b.services report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE (HONS) BLD 60903 BUILDING SERVICES

PROJECT 1 CASE STUDY : THE SUMMIT USJ

TUTOR : AZIM SULAIMAN

NO

NAME

STUDENT ID

1

CARLSON KO

0319564

2

HENG SY HUA

0321999

3

DIXON KEE TET LUN

0323944

4

CHONG YI HUI

0324404

5

SU BANG ZHENG

0323160

6

HO ZI YAN

0323698

Content ​

​ Page Number

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………..2 CHAPTER 1. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM​ ……………………….4 1.1 Overview 1.2 Types of mechanical ventilation system 1.3 Components of mechanical ventilation system 1.4 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 CHAPTER 2. AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM​…………………………………. 14 2.1 Overview of air-conditioning system 2.2 Types of air-conditioning system 2.3 Case study 2.4 Refrigeration cycle: Vapour Compression 2.5 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 CHAPTER 3. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM…………………………………….28 3.1 Overview 3.2 Types of fire protection 3.2.1 Active fire protection 3.2.2 Passive fire protection 3.3 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 CH 04. MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM………………………...66 4.1 Overview 4.2 Elevator 4.3 Escalator 4.4 Travelator CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………93 REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………...93

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Introduction

Exterior view of Summit Usj Shopping Complex

The Summit is completed in the year 1988 which is also one of the oldest building in USJ. The Summit is a mixed development located in USJ 1 where it is strategically located in the golden commercial area in USJ, Subang Jaya. It is situated beside SEGi College and Da Men, neighbouring with high-rise development which are MenaraHeltechVillage, Impian Meridian, Casa Subang and USJ Sentral. The whole building consist of 6 storey shopping complex ,13-storey office building and also a hotel connecting to it. The shopping mall is also located facing the main road connecting Subang Jaya to Bandar Sunway.

Location of The Summit USJ from map

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As The summit is a mix development building, all different kind of building services plays a significant role so that users in the building can be comfortable and relax.From the brief, we are required to analays and collect information regarding the building services which included the fire protecting system, ventilation system, transport system and also air conditioning system. Hence, we chose The Summit USJ Shopping Complex as our site for the project.The 6 storey complex is a perfect site for us to look at as it contain both past and present type of building services system in the same building.

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1.0 Mechanical Ventilation System 1.1 Introduction Mechanical ventilation is a system that aids in the process of converting the air in an enclosed place into fresh and clean air. The dirty indoor air is withdrawn and fresh air is supplied into the building through an external source. Mechanical ventilation system helps to circulate fresh air by using fans and duct rather than depending on airflow. It has been widely used since the early of 20th century. Fan has mostly used for assisting the air movement of any building or spaces. There and some of the main component of mechanical ventilation system that can be found in The Summit.

Comparison of mechanical ventilation system to nature ventilation

F ​ igure 1.1 Five Leaf Fan

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Mechanical ventilation

Natural ventilation

- Maintenance needed

- Maintenance not needed

- Works on electricity and human supervision

- Happens naturally

-Use of mechanical device

- Relay on building

- Time used can be controller

- Free and not controllable

- Provide fresh air in the space

- Provide fresh air from the opening

- Can done anytime

- base on weather

1.2 Type of Mechanical Ventilation

Figure 1.2 show the mechanical ventilation work in night time Advantage and importance of mechanical ventilation system 1. It’s controllable as it can be switch on or off depend on situation or the user’s need 2. It helps to reduce noise and air pollution when big openings are not encouraged for natural ventilation in a big building located at congested and busy area 3. It helps to disperse the concentration of bacteria

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4. It helps to preserve the content of fresh air circulating in a building 5. It helps to maintain the internal humidity of space or building regardless of the outdoor weather

1.2.1 Floor Blower

​

Figure 1.3 shows Floor Blower (Centrifugal Fan)

Floor blower helps to circulate the air and mostly used in the toilet to increase the drying process. It is important to dry the toilet immediately after the toilet is cleaned to prevent the growth of mold and fungi that causes the floor slippery. It also to get rid of pungent smell.

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1.2.2 Hand Dryer

​ Figure 1.4 shows Hand Dryer Hand dryer is used in all washroom in The Summit. It can be classified as a green technology device because it reduces costs and minimize the degradation of environment. They require little maintenance and are also better for environment due to the reduction in litter and waste in comparison with paper towel that cannot be recycled.

1.2.3 Ductwork

​

Figure 1.5 & 1.6 shows car park ventilation (left) and ductwork (right)

Car parking area in The Summit basements are fully enclosed. Therefore, under-ground parking area requires mechanical ventilation. Without a good ventilation, parking lots presents several internal air quality problems. Most serious is the emission of high levels of carbon-monoxide(co). CO is easily absorbed by haemoglobin in human blood and can inhibit oxygen delivery to body and can cause adverse health effects varying from headache to death.

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Figure 1.7 show how the ductwork works

Duct System

The duct system, used in air heating and air cooling The Summit, is a collection of tubes that distributes the heated or cooled air to the various rooms. This system can make a big difference in both the cost and the effectiveness of heating and cooling the shopping mall.

The duct system can have an important effect on health of the occupants through the distribution of indoor air pollution. Changes and repairs to a duct system should always be performed by a qualified professional.it located on each floor ceiling.

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Exhaust Fans Exhaust fans are appliances used to relieve enclosed spaces from excessive heat or polluted air.They are quite essential for well-being, as they ensure retention of freshness, in the air, for breathing.​They’re usually located in toilets, walls, ceilings and more.Exhaust fan are best to be positioned as high as possible as its is easier to draw hot air which rises.

Figure 1.8 show how the exhaust fans works

Operation system of Exhaust Fans Operations of exhaust fans are usually done by either manual or automatic way. Manual can be control with a room light switch, and the speed control is also possible. In case of automated system, fans are activated with sensors (humidity sensor that activates when a specific humidity is reached, or timer sensor when the fan is switched automatically and operate within the set period of time and shuts down).It can manually activate the fans from the control room as well with alert switch

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Figure 1.9 shows the location of Exhaust Fan

Exhaust fan in Elevator

​Figure 1.10 shows the components of elevator

Exhaust fan applied in the elevator which allow people to feel cool and make the ventilation inside the elevator better.Without a good ventilation elevator present several internal air quality problem such as,more carbon monoxide will produce and the heat will increase and harder to breath.Once can’t get enough oxygen,will cause headache and etc.

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1.2.4 Smoke Ventilation System Fire and Smoke damper

Figure 1.11shows smoke exhaust installed on the rooftop of summit Pressurization fans are commonly composed of either axial or centrifugal fans.

The advantage of axial fan is (1)easy to maintenance.(2)cheap in operation and less requirement of electricity.(3)High rate of air inflow in which they can cover up to large volume of space.The low pressure high volume airflows make the axial fans are best suited for general purpose applications instead.The air intakes are to be located at roof level.Common materials used for such fans are usually galvanized steels as they easy to be maintained and more corrosion resistance.

​Figure 1.12 shows interior of smoke damper The mechanism of stair pressurization is to bring outside clean air and pressurize them within staircase or a capacity of space.Therefore people inside the building or victim can safely escape out of the building on the event of a fire and let the fireman could battle fire easily.

