to the advancement of discourse in architecture.

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A.1. ARCHIECTURE AS DISCOURSE ..........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................... FAVOURITE PROJECTS: CHURCH ON WATER - TADAO ANDO adao Ando’s Church on Water is representative of the ways in which he has contributed to the discourse of Architecture through his use of light, nature and simplicity. As a student of the works of Masters like Le Corbusier, Mies Van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright, the modernist influences in the Church on Water are clearly represented through the simplicity and clarity of form of the building: the form can be broken down into simple geometries such as squares and rectangles.1 Further modernist influences include the elimination of unnecessary ornamentation (Indeed, Ando does not even have blinds or any kind of shading on his windows) and the concept of ‘Truth to materials’ where the nature and appearance of materials (in this case concrete) are not hidden but visible. 2

Whilst Ando’s architecture embody many modernist elements ,at the same time his architecture can be seen as a reaction against modernist architecture. One of reasons why modernist architecture was such a radical departure from the architecture of the 19th century was the attempt to create a ‘universal language’ for architecture through the use of simple geometries and the abandonment of traditional (cultural) architectural elements. One of the consequences and criticisms of the modernist approach is a sense of placelessness and a lack of identity.3 Ando’s answer to these problems is to adapt his buildings to their context in order to establishing a sense of place and identity. In the case of the Church on Water, the structure is built into the slope of the hill rather than excavating the site.4 In addition, the building is positioned so that the surrounding vegetation is not disturbed. Thus in the discourse of the relationship between nature and architecture, Ando demonstrates the beauty of buildings conforming to the natural environment rather than the way around. Driven by a deep sense of spirituality, Ando is set apart from his counterparts through his use of nature. To Ando, buidlings act as ‘containers’ for nature. 5Rather than using the building as a shield against the elements, Ando fully embraces nature with the large a window opening toward the lake framing breathtaking views. In addition, the glass box at the top of the sturcture functions as a ‘container of light’ which allows sunlight to flood into the church. 6 Furthermore, unlike other churches, the cross stands outside the chapel , so that it can be lit by the setting sun instilling a sense of spirituality. Yet another Ando theme embodied through the Church on Water is the idea of transience: the framed view of the lake ‘captures’ the landscape which is constantly changing from snow in winter to falling leaves in autumn. Thus visitors to the chapel can ‘sense the presence of nature and sacntiy’ and move closer towards ‘the realm of the sacred.’ 7

1 Ando, Tadao, ‘Chapel on the Water’, in The Yale Studio and Current Works, 1989, p. 87. 2 Ando, ‘Learning from the Modern Movement’, p. 13-15 3 Ando, ‘Learning from the Modern Movement’, p. 13-15 4 Ando, ‘Chapel on the Water’, p. 87 5 Ando, ‘Chapel on the Water’, p. 87 6 Ando, ‘Chapel on the Water’, p. 87 7 Ando, ‘Chapel on the Water’, p. 88

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A.1. ARCHIECTURE AS DISCOURSE ..........................................................................................................................................

hat makes the CCTV Headquarters designed by Rem Koolhaas and Ole Scheeren an important building is not really in the way it looks but in the way it subverts your expectations of what skyscrapers can be.1 By joining two towers with a horizontal structure It directly challenges the established way of designing skyscrapers which has remained the same ever since they were first built. Skyscrapers were conceived with the notion that space is at a premium for highly urbanised and densely populated areas therefore by building upwards valuable space is conserved. However, ever since the conception of skyscapers they have always built up, the CCTV building advances the idea of conserving space by building sideways and snatching up as much space as possible. Built in the centre of Beijing, one of the most populated cities in the world, the Headquarters is well suited to its context.2 Its almost like something from science fiction but its not hard to imagine a city built upon another city using this technique. The idea seems outlandish but so were the ideas of a Domed Manhattan by Richard Buckminister Fuller or the Walking City by Peter Cook.3 Whilst those ideas were never realised in their original forms, concepts such as the ‘domed city’ came to inspire real projects such as the Orbos Art and City Museum by MAD Architects .4 In order for architecture as a discourse to evolve there needs to be new and challenging ideas: the radical departure of the CCTV Headquarters from the traditional notions of what skyscrapers should be, is one such idea.

