ENGLISH 10

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Lesson 1

Stand Up for Integrity

THE ORATOR Anton Chekhov

ONE fine morning the collegiate assessor, Kirill Ivanovitch Babilonov, who had died of the two afflictions so widely spread in our country, a bad wife and alcoholism, was being buried. As the funeral procession set off from the church to the cemetery, one of the deceased's colleagues, called Poplavsky, got into a cab and galloped off to find a friend, one Grigory Petrovitch Zapoikin, a man who though still young had acquired considerable popularity. Zapoikin, as many of my readers are aware, possesses a rare talent for impromptu speechifying at weddings, jubilees, and funerals.

He can speak whenever he likes: in his sleep, on an empty stomach, dead drunk or in a high fever. His words flow smoothly and evenly, like water out of a pipe, and in abundance; there are far more moving words in his oratorical dictionary than there are beetles in any restaurant. He always speaks eloquently and at great length, so much so that on some occasions, particularly at merchants' weddings, they have to resort to assistance from the police to stop him.

"I have come for you, old man!" began Poplavsky, finding him at home. "Put on your hat and coat this minute and come along. One of our fellows is dead, we are just sending him off to the other world, so you must do a bit of palavering by way of farewell to him. . . . You are our only hope. If it had been one of the smaller fry it would not have been worth troubling you, but you see it's the secretary . . . a pillar of the office, in a sense. It's awkward for such a whopper to be buried without a speech." "Oh, the secretary!" yawned Zapoikin. "You mean the drunken one?" "Yes. There will be pancakes, a lunch . . . you'll get your cab-fare. Come along, dear chap. You spout out some rigmarole like a regular Cicero at the grave and what gratitude you will earn!"

Zapoikin readily agreed. He ruffled up his hair, cast a shade of melancholy over his face, and went out into the street with Poplavsky. "I know your secretary," he said, as he got into the cab. "A cunning rogue and a beast -- the kingdom of heaven be his -such as you don't often come across." "Come, Grisha, it is not the thing to abuse the dead." "Of course not, aut mortuis nihil bene, but still he was a rascal."

The friends overtook the funeral procession and joined it. The coffin was borne along slowly so that before they reached the cemetery they were able three times to drop into a tavern and imbibe a little to the health of the departed.

In the cemetery came the service by the graveside. The mother-in-law, the wife, and the sister-in-law in obedience to custom shed many tears. When the coffin was being lowered into the grave the wife even shrieked "Let me go with him!" but did not follow her husband into the grave probably recollecting her pension. Waiting till Young Ji International School / College

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everything was quiet again Zapoikin stepped forward, turned his eyes on all present, and began: "Can I believe my eyes and ears? Is it not a terrible dream this grave, these tearstained faces, these moans and lamentations? Alas, it is not a dream and our eyes do not deceive us! He whom we have only so lately seen, so full of courage, so youthfully fresh and pure, who so lately before our eyes like an unwearying bee bore his honey to the common hive of the welfare of the state, he who . . . he is turned now to dust, to inanimate mirage. Inexorable death has laid his bony hand upon him at the time when, in spite of his bowed age, he was still full of the bloom of strength and radiant hopes. An irremediable loss! Who will fill his place for us? Good government servants we have many, but Prokofy Osipitch was unique. To the depths of his soul he was devoted to his honest duty; he did not spare his strength but worked late at night, and was disinterested, impervious to bribes. . . . How he despised those who to the detriment of the public interest sought to corrupt him, who by the seductive goods of this life strove to draw him to betray his duty! Yes, before our eyes Prokofy Osipitch would divide his small salary between his poorer colleagues, and you have just heard yourselves the lamentations of the widows and orphans who lived upon his alms.

Devoted to good works and his official duty, he gave up the joys of this life and even renounced the happiness of domestic existence; as you are aware, to the end of his days he was a bachelor. And who will replace him as a comrade? I can see now the kindly, shaven face turned to us with a gentle smile, I can hear now his soft friendly voice. Peace to thine ashes, Prokofy Osipitch! Rest, honest, noble toiler!"

Zapoikin continued while his listeners began whispering together. His speech pleased everyone and drew some tears, but a good many things in it seemed strange.

In the first place they could not make out why the orator called the deceased Prokofy Osipitch when his name was Kirill Ivanovitch. In the second, everyone knew that the deceased had spent his whole life quarelling with his lawful wife, and so consequently could not be called a bachelor; in the third, he had a thick red beard and had never been known to shave, and so no one could understand why the orator spoke of his shaven face. The listeners were perplexed; they glanced at each other and shrugged their shoulders.

"Prokofy Osipitch," continued the orator, looking with an air of inspiration into the grave, "your face was plain, even hideous, you were morose and austere, but we all know that under that outer husk there beat an honest, friendly heart!

Soon the listeners began to observe something strange in the orator himself. He gazed at one point, shifted about uneasily and began to shrug his shoulders too. All at once he ceased speaking, and gaping with astonishment, turned to Poplavsky.

"I say! he's alive," he said, staring with horror. "Who's alive?" "Why, Prokofy Osipitch, there he stands, by that tombstone!" "He never died! It's Kirill Ivanovitch who's dead." "But you told me yourself your secretary was dead."

"Kirill Ivanovitch was our secretary. You've muddled it, you queer fish. Prokofy Osipitch was our secretary before, that's true, but two years ago he was transferred to the second division as head clerk." "How the devil is one to tell?" "Why are you Young Ji International School / College

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stopping? Go on, it's awkward." Zapoikin turned to the grave, and with the same eloquence continued his interrupted speech. Prokofy Osipitch, an old clerk with a cleanshaven face, was in fact standing by a tombstone. He looked at the orator and frowned angrily.

"Well, you have put your foot into it, haven't you!" laughed his fellow-clerks as they returned from the funeral with Zapoikin. "Burying a man alive!" "It's unpleasant, young man," grumbled Prokofy Osipitch. "Your speech may be all right for a dead man, but in reference to a living one it is nothing but sarcasm! Upon my soul what have you been saying? Disinterested, incorruptible, won't take bribes! Such things can only be said of the living in sarcasm. And no one asked you, sir, to expatiate on my face. Plain, hideous, so be it, but why exhibit my countenance in that public way! It's insulting."

REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Did the opening line suggest that Chekhov was about to deal with serious social concerns? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Was Poblasky’s getting into a cab and galloping to find a friend a display of fraternal concern for a colleague? ___________________________________________________________________ How important was it for Poplavsky that some kind of palavering and rigmarole be delivered at the funeral? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Who was Cicero? Was he known to do rigmaroles? In what sense was the reference to him meant to be part of a joke? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. What was the reaction of Prokofy Osipitch to the speech? What character traits did his reactions well? ___________________________________________________________________ Eulogy is a speech or writing in praise of a person, especially one recently decreased, which may be given as part of a neurological of funeral or funeral service.