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​Figure 1.13 shows smoke damper inside mall (left) and smoke damper on the roof (right) The function of fire dampers is to avoid spreading out of smoke/fire inside the ductwork through fire resistant rated walls and floors and other space in the building.The designed is letting the both on or both direction works.Once it detected fire/smoke,it will automatically activated.It may also manually activated by firefighters.Fire dampers are equipped with an electric or a thermal lock.Usually the fire damper work when heat from the fire cause is rise to 70 to 80 degrees celsius approximately.The fusible link attached to the damper would then melt,resulting the damper’s door to shut.The design is prevent the spread of flame.

Air handling Unit

Figure 1.14 shows the how air handling unit work Air Handling Unit (AHU)is a central air conditioner station that handles the air that usually, will be supplied into the building by the ventilation ductwork. It usually have a casing (box)

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constructed by framing system and double skin insulated panels. Frame materials are commonly galvanized steel or aluminium. Control panel can be found inside the ahu room .

The air handling units comprise of the cooling coil, air filter, blower fan and the supply and ducting. The chilled water flows through the cooling coil. The blower absorbs the return hot air and produce cool air. This cooled air passes over the air filter and is passed by the supply air ducts into the space which is to be air conditioned. The air handling unit and the ducts passing through it are insulated to reduce the loss of the cooling effect. Summit uses non-woven synthetic fabric as it is ease of maintenance, absorbency, insulates well on heat and acoustics and durable. Other than that,the AHU room is also installed with sound insulation in walls which reduce the noise of the machine.The fans used inside the AHU is of centrifugal fan in order to produce a properly circulate the air in the AHU

1.4 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Clause 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning -Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

-Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

- The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

-Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.

Clause 111: Lighting and ventilation of spaces (1) All staircases shall be properly lighted and ventilated according to the requirements of the local authority.

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2.0 Air- Conditioning System 2.1 Overview of Air-Conditioning System Air-conditioning system is a system that remove/adding heat from a space, this is too cool down or heat up the space’s average temperature to achieve thermal comfort for the interior environment. However, air-conditioning system is sometimes used to cool rooms with heat-producing electronics devices, for examples power amplifiers, computer servers and etc.

In what we have analyse, air-conditioning system can be determine to four types which are Window Air-conditioning System, Split Unit System, Package System and Centralized system.

Basically, the advantages and disadvantages of these four systems are based on the space that they are installed.

Advantages of Air-Conditioning System ● ● ● ●

To increase comfort and decrease heat delicate machinery.

Prevent dehydration and heat strokes.

Improves the quality of air Helps to reduce asthma and allergies

Disadvantages of Air-Conditioning System ● ● ● ●

Used a lot of electricity.

Can make your skin lose moisture thus causes irritation and dryness Air conditioners will collect dust and bacteria if its doesn’t have any maintenance It will increase the risk of asthma attack and other respiratory infections

2.2 Types of Air-conditioning System Types of Air-conditioning system Window Air-conditioning System

Pros ● Sends all hot air to the exterior and warm air exchanged for cold air ● Often creates low

Cons ● Water dripping at the outside ● Not all windows support this type of air

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Split Unit System

Package System

Centralized system

noise ● High efficiency ● Can be placed either in windows or wall holes

conditioners ● Without an exterior support, installation will be a problem

● Easy to maintain due to its versatility ● Usually noiseless for the indoor unit ● Energy efficient ● Sleek, modern design

● Pricey compare to traditional air conditioning system ● Installation need to be done by professional ● Noise for the outdoor unit is quite loud

● Save spaces ● Maintenance is all in one place ● Low indoor noise ● Save energy

● Tricky roof installation ● More complex installation

● Consistent temperature all year long ● Air quality of the room will improve because this system will filter the air

● Costly duct maintenance ● Have a higher energy bills

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2.3 Case Study 2.3.1 Split Unit System

Figure - 2.1shows the components of split system

Split Unit System can be found at the new block of The Summit.This system consists of the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary tubing.The outdoor unit consists of compressor, condenser, condenser cooling fan and expansion valve The indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a blower and an air filter.

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Main Components in Split Unit System a) Indoor Unit

​Figure 2.2 – This indoor unit is found in one of the office inside The Summit

b) Outdoor Unit

​

Figure 2.3– The outdoor unit that we found located near the entrance of the mall

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c) Cooling Coil: Cooling coil contained refrigerant used as a heat exchanger.

Figure 2.4 - Photo showing a copper cooling coil

d) Air Filter: The air filter is an important component for the air conditioning system. It will filtered out the smoke and dirts from the air of the room and supply clean air.

Figure 2.5 - Photo showing an air filter of the indoor unit

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d) Blower: This blower is inside the indoor unit. The function of this blower is to sucks the heat air. Then, the heat air will passed over the cooling coil and filter out the dirt and smoke.

​Figure 2.6 - Photo showing a blower e) Condensing Unit: It is located at the outside of the air conditioned room. The function of it is to discharge hot air to the outside. Room temperature is cooled down by absorbing out the heat air from the room and discharge out by this unit.

​Figure 2.7 - Photo showing the condensing unit

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Advantages of Split Unit System ● You can install a split system almost anywhere, and split system installation does not require large holes in the wall or expensive ducts ● Modern split system air conditioners are sleek and attractive, blending in nicely with other contemporary decor. ● More quiet because the exterior condenser is located separately. ● Energy efficient Disadvantages of Split Unit System ● Installation normally done by professional, for instance to satisfy warranty conditions, you could face a wait for a licensed installer to be available. ● May not be appropriate for multi-storey apartments because of the two-part system and the fact that the tubing connecting them can only be a certain length.

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2.3.2 Chilled Water Air-conditioning System

​Figure 2.8 - Diagram of Chilled Water Air-conditioning System In The Summit, Chilled Water Air-conditioning System are used to cool down common and big areas inside The Summit. In this system, it is installed with water chillers. As its name suggest, this system makes use of water as its secondary refrigerant. Chiller used to remove heat from the water then circulated through other components to absorbs heat from the space. Heated water from the air handling unit will enter the chiller. The chiller will be cooled by the cooling tower and the cooled water will then proceed to the condenser water pumped the chilled water. Finally, condenser water pumped the chilled water back to the air handling unit and the process will repeat again and again.

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Main Components of Chilled Water Air-conditioning System a) Water Chiller: This is a machine that remove heat from a liquid using absorption refrigeration cycle or through vapor-compression. Chilled water usually distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handlers to cool the spaces. Water is then circulated back to the chiller to be recooled

Figure 2.9 - Photo of a Water Chiller Unit that can be found on the 5th floor

b) Chilled Water Pump: This machine is to pump the chilled water around the piping so that chilled water will continuously circulate around the machines.

Figure 2.10 - Photo of a Chilled Water Pump that can be found on the 5th floor

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c) Cooling Tower: Cooling tower is used for evaporation cooling. Inside the cooling tower, it allows water and air to come in contact to lower the temperature of the heated water. Water is pumped to the cooling tower, where nozzles in the cooling tower spray the water to increase the water surface area so that more air-water contact for the process.

Figure 2.11 - Photo of a Cooling Tower on top of the roof

d) Air Handling Unit

Figure 2.12 - Photo of Air Handling Unit

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Advantages of Chilled Water Air-conditioning System ● It is safe for humans due to the use of non-toxic, chemically-stable water as refrigerant ● It is very cost effective

● Most of the components of is can be installed in the interior space. Thus, components for this system will have lesser exposure to rain and heat so that it can extend its lifespan

Disadvantages of Chilled Water Air-conditioning System ● Water need to be added regularly to fill up the lost liquid through evaporation ● It can be very costly to build ● Less effective in humid environments

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2.3 Refrigeration cycle: Vapour Compression At The Summit, Vapour Compression Refrigeration System is used. Refrigeration cycle is a process that a working fluid is pushed through the system and undergoes state changes. The latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant is used to transfer huge amount of heat energy, and the pressure is changed to control when the refrigerant absorbs heat energy. Various fluids have been identified as practical refrigerants. The most common include ammonia, Freon, CFC, and HCF-134a. The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle is comprised of four steps: 1.