1 ArchDaily, ‘CCTV Headquarters/ OMA’, Last visited: 04/04/13 http://www.archdaily.com/236175/cctv-headquarters-oma/ 2 ArchDaily, ‘CCTV Headquarters/ OMA’ 3 Roudavski, Stanislav, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 01 - Architecture as Discourse’, pp. 3,15. 4 Roudavski, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 01 - Architecture as Discourse’, p. 6. 13

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A.2. COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE ..........................................................................................................................................

ne of the most heated topics in architectural discourse is the role of computers in the design process. In architecture practice there are two ways of utilizing computers in design: computerization and computation. Computerization is the process of enhancing a design that has already been established with digital programs. Computers were used to photocopy and share drawings and three-dimensional programs were only used to visualize pre-defined designs. 1

In contrast, computation is where digital programs are used as the method to generate the design from the very beginning of the process. 2Computerization is by far the dominant type of computer usage in the practice as it relies on the generation of ideas through traditional paper and model making techniques, which is then translated to a digital format. As John H. Frazer argues ‘‘design computation is still only seen by many as ‘just a tool’ and remote from the real business of creative design’’3 This perception is the result of computation being a relatively new method of design. However, there are many advantages of computation design which can make it far more efficient than traditional paper-based design techniques. Human have both the ability of rational and creative thought, whilst computers excel with the rational processes but lack any creative intuition. 4 Thus by combining the creative intuition of humans and the rational ability of computers through computation at the inception of a project, we can have a much more efficient design process. Therefore, computation allows the architect to be much more precise without sacrificing creativity. Furthermore, a traditional paper based design process is constrained by the types of representation available in the meat space. Ergo, a paper-based design process has to work with orthogonal projections (Plans, elevations and sections) which are convenient when working with rectilinear designs but it is much more difficult to create designs based

on natural elements such as water.5 Hence, it could be said that computation allows the architect to be more creative because it is capable of representing, not just rectilinear forms, but far more complex geometries with ease. Furthermore, computation allows design to begin even before the brief is created. Briefs act as the blueprint for your design from the client. However, they can also limit your creativity, as the client is not an architect. Hence, the brief will be driven by something that already exists, such as established building types and common materials.6 Computation allows the architect to work in conjunction with the client to create a brief that is more in tune what the context of the site might require or what contemporary methods of manufacturing can offer. This is almost a reversal of the traditional design process where designing usually begins after instructions are given by the client through the brief. Frank Gehry’s Walt Disney Concert Hall, is demonstrative of how unconventional and complex forms can still be achieved through computerization. Built in 2003, and capable of seating 2,265 people, the form of the Los Angeles based concert hall is based on the sails boats. 7This building is an exemplar of the computerization method of design as Gehry generated the design through hand-drawn sketches and physical models which were then digitized.8 The complex form of the building consisting of warped curves would probably have been impossible without the aid of computers but at the same time Gehry used traditional paper-based methods to generate his ideas, and it certainly doesn’t seem like his creativity was somehow limited because of it. That being said, Gehry is after all a master so he might be the exception rather than the rule. I think that for most architects it would be easier to create complex forms like that of Gehry’s work through computation.

1 Roudavski, Stanislav, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 02 - Introduction to Computation’, p.7. 2 Roudavski, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 02 - Introduction to Computation’, p.7 3 Frazer, John H. (2006). ‘The Generation of Virtual Prototypes for Performance Optimization’, in GameSetAndMatch II: The Architecture Co-Laboratory on Computer Games, Advanced Geometries and Digital Technologies, ed. by Kas Oosterhuis and Lukas Feireiss (Rotterdam: Episode Publishers), pp. 208-212 14 4 Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp

5 Roudavski, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 02 - Introduction to Computation’, p.2 6 Roudavski, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 02 - Introduction to Computation’, p.2 7 Wikiaquitectura, ‘Walt Disney Concert Hall’, http://en.wikiarquitectura. com/index.php/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hallm, Last visited: 04/04/13. 8 Arcspace, ‘Walt Disney Concert Hall’, http://www.arcspace.com/ features/gehry-partners-llp/walt-disney-concert-hall/, Last visited 04/04/13

.......................................................................................................................................... PRECENDENTS: WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL - FRANK GEHRY

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A.2. COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE ..........................................................................................................................................

here is, however one major barrier to using computation as a design method and that is the knowledge required to use the programs. In that case then it could be argued ‘that a designer’s creativity is limited by the very programs that are supposed to free their imagination.’ 1But I think the benefits of having a more efficient design process is worth the effort of learning the software. There is also what could be considered as ethical quandaries posed by computation as a method of design. For example, Bryan Lawson argues that ‘CAD might conspire against creative thought […]’ by encouraging ‘fake’ creativity. 2 Consider Greg Lynn’s installation Blobwall where a pre-packaged computational technique was used to establish a particular geometry (metaball) which was then replicated and assembled into 1 Terzidis, Kostas (2009). ‘Algorithmns for Visual Design Using the Porcessing Language (Indianapolis, IN: Wiley), p. xx 2 Lawson, Bryan (1999). ‘‘Fake’ and ‘Real’ Creativity using Computer Aided Design: Some Lessons from Herman Hertzberger’, in Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Creativity & Cognition, ed. by Ernest Edmonds and Linda Candy 9New York: ACM Press), pp. 174-179

an architecture structure. 3The computational technique that was employed is fully pre-defined; and Greg Lynn had no participation in the computational definition of the metaball. Opponents of computation such as Lawson would argue that the computer did all the work, and therefore the Blobwall is the result of ‘fake’ creativity. However, whilst Lynn did not define the form of the metaballs, he employed the technique, produced the geometry, decided on the colour scheme, established the materiality, the assembly sequence and finally assembled the components into a the final form of the structure. Hence, placed in this context, the metaballs are no different than a clay brick used by another architect. And wouldn’t it be obscene to accuse an architect of ‘fake’ creativity because he did not define the form of the clay bricks he used to build a wall? Furthermore, Greg Lynn’s Blob Wall demonstrates how the mode of production is changing in the industry as all the metaballs are manufactured using robotics. Therefore, as robotic manufac3 Arcspace, ‘Blobwall Pavilion’