Building Word Power There are several ways of building word power. A simple way is consulting a dictionary or a thesaurus. Other common and effective ways are identifying context clues to meaning and knowing the etymology of a word Young Ji International School / College

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Identifying Context Clues to Meaning There are several ways of building word power. A simple way is consulting a dictionary or a thesaurus. Other common and effective ways are identifying context clues to meaning and knowing the etymology of a word.

There are times when you do not have to use a dictionary for the meaning of words. The context in which the word occurs can give to the search for meaning. These clues may be any of the following: 1. Details

6. examples

2. Contrast

7. synonym

3. Antonym

8. description

4. Definition

9. Explanatory phrase or clause

5. Translation

10. Meaning embedded in the context

Getting familiar with word Etymologies Word histories are called etymologies. The etymology of a word begins with the identification of its origin. In addition, it usually traces the changes in form, pronunciation, and meaning that have occurred over the life span of the word. The etymology of the word contradiction is given below as an example.

Contradiction – 1382, from L. contradictionem, from contradicere ―speak against,‖ from contra ‖against‖ + dicere ―to speak‖. To ―contradict‖ then means ―to speak against‖ or to assert the contrary.‖ Integrating Values It is customary in many societies to invite speakers to deliver eulogies during necrological services, especially if the decreased used to occupy an important position in an organization. How does the custom benefit the dead? the bereaved?

What qualifications should an effective eulogist have? sincerity? Close association with the deceased? Eloquence?

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Read the following excerpts from a famous eulogy and do the suggested reflection activities. The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, occurred at Westminster Abbey on Saturday, the 6th of September 1997. Her brother, Charles Edward Maurice Spencer, the 9th Earl Spencer, delivered the following tribute for his sister Diana. ―I stand before you today the representative of a family in grief, in a country in mourning before a world in shock. ―We are all united not only in our desire to pay our respects to Diana but rather in our need to do so. For such was her extraordinary appeal that the tens of millions of people taking part in this service all over the world via television and radio who never actually met her, feel that they too lost someone close to them in the early hours of Sunday morning. It is a more remarkable tribute to Diana than I can ever hope to offer her today. ―Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity; all over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity; all over the world, a standard-bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden; a very British girl who transcended nationality; someone with natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic ―Today is our chance to say thank you for the way you brightened our lives, even though God granted you but half a life. We will all feel cheated always that you were taken from us so young, and yet we must learn to be grateful that you came along at all.

Only now that you are gone do we truly appreciate what we are now without, and we want you at your loss over the past week, and only the strength to move forward. ―There is a temptation to rush to canonize your memorize; there is no need to do so.

You stand tall enough as a human being of unique qualities not to need to be seen as a saint. Indeed, to sanctify your memory would be to miss out on the very core of your being – your wonderfully mischievous sense of humor with a laugh that bent you double, your joy for life transmitted wherever you took your smile, and the sparkle in those unforgettable eyes, your boundless energy which you could barely contain. ―But your greatest gift was your intuition, and it was a gift you used wisely. This is what underpinned all your other wonderful attributes and if we look to analyze what it was about you that had such a wide appeal we find it in your instinctive feel for what was really important in all our lives. Without your God-given sensitivity, we would be immersed in greater ignorance at the anguish of AIDS and HIV sufferers, the plight of the homeless, the isolation of lepers, the random destruction of landmines. Diana explained to me once that it was her innermost feelings of suffering that made it possible for her to connect with her constituency of the rejected. And here we come to another truth about her. For all the status, the glamour, the applause, Diana remained throughout a very insecure person at heart, almost childlike in her desire to do good for Young Ji International School / College

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others so that she could release herself deep feelings of unworthiness of which her eating disorders were merely a symptom. The world sensed this part of her character and cherished her for her vulnerability whilst admiring her for her honesty.‖ Activity 1 1. Which part of the eulogy for Princess Diana do you find thought-provoking or capable of evoking positive emotions?

2. In what ways did Princess Diana manifest her gift of intuition?

3. Which lines tell of Princess Diana as a most sincere and honest person?

4. Describe another person you know who has a mischievous sense of humor and an uncontainably boundless energy.

Adverb Intensifiers or Adverbs of Degrees An adverb which is used to modify adjectives and adverbs but which is not usually used to modify verbs can be referred to as an intensifier or adverb of degree.

Example: His countenance seemed very morose and austere.

The speech was quite verbose.

The clerk did his task rather extraordinarily.

The man looked so youthfully fresh.

In these examples, very modifies the adjectives morose and austere; quite modifies the adjective verbose; rather modifies the verb extraordinarily; and so modifies the adverb youthfully.

Activity 2 Use intensifiers in the following sentences. Underline the intensifiers. The first is done for you.

1. He was only lately seen, full of courage, and youthfully fresh and pure.

He was only so lately seen, so full of courage, and so youthfully fresh and pure.

2. To the depths of his soul he was devoted to his honest duty.

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________________________________________________________________ 3. He did not spare his strength but worked late at night, and was disinterested, impervious to bribes. ________________________________________________________________ 4. How he despised those who to the detriment of the public interest sought to corrupt him, who by the seductive goods of this life strove to draw him to betray his duty ________________________________________________________________ 5. Devoted to good works and his official duty, he gave up the joys of his life and even renounced the happiness of domestic existence. ________________________________________________________________ 6. I can hear now his soft friendly voice. ________________________________________________________________ Participles A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in ing or ed. The term verbal indicates that a principle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. Because they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns.

There are two types of single-word participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ed, - en, -d, -t, or –n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.

Examples The grieving family found solace in flowing expressions of sympathy.

Spoken words that come from the heart enliven broken spirits.

The swelling adulation shone like a thousand lighted candles.

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A participle phrase is a group of words consisting of a participle and the modifier(s) and or (pro) noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct objects(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the participle.

Examples 1. Extending her benevolence, she transcended nationality. (The participial phrase functions as an adjective modifying the pronoun she.)

2. This woman gifted with intuition labored to ease the plight of the homeless and the isolation of lepers. (The principal phrase functions as an adjective modifying woman.)

Activity 3 I.

Underline the single-word participles or participial phrases and draw an arrow toward what they modify.

1. Drown in his thoughts, the absent-minded young man stumbled and fell into a ditch.

2. An astonished bystander merely looked at the bewildered guy.

3. A giggling girl sighed and chuckled.

4. A distinguished old gentleman came to the rescue.

5. Supporting himself with his treasured cane, the old man offered his craggy hand.

II.

Expand the following sentences by adding appropriate participles or participial phrases.

1. Every loves an honest man.

2. She stands tall as a human being of exemplary qualities.

3. He lady is rich in wit and humor.

4. The world marvels at her generosity.

5. The young cherish her smiles.

Writing Effectively How to Write Descriptions in Fiction Young Ji International School / College

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A well written description lets your reader visualize the people, places, settings, and objects in your story. Vivid and clear descriptions make stories come alive. Here are some helpful tips.

1. Choose what to describe. Look at people, places, and things around you in a new way. Notice not just the obvious details, but the less obvious, subconscious details.