Evaporation: In this stage, the surrounding temperature is higher than the refrigerant itself. So, it evaporates and absorbs its latent heat of vaporisation. Heat extraction from the refrigerant will occurs at low temperature and low pressure. Compressor suction effect will maintain the low pressure.

2. Compression: The refrigerant that have become gas form will enter the compressor at low temperature and pressure. In this process, gas form refrigerant is compressed to a higher temperature and pressure. The compressor can be of scroll, screw, centrifugal or reciprocating types.

3. Condensation: In this process, heat exchange occurs. Through de-superheating, the gas form refrigerant is then condensed into liquid and finally subcooled, this is to transfer the latent heat of condensation to a coolant.

4. Throttling and Expansion: The liquid refrigerant is pushed through a throttling valve, which causes it to expand. As a result, the refrigerant now has low pressure and lower temperature, while still in the liquid phase.

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Figure 2.13 - Typical single-stage vapor compression refrigeration

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2.4 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Under UBBL 1984 Section 41 : Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning​.

1. The place where the everlasting air-conditioning or mechanical ventilation is deliberated, the applicable fabricating by-laws identifying with the natural ventilation and the height of spaces or rooms might make waived in those carefulness of the neighborhood power.

2. Whatever provision for the waiver of the pertinent by-laws should be a chance to be considered if what’s more of the permanency air-conditioning framework there is given elective affirmed method for ventilating those ventilated enclosure, such-and-such inside half an hour of the air-conditioning framework failing, not under those stipulated volume from claiming new air specified hereinafter should be acquainted under those nook. Throughout those time at the air-conditioning framework is not working.

3. Those procurements of The 3rd Schedule to all these by-laws might apply to edifices which are air-conditioned or mechanically ventilated.

4. The place permanency mechanical ventilation on appreciation of lavatories, bathrooms, corridors or water-closets, will be furnished for. What’s more supported over understanding for those prerequisites of The 3rd Schedule to these by-laws, the procurements about these by-laws identifying with regular ventilation. Furthermore, regular lighting should not apply such as water-closet, corridors, bathrooms or lavatories.

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3.0 fire protection system

Figure 3.1 shows the fire triangle

Fire is an aggressive chemical reaction process when fuel is combined with oxygen and heat.

Once reacts it will release smoke, heat and light energy which can cause combustion or burning. Fire is easily spreaded, highly dangerous which can be caused by human and technical error. It starts in three main ways, by accidents due to the misuse of appliances, dropping a cigarette or match on a flammable object , the deliberate ignition or arson by certain people within the space and lastly, the failure of equipment including electrical malfunctions and overheating in certain rooms.

The temperatures achieved in fires are usually beyond the ability of building cooling system to control and human toleration. Thus,fire protection system is needed to establish in every building to ensure the safeness of the users.The implementation of fire protection is to limit fire impact on the community and protect against loss of lives, assets or structures. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate code requirements with other fire safety measures as well as other design strategies to achieve a balanced design that will provide the desired levels of safety.

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3.1 Overview Fire protection system is used to ensure the safeness of customers, employees, property and merchandise in shopping malls. The system help to limit fire impact on the surroundings, protect against loss of live, properties and assets.Hence, it is essential to integrate code requirements as well as other design strategies to create a safe environment for the community. The Summit Usj shopping complex is properly equipped with two types of fire protection system, Active Fire Protection (AFP) and Passive Fire Protection (PFP).

The smooth working of both system is important when there is a fire. It is important that both systems are properly working if there is an occurrence of fire. The cohesiveness mix use of active and passive fire protection system is the key of the successfulness of the system.

Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some manual operation in order to work efficiently during a fire.

Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the use of fire rated walls and floors, keeping the fire from spreading quickly and lengthen the time for people to escape the building.

So, both AFP and PFP should be working together synchronously to ensure that the building is fully protected.

3.2 Types of Fire Protecting System Active fire protection (AFP) is the upmost important elements that need to design and incorporate into any modern building regardless the scale and size. The aim of the system is about It is about detecting the fire, alarming the occupants and eliminate the fire out of the building.There are 3 main type for the system, water based system, non-water based system and alarm and detection system. In order to ensure the system is effective and practical some factors have to be considered during the installation process. For instance, toxicity of substance and the smoke produced, fire hazard posed by substances, distance of installation, response time needed for fire fighters and many more.Hence, the system has to be designed as it fits the requirement set in the UBBL 1994 so that the system is safe to use and reliable.

Passive fire protection ​(PFP) aimed to contain, hinder and slow down the spread of fire to lengthen the time for escape. It provides a safe place that is protected from fire, heat and smoke. With this, the users may find the safe route and having enough time to exit the building safely.

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3.2.1 Active Fire Protection Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action. AFP includes fire/smoke alarm systems, sprinkler systems, and fire extinguishers as well as firefighters. Fire/smoke alarm systems are used to detect whether there is fire and/or smoke in a building. Sprinkler systems are used to help slow the growth of the fire. Fire extinguishers and firefighters are used to help put out the fire altogether. Table below shows the type of active fire protection system available in Summit USJ. Water Based System

Non Water Based System

Alarm and Detection System

Wet Riser

Carbon dioxide system

Fireman’s switch

Manual call point

Sprinklers system

Dry pipe system

Fire alarm control panel

Manual pull station

Hose reel system

Fire alarm bell

Fire intercom system

External fire hydrant

Fire control room

Smoke detector

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3.2.1 Water Based System 3.2.1.1 Wet Riser

Figure 3.2 shows the wet riser system in Summit USJ

Figure 3.3 shows the wet riser system placement in Summit USJ

Wet riser is a vertical water supply pipe that is installed into the building for fire fighting purpose. The system is permanently charged with water from a pressurized supply, and connected to the landing valve at particular points.The house can be connected to the nozzle on the wei riser valve every floor. Wet riser must be used is the total height of the building is

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more than 50m high. This is due to that the the pressure might not enough to rise the water to floors higher than 50m if dry riser are used. Hence, wet riser is installed in Summit Usj. With this system, the firefighters are able to connect to the water source and get the water supply immediately in every floor. The water supply of wet riser are stored in the water tank situated in sprinkler pump room The wet riser system are normally installed at the fire staircase and there are 11 wet riser in the compound to protect against fire. #Clause 231,248

.

Figure 3.4 shows the connection of wet riser to each floor and the components of wet riser.

3.2.1.2 Sprinkler System Sprinkler system works by detecting the fire, report the fire and automatically extinguishes the fire with water. The sprinkler head act as the detector to sense the heat and initiate the fire protecting system. Water will flow from the water tank to the sprinklers and water is released to extinguishes the fire in the particular space. With this, fire can be detected in time and prevent it from spreading to other spaces.

In Summit USJ, wet pipe sprinklers system is used as this system is more suitable to be used in tropical country and indoor spaces. With this, water are stored in the sprinklers and pipe.

Hence, water can be supplied immediately if there is a fire break out.