PRECENDENTS: BLOBWALL - GREG LYNN

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A.3. PARAMETRIC MODELLING ..........................................................................................................................................

s with any method of design, parametric modelling has some great advantages but also disadvantages. Firstly, as a new method of creative exploration, Parametric design allows for new ways of thinking and designing that are not constrained by the limitation of paperbased (orthogonal) representation techniques. Thus parametric design allows for more complex geometries that goes beyond mere rectilinear forms. Secondly, designs can easily be manipulated by changing the parameters of algorithmns. 1 In contrast to sketching, parameters can to set so that only geometries that are viable in the real world are produced.2 Furthermore, parametric design allows the designer to create multiple three dimensional models in quick succession with the click of a mouse, thus making the design process much more efficient. 3 Finally, with a visual interface, programs such as Grasshopper removes some of the layers of abstraction in learning how to program.

main of textual instructions’ and as ‘algorithmic thinking differs from almost all other forms of thought’, the ‘sheer distance between representations familiar to designers and those needed for algorithms exacerbates the gap’4 Finally, as the algorithmns employed during the design process becomes increasing complex it can be difficult percieve changes or mistakes. Furthermore, it can be hard to communicate with others about your design due to the knowledge required in programming.

On the other hand, some layers of abstraction still remain thus making parametric not accessible to everyone without the proper training. As Robert Woodbury argues with parametric design ‘one must work in a do-

1 Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) 2 Davis, Daniel, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 03 - Parametric Modeling’, 3 Davis, Daniel, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 03 - Parametric Modeling’, 18

4 Woodbury, Robert (2010). Elements of Parametric Design (London: Routledge) p.29

.......................................................................................................................................... PRECENDENTS: AURA - ZAHA HADID

ith the advent of rapid prototyping through 3D printers and robotics which produce objects with complex geometries, architects have to oppurtunity to rapidly realise their prototypes directly from CAD three-dimensional models.1 One such project that was realised through the concept of rapid prototyping was the Aura installation designed by Zaha Hadid.2 The structure was constructed of successive layers of hard polyurethane alternated with fibreglass but due to the transportation restrictions it was neccessary to construct of the object in several parts. 3Thus the object had to be reduced to simple parts through a three-dimensional CAD software by subdivision, splitting up, development and flattening of surfaces and volumns, something that would be impossible with traditional techniques.4 1 Tedeschi, Arturo, ‘Chapter 10: Fabrication’, in Parametric Architecture with Grasshopper. p.188-9 2 Tedeschi, Arturo, ‘Chapter 10: Fabrication’, in Parametric Architecture with Grasshopper. p.189 3 Tedeschi, Arturo, ‘Chapter 10: Fabrication’, in Parametric Architecture with Grasshopper. p.190 4 Tedeschi, Arturo, ‘Chapter 10: Fabrication’, in Parametric Architecture with Grasshopper. p.190

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A.5. ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION ..........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................... CONCLUSION:

n a way, this subject encapsulates the current discourse on Architecture in a microcosm. Just as we as students of architecture are departing from traditional methods of design we have been used to in favor of exploring new design avenues through parametric modeling so too are the old pedagogy and methods of the profession being challenged by new digital technologies. Therefore, in order to hopefully contribute to the current discourse in architecture and add something to the pool of knowlegde i have decided that parametric design is the best approach for the Wyndham City Western Gateway Project.

A.6. LEARNING OUTCOMES:

efore this course, i have always thought that digital techniques of designing architecture was not as intuitive as the traditional methods. To me, using pen and paper have always felt faster, easier and more natural. The computer was only something that i used to enhance my established designs. However, over the past few weeks, i have come to appreciate parametric design. Whilst i canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t claim that parametric design has grown to be more intuitive than traditional techniques , i can admit that i was surprised by how fast you can create multiple models in Grasshopper and how i could create complex geometries which i would have never thought of through pen and paper techniques alone.