2. Choose when to describe. Describe a character only when he/she has an impact on another character or when the description advances the story or you want to slow down the pacing.

3. Choose the point of view to use. Describing something from a character’s point of view makes the description more lively and entertaining to read.

4. Be specific, but not too specific. Do not let the details you write limit your reader’s imagination. Your descriptions should be open-ended enough to evoke images in your reader’s mind.

5. Vary your sentence structure so that the descriptive details are included in the action.

6. Avoid too flowery and description language. There is nothing wrong with eloquent or lengthy descriptions. However, avoid over overusing adjectives and adverbs in writing your descriptions.

7. Use description to characterize. Description can characterize both the person described and the person viewing.

8. Describe to stipulate your reader’s senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

9. One descriptive device you can use is comparison and contrast. Compare or contrast something foreign with something your reader is familiar with.

Activity 1. Rewrite an anecdote with vivid and clear descriptions of persons, places, things, or events.

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2. Recall a very memorable event and write a composition to describe it. Use clear and vivid words to describe the movements, reactions and expressions of the people in that incident.

Lesson 2 Avoiding Run-On Sentences Avoiding Run-On Sentences A run-on sentence is a sentence that joins two independent clauses without punctuation or the appropriate conjunction. A comma splice is similar to a run-on sentence or a comma splice can be accomplished in one of five different ways.The correction of a run-on sentence or a comma splice can be accomplished in one of five different ways.

1. Separate the clauses into two sentences.

2. Replace the comma with a semi colon.

3. Replace the comma with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, or/nor, so) 4. Replace the comma with an appropriate subordinating conjunction (after, although, before, unless, as, because, even though, if, since, until, when, while) 5. Replace the comma with a semicolon and transitional word/conjunctive adverb (however, moreover, on the other hand, nevertheless, instead, also, therefore, consequently, otherwise, as a result) Example: 

Incorrect: The cave goddess is a goddess of river and river and rain, she is also a goddess of field and grain.



Correct: The cave goddess is a goddess of river and rain. She is also a goddess of field and rain.



Correct: The cave goddess is a goddess of river and rain; she is also a goddess of field and grain.



Correct: The cave goddess is a goddess of river and rain; moreover, she is also a goddess of field and grain.

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Activity 1

Read the following sentences; if the sentence is correct, mark ―C‖. Correct in two different ways any run-on sentence you find.

1. The lady stood up majestically and confronted the intruder; she showed a terrible look in her eyes. ________________________________________________________________ 2. The intruder bowed low; he prayed for her pardon; he withdrew from her presence. ________________________________________________________________ 3. The priestess wanted the gold mines protected; she promised a reward for their preservation. ________________________________________________________________ 4. Juan de Salcedo died young; he left the conquest of the north unfinished. ________________________________________________________________ 5. Men and gods once lived together in harmony, the gods departed when men became greedy, selfish, vain, and violent. ________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3

Converting Direct to Indirect Discourse

THE WOLF Guy de Maupassant This is what the old Marquis d'Arville told us after St. Hubert's dinner at the house of the Baron des Ravels.

We had killed a stag that day. The marquis was the only one of the guests who had not taken part in this chase. He never hunted.

During that long repast we had talked about hardly anything but the slaughter of animals. The ladies themselves were interested in bloody and exaggerated tales, and the orators imitated the attacks and the combats of men against beasts, raised their arms, romanced in a thundering voice.

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M. d Arville talked well, in a certain flowery, high-sounding, but effective style. He must have told this story frequently, for he told it fluently, never hesitating for words, choosing them with skill to make his description vivid.

Gentlemen, I have never hunted, neither did my father, nor my grandfather, nor my great-grandfather. This last was the son of a man who hunted more than all of you put together. He died in 1764. I will tell you the story of his death.

His name was Jean. He was married, father of that child who became my greatgrandfather, and he lived with his younger brother, Francois d'Arville, in our castle in Lorraine, in the midst of the forest.

Francois d'Arville had remained a bachelor for love of the chase.

They both hunted from one end of the year to the other, without stopping and seemingly without fatigue. They loved only hunting, understood nothing else, talked only of that, lived only for that.

They had at heart that one passion, which was terrible and inexorable. It consumed them, had completely absorbed them, leaving room for no other thought.

They had given orders that they should not be interrupted in the chase for any reason whatever. My great-grandfather was born while his father was following a fox, and Jean d'Arville did not stop the chase, but exclaimed: "The deuce! The rascal might have waited till after the view- halloo!"

His brother Franqois was still more infatuated. On rising he went to see the dogs, then the horses, then he shot little birds about the castle until the time came to hunt some large game.

In the countryside they were called M. le Marquis and M. le Cadet, the nobles then not being at all like the chance nobility of our time, which wishes to establish an hereditary hierarchy in titles; for the son of a marquis is no more a count, nor the son of a viscount a baron, than a son of a general is a colonel by birth. But the contemptible vanity of today finds profit in that arrangement.

My ancestors were unusually tall, bony, hairy, violent and vigorous. The younger, still taller than the older, had a voice so strong that, according to a legend of which he was proud, all the leaves of the forest shook when he shouted.

When they were both mounted to set out hunting, it must have been a superb sight to see those two giants straddling their huge horses.

Now, toward the midwinter of that year, 1764, the frosts were excessive, and the wolves became ferocious. They even attacked belated peasants, roamed at night outside the houses, howled from sunset to sunrise, and robbed the stables. And soon a rumor began to circulate. People talked of a colossal wolf with gray fur, almost white, Young Ji International School / College

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who had eaten two children, gnawed off a woman's arm, strangled all the watch dogs in the district, and even come without fear into the farmyards. The people in the houses affirmed that they had felt his breath, and that it made the flame of the lights flicker. And soon a panic ran through all the province. No one dared go out any more after nightfall.

The darkness seemed haunted by the image of the beast.

The brothers d'Arville determined to find and kill him, and several times they brought together all the gentlemen of the country to a great hunt.

They beat the forests and searched the coverts in vain; they never met him. They killed wolves, but not that one. And every night after a battue the beast, as if to avenge himself, attacked some traveller or killed some one's cattle, always far from the place where they had looked for him.

Finally, one night he stole into the pigpen of the Chateau d'Arville and ate the two fattest pigs.

The brothers were roused to anger, considering this attack as a direct insult and a defiance. They took their strong bloodhounds, used to pursue dangerous animals, and they set off to hunt, their hearts filled with rage. From dawn until the hour when the empurpled sun descended behind the great naked trees, they beat the woods without finding anything. At last, furious and disgusted, both were returning, walking their horses along a lane bordered with hedges, and they marvelled that their skill as huntsmen should be baffled by this wolf, and they were suddenly seized with a mysterious fear. The elder said: "That beast is not an ordinary one. You would say it had a mind like a man." The younger answered: "Perhaps we should have a bullet blessed by our cousin, the bishop, or pray some priest to pronounce the words which are needed."

