Building Science II Artificial and Daylighting System Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture

BUILDING SCIENCE II [BLD 61303 / ARC 3413] Project 02 Integration Project

Name: Lai Yik Xin ID: 0323388 Tutor: Mr. Edwin

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Table Content

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Site Analysis 1.3 Overall Floor Plans

2.0 Lighting 2.1 Daylighting 2.2 PSALI 2.3 Artificial Lighting

3.0 Spaces Analysis 3.1 Daylight Analysis - Space A 3.1.1 PSALI 3.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis – Space B

3 3 4-5

6-7 7 8

9-11 11-14 15-18

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1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives The objectives of this project is to integrate the principles of lighting requirement into the design of suggested context, which required to build an urban infill library in Jalan Tar. This project also aims to show understanding of the artificial lighting and daylighting strategies (PSALI) in our final design, to solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues and to design spaces incorporating artificial and daylighting.

1.2 Site Analysis The site context is Jalan Tar, KL. There is a real life scenario to establish the possibilities for a Community Library to connect to the urban community. The orientation of the building facades are positioning right towards the east and west facing to the sun. Therefore, it is important to take careful consideration of the lights amount to be induced to the building.

Figure 1.2.1 shows the sun path on February 15, 9am

Figure 1.2.2 shows the sun path on February 15, 12pm

Figure 1.2.3 shows the sun path on February 15, 6pm

Figure 1.2.4 shows the surrounding context which would affects the sun shades of the proposed library.

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1.3 Overall Floor Plans

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“SPACE B”

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“SPACE A”

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2.0 Lighting 2.1 Daylighting

Daylighting Factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoor relative to to the illumination present outdoors at the same tie under overcast skies.

DF =

Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) x 100% Eo (outdoor illuminance)

Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylighting at a point on the indoor working plane Eo = The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average daylight level in Malaysia is assumed to be 20000 lux.

A standard sky is assumed to give a minimum level of illuminance on the ground.

Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor

Table 2.1.1 shows the daylight factors and distribution (Department of standard Malaysia, 2007)

Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000-2000 lux 400 < 200 lux 40 <1

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast say, midday Sunrise/ sunset on clear day (ambient illuminance) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunrise/sunset Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise/sunset

Table 2.1.2 shows daylight intensity at different condition

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Average Daylight factor In side-lit rooms, the maximum DF is near the windows and it is mainly due to the sky component. In the early stages of building design, the average daylight may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight:

Average DF =

T W A X (1-R)

where, W = area of the windows (m2) A = total area of the internal surface (m2) T = glass transmittance corrected for dirt  = visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R = the average reflectance of area A

2.2 PSALI Concept The method known as “Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of the Interior”.

Three principles: a. Utilisation of daylighting as far as practicable b. Use of electric lighting to supplement the daylight in the interior parts of the room c. Installation of the electric lighting in such a way the daylight character of the room is retained.

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2.3 Artificial Lighting

Lumen Method Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on the particular space.

N=

ExA F x UF x MF

Where, N = Number of lams required E = Illuminance level required (lux) A = Area at working plan height (m2) F = Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt

Room Index Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and luminaire planes

RI =

LxW Hm x (L + W)

Where, L = Length of room W =Width of room Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire 8

3.0 Spaces Analysis 3.1 Daylight Analysis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Space A Space A - Library (2nd Floor)

Figure 3.1.1 shows the floor plans of Space A (Library)

Figure 3.1.2 shows the sectional perspective of Space A (Library)

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Average Daylight Factor W, area of the windows (m ) 3m x 1.5m = 4.5m2 A, total area of the internal surface (m2) 2 [ (3.5mx8.6m) + (3.5mx5.8m) + (5.8mx8.6m) ] =100.3m2 T, glass transmittance corrected for dirt Assumed to be 0.6 83o ď ą, visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R, the average reflectance of area A 0.4 Average DF (W/A) / [(Tď ą)/(1-R)] =(4.5m2/100.3m2) x [(0.6x83o)/(1-0.4)] =3.75% 2

Indoor illuminance, Ei

(Ei/Eo) x 100% = 3.75% (Ei/200000) x 100% = 3.75% Ei = 750 lux

The library has a daylight factor of 3.75% which is considered a space has a bright natural daylighting. Besides, the indoor illuminance is 750lux which is slightly higher than MS1525 standard for library which range from 300-500lux. This might cause slight discomfort to the users. However, this issue can be resolved by adding blinds over the window to provide shading from the sunlight while maintaining a degree of comfortable light condition.

Daylight Contour

Figure 3.1.3 shows the daylight contour of Space A (Library) where The brightest daylight level contour highlighted near the window.

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Section of Space A

Figure 3.1.4 shows the section of Space A (Library)

The use of light shelves allows indirect lights to reflect deep into the space.