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Figure 3.5 shows the overall layout of fire sprinklers system.

Sprinkler Pump Room The sprinkler pump room serves as the main control room for the sprinkler system. It consists of switches for duty pumps, standby pump, jockey pump and water tank for the sprinkler water supply. The sprinkler pump room will transmit pressurised water to the water sprinkler system at a predetermined pressure. Also, water tank for wet riser system are also located in this room. The round is situated at the basement parking of Summit USJ as the equipments are heavy and the air is wet and dam.

Figure 3.6 shows the main connecting pipe in sprinkler pump room.

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Figure 3.7 shows the main switch of water pump

Figure 3.8 shows the water tank

Figure 3.9 shows the water pressure meter

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Duty Pump Duty pump is used to generate pressure to keep the water pumping process on going. If the pressure drops below 125 psi,it means that a wet riser landing valve or a hose reel gate valve is opened.

Figure 3.10 shows the duty pump in water sprinkler room

Jockey Pump Jockey pump is the first pump to start in the system as it controls the water pressure in the sprinklers pipe. The pump will start when the water pressure is 150 psi and stop at the pressure of 230 psi. It helps to supply more pressure to the sprinkler pipes when needed.

Also, if there is a leakage in the wet rise or hose reel system, the pump will start to work in order to maintain the water pressure.

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Figure 3.11 shows the jockey pump in water sprinkler room

Standby Pump Standby pipe serves as backup when the duty pipe and jockey pipe is malfunction. It starts working when the water pressure drop lower than 125 psi which is also meant that the duty pipe is not working or under repair. The standby pump is set to cut in when the water pressure drop to 95 psi and both duty pump and standby pump will stop working when the water pressure is 220 psi.

Figure 3.12 shows the standby pump in water sprinkler room

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Manual Gate Valve This gate valve is used to manually control the water flow to hose reel system or wet riser system. It is situated at the basement car park, directly outside the water pump room. The alarm gong on top of eat valve will rings once there is water flow inside the valve. The set of valve are often to use to isolate certain zones for maintenance and cleaning purpose.

Figure 3.13 shows the manual get valves

Sprinkler Head Sprinkler Head is the end component in the fire sprinkler system. There are 2 main type of sprinkler head that is oftenly being use in the fire sprinkler system, they are upright sprinkler head and pendant sprinkler head. Upright sprinkler head are normally used in outdoor area for example the basement carpark and loading bay, while the pendant sprinkler head are used in indoor area.

The sprinkler head is used to detect the fire which is triggered by the breaking of heat sensitive glass bulb. Once the glass bulb the broken, signal will be sent to the sprinkler pump room and water will be channel to the particular area.

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Figure 3.14, 3.15 shows pendant sprinkler head (left) and upright sprinkler head (right)

Figure 3.16 shows the components of sprinkler head and the heat tolerance of the glass bulb

#Clause 226,228,247

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3.2.1.3 Hose Reel System Hose reel system is intended for occupants to use during the early stages of fire. The system comprises hose reel pump, water storage tank, hose reel, pipe works and valves. When the tank is located on the roof, the hose reels may be fed directly from hose reel tank by gravity.

Figure 3.17 shows the overall components of hose reel system

Hose Reel

Figure 3.18 shows hose reel

Fire hose reel also known as initial fire fighting tool. The hose allows the firefighter to extinguish the fire before it spread. There are a total number of 12 hose reel room in Summit USJ and most of them are located along the escape routes or beside the fire exit door. The standard length of hose reel is 30m long and 19mm width.

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Figure 3.19 shows the location of hose reel.

Hose Reel Pump The hose reel pump is installed in the sprinkler pump room. It is used to supply more pressure to transfer water to the valve on upper floor when there is emergency happened.

Figure 3.20 shows the location of hose reel pump

Hose Reel Tank Hose reel tanks are situated a the sprinkler pipe room. It is used to store water for fire accidents and connected to the valve in each fire hose point.

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Figure 3.21 shows the location of hose reel tank

#Clause 231,248

3.2.1.4 External Fire Hydrant External fire hydrant are located outdoor surrounding the buildings. These hydrant provide readily source of water to any point of the building. The system also known as the backbone of fire protecting system as it can provide large amount of water and is the nearest point of water located outside the building. Water can be supplied into the building by connecting it to a hose or nozzle and connecting it to a valve in the building.

Figure 3.22 shows fire hydrant

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Figure 3.23 shows component of fire hydrant system

#Clause 225

3.2.2 Non Water Based System Different fire source might need different kind of substance to put out instead of just using water. When the fire is caused by short circuit of electrical equipments, using water to put out the fire might be fatal as water is electric conductor. Hence, non water based fire protection system might be safer to use during these situations. Non water based system includes carbon dioxide system and other dry chemical agent. Once triggered gases will be released to extinguish the fire. The selection of gas agent is depending on the application, the level of risk and life safety factors.

3.2.2.1 Dry Pipe System The substance that is released through the system is carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas is essential to be used as fire extinguishers substance as it eliminates oxygen gas away from the room and stops the fire to spread and thus, put out the fire. This type of fire protection system is also environmental friendly as carbon dioxide is colourless, odourless and also

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chemical inert gas. Hence, it causes no harm to the environment and leave no residue after discharged. HPCO2 suppression system is used in Summit USJ as it is easy to use and install as well as readily available.

Figure 3.24,3.25 shows extinguishing nozzle (left) and the carbon dioxide tanks (right)

Figure 3.36 shows location of dry pipe system

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3.2.2.2 Dry Chemical Agents Fire extinguisher is portable and easy to handle. It is used for initial outbreak of fire to prevent the spreading of fire. The fire extinguishers have to be placed at a location that is close to the fire exits and hose reel system. The are several types substances that is used to put out different type of fire source. In Summit USJ, dry powder extinguishers are used as is optimum for almost every type of fire.

Figure 3.26 shows the class of fire and the type of extinguishers needed

Figure 3.27 shows the components of a fire extinguisher

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Figure 3.28 shows location of dry powder extinguishers

#Clause 227

3.2.3 Alarm and Detection System Fire alarm and detection systems are automated electronic system. They are responsible for detecting and alerting while triggered. The systems are normally detected by the heat or smoke released by the fire. Several type of device are incorporated into the system so that the system can work smoothly

Figure 3.29 shows overall components of fire alarm and detection system

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3.2.3.1 Fireman's Switch Fireman’s switch is a switch that is design for the firefighters to disconnect power supply in specific area during an emergency. With this, tendency of electric shock can be avoided. The switch in red in colour and oftenly being place at the fire escape stairs or along the fire escape route.

Figure 3.30 shows firemen switch in Summit USJ.

3.2.3.2 Fire Alarm Activation System A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through visual and audio appliances when ​smoke​, ​fire​, ​carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from ​smoke detectors​, and ​heat detectors or may also be activated via ​manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations. Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm, followed by a voice evacuation message which warns people inside the building not to use the ​elevators​.

Fire alarm sounders can be set to certain frequencies and different tones including low, medium and high, depending on the country and manufacturer of the device. Fire alarm warning devices can also be set to different volume levels. Smaller buildings may have the alarm set to a lower volume and larger buildings may have alarms set to a higher level.

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Automatic Fire Alarm Control Panel Fire alarm control panel is a system that detects fire or heat change is the particular spaces through smoke detector and heat detector. The alarm can also be triggered manually by breaking the emergency break glass. It will aid in controlling the alarm, fire sprinklers and notify the control room. With this system, the sensor can be set manually to be triggered in certain condition and temperature. The system is mainly placed in system control rooms for instance the chiller room and electric room so that fire could be detected efficiently.