Then they were silent. Jean continued: "Look how red the sun is. The great wolf will do some harm to-night." He had hardly finished speaking when his horse reared; that of Franqois began to kick. A large thicket covered with dead leaves opened before them, and a mammoth beast, entirely gray, jumped up and ran off through the wood.

Both uttered a kind of grunt of joy, and bending over the necks of their heavy horses, they threw them forward with an impulse from all their body, hurling them on at such a pace, urging them, hurrying them away, exciting them so with voice and with gesture and with spur that the experienced riders seemed to be carrying the heavy beasts between 4 their thighs and to bear them off as if they were flying. Thus they went, plunging through the thickets, dashing across the beds of streams, climbing the hillsides, descending the gorges, and blowing the horn as loud as they could to attract their people and the dogs. And now, suddenly, in that mad race, my ancestor struck his Young Ji International School / College

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forehead against an enormous branch which split his skull; and he fell dead on the ground, while his frightened horse took himself off, disappearing in the gloom which enveloped the woods. The younger d'Arville stopped quick, leaped to the earth, seized his brother in his arms, and saw that the brains were escaping from the wound with the blood.

Then he sat down beside the body, rested the head, disfigured and red, on his knees, and waited, regarding the immobile face of his elder brother. Little by little a fear possessed him, a strange fear which he had never felt before, the fear of the dark, the fear of loneliness, the fear of the deserted wood, and the fear also of the weird wolf who had just killed his brother to avenge himself upon them both.

The gloom thickened; the acute cold made the trees crack. Francois got up, shivering, unable to remain there longer, feeling himself growing faint. Nothing was to be heard, neither the voice of the dogs nor the sound of the horns-all was silent along the invisible horizon; and this mournful silence of the frozen night had something about it terrific and strange. He seized in his immense hands the great body of Jean, straightened it, and laid it across the saddle to carry it back to the chateau; then he went on his way softly, his mind troubled as if he were in a stupor, pursued by horrible and fear-giving images.

And all at once, in the growing darkness a great shape crossed his path. It was the beast. A shock of terror shook the hunter; something cold, like a drop of water, seemed to glide down his back, and, like a monk haunted of the devil, he made a great sign of the cross, dismayed at this abrupt return of the horrible prowler. But his eyes fell again on the inert body before him, and passing abruptly from fear to anger, he shook with an indescribable rage. Then he spurred his horse and rushed after the wolf.

He followed it through the copses, the ravines, and the tall trees, traversing woods which he no longer recognized, his eyes fixed on the white speck which fled before him through the night. His horse also seemed animated by a force and strength hitherto unknown. It galloped straight ahead with outstretched neck, striking against trees, and rocks, the head and the feet of the dead man thrown across the saddle. The limbs tore out his hair; the brow, beating the huge trunks, spattered them with blood; the spurs tore their ragged coats of bark. Suddenly the beast and the horseman issued from the forest and rushed into a valley, just as the moon appeared above the mountains.

The valley here was stony, inclosed by enormous rocks.

Francois then uttered a yell of joy which the echoes repeated like a peal of thunder, and he leaped from his horse, his cutlass in his hand.

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The beast, with bristling hair, the back arched, awaited him, its eyes gleaming like two stars. But, before beginning battle, the strong hunter, seizing his brother, seated him on a rock, and, placing stones under his head, which was no more than a mass of blood, he shouted in the ears as if he was talking to a deaf man: "Look, Jean; look at this!"

Then he attacked the monster. He felt himself strong enough to overturn a mountain, to bruise stones in his hands. The beast tried to bite him, aiming for his stomach; but he had seized the fierce animal by the neck, without even using his weapon, and he strangled it gently, listening to the cessation of breathing in its throat and the beatings of its heart. He laughed, wild with joy, pressing closer and closer his formidable embrace, crying in a delirium of joy, "Look, Jean, look!" All resistance ceased; the body of the wolf became limp. He was dead.

Franqois took him up in his arms and carried him to the feet of the elder brother, where he laid him, repeating, in a tender voice: "There, there, there, my little Jean, see him!" Then he replaced on the saddle the two bodies, one upon the other, and rode away. He returned to the chateau, laughing and crying, like Gargantua at the birth of Pantagruel, uttering shouts of triumph, and boisterous with joy as he related the death of the beast, and grieving and tearing his beard in telling of that of his brother.

And often, later, when he talked again of that day, he would say, with tears in his eyes: "If only poor Jean could have seen me strangle the beast, he would have died content, that I am sure!" The widow of my ancestor inspired her orphan son with that horror of the chase which has transmitted itself from father to son as far down as myself.

The Marquis d'Arville was silent. Some one asked: "That story is a legend, isn't it?" And the story teller answered: "I swear to you that it is true from beginning to end."

Then a lady declared, in a little, soft voice "All the same, it is fine to have passions like that."

REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. What could be the motivation of the marquis in telling with vivid descriptions and flowery language the story of the obsession for hunting of his ancestors? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What impelled the brother hunters to search and kill the wolf? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What led the two hunters to believe that the wolf had the mind of a man? ___________________________________________________________________ Young Ji International School / College

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4. Do you share the view that the wolf aimed to maim and destroy in order to retaliate and take revenge? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What could be the reason for somebody to ask if the story told by the marquis was a legend? ___________________________________________________________________ Converting Direct to Indirect Discourse A speaker or writer may find the use of direct discourse appropriate at certain times. In other instances the use of indirect discourse may be preferred. It is, therefore, important to know how to proceed with the conversion which involves the necessary changes in tense and pronoun usage.

Study the following examples of changing direct to indirect discourse.

Example 1 Direct Discourse:

Somebody remarked, ― The story is a legend.‖

Indirect Discourse: Somebody remarked that the story was a legend.

Example 2 Direct Discourse:

―we’ve had an accident!‖ somebody screamed.

Indirect Discourse: Somebody screamed that they had had an accident.

Indirect discourse repeats the actual words of the speaker without the quotation marks and the comma or the exclamation mark; instead, the conjunction that is used to introduce the indirect statement. The tense of the direct discourse is change according to the following rules. a. Change the simple present to simple past (example 1: from is to was) b. Change present perfect to the past perfect tense. (example 2: from have had to had had) Activity:

Convert the following sentences to indirect course.

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1. The researcher averred, ―Young people are more inclined to work for social transformation than their counterparts decades ago.‖ ________________________________________________________________ 2. A journalist in the panel concurred, ―Selfless young men demonstrated exemplary heroism before they lost their lives in attempts to save more lives during the floods.‖ ________________________________________________________________ ―A good number of young people expressed their anxiety about a very uncertain future,‖ the researcher further reported. ________________________________________________________________ 3. An economist affirmed, ―The anxiety can be due to the widening income gap.‖ ________________________________________________________________ 4. ―Our skewed justice system has bred all the cynicism,‖ a sociologist glumly asserted. ________________________________________________________________

Lesson 4

Compound Complements

A Very Old Man Enormous Wings Gabriel Garcia Marquez On the third day of rain they had killed so many crabs inside the house that Pelayo had to cross his drenched courtyard and throw them into the sea, because the newborn child had a temperature all night and they thought it was due to the stench.