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CASE FOR INNOVATION: REFERENCES: .......................................................................................................................................... ArchDaily, ‘CCTV Headquarters/ OMA’, Last visited: 04/04/13 http://www.archdaily.com/236175/cctv-headquarters-oma/ Arcspace, ‘Blobwall Pavilion’ Arcspace, ‘Walt Disney Concert Hall’, http://www.arcspace.com/features/gehry-partners-llp/waltdisney-concert-hall/, Last visited 04/04/13 Ando, Tadao, ‘Chapel on the Water’, in The Yale Studio and Current Works, 1989, p. 87. Ando, Tadao, ‘Learning from the Modern Movement’, in The Yale Studio and Current Works, 1989 p. 13-15 Davis, Daniel, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 03 - Parametric Modeling’, Frazer, John H. (2006). ‘The Generation of Virtual Prototypes for Performance Optimization’, in GameSetAndMatch II: The Architecture Co-Laboratory on Computer Games, Advanced Geometries and Digital Technologies, ed. by Kas Oosterhuis and Lukas Feireiss (Rotterdam: Episode Publishers), pp. 208-212 MINISTER FOR MAJOR PROJECTS Media Release. www.legislation.vic.gov.au. 18 October 2002. Retrieved 16 March 2008. Lawson, Bryan (1999). ‘‘Fake’ and ‘Real’ Creativity using Computer Aided Design: Some Lessons from Herman Hertzberger’, in Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Creativity & Cognition, ed. by Ernest Edmonds and Linda Candy 9New York: ACM Press), pp. 174-179 Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003), pp Richard Williams, 'Architecture and Visual Culture', in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), pp. 102 - 116. Roudavski, Stanislav, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 01 - Architecture as Discourse’, pp. 3,6,15. Roudavski, ‘Studio Air 2013 - Lecture 02 - Introduction to Computation’, p.2, 7 Tedeschi, Arturo, ‘Chapter 10: Fabrication’, in Parametric Architecture with Grasshopper. p.188-190 Terzidis, Kostas (2009). ‘Algorithmns for Visual Design Using the Porcessing Language (Indianapolis, IN: Wiley), p. xx Williams, Richard, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, in Exploring Visual Culture : Definitions, Concepts, Contexts, ed. by Matthew Rampley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), p. 102-7.

Wikiaquitectura, ‘Walt Disney Concert Hall’, http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Walt_Disney_ Concert_Hallm, Last visited: 04/04/13.

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PART B. EOI II: DESIGN APPROACH Group 4: Dimitri Blazos, Yi fu (Frank) Jin and Timothy Lamb Parametric Technique: Sectioning

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PRECE B.1. DESIGN FOCUS - SECTIONING .......................................................................................................................................... In this section (pun not intended), we chose sectioning as our parametric approach and began researching the technique by looking at some precedents.

ectioning is a form of parametric design in which a whole form is divided into smaller components called sections. Some examples of common section techniques include waffling and contouring. We were initailly drawn to the technique as we found the irregular and free-flowing forms found in some the precdent projects to be alluring. At closer inspection we realized that the flowing forms that can be created through sectioning were well-suited for our ideas for the Gateway Project, which was to create a sense of motion.

he Web was co walkway and new re The form i uousâ&#x20AC;? over made from that are pr There are compose t sequenced a graduatio As one wa sity of the coon as to the entry less, it cre tion while w This exper

Fig.1: The site

1Australian In Last Visited: 9/ http://www.arc on=showaward 2Australian In Bridgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

EDENTS: WEBB BRIDGE

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bb Bridge was a project that ommisioned to create a new connecting the docklands esidential developments.1 is that of a “curved and sinrhang covering the walkway m steel sections and beams re-fabricated. e also several hoops that the walkway; they have been d in such a way that there is on of pattern.2 alks towards south the intene rings is heavier and a coold is formed, in contrast to where the ring intensity is eated an almost moving secwalking through. rience is meant to impart the

nstitute of Architects, ‘Webb Bridge’, /5/13, chitecture.com.au/awards_search?opti d&entryno=20053006 nstitute of Architects, ‘Webb

Fig.2: The Webb Bridge

idea of connecting the old to the new , as the old bridge is connected to the new bridge and there is a transition from these two areas and a shift to a new area.3 This design was mostly likely created using Design softwares to format the size and shapes that are made in the steel structure. This can relate back to the gateway project towards this idea of a moving transition, in the sense that there is an experience to be had within the gateway or constant sense of movement. Therefore the Webb brides demon- Fig.2: The Webb Bridge strates some construction ideas but more importantly another form of sectioning with a different material and a different contention.

3Australian Institute of Architects, ‘Webb Bridge’

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B.1. DESIGN FOCUS - SECTIONING ......................................................................................................................................... PRECEDENTS: BANQ RESTAURANT- DECOI ARCHITECTS

he Banq restaurant project was a refurbishment to an office building space, but in using CAD, CAM processes this design was made. The project is a collection of pre made forested spruce ribs that are placed next to each other in order to create as it was said a “curvilinear continuity”.1 In order to create this fluid shape care was taken in creating a unity within the materials in the fabrication process so that when the finished product was made the form was consistent. 2 In terms of creating the design it was done using parametric influence in the computer software. The different curves and dips are made by deformation of original structures by using parametric values that are adapted to the base of the surface and then forms are automatically generated from this.3 In order to finalise the design the architects had to work closely with millers in order to make sure that the sections are made so there was minimal material wastage but also precision in the execution.4 This mechanical process is continuous because the numeric position

determines where cuts are to be made, and when this is done properly the structure is able to put up without issue. Therefore this design relates closely to parametric design in the way the fluid shape has been created through testing in CAD and in particular software like rhino, in order to determine whether something works or not.5 In relation to the gateway project this sort of fluid construction could be shown to show a fluidity or motion in a gate.