Figure 3.31, 3.32 shows outdoor fire alarm control panel (left) and indoor fire alarm control panel (right)

Figure 3.33 shows the detector and reactors of fire alarm control panel

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Manual fire alarm activation Manual fire alarm activation is typically achieved through the use of a pull station (USA & Canada) or call point (Europe, Australia, and Asia), which then sounds the evacuation alarm for the relevant building or zone. Manual fire alarm activation requires human intervention, as distinct from automatic fire alarm activation such as that provided through the use of heat detectors and smoke detectors. It is, however, possible for call points/pull stations to be used in conjunction with automatic detection as part of an overall fire detection and alarm system.

Systems in completed buildings tend to be wired in and to include a control panel. ​Manual key switch is installed at a height of 1.34m above floor level and can be found on all exit routes including car park. In Summit USJ the system is installed mostly at the public area so that it can be easily found and triggered during emergency cases.

Figure 3.34 shows the manual fire alarm activation

3.2.3.3 Fire Control Room Fire control room in Summit USJ is located at the basement of the shopping mall. It works as a place to get the status of fire detection, alarm system, communication system and also controlling the electric of the whole shopping mall. In the room, all system can be manually control and manipulate if necessary. Hence, the fire control room is heavily guarded and only authorised person can enter the room.If there is an occurrence of fire, fire detection mechanism in the particular space will detect the fire and send signal Fire control room.

Then, message will be sent to the nearest fire station to call for emergency help.

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Figure 3.35, 3.36, 3.37, 3.38 shows the interior of fire control room.

#Clause 238

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Figure 3.40 shows the location of fire control room

3.2.3.4 Manual Call Point Manual call point station is designed to manually activated the alarm system during an emergency situation. The alarm will be activated once the glass of the call point is broken and the button is pushed. This system is created to alarm the fire control room when the fire is spotted but have not vigorous enough to alert the smoke detector and water sprinklers. With this, fire can be put out before it spread. Manual call point system in Summit USJ is mounted 1.4m above the floor so that it is easy to access. The system are normally situated beside the lift or along the emergency escape route.

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Figure 3.41 shows the manual call point

3.2.3.5 Fire Intercom system Fireman intercom system is a two-way emergency voice communication system. It provides communication between remote telephone handsets located within the building and the master telephone handset at the fire command centre.

Figure 3.42, 3.43 shows the fire intercom system in public spaces (left) and in fire control room (right)

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3.2.3.6 Smoke Detector An air sampling smoke detector (ASSD) is one of five ways listed in the National Fire Alarm and Signalling Code to detect smoke. Additionally, listed are: spot-type smoke detectors, projected beam-type smoke detectors, duct mounted smoke detectors, and video image smoke detectors.

Air sampling detectors use three main components: the detector, which includes the fan and detection chamber, the air sampling pipe, and sampling ports, which are holes drilled in the pipe. The fan inside the detector draws air from the protected room into the sampling holes, channelling it back through the pipes and into the detector, where the detection chamber both detects for the presence of smoke and measures the quantity of smoke in the air. Sampling holes at the ceiling level are arranged just as spot-type smoke detectors would be and follow the same spacing rules.

As smoke is measured from the room, ASSDs are arranged to warn the user of the detection of developing smoke conditions, often giving multiple levels of pre-warning before the room conditions get to the point where the detector sends a signal to the fire alarm control panel.

This pre-warning is why air sampling smoke detectors are considered Very Early Warning Fire Detection.

Another unique feature of ASSDs is their ability to discriminate between different particle types in the sampled air. Dust and other non-fire particulates will be in the air being brought back to the detection chamber. ASSDs are built to filter out most of the dust from the air stream, but some dust will make it into the detection chamber. Inside the chamber ASSD detection technology can ignore common dust particles and only measure the smoke that enters the chamber.

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Figure 3.44 shows components of ASSD

Figure 3.45 shows the smoke detector in Summit USJ

#Clause 153

3.2.3.7 Fire alarm bell Fire alarm bell can be triggered once the detection devices sense heat increase or the presence of smoke in the space. It can also be triggered when the manual call point is being pressed.

Signals will be sent to the fire alarm bell and it rings to alert the occupants in that particular space. In Summit USJ, Fire alarm bell can also be on and off manually through the main control room. Once the bell rings, signal will be send to the nearest fire station, police station and security organizations through the main control room. Fire alarm bell in normally beside lift lobby and fire stairway.

Figure 3.46 shows the fire alarm bell in Summit USJ

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*Clause 155, 225, 237

3.2.2 Passive Fire Protection The passive fire protection system can be divided into 2 main types which are the means of escape and building compartmentalization. For means of escape, more than one route will be designed and clearly stated in the mall. When fire occurs, occupants may shorten their time escaping from the building. Secondly, for building compartmentalization, elements is the building for instance, door, window, stair are fire insulated and created which will slow down the spreading of fire and create more time for the occupants to escape.

3.2.2.1 Means of escape Fire Evacuation Route The fire evacuation route is a pathway that is designed for the occupants to exit the building during emergency. It provides the fastest , safest and shortest exit route from the occupant’s location. With this, probability of being trapped or injured during the fire will be decreased.

As stated in the UBBL 1884 Section 166, no less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary. Hence, the exits should not be lock and is accessible at all times. Also, there should be no obstruction covering the fire exits and all route have to be in the same size and meets the requirements stated in UBBL 1884.

All the routes will lead to the nearest fire stairway so that the occupants can get to the ground floor in the shortest time. Fire escape route plan should also be installed at a clear and visible space and in Summit USJ, the plans are being posted beside all lift and fire exits.

Figure 3.47 shows the fire route plan in Summit USJ

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Fire Escape Staircase Fire escape stairwell is a fire protected area. It act as the connector for the building from the top to bottom. Also, every fire escape route will be connected to the nearest firestar case hence, it is also counted as a component of fire escape route. It connects from the storey exit to the final exit which is usually on the ground floor. There are also fixed requirements in designing a fire staircase. As stated in the UBBL 1984. The escape staircase is require to have a width of 1000mm with a riser height of 180mm and a thread length of 255mm . This dimension should be uniform and consistent throughout, including at landings. However, as stated in the UBBL 1984 Section 168 Article 3, handrails may be permitted to encroach on the aforementioned width to a maximum of 75 millimetres.

Figure 3.48 shows fire staircase in Summit USJ

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Figure 3.49 shows the location of fire staircase in Summit USJ

Also, the escape stairwells are required in Clause 202 to be pressurized. This pressurization system contain 3 main three main components: supply air, pressure relief and air release.

Supply air is the place where air is injected into the stairwell. Pressure relief is the system that help to avoid overpressure when doors are closed. Air release is where the air and smoke is released out from the building.With the 3 components working cohesively it will help to prevent the stairwell to be overheated and filled up by smoke.

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Figure 3.50 shows the air pressurization system in Summit USJ

Emergency Exit Signage The emergency exit signage functions as a guide to direct occupants to the nearest fire exit during an emergency. Hence, the fire exit signages is being placed along the fire escape route.

It has to be placed in a clear and is in bright colour so that it is easy to identify during a fire incident. The signs are also equipped with back up electricity power system or light reflective material so that it can still be seen during dark.