The world had been sad since Tuesday. Sea and sky were a single ash-gray thing and the sands of the beach, which on March nights glimmered like powdered light, had become a stew of mud and rotten shellfish. The light was so weak at noon that when Pelayo was coming back to the house after throwing away the crabs, it was hard for him to see what it was that was moving and groaning in the rear of the courtyard. He had to go very close to see that it was an old man, a very old man, lying face down in the mud, who, in spite of his tremendous efforts, couldn’t get up, impeded by his enormous wings.

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Frightened by that nightmare, Pelayo ran to get Elisenda, his wife, who was putting compresses on the sick child, and he took her to the rear of the courtyard. They both looked at the fallen body with a mute stupor. He was dressed like a ragpicker.

There were only a few faded hairs left on his bald skull and very few teeth in his mouth, and his pitiful condition of a drenched great-grandfather took away any sense of grandeur he might have had. His huge buzzard wings, dirty and half-plucked, were forever entangled in the mud. They looked at him so long and so closely that Pelayo and Elisenda very soon overcame their surprise and in the end found him familiar. Then they dared speak to him, and he answered in an incomprehensible dialect with a strong sailor’s voice. That was how they skipped over the inconvenience of the wings and quite intelligently concluded that he was a lonely castaway from some foreign ship wrecked by the storm. And yet, they called in a neighbor woman who knew everything about life and death to see him, and all she needed was one look to show them their mistake. ―He’s an angel,‖ she told them. ―He must have been coming for the child, but the poor fellow is so old that the rain knocked him down.‖ On the following day everyone knew that a flesh-and-blood angel was held captive in Pelayo’s house. Against the judgment of the wise neighbor woman, for whom angels in those times were the fugitive survivors of a celestial conspiracy, they did not have the heart to club him to death. Pelayo watched over him all afternoon from the kitchen, armed with his bailiff’s club, and before going to bed he dragged him out of the mud and locked him up with the hens in the wire chicken coop. In the middle of the night, when the rain stopped, Pelayo and Elisenda were still killing crabs. A short time afterward the child woke up without a fever and with a desire to eat. Then they felt magnanimous and decided to put the angel on a raft with fresh water and provisions for three days and leave him to his fate on the high seas. But when they went out into the courtyard with the first light of dawn, they found the whole neighborhood in front of the chicken coop having fun with the angel, without the slightest reverence, tossing him things to eat through the openings in the wire as if he weren’t a supernatural creature but a circus animal.

Father Gonzaga arrived before seven o’clock, alarmed at the strange news. By that time onlookers less frivolous than those at dawn had already arrived and they were making all kinds of conjectures concerning the captive’s future. The simplest among them thought that he should be named mayor of the world. Others of sterner mind felt that he should be promoted to the rank of five-star general in order to win all wars.

Some visionaries hoped that he could be put to stud in order to implant the earth a race of winged wise men who could take charge of the universe. But Father Gonzaga, before becoming a priest, had been a robust woodcutter. Standing by the wire, he reviewed his Young Ji International School / College

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catechism in an instant and asked them to open the door so that he could take a close look at that pitiful man who looked more like a huge decrepit hen among the fascinated chickens. He was lying in the corner drying his open wings in the sunlight among the fruit peels and breakfast leftovers that the early risers had thrown him. Alien to the impertinences of the world, he only lifted his antiquarian eyes and murmured something in his dialect when Father Gonzaga went into the chicken coop and said good morning to him in Latin. The parish priest had his first suspicion of an imposter when he saw that he did not understand the language of God or know how to greet His ministers. Then he noticed that seen close up he was much too human: he had an unbearable smell of the outdoors, the back side of his wings was strewn with parasites and his main feathers had been mistreated by terrestrial winds, and nothing about him measured up to the proud dignity of angels. Then he came out of the chicken coop and in a brief sermon warned the curious against the risks of being ingenuous. He reminded them that the devil had the bad habit of making use of carnival tricks in order to confuse the unwary.

He argued that if wings were not the essential element in determining the different between a hawk and an airplane, they were even less so in the recognition of angels.

Nevertheless, he promised to write a letter to his bishop so that the latter would write his primate so that the latter would write to the Supreme Pontiff in order to get the final verdict from the highest courts.

His prudence fell on sterile hearts. The news of the captive angel spread with such rapidity that after a few hours the courtyard had the bustle of a marketplace and they had to call in troops with fixed bayonets to disperse the mob that was about to knock the house down. Elisenda, her spine all twisted from sweeping up so much marketplace trash, then got the idea of fencing in the yard and charging five cents admission to see the angel.

The curious came from far away. A traveling carnival arrived with a flying acrobat who buzzed over the crowd several times, but no one paid any attention to him because his wings were not those of an angel but, rather, those of a sidereal bat. The most unfortunate invalids on earth came in search of health: a poor woman who since childhood has been counting her heartbeats and had run out of numbers; a Portuguese man who couldn’t sleep because the noise of the stars disturbed him; a sleepwalker who got up at night to undo the things he had done while awake; and many others with less serious ailments. In the midst of that shipwreck disorder that made the earth tremble, Pelayo and Elisenda were happy with fatigue, for in less than a week they had crammed their rooms with money and the line of pilgrims waiting their turn to enter still reached beyond the horizon.

The angel was the only one who took no part in his own act. He spent his time trying to get comfortable in his borrowed nest, befuddled by the hellish heat of the oil Young Ji International School / College

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lamps and sacramental candles that had been placed along the wire. At first they tried to make him eat some mothballs, which, according to the wisdom of the wise neighbor woman, were the food prescribed for angels. But he turned them down, just as he turned down the papal lunches that the pentinents brought him, and they never found out whether it was because he was an angel or because he was an old man that in the end ate nothing but eggplant mush. His only supernatural virtue seemed to be patience.

Especially during the first days, when the hens pecked at him, searching for the stellar parasites that proliferated in his wings, and the cripples pulled out feathers to touch their defective parts with, and even the most merciful threw stones at him, trying to get him to rise so they could see him standing. The only time they succeeded in arousing him was when they burned his side with an iron for branding steers, for he had been motionless for so many hours that they thought he was dead. He awoke with a start, ranting in his hermetic language and with tears in his eyes, and he flapped his wings a couple of times, which brought on a whirlwind of chicken dung and lunar dust and a gale of panic that did not seem to be of this world. Although many thought that his reaction had not been one of rage but of pain, from then on they were careful not to annoy him, because the majority understood that his passivity was not that of a hero taking his ease but that of a cataclysm in repose.

Father Gonzaga held back the crowd’s frivolity with formulas of maidservant inspiration while awaiting the arrival of a final judgment on the nature of the captive. But the mail from Rome showed no sense of urgency. They spent their time finding out if the prisoner had a navel, if his dialect had any connection with Aramaic, how many times he could fit on the head of a pin, or whether he wasn’t just a Norwegian with wings. Those meager letters might have come and gone until the end of time if a providential event had not put and end to the priest’s tribulations.