1Archidaily, ‘BanQ’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.archdaily.com/42581/banq-office-da/ 2 Archidaily, ‘BanQ’, 3 Archidaily, ‘BanQ’, 4 Archidaily, ‘BanQ’,

5 Archidaily, ‘BanQ’,

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Fig.5 The flowing form of the BanQ Restaurant.

Fig.6

Fig.7 Connection between ribs.

Fig.8 Design diagram.

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B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0 - SECTIONING .......................................................................................................................................... MATRIX - BANQ RESTAURANT We took a closer look at the BanQ restaurant through Grasshopper.

A 1

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D Through our exploration we looked at changing parameters of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;OfficeDA Banq restaurant. 1A-right through to 1D looked at ways to adjust the surface division planes in order to create a parametric surface that could have potential for movement through.

In adjusting this parameter the aim was to see whether two extremes of the same parameter adjustment can still give similar effect. A1 expresses a more simplified version of 1D, yet its basic idea is still present.

Row 3 adjusts the base thickness giving the sectioned surface added height.

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B.2. CASE STUDY 1.0 - SECTIONING .......................................................................................................................................... We explored a further with the BanQ Grasshopper Definition

e then looked at how we might use this technique to create something that could work as a real structure. Instead of using a flat surface we created our own using a curve to define the direction of the ribs. We came up with a arched form which as a gateway could have a road or freeway running beneath it. We then divided the surface in two directions to create an interlocking structure as another desing alternative.

Fig.9 The Serpentine Pavilion

cafe by day and a venue for talks and events at night, the 2005 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion by Alvaro Sizo is a great example of how sectioning can be used to produce a structure. In this case the pavilion is basically a waffle grid made from short planks of timber, folded down at the edges to form the walls. Panes of polycarbonate fill in the squares of the grid until it meets the ground on extended “legs”. 1 The Pavilion is a good example of how architecture adapting to the context of a site as the original form of the pavilion was meant to be a rectangle however due to the position of nearby trees, the form was changed to a more asymetrical design.2 This demonstrates the flexibility of the sectioning technique, in adapting to an environment which would have been much more difficult with, for example a solid wall. Hence in our Gateway project we hope to adapt our sectioning structure to the enviormnet of the site. 1Alvaro Siza Vierira, ‘2005 Serpentine Gallery’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://alvarosizavieira.com/2005-serpentine-gallery 2 Alvaro Siza Vierira, ‘2005 Serpentine Gallery’

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We went about recreating the 2005 Seroentine Gallery Pavilion through Rhino and Grasshopper as one of the possible candidates for Case study 2.0

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B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 - SECTIONING .......................................................................................................................................... SECTIONIMAL - GT2P Another candidate for Case Study 2.0 was the Sectionimal which is a table and not a building but we quite liked the flowing form.

he sectioned coffee table named “Sectionimal” was created by a digitial design team from Chili gt_2P. T sign utilised digital design software in order to generate the sectioned volumetric surfaces.1 The design looked at fabrication, manufacturing and construction from these media.2 It is clear from the photos that this f design sugguests that sections join using a slotting method which reduces the requirement for joinary or no 1De Zeen, ‘Sectionimal’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.dezeen.com/2009/12/16/the-sectionimal-by-gt_2p/ 2De Zeen, ‘Sectionimal’

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34 Fig.18

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The den team form of joinary.

hrough our exploration of the sectionimal project we began our research by generating algorithms through Rhino. It involved generating a basic surface which was then exploded and simplified in order to create multiple frames along the surface. This was the basis for the more complicated model shown here. The algorithm which we ran in order to generate a very similar sectioned surface to the Sectionimal project involved applying what was learnt in the above example and then duplicating the commands and changing the item node in order to alter the direction in which the planes are created. This change was made by changing the slider from 5 to 4 which if you imagine a square from plan it chooses the east line after having been allocated initially the north line an addition of these creates the grid system. Through further research we will develop ways of joining the pieces through minimal connections.

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B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES ........................................................................................................................................... FABRICATION EXPLORATION We started looking at methods of fabrication.

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hough our exploration into grasshopper we looked at two different examples of creating a very similar outcome. Our first attempt on the left looked at creating curves, dividing and utilising the pframes command to create a poly surface which resembles something which could be laser cut. Though this exploration we came across many difficulties which we still face. The images above shows how we am trying to go about creating the notches. The example on the left is a more suitable approach we took but with a much more complicated algorithm. The algorithm below cuts the geometry into sections which then allowed me to copy, move and position where we wanted the notches. The text tag 3D command then allowed us to number these in order to fabricate clearly, knowing where to place objects.