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Figure 3.51, 3.52, 3.53 shows the emergency signage in Summit USJ

3.2.2.2 Compartment Compartmentation is the use of fire resistant material to construct a building cell. The cell will be fully fire resistant and act as a divider so that fire will not spread quickly from one space to another. Also the cell will create a safe zone for the occupants during emergency to lengthen the escape time. Hence it is created to isolate and protec fire risks areas for instance electrical room and system room . Also used to create a safe zone for occupants to escape during emergencies

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Figure 3.54 shows the fire insulated stairwell in Summit USJ

Firestopping Firestopping consist of various components to seal the fire compartments. There are many type of firestopping aspects. As for summit USJ the most significant fire stopping aspects are fire rated door and fire shutter.

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Figure 3.55 shows the fire compartment aspects

Fire rated door​. Fire rated door is designed using fire proof materials as infill and is thicker compared to normal door. Infill of fireproof substance includes glass sections, gypsum, steel and timber. Fire rated door is essential as it aid in preventing and insulating heat radiation as well as smoke without obstructing the accessibility. They are rated for either half an hour or an hour of exposure to fire depending on the certification which can be found on a plaque on the door. As stated in clause 173, all doors are required to return to a close state when released. Automatic door closers are installed to ensure that. The doors should also be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

Figure 3.56 shows the fire rated door

Fire shutter​. Fire shutters can be said as an alternative to firewall as they have the same serving purposes. However, fire shutter has more flexibility as it is operable. During non emergency event, fire shutter can be used as security door to seal the main entrance while if there is an emergency event, it can be closed manually or automatically to prevent the fire from spreading. In Summit USJ, the fire shutters are connected to the main control room and can be operated into 2 stages. First stage is lowering the shutter to half to act as a smoke barrier and fully shut to serve as fire resistant barrier.

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Figure 3.57 shows the fire shutter

3.3 Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Clause 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies - All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors Clause 155: Fire mode of operation -The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.

Clause 225: Detecting and extinguishing fire.

- Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

-Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access - Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.

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Clause 226: Automatic system for hazardous occupancy Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous material stored or handles or for the safety of the occupants.

Clause 227: Portable Extinguisher -Portable Fire Extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

Clause 228: Sprinkler Valves - Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.

-All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Clause 231: Installation and testing of wet rising system 35 - Wet rising system shall be provided in every building which topmost floor is more 30.5m above the fire appliance access level.

- A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby - A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends the ground floor level to the roof and shall be equipped within a three-way 63.5millimetres outlet above the roof line.

Clause 237: Fire alarm -Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

Clause 238: Command and Control centre Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

Clause 247: Water Storage -Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire system and installation shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the tenth schedule to these By-laws.

-Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.

Clause 248: Marking on wet riser, etc

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-Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red.

-All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.

Clause 140: Fire appliance access All building in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliance. The proportion of the building abutting the street, road or open space shall be in accordance with the following scale.

Clause 162: Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls 36 -Fire doors of the appropriate Fire-rated Protection (FRP) shall be provided - Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having FRP in accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.

- Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half hour.

- Openings in partitions enclosing a protected corridor or lobby shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of half-hour.

-Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with Section 3 of BS 476:1951.

Clause 165: Measurement of travel distance to exits -The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corner or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising.

- In the case of open areas the distance to exits shall be measured from the most remote point of occupancy provided that the direct distance shall not exceed two-thirds the permitted travel distance.

Clause 166: Exits to be accessible at all times -Except as permitted by By-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

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-The exists shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings -Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the required width of the staircases or landing.

Clause 169: Exit route -No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

Clause 172: Emergency exit signs -Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

-A sign reading “Keluar with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent -Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR� in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimetres high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetres wide.

The lettering shall be in red against a black background.

-All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.

-Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

Clause 188: Travel distance in places of assembly Exits in any place of assembly shall be arranged that the distance from any point to reach an exit shall not exceed 45 metres for unsprinklered buildings and 60 metres for sprinklered buildings.

Clause 201: Staircase enclosures below ground level All staircase enclosures below ground level shall be provided with suitable means of preventing the ingress of smoke.

Clause 202: Pressurized system for staircase All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization. (a) Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an airflow of not less than 60 metres per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open (b) Where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number of door opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open;

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(c) Where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by it shall not exceed 5 millimetres water gauge; 38 (d) Where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from the entering the staircase shall be automatically activated by a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkler system; (e) Which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S

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4.0 Mechanical transportation Literature Review Mechanical transportation is described as a system that allows various means of travelling between different floors within a building. A building of more than four stories typically consist of elevators, escalators and travelators to assist transportation efficiently. These mechanical transportation are categorised under conveying systems. Conveying systems include systems to automatically transport people or goods between areas of building with ease and less effort. Throughout the site visit conducted in The Summit, USJ, the mall consists of three form of mechanical transportation system which are escalators, inclined travelators and elevators. In these three systems, there are other subdivided systems that are specifically designed for other functions.

Figure 4.1

4.1 Elevator In a building with more than four storeys, usually an elevator will be provided. An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between different floors, levels or decks of a building, vessel or other structures. Elevators are also essential in a building less than four storeys for easy access for the elderly or disabled. Elevators are installed in a building to provide convenience to people which saves time and energy.

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Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston.

4.1.1 Types of Elevator In the present day, there are two main types of elevators in use in public buildings which are the electric elevators and hydraulic elevators. The electric elevators are classified into two categories which are the traction with machine room elevator and the machine room-less (MRL) traction elevator.

4.1.1.1 Electric Elevator Traction with machine room Traction elevators with machine room are lifted by ropes and is used for mid and high rise buildings and have much higher travel speed than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor does not have to move as much weight. The machine rooms are normally sites at the top of the elevator shaft. This helps to minimise the length of the rope and optimise the efficiency.

Figure 4.1 shows traction with machine room

Machine Room-Less (MRL) traction elevator A machines room-less (MRL) traction is attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft because it does not have a dedicated machine room. The control boxes are located in a

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control room that is adjacent to the elevator shaft. The traction elevator installation consists of car lift, cables, elevator machine, control equipment, counterweights, hoist way, rails, penthouse and pit.

Figure 4.2 shows MRL traction elevator

4.1.1.2 Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic elevators are used for low-rise buildings with around two to eight floors. The load imposed on hydraulic elevator is lower than the electric elevator. The machine room for the hydraulic elevator is usually located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft. The maintenance costs for hydraulic elevators are lower than other types of elevators. But, they use more energy than other types of elevators. This is because the motor works against gravity as it forces hydraulic fluid into the piston. The drawback of hydraulic elevators is that the hydraulic fluid can leak and causes major environmental and safety hazard.

Figure 4.3 shows hydraulic elevator

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4.1.2 CASE STUDY Types of elevators in summit The elevators in Summit USJ are machine room-less (MRL) elevators which do not require a machine room for the motor. The motor is located above the elevator shafts. The elevators in Summit USJ is KONE EcoSpace MRL elevator and they do not need a separate machine room because the KONE EcoDisc hoisting motor is sufficient enough to make the elevators travel up and down the shopping mall. The control panels and logic components of the elevator are fitted inside the wall of the top elevator landing. Machine room-less elevators are usually used for low to mid rise buildings that can serve up to 20 floors. Machine room-less elevators have a maintenance cost that is comparable to the geared traction elevators but are low on energy consumption.