It so happened that during those days, among so many other carnival attractions, there arrived in the town the traveling show of the woman who had been changed into a spider for having disobeyed her parents. The admission to see her was not only less than the admission to see the angel, but people were permitted to ask her all manner of questions about her absurd state and to examine her up and down so that no one would ever doubt the truth of her horror. She was a frightful tarantula the size of a ram and with the head of a sad maiden. What was most heartrending, however, was not her outlandish shape but the sincere affliction with which she recounted the details of her misfortune. While still practically a child she had sneaked out of her parents’ house to go to a dance, and while she was coming back through the woods after having danced all night without permission, a fearful thunderclap rent the sky in two and through the crack came the lightning bolt of brimstone that changed her into a spider. Her only nourishment came from the meatballs that charitable souls chose to toss into her Young Ji International School / College

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mouth. A spectacle like that, full of so much human truth and with such a fearful lesson, was bound to defeat without even trying that of a haughty angel who scarcely deigned to look at mortals. Besides, the few miracles attributed to the angel showed a certain mental disorder, like the blind man who didn’t recover his sight but grew three new teeth, or the paralytic who didn’t get to walk but almost won the lottery, and the leper whose sores sprouted sunflowers. Those consolation miracles, which were more like mocking fun, had already ruined the angel’s reputation when the woman who had been changed into a spider finally crushed him completely. That was how Father Gonzaga was cured forever of his insomnia and Pelayo’s courtyard went back to being as empty as during the time it had rained for three days and crabs walked through the bedrooms.

The owners of the house had no reason to lament. With the money they saved they built a two-story mansion with balconies and gardens and high netting so that crabs wouldn’t get in during the winter, and with iron bars on the windows so that angels wouldn’t get in. Pelayo also set up a rabbit warren close to town and gave up his job as a bailiff for good, and Elisenda bought some satin pumps with high heels and many dresses of iridescent silk, the kind worn on Sunday by the most desirable women in those times. The chicken coop was the only thing that didn’t receive any attention. If they washed it down with creolin and burned tears of myrrh inside it every so often, it was not in homage to the angel but to drive away the dungheap stench that still hung everywhere like a ghost and was turning the new house into an old one. At first, when the child learned to walk, they were careful that he not get too close to the chicken coop. But then they began to lose their fears and got used to the smell, and before they child got his second teeth he’d gone inside the chicken coop to play, where the wires were falling apart. The angel was no less standoffish with him than with the other mortals, but he tolerated the most ingenious infamies with the patience of a dog who had no illusions. They both came down with the chicken pox at the same time.

The doctor who took care of the child couldn’t resist the temptation to listen to the angel’s heart, and he found so much whistling in the heart and so many sounds in his kidneys that it seemed impossible for him to be alive. What surprised him most, however, was the logic of his wings. They seemed so natural on that completely human organism that he couldn’t understand why other men didn’t have them too.

When the child began school it had been some time since the sun and rain had caused the collapse of the chicken coop. The angel went dragging himself about here and there like a stray dying man. They would drive him out of the bedroom with a broom and a moment later find him in the kitchen. He seemed to be in so many places at the same time that they grew to think that he’d be duplicated, that he was reproducing himself all through the house, and the exasperated and unhinged Elisenda shouted that it was awful living in that hell full of angels. He could scarcely eat and his antiquarian Young Ji International School / College

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eyes had also become so foggy that he went about bumping into posts. All he had left were the bare cannulae of his last feathers. Pelayo threw a blanket over him and extended him the charity of letting him sleep in the shed, and only then did they notice that he had a temperature at night, and was delirious with the tongue twisters of an old Norwegian. That was one of the few times they became alarmed, for they thought he was going to die and not even the wise neighbor woman had been able to tell them what to do with dead angels.

And yet he not only survived his worst winter, but seemed improved with the first sunny days. He remained motionless for several days in the farthest corner of the courtyard, where no one would see him, and at the beginning of December some large, stiff feathers began to grow on his wings, the feathers of a scarecrow, which looked more like another misfortune of decreptitude. But he must have known the reason for those changes, for he was quite careful that no one should notice them, that no one should hear the sea chanteys that he sometimes sang under the stars. One morning Elisenda was cutting some bunches of onions for lunch when a wind that seemed to come from the high seas blew into the kitchen. Then she went to the window and caught the angel in his first attempts at flight. They were so clumsy that his fingernails opened a furrow in the vegetable patch and he was on the point of knocking the shed down with the ungainly flapping that slipped on the light and couldn’t get a grip on the air. But he did manage to gain altitude. Elisenda let out a sigh of relief, for herself and for him, when she watched him pass over the last houses, holding himself up in some way with the risky flapping of a senile vulture. She kept watching him even when she was through cutting the onions and she kept on watching until it was no longer possible for her to see him, because then he was no longer an annoyance in her life but an imaginary dot on the horizon of the sea.

REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Identify the personages characterized by the author. ___________________________________________________________________ 2. How wise and kind in the neighbor woman? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the old man. ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Discuss the symbolic significance of the title. ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What follies of human nature are highlighted in the story? ___________________________________________________________________ Young Ji International School / College

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Compound Complements A simple sentence can be expanded through the use of compound complements.

There can be two or more subject complements (predicate nouns and predicate adjectives), direct objects, indirect objects, or objective complements.

Examples 1. The true leader is purposeful, soulful, and passionate (compound predicate adjectives) about his/her work.

2. He/she can be an organizer, a motivator, and a supporter (compound predicate noun) of his/her followers’ untiring efforts.

Activity: Direct Objects Exercise: Identify the direct objects in each of the following sentences.

1. No one heard the announcement on the radio.

2. His nephew searched closets, drawers, and cupboards for the will.

3. Torches lit the tunnels in the gloomy mine shaft.

4. Amy’s mother invited most of her friends and relatives to the party.

5. The dog guarded his sleeping mistress and her sick child.

6. The mob threw rotten fruits and vegetables at the well-dressed duke.

7. Jackals gnaw bones with their powerful jaws.

Activity: Direct and Indirect Objects and Objects of Prepositions Exercise: Identify the direct object in each of the following sentences (each sentence has a direct object). Also identify the indirect objects (not in all sentences) and objects of prepositions (not in all sentences).

1. Trading vessels brought people exotic spices.

2. Our committee distributed fliers to our neighbors.

3. Mr. Hinkle taught Harriet and Alberta a good lesson.

4. Please bring the children and me some ice cream.

5. The Constitution guarantees freedom to all.

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6. She sold her home for very little profit.

7. When will Lena tell him the truth?

8. Higher education gives men and women better opportunities.

9. Lucille made herself some hot chocolate.

10. The article had a message for cigarette smokers.

Activity: Objective Complements Exercise: Identify the objective complements in each of the following sentences.