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sing the fabrication methods we have researched we made a basic waffle as a test. Form making wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t neccessarily our priority as we wanted to see how long the fabrication process would take: preparing a file for the Fablab, waiting for Fablab and eventually assembling the model. In the end we learned a great deal about sectioning through the fabrication process. For example, overall the process was much faster through Fablab rather than making the model by hand, even with the waiting time and queue. Furthermore, the cutting done by the fablab is fatr more accurate than anything done by hand, although the process of preparing a file for the Fablab: nesting the ribs, scaling, and colour-coding the components to be scored or cut took much longer than we estimated. The assembly of the model itself was fairly straight as the ribs do not require any joinary which is one of the advantages of the waffleing technique. Furthermore, because of the interlocking structure, the relatively weak paper is able to form quite a stable model that is self supporting. Eventhough, we learned a great deal, this is the most basic form of sectioning and we hope develop our fabrication techniques further in the following weeks.

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REFINING THE ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................................................... A CHANGE OF APPRAOCH:

Through our explorations of the 2005 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, the Sectimonial Table and the Waffle model we realised some of the limitations of the technique. Indeed, we realised that what was really new and exciting to us, such as a waffle, was something that was considered trite and had been done to death. It was difficult to type the words â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sectioningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; into a search engine without being overwhelmed with images of waffles and premade algorithmns that could fabricate a waffle with a single click. Therefore, we realised that a waffle, at least an orthogonal one was somewaht creatively stagnant. Furthermore, there is also the issue of pixelization as sectioning is cutting something into pieces, you could potentially cut something into as many pieces as you want, which can become arbitrary. This also leads to the issue of wastage, as you could cut out a small piece out of a large chunk of material and throw the rest away. Hence in order to create something innovative for the gateway project, we decided that we needed to find something different for our Case Study 2.0 precedents. This also proved to be an oppurtunity to rethink our arguement as viewing sectioning as merely cutting something into a hundred pieces was somewhat limiting. Through the creation of the concept diagram to the right we tried to strip the technique to its bare bones, and we realised that sectioning is really about impling form. Thus, it is with this new perspective that we continued our exploration with sectioning 40

DESIGN DIAGRAM - WHAT IS SECTIONING

Input Curve, Surface or Geometry Sectioning is Architecture through implication, it is about dissecting a form and then referencing it with less than the sum of its parts. Because sectioning is about cutting up an original form, what we can do is defined by the original geometry or surface. So the origin form is just as important as what we choose to do with that form.

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DIRECTION (ORTHOGONAL)

DIRECTION (NON-ORTHOGONAL)

NUMBER

ANGLE

HEIGHT

SHAPE

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REFINING THE ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................................................... WHY CHOOSE SECTIONING? We examined the reasoning behind choosing our parametric technique and how it could benefit the Wyndham City Gateway Project, in the hopes of strengthening our argument.

s the critic Walter Benjamin argues, most people tend to look at architecture in a ‘state of distraction’, as something to be viewed from the corner of your eye, but not looked at in detail, as something to pass through to where you need to go.1 This idea is relevant because for the Wyndham City Gateway Project as the site is located on a freeway, travelling in cars and in a constant state of motion. Therefore, the user will be more distracted than ever. A freeway is about speed and getting to where you need to go as fast as possible. Therefore, to be in-tune with the user we have chosen MOTION as our design theme. Why may you ask is sectioning suitable for

such a task? The answer lies just as much as in what the sectioning is not. And what sectioning is not is solid. The Solid is: The very definition of stillness, static, heavy, rigid, immobile, such as a ziggurat or any other monolithic structure. And it is ultimately at odds with the idea of speed and motion. On the other hand, the Sectioned object is: Flexible, lightweight, ephemeral, organic and dynamic and intune with the user experience. Therefore sectioning, in our opinion is the technique that is best suited to the Wyndam City Gateway Project.

1 Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 103.

The Wyndham City Gateway Project - The Site

Fig.21

.......................................................................................................................................... THE SOLID OBJECT:

THE SECTIONED OBJECT:

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B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 - REVISITED .......................................................................................................................................... PRECEDENT PROJECTS - CONTEMPLAY PAVILION With a renewed emphasis on motion we began looking at sectioning projects which are in-line with that idea.

he Contemplay pavilion designed by McGill university students for a project is a adequate demonstration of fluid movement through material use.1 Built using timber that has been formed and paired with steel beams for construction purposes the pavilion shows MOVEMENT as an idea.2 The timber sections have been curved and placed in sequence to create a wave of motion. Although the pieces are stationary the effect of walking past or through the structure creates a sense of flowing movement as the ribs can distort views and senses.3 We want to take advantage of the fact that the user is in motion, therefore like this project we want our design to be different depending on which angle it is viewed from.