Figure 4.4 shows KONE EcoSpace Machine Room-less (MRL) Elevator in Summit USJ

Passenger lift and firefighting lift cargo lift There are 24 passenger lifts, 7 firefighting lifts and 3 cargo lifts in total in Summit USJ. The passenger lift is capable of transporting 25 people each with the total weight limit of 1705 kilogram. A fireman’s switch are equipped at every passenger lift. Upon turning on the fireman switch, all elevators are directed to the fire recall floor. Elevators traveling at that moment will be reversed back to the designated floor without stopping. Upon reaching there, the passengers are able to exit the building safely. After that, all elevators will be removed from its normal function. This causes the elevators to no longer accept car or hall calls. This

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mode of Fire Service allows firefighters to continue to utilise the elevator to rescue people occupying other floors.

4.1.3 ELEVATOR COMPONENTS 4.1.3.1 Elevator car An elevator car is the cabin that carries passengers and goods between different level of floors. It is usually made of heavy steel frame encasing a cage of metal pedals, on a platform with an enclosed space. Summit USJ uses normal cabin elevator cars with one opening for its elevators. The elevator car has a weight limit of 1705 kilograms with a maximum number of 25 people.

Figure 4.5 shows Components in an elevator car.

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4.1.3.2 Infrared Door Sensor Summit USJ’s elevators are installed with infrared door sensor at the opening of the doorway.

This is so that the elevator car doors can detect the passengers going in and out of the elevator to prevent any accidents from occurring. For example, the elevator doors closing while the passengers are still going in and out of the elevator. The elevator door will reopen when the sensor sense movement at the doorway and hold the door for a specific period of time before closing again. Door sensors in elevator in Summit USJ has an independent power supply to ensure that the sensor works efficiently.

Figure 4.6 Infrared Door Sensor in Summit USJ.​

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4.1.3.3 Buttons, Key Controls and System Controls In the elevator, all the compulsory buttons are provided on the control panel in each elevator such as hall button, floor request buttons, open and close buttons, emergency stop button, emergency bell button and registration panels.

Figure 4.7, 4.8 shows Buttons in passenger elevator and cargo elevator respectively.​

Figure 4.9 shows illustrated lift button panel

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4.1.3.4 Hoisting Motor The machine room-less (MRL) traction motor eliminates the need of a control room by attaching the hoisting machine to the guard rail, while placing all the controls and logic components within the confined space of the hoist way. The motor is capable of transporting people and goods to a maximum distance of 76 meter and speed of roughly 152 meter per minute.

Figure 4.10 shows Hoisting machine.

4.1.3.4 Elevator Control Panel The control panel is to control the elevators, either manually or automatically. The elevator control panels installed in Summit USJ has advantages in saving space and simplified installation. The other logic components are fitted inside the wall of the top elevator landing.

This speeds up the installation process as no scaffolding or crane is needed for installation.

​ Figure 4.11 shows control panel installed within the wall of the top landing.

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4.1.3.5 Counter Weight A counter weight is used to balance the weight of an elevator car. The counter weight travels downward when the cab travels upwards and vice versa. The counter weight consists of steel plates stacked within a frame. Counter weight eases the motor to raise and lower the elevator car.

​ Figure 4.12 shows Illustration of a counter weight.

4.1.3.6 Guide Rails Guide rails are “T” shaped steel tracks that run the length of the hoist way. The course of travel of an elevator car and counterweights are guided by the building surface of the guide rails. They are usually mounted at the sides of the hoist way. Steel brackets are used to fix the guide rail to the hoist way.

Figure 4.13 shows the view of elevator shaft with guide rails.

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4.1.4 Safety Mechanism in Elevators 4.1.4.1 Elevator Main Brake The elevator’s main brake is located directly on the shaft. The elevators starts to slow down with the dynamic braking of the motor. The elevator car will stay still at the certain floor when the main brake clamp down on the brake drum. There is also a dual safety divide that stops the car automatically in case the elevator over speeds​.

Figure 4.14 shows main brake in Elevator

​4.1.4.2

Overspeed Governor

The overspeed governor cuts the power supply to the motor and the brakes will activate if the elevator is over the speed limit. The governor will trigger another two safety rail clamps if the over speeding of the elevator continues. Two safety rail clamps are situated at the bottom of the elevator car with one at each side.

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Figure 4.15 shows overspeed governor

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4.2 ​Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 Under UBBL 1984 Section 124 : LIFT For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least 1 lift shall be provided.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 151 : VENTILATION TO LIFT SHAFTS Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of no less than 0.09 square metre per lift located at the top of the shafts.

Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 153 :SMOKE DETECTOR FOR LIFT LOBBY 1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2. Lift no opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after 30 seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

Under UBBL 1984 Section 154: EMERGENCY MODE OF OPERATION IN THE EVENT OF MAIN POWER FAILURE On failure of main power all lift shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lift, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.

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4.2 Escalators An escalator is a conveyor vertical transportation device in the form of a moving staircase which its function is to carry people between levels of a building. Escalators have the capacity to move a large number of people rapidly and they can be placed in the same physical space as a staircase. The escalators have no waiting interval comparing to the elevators and they can be used to guide people toward main exits. Escalators may be weatherproofed for outdoor use. As a power driven, the escalators act as a continuous moving stairway to transport users up and down in short vertical distances. Principal areas of usage include in shopping centers, airports, transit systems, trade centers, hostel, public buildings and etc.

4.2.1 Types of Escalator Step Type Escalator The step type escalator is the most common type of escalator being used today. The steps of this escalators are usually made out of metal. The escalator steps are mounted on hinged circles and the track is located beside the steps.

Figure 4.16 shows step type escalator

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Wheelchair Accessible Escalator When a user on a wheelchair needs to use the escalator, normal operation of the escalator is halt to accommodate the user. Three steps will level out, it forms a platform with spikes on the steps closest to the lower landing of the platform to prevent the wheelchair from rolling down. After the user in the wheelchair is off the escalator, it is then switched back to normal operation.

Figure 4.17 shows wheelchair escalator

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Spiral Escalator There is also a type of escalator which is called spiral escalator, which uses the curved steps.

These spiral escalators are for indoor use and can accommodate up to 21’-7’’ of vertical rise.

Figure 4.18 shows spiral escalator

4.2.2 Case Study Location of Escalators The escalators being implemented in Summit USJ is the step type escalators. The escalators of the building are situated next to the main entrance at ground floor and center part of the upper floors to allow efficiency of transportation and circulation. The escalators help in creating easy access through the main circulation of the retail podium which lead people towards promotional space or along the display of merchandises at Summit USJ.

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Figure 4.19 shows escalators in Summit USJ

Escalator Inclination and Speed

Figure 4.20 shows side elevation and front elevation of escalator

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The inclination of the escalators in Summit USJ is 30° which provides the maximum safety and comfortability to the users. They are running a speed of 0.5 meters per second at Summit which is an optimum speed to retain shoppers at the mall for a longer period of time.

Arrangement of Escalators The escalators in Summit USJ is positioned in a multi-level parallel arrangement. The escalators are used to create a connection between ground floor and the fourth floor of the retail podium. Multi-level parallel arrangement is implemented due to its economic benefit as there is no inner layer of lateral claddings required which is covered by another escalator. The mall makes effective use of this arrangement as one of its sales strategies since users have to make a short detour to access to the next escalator to go up or down. Displays of merchandise are strategically being placed along the way to increase the sales in Summit. There are times

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when it comes to peak hours, Summit USJ management will reverse the travelling direction of escalator because of its high traffic flow.