1. The neighborhood bully considered Martin a sissy.

2. A card for Father’s Day makes my dad very happy.

3. That unpleasant gentleman called me a fool and a liar.

4. The most stubborn of men, Mr. Fenston thinks other people obstinate.

5. John’s uncle makes everyone welcome.

6. His close friends nominated him master of ceremonies.

7. The ointment made the wound less red and sore.

8. Tired of the same décor, she painted the doors to the dining room pink.

9. The boss appointed Ms. Brady chairwoman of the committee.

10. Such experiences make life worthwhile.

Lesson 5

Perfect Tenses

Araby James Joyce North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' School set the boys free. An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbours in a square ground. The other

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houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.

The former tenant of our house, a priest, had died in the back drawing-room. Air, musty from having been long enclosed, hung in all the rooms, and the waste room behind the kitchen was littered with old useless papers. Among these I found a few paper-covered books, the pages of which were curled and damp: The Abbot, by Walter Scott, The Devout Communicant, and The Memoirs of Vidocq. I liked the last best because its leaves were yellow. The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple-tree and a few straggling bushes, under one of which I found the late tenant's rusty bicyclepump. He had been a very charitable priest; in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister.

When the short days of winter came, dusk fell before we had well eaten our dinners. When we met in the street the houses had grown sombre. The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed.

Our shouts echoed in the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses, where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odours arose from the ashpits, to the dark odorous stables where a coachman smoothed and combed the horse or shook music from the buckled harness. When we returned to the street, light from the kitchen windows had filled the areas. If my uncle was seen turning the corner, we hid in the shadow until we had seen him safely housed. Or if Mangan's sister came out on the doorstep to call her brother in to his tea, we watched her from our shadow peer up and down the street. We waited to see whether she would remain or go in and, if she remained, we left our shadow and walked up to Mangan's steps resignedly. She was waiting for us, her figure defined by the light from the half-opened door. Her brother always teased her before he obeyed, and I stood by the railings looking at her. Her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side.

Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlour watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen. When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped. I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. I kept her brown figure always in my eye and, when we came near the point at which our ways diverged, I quickened my pace and passed her. This happened morning after morning. I had never spoken to her, except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood.

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Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. On Saturday evenings when my aunt went marketing I had to go to carry some of the parcels. We walked through the flaring streets, jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, amid the curses of labourers, the shrill litanies of shop-boys who stood on guard by the barrels of pigs' cheeks, the nasal chanting of street-singers, who sang a come-all-you about O'Donovan Rossa, or a ballad about the troubles in our native land.

These noises converged in a single sensation of life for me: I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes. Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and praises which I myself did not understand. My eyes were often full of tears (I could not tell why) and at times a flood from my heart seemed to pour itself out into my bosom. I thought little of the future. I did not know whether I would ever speak to her or not or, if I spoke to her, how I could tell her of my confused adoration.

But my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires.

One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died. It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves and, feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: 'O love! O love!' many times.

At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar; she said she would love to go. 'And why can't you?' I asked.

While she spoke she turned a silver bracelet round and round her wrist. She could not go, she said, because there would be a retreat that week in her convent. Her brother and two other boys were fighting for their caps, and I was alone at the railings.

She held one of the spikes, bowing her head towards me. The light from the lamp opposite our door caught the white curve of her neck, lit up her hair that rested there and, falling, lit up the hand upon the railing. It fell over one side of her dress and caught the white border of a petticoat, just visible as she stood at ease.

'It's well for you,' she said. 'If I go,' I said, 'I will bring you something.' What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts after that evening! I wished to annihilate the tedious intervening days. I chafed against the work of school. At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read. The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. I asked Young Ji International School / College

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for leave to go to the bazaar on Saturday night. My aunt was surprised, and hoped it was not some Freemason affair. I answered few questions in class. I watched my master's face pass from amiability to sternness; he hoped I was not beginning to idle. I could not call my wandering thoughts together. I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me child's play, ugly monotonous child's play. On Saturday morning I reminded my uncle that I wished to go to the bazaar in the evening. He was fussing at the hallstand, looking for the hat-brush, and answered me curtly: 'Yes, boy, I know.' As he was in the hall I could not go into the front parlour and lie at the window. I felt the house in bad humour and walked slowly towards the school.

The air was pitilessly raw and already my heart misgave me. When I came home to dinner my uncle had not yet been home. Still it was early. I sat staring at the clock for some time and, when its ticking began to irritate me, I left the room. I mounted the staircase and gained the upper part of the house. The high, cold, empty, gloomy rooms liberated me and I went from room to room singing. From the front window I saw my companions playing below in the street. Their cries reached me weakened and indistinct and, leaning my forehead against the cool glass, I looked over at the dark house where she lived. I may have stood there for an hour, seeing nothing but the brown-clad figure cast by my imagination, touched discreetly by the lamplight at the curved neck, at the hand upon the railings and at the border below the dress.

When I came downstairs again I found Mrs Mercer sitting at the fire. She was an old, garrulous woman, a pawnbroker's widow, who collected used stamps for some pious purpose. I had to endure the gossip of the tea-table. The meal was prolonged beyond an hour and still my uncle did not come. Mrs Mercer stood up to go: she was sorry she couldn't wait any longer, but it was after eight o'clock and she did not like to be out late, as the night air was bad for her. When she had gone I began to walk up and down the room, clenching my fists. My aunt said: 'I'm afraid you may put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord.' At nine o'clock I heard my uncle's latchkey in the hall door. I heard him talking to himself and heard the hallstand rocking when it had received the weight of his overcoat. I could interpret these signs. When he was midway through his dinner I asked him to give me the money to go to the bazaar. He had forgotten. 'The people are in bed and after their first sleep now,' he said. I did not smile. My aunt said to him energetically: 'Can't you give him the money and let him go? You've kept him late enough as it is.'My uncle said he was very sorry he had forgotten. He said he believed in the old saying: 'All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.' He asked me where I was going and, when I told him a second time, he asked me did I know The Arab's Farewell to his Young Ji International School / College

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Steed. When I left the kitchen he was about to recite the opening lines of the piece to my aunt. I held a florin tightly in my hand as I strode down Buckingham Street towards the station. The sight of the streets thronged with buyers and glaring with gas recalled to me the purpose of my journey. I took my seat in a third-class carriage of a deserted train. After an intolerable delay the train moved out of the station slowly. It crept onward among ruinous houses and over the twinkling river. At Westland Row Station a crowd of people pressed to the carriage doors; but the porters moved them back, saying that it was a special train for the bazaar. I remained alone in the bare carriage. In a few minutes the train drew up beside an improvised wooden platform. I passed out on to the road and saw by the lighted dial of a clock that it was ten minutes to ten. In front of me was a large building which displayed the magical name.

I could not find any sixpenny entrance and, fearing that the bazaar would be closed, I passed in quickly through a turnstile, handing a shilling to a weary-looking man. I found myself in a big hall girded at half its height by a gallery. Nearly all the stalls were closed and the greater part of the hall was in darkness. I recognized a silence like that which pervades a church after a service. I walked into the centre of the bazaar timidly. A few people were gathered about the stalls which were still open. Before a curtain, over which the words CafĂŠ Chantant were written in coloured lamps, two men were counting money on a salver. I listened to the fall of the coins.