Figure 3.1.5 shows the light shelf of Space A (Library)

3.1.1 PSALI Type of fixture Image of fixture

Product dimension (mm) Type of luminous Luminous Flux (lm) Power (W) Colour Temperature (K) Colour Rendering Index Average Life Rate (hours)

Lighting Fixture Coreline slim downlight

215mm (diameter) Warm white 2000lm 28 W 3000 80 5000 11

Lumen Method Dimension of Room (m) L=8.6m, W=5.8m 2 Total Floor Area, A (m ) 8.6m x 5.8m = 50m2 Height of ceiling (m) 3.5m Type of light fixture Coreline slim downlight Luminous Flux of Lighting, F (lm) 2000 Height of Luminaires (m) 3.5m Height of Working Plane (m) 1.0m Mounting Height (Hm) 3.5m – 1.0m =2.5m Standard Illumination Require according to 300 (Book shelves) MS1525, E Reflectance Factor Ceiling (White plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall (White painted wall) = 0.5 Floor (Laminated timber floor) = 0.2 Room Index, RI (K) RI = (LxW)/[Hmx(L+W)] = (5.8mx8.6m)/[2.5x(5.8m+8.6m)] = 1.4 Utilisation Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Number of fittings required, N

0.57 (based on utilisation factor table) 0.8 (assumed) N = (ExA)/(FxUFxMF) = (300x50)/(2000x0.57x0.8) = 16.5  17 bulbs

Spacing to Height ratio, SHR (max spacing)

SHR = (1/Hm) x (A/N) = (1/2.5) x (50/17) = 0.7 SHR = S/Hm 0.7= S/2.5 S = 1.75m Maximum spacing is 1.75m

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Lighting Fitting Spacing Diagram

All of the lighting spacing are less than the maximum spacing which is 1.75m.

Figure 3.1.6 shows the lighting fitting spacing diagram

Artificial Light Contour

Figure 3.1.7 shows the artificial light contour of Space A

The artificial light contour shows the lighting condition after the artificial lighting is installed and planned along the space. The light source is well distributed to every corners around the library.

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Reflected Ceiling plan

During the brightest portions of the day (when the daylight factor is high), only row C needs to be on (1 row on). When the daylight level drops (lower daylight factor), rows B can be turned on in place of row C (3 rows on). Only at night or very dark days (when the daylight factor is very low), it would be necessary to have row A and B (4 rows on).

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3.2 Artificial lighting Analysis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Space B Space B - Information desk + Textile Library (1st Floor)

Figure 3.2.1 shows the floor plans of Space B (Textile Library)

Figure 3.2.2 shows the sectional perspective of Space B (Textile Library)

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Type of fixture Image of fixture

Product dimension (mm) Type of luminous Luminous Flux (lm) Power (W) Colour Temperature (K) Colour Rendering Index Average Life Rate (hours)

Lighting Fixture LED Pendant Light Fixture

L = 1200mm, W = 200mm Warm white 4000 lm 32W 3000K 80 20000hrs

Lumen Method Dimension of Room (m) L=11.9m, W=5.8m 2 Total Floor Area, A (m ) 11.9 m x 5.8m = 69m2 Height of ceiling (m) 4m Type of light fixture LED Pendant Light Fixture Luminous Flux of Lighting, F (lm) 4000 lm Height of Luminaires (m) 3.5m Height of Working Plane (m) 1.0m Mounting Height (Hm) 4m – 0.5m - 1m = 2.5m Stardard Illumination Require according to 300 (Book shelves and counter) MS1525, E Reflectance Factor Ceiling (White plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall (White painted wall) = 0.5 Floor (Laminated timber floor) = 0.2 Room Index, RI (K) RI = (LxW)/[Hmx(L+W)] = (11.9mx5.8m)/[2.5x(11.9m+5.8m)] = 1.6 Utilisation Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Number of fittings required, N

0.57 (based on utilisation factor table) 0.8 (assumed) N = (ExA)/(FxUFxMF) = (300x69)/(4000x0.57x0.8) = 11.35  12 bulbs

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Spacing to Height ratio, SHR (max spacing)

Lighting Fitting Spacing Diagram

SHR = (1/Hm) x (A/N) = (1/2.5) x (69/12) = 0.96m ď&#x201A;ť 1m SHR = S/Hm 1m = S/2.5m S = 2.5 m Maximum spacing is 2.5m Reflected Ceiling Plan

Figure 3.2.3 (left) and 3.2.4 (right) show the lighting fitting spacing diagram and reflected ceiling plan.

All of the lighting spacing are less than the maximum spacing which is 2.5m.

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Figure 3.2.5 shows the section of Space B after the installation of planned artificial lighting.

Light Contour Diagram

The daylight contour on the left shows the source of natural light is only from the both end of the space which is not sufficient enough to maintain at average lighting condition for book collection and reading space.

The artificial light contour diagram on the right shows the light is well distributed to all corners around the space.

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