Figure 4.21 shows the multi-level parallel arrangement of escalators at Summit USJ 

4.2.3 Components of Escalator

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Figure 4.22 shows the components of an escalator

4.2.3.1 Top and Bottom Landing Platform

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The top and bottom landing platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, the gears and motors that operate the stairs. The top platform consists of the motor assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. Every platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate provides a place for the users to stand before they put their step onto the moving stairs. This plate is leveled with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below. The comb plate is a piece of steel plate that has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb which is placed between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is necessary to install this design to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing, which helps to prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.

Figure 4.23 shows the comb plate and floor plate of escalator in Summit USJ

4.2.3.2 Escalator Truss An escalator truss is a structural frame of an escalator which consists of the lower section, incline section and the upper section. It is a hollow metal structure that connects the lower and upper landings. The top and bottom landing platforms are attached to both ends of the elevator truss through steel or concrete supports. The structural steel truss members are designed to withstand the overall load of the escalator equipment and the steel coverings. In order to maintain close operating tolerances, the entire structure must be strong enough but at the same time it needs to be able to tolerate the building shift and vibration because of a built-in system of shift plates and Teflon pads.

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Figure 4.24 shows the escalator truss that are connected to both ends of platforms

4.2.3.3 Escalator Tracks The escalator track system is constructed into the truss of an escalator to guide the step chain, which it pulls the steps from bottom platform to the top platform in a continuous loop manner. The track system helps to carry the steps down along the bottom of the truss until when they reach to the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved section of track before leaving from the bottom landing. Then, the tracks separate and the steps once again assume a staircase arrangement. This arrangement forces the back of one step to be at a 90° angle alongside to the step behind it and the right angle bends the steps into a shape resembling a staircase. Then the cycle is repeated continuously where the steps are being pulled from bottom to top and go back to the bottom again.

Figure 4.25 shows the escalator tracks

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4.2.3.4 Escalator Steps The escalators steps are solid, one-piece, die-cast aluminum or steel steps. The steps are connected by a continuous metal chain that creates a closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps are linked to a pair of wheels where the front wheels normally have shorter axles to fit into the narrower front track whereas the rear wheels are installed further apart to fit into the back track. Normally, yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate the steps edges.

Figure 4.26 shows the components in an escalator step

4.2.3.5 Handrail Handrails on the escalators provides a convenient handhold for the users while they are using the escalators. In an escalator, the handrail is being pulled along its track by a chain which is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

Figure 4.27 shows the handrail of an escalator

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4.2.3.6 Escalator Balustrade The escalator balustrade contains the handrail and the external supporting structure of the escalator. The balustrade can also refer to the skirt panels, individual interior panels, and deck covers of the escalator. Each interior balustrade panel section is removable to allow easier access to clean and maintain the escalator interior, components replacement can also be done easily.

Figure 4.28 shows the components of escalator balustrade

4.2.3.7 Internal Drive Machine An internal drive machine is installed in an escalator in order to allow it to drive the pinion gear or the main chain which directly or indirectly drive the Handrail Drive System. The machine is placed at the top landing, being installed inside the truss between the step bands.

The machine will employ a motor to gearbox drive with a direct drive axle connection.

Figure 4.29 shows the internal drive machine of an escalator

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4.2.3.8 Braking System The braking system of an escalator uses a pawl which is connected by welding it to one end of the main drive shaft to engage a notch wheel with brake linings on both faces. The brake lining wheel is slotted between the handrail 1st drive sprocket and the step chain sprocket. A guide shoe lever is connected by welding it onto the opposite end of the main drive shaft. It is normally supported by a drive chain and when the chain breaks, the shoe drops and turns the shaft. The drive shaft brake pawl will move into the ratchet wheel and stops the escalator when the guide shoe drops.

Figure 4.30 shows the braking system of an escalator

4.2.3.9 Emergency Stop Button An emergency stop button is installed at both upper and lower landing of the escalator. This covered button are able to allow anyone to stop the escalator immediately when there is an emergency. By lifting the cover of the emergency stop button will trigger an alarm for five minutes. To restart an elevator, the Emergency Stop Button is released by using the normal start-up procedure.

​Figure 4.31 shows the emergency stop button in Summit USJ

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4.3 Travelator A travelator is a conveyor mechanism that is slow-moving which its function is to transport people on a horizontal or inclined plane over a short to medium distance. They normally come in pairs where each one for each direction.

4.3.1 Types of Travelator Pallet Type Travelator Pallet type of travelator is a continuous series of flat metal plates being meshed together to create a walkway.

Figure 4.32 shows pallet type travelator

Moving Belt Travelator Moving belt travelator is constructed with metal belts or rubber walking surfaces over on metal rollers. It may give out a solid feel or a bouncy feel.

Figure 4.33 shows moving belt travelator

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4.3.2 Case Study Inclined Travelator An inclined pallet-type of travelator is installed in Summit USJ where it transports people or goods across an inclined plane over a short to medium distance. Inclined travelators are usually provided in shopping malls where shopping carts or trolleys need to be transported to different levels. Travelators ensure smooth flow of people throughout the building and has the ability to handle high traffic flow by transporting people continuously. Summit USJ uses KONE inclined travelators. The inclined travelators in Summit USJ are positioned next to Giant Mart to provide easy access to the basement floors after shopping. Users feel convenient to be able to bring the shopping trolleys to their cars at basement levels.

Figure 4.34 shows one of the travelator that is located in Summit USJ

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4.3.3 Components of Travelator

Figure 4.35 shows the components of a travelator

The components of travelators are identical to escalators in terms of basic components, however, there are some differences which travelators may function horizontally or an incline up to 15째 which Summit USJ has installed the 15째 inclined travelator. The flat moving surface of the travelator may contain rubber belt or a series of jointed treads.

Differences between escalator and travelator Escalator

Travelator

Moving staircase

Moving walkway

Inclined 30째

Inclined 15째 or flat-moving

Transport people in longer distance

Transport people in shorter distance

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4.3.4 Safety Devices 4.3.4.1 Caution Sign Boards Caution sign boards are implemented at the glass panels of the top and bottom landings of each escalator at Summit USJ which are noticeable by the passengers. The signs are designed in a standard format where they have identical size, wording and colors whereby brighter colors are used in order for people to be able to notice it and be cautious about rules in taking escalators.

Figure shows the caution sign boards in travelator

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Conclusion In a nutshell, although Summit USJ Shopping mall has been built for a long period, the building services are still well maintained and in good condition. The management will also carries out checking routine every month or three months once depending on the type of system. Also, new sets of service systems are being established in Summit USJ shopping mall due to the construction of new wing. Also, every system used in the building followed the rules and regulation set in UBBL 1984. The placement and design of the services systems are also nicely done and efficient.

Reference List ● Designing Buildings The construction industry knowledge base. (n.d.). ● Systems In Architecture, Engineering, And Construction. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print ● Zeraati, P. (n.d.). Fire protection system ● S. (n.d.). Smoke Detector Alarms Save Lives-Which One Is Right For You? ● Fire detection and extinguishing control panels. (n.d.). ● Solutions, F. D. (n.d.). Mechanical Smoke Ventilation Systems ● Goetz, A. (Ed.). (2003). Up, Down, Across: Elevators, Escalators and Moving Sidewalks. National Building Museum ● Bangash, M. Y. H., & Bangash, T. (2007). Lifts, elevators, escalators and moving walkways/travelators. Taylor & Francis.

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