1Archidaily, ‘Contemplay Pavilion’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.archdaily.com/258929/the-contemplay-pavilion-drs-farmm/ 2 Archidaily, ‘Contemplay Pavilion’ 3Archidaily, ‘Contemplay Pavilion’

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he ‘portal of Awareness’ by Rojkind Arquitectos is a public installation that is designed to be a space that experienced in motion. 1 One of the eight projects commissioned by coffee maker Nescafe, the installation consists of 1500 metal cups attached to the inside of a diagonal mesh of steel rods which casts dynamic shadows on the sidewalk, which change throughout the day, which contributes to the idea of change or transience. 2 The curved asymmetrical structure creates a sense of motion and allows the form to be different from various angles. It also show how colour can be used to create a sense of change.3

1Design Boom, ‘Portal of Awareness’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/rojkind-arquitectos-portal-of-awareness/ 2 Design Boom, ‘Portal of Awareness’ 3 Design Boom, ‘Portal of Awareness’

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As the Portal of Awareness was created to be experienced in motion, we thought it would be suitable as our Case Study 2.0. Thus we began reverse-engineering the structure through Grasshopper. This was done through the Isotrim and listItem commands.

48 Fig.33

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B.3. CASE STUDY 2.0 - REVISITED .......................................................................................................................................... PORTAL OF AWARENESS - MATRIX

e further explored the reverse engineered Portal of Awareness definition, through a matrix. Our aim was to create a sense of motion through a Bit Sampler: set to monochromatic, the black areas would create dips in the geometry and the white areas of the bit smapler would create rises in the form. As a result, we were able to create complex undulating forms

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B.4. TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT - SECTIONING .......................................................................................................................................... FUTHER EDXPLORATION OF SECTIONING TECHNIQUES

At this point we wanted to explore as many different types of sectioning as possible in the hopes of eventually combining them into something that we could use for the Gateway Project.

Sectioning Surface into Pipes or Extrusions (Isotrim and List Item)

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n extrusion of the point attracted polygonal surface with changing radius. We used the sphere in order to represent how the surface changes dynamically as the point travels along the reperamatised curve.

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his distribution is another extrusion of what is generated when we moved the attractor point along the curve. For this example the radius of the circle increases as the attractor point travels further away. The closest items to the point remain the smallest.

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Panels

Non Orthogoonal Grid

Angularity 61

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S this matrix shows, by moving the attractors we can alter the angularity and twist of the ribs which can be useful in creating a sense of change and motion. We wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to apply this to just a basic waffle but maybe apply this technique on a more complex geometry.

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B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES .......................................................................................................................................... FABRICATION EXPLORATION We explored fabricating the non-orthogonal waffle with different materials.

ith the paper model, we found that the material was too weak to be stable. However, the bending effect that we were looking for was easily achieved with the soft paper. We also found that the shadows cast from the model were also appealing and worth exploring in the future.

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e remade the model using cardboard and the result was drastically different which demonstrated how important materials can be in the fabrication process. With the stronger cardboard material the structure could stand on its own. In addition we liked that becauswe of the angularity of the ribs, the structure looked differnt depedniong on the angle, which is something we have wanted to achieve since looking at the Portal of Awareness and the Contemplay Pavilion (See pages 44-47). However, as with any fabrication attempt we also discovered the limitations of the materials. Indeed due to the rigidness of the cardboard it was quite difficult to bend it into place (We ended up needing alot of glue) and as a consequence we didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t achieve the same level bending as the earlier paper version which was more flexible.

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B.5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES .......................................................................................................................................... FABRICATION EXPLORATION

ith this model we explored alternate methods of joinary. In this case, a metal wire was used to join the disparate ribs and by moving the wire it allowed the structure to twist and move which is in line with our theme of motion. However, stability might prove to be a problem as the model tends to jiggle when it is moved, so the ability of a structure like this to resist lateral forces such as wind might be in question but the idea of a sturcture that can move is an interesting one if the aforementioned problems can be resolved.

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B.6. TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL - SECTIONING .......................................................................................................................................... SECTIONING IN MOTION Now that we have explored various methods of sectioning we began trying to contense, combine and refine our ideas into a proof of concept 3D model for the Wyndham City Gateway Project. FORM FINDING:

As the site is located on a long stretch of road, we decided that a cylindrical tunnel form was a good starting point.

By making the opening wider and the exit smaller, a sense of transition is expressed.

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he idea behind this concept is a sectioned tunnel that conveys the idea of motion. The form is that of a set of of ribs that would run across the road and one single rib that runs the other way wrapped around the structure and connecting The sectioned form was created by dividing a all other ribs. The single rib (red) that runs along surface with the sDivide command. the structure serves two purposes. Firstly, as it is wrapped around the structure it provides stability as it will allow the gateway to resist lateral forces. Secondly, by having the red rib contrasted against the other ribs by â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cuttingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; through them, that one rib is accentuated. Therefore this rib serves almost as the mechanical rabbit on the racetrack for the driver, guiding them and making them go faster. This In order to emphacontrast is further empahsized through the colour size the Red rib dips scheme with the single rib being red and the rest in the form were crebeing black. ated through a bitsampler.

Stability is achieved by interlocking ribs.

Whilst we were unable to incorporate a point attractor into Grasshopper, we were able to achieve the same effect of twisting ribs with the Vec Command. The goal is to create a sense of change by varying the angles of the ribs.

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B.6. TECHNIQUE PROPOSAL - SECTIONING ..........................................................................................................................................

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B.8. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES ..........................................................................................................................................

think overall we have been able to interrogate the brief effectively and come up with a strong argument such as architecture as implication (See page 40-41) and the idea of motion (See page 42-43). However, i think realising that argument through grasshopper and rhino has been the most difficult part which i think is partly due to our limited knowledge of grasshopper. Through our argument we know what we want to do, but we might not neccessarily know how. In addition there are just some inherent problems with the technique of sectioning such as pixelisation, wastage of material and forcing materials to act against their nature( See page 40) which adds to the challenges we need to overcome. At the same time, i think we have been able to generate a variety of design possibilities by exploring various techniques related to sectioning (See Page 48-67) and ultimately condense those ideas into a design proposal (See Pages 68-71). As a result we have acquired a personalised repertoire of computational techniques, which in the scheme of things is only a drop in the ocean as there is always more to learn. In addition, through our explorations of fabrication, we have developed an understanding of the relationship between architecture and air, from the the digital to the physical: such as how various material can affect the realisation of a design in the meatspace.(See Pages 38-39 and 64-67) Furthermore, through our engagement with precedent projects we have been able to keep up with the discourse on our parametric technique and as a result strengthen our argument. And finally, i think over the last few weeks we have been able to develop various skills in three-dimensional media whether its creating a concept diagram, a design matrix, exporting vector linework or rendering a 3D model in Rhino.

REFERENCES: TEXT .......................................................................................................................................... Archidaily, ‘BanQ’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.archdaily.com/42581/banq-office-da/

Australian Institute of Architects, ‘Webb Bridge’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.architecture.com.au/awards_search?option=showaward&entryno=20053006

Design Boom, ‘Portal of Awareness’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.designboom.com/architecture/rojkind-arquitectos-portal-of-awareness/ De Zeen, ‘Sectionimal’, Last Visited: 9/5/13, http://www.dezeen.com/2009/12/16/the-sectionimal-by-gt_2p/ Williams, ‘Architecture and Visual Culture’, p. 103.

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REFERENCES: IMAGES .......................................................................................................................................... Fig.1: http://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_262336_1&content_id=_3815736_1 &mode=reset&courseTocLabel=Gateway+Design+Project

Fig.2-4 https://www.google.com.au/search?q=webb+bridge&safe=off&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:IE-Address&rlz=1I7GGHP_enAU51 9&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=JxKNUfzbM46eiQe0w4GoCg&ved=0CDsQsAQ&biw=1185&bih=547 Fig.5-8 https://www.google.com.au/search?q=Banq+restaurant&safe=off&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:IE-Address&rlz=1I7GGHP_enA U519&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=bRWNUYGFBe6NiAebzYGgBg&ved=0CEIQsAQ&biw=1185&bih=547 Fig.9-16 http://alvarosizavieira.com/2005-serpentine-gallery Fig.17-20 http://www.dezeen.com/2009/12/16/the-sectionimal-by-gt_2p/ Fig.21 http://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContent.jsp?course_id=_262336_1&content_id=_3815736_1 &mode=reset&courseTocLabel=Gateway+Design+Project Fig.22 https://www.google.com.au/search?q=ziggurat&safe=off&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:IE-Address&rlz=1I7GGHP_enAU5 19&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=eiSNUZWDNYeziQeEmoDgDw&sqi=2&ved=0CEgQsAQ&biw=1185&bih=547 Fig.23-27 http://www.archdaily.com/258929/the-contemplay-pavilion-drs-farmm/ Fig.28-33 http://www.designboom.com/architecture/rojkind-arquitectos-portal-of-awareness/ http://www.designboom.com/weblog/images/images_2/lauren/nescafe/nescafe05.jpg Fig.34 https://www.google.com.au/search?q=turning+tower&safe=off&rls=com.microsoft:en-US:IE-Address&rlz=1I7GGHP_en AU519&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=GzONUYaHLeediAeXmoDgBg&ved=0CD8QsAQ&biw=1185&bih=5 47#imgrc=8rAtJ4IHCkJW0M%3A%3BsGa0uwff2wLZAM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fw ikipedia%252Fcommons%252Fthumb%252F5%252F5f%252FTurningtorso2011.jpg%252F220px-Turningtorso2011. jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FTurning_Torso%3B220%3B303

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