Remembering with difficulty why I had come, I went over to one of the stalls and examined porcelain vases and flowered tea-sets. At the door of the stall a young lady was talking and laughing with two young gentlemen. I remarked their English accents and listened vaguely to their conversation. 'O, I never said such a thing!' 'O, but you did!'

'O, but I didn't!' 'Didn't she say that?' 'Yes. I heard her.' 'O, there's a... fib!'

Observing me, the young lady came over and asked me did I wish to buy anything. The tone of her voice was not encouraging; she seemed to have spoken to me out of a sense of duty. I looked humbly at the great jars that stood like eastern guards at either side of the dark entrance to the stall and murmured: 'No, thank you.' The young lady changed the position of one of the vases and went back to the two young men. They began to talk of the same subject. Once or twice the young lady glanced at me over her shoulder. I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make my interest in her wares seem the more real. Then I turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar. I allowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice call from one end of the gallery that the light was out. The upper part of the hall was now completely dark.

Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.

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REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. How does the description of the setting of the story in the opening paragraph set the mood of the story? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What may be inferred by the narrator living with his uncle and aunt? Does the narrator hold his uncle in high regard? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the significance of the mention of street singers singing, a ballad about the problems of their land? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Why was the boy disappointed in seeing Araby? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What could be the intention of the girl in talking to the boy about going to the human? ___________________________________________________________________

Perfect Tenses Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense indicates an action that has happened at an indefinite time in the past or that has begun in the past and continues in the present. This tense is formed by has/have + the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in –ed.

Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

Examples 1. Medical researchers have labored long and hard in search of more effective medicines.

2. The economy has markedly improved since the election of a new president.

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Past Perfect Tense Past perfect tense indicates an action that took place in the past before another past before another past action. This tense is formed by had + the past participle of the verb.

Examples 1. By the time her children arrived, the mother had finished her chores.

2. The highly-focused student had completed her essay when the bell rang.

Future Perfect Tense Future perfect tense indicates an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by will have + the past participle of the verb.

Examples 1. By the time the deadline comes, the conscientious student will have spent long hours completing her extended essay.

2. We shall have done all preparations when the entourage comes.

Present Perfect Progressive Present perfect progressive tense indicates an action that has begun in the, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by has/have been + the present participle of the verb (-ing verb form).

1. The school has been considering an aggressive enrichment program for gifted students.

2. A number of students have been dreaming of studying in top foreign universities.

Past Perfect Progressive

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Past perfect progressive tense indicates a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by had been + the present perfect of the verb (-ing verb form).

Examples 1. Before the semester ended, the students had been participating in creative social outreach with the theme ―Sharing our humanity‖ 2. The volunteers had been working all day when more donations came in.

Future Perfect Progressive Future progressive tense indicates a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by will have been + the present participle of the verb (-ing verb form).

Examples 1. By the year 2020, the Philippines will have been producing more food for every home.

2. By then, we Filipinos shall have been reversing the flow of overseas foreign workers.

Activity 1

Write new sentences using the indicated perfect tenses of the verbs.

1. (present perfect tense) Filipino inventors gain greater recognition. ___________________________________ 2. (past perfect tense) Gawad Kalinga earns much support. ______________________________ 3. (future perfect tense) More and more young people volunteer for Habitat for Humanity projects. _____________________________________________________________ 4. (present perfect progressive) Achievement motivated people to pursue their dreams passionately. ________________________________________________________ Young Ji International School / College

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5. (past perfect progressive) The young man nurtures big dreams. ______________________________ 6. (future perfect progressive) Success calls for great sacrifices. ___________________________

Lesson 6

Active and Passive Voices

Theseus's Birth

Theseus

Once there was a young boy named Theseus. Nobody knew who his father was, for both King Aegeus of Athens and Poseidon had been fond of his mother Aethra. Right before Theseus was born Aegeus said to Aethra, "If we shall have a son, when he is old enough tell him to lift this rock and take my sword and sandals from under it." Then Aegeus placed both his sword and his sandals under a large boulder and then set sail for Athens.

Now this all happened in a small town called Troezen where Theseus grew into a strong young man. When Aethra thought it was time she took Theseus to the large boulder and told him to lift it. Theseus wrapped his mighty arms around the boulder lifted it as if it were paper. Then he threw the boulder into a nearby forest. Aethra then told him to take the sword and sandals and go to Athens.

Theseus Journeys to Athens Aethra and her father begged Theseus to go to Athens by sea, for horrible robbers and bandits inhabited the road, but Theseus was bold and went overland. After a few miles he met a large man with a shiny club. "I am Periphetes the cudgel man and I'm going to bash you're head with this club," he said. "That's a mighty fine club you have there," replied Theseus.

"Pure brass." "I bet it isn't." "Yes it is." "It's just wood wrapped in brass." "Here, look at it to make sure."

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Periphetes handed the club to Theseus. Theseus knocked Periphetes in the side of the head with it. "Not bad," thought Theseus, "not bad at all. I think I'll keep this.

Theseus started walking again. Not much farther he saw giant man holding a battle-ax on the side of the road. "I am Sciron and these are my cliffs. To pass you must wash my feet as a toll!" the man said. "What would happen if I didn't?" replied Theseus. "I will chop of your head with this ax, and don't think that puny little twig you're carrying will save you, you're absolutely...WRONG!!!!" Sciron yelled. So Theseus sat down and started to wash Sciron's feet. Theseus looked over the side of the cliff, there was a monstrous turtle at the bottom. Then Theseus knew that this was the Sciron that kicked people off the cliff where a man-eating turtle waited. When Sciron's foot came towards him, Theseus jerked aside and hurled Sciron off the cliff.

Theseus walked a ways longer until he saw a man that looked remarkably like Sciron.

The man said, "Could you do me a favor young man? Hold this pine tree down for me."

The man's name was Sinis the pine-bender. Sinis bent a pine tree down and waited for Theseus to hold the tree down with him. Then Sinis let go! He was expecting Theseus to be catapulted in the air, but Theseus held it down. Sinis stooped down to get a better look at the tree, thinking that it had broken. Theseus let go of the tree. It hit Sinis in the chin knocking him unconscious. Theseus then tied Sinis' legs to one bent pine tree, his arms to another. Then Theseus let go, the trees ripped Sinis in half. Vultures screamed with delight.

Theseus went on his way again. After a few miles it got dark. Theseus saw a large house up ahead of him. He decided to ask the owner for a bed for the night. He walked up to the door and knocked. A man came to the door and said, "Welcome young man.

Come in, you look tired. My name is Procustes. I have a magic bed for you to stay the night on. It is exactly six feet long, but can fit anyone, be they short or tall." Theseus had been warned about a man named Procustes. His so called "magic" bed did fit anyone, but in an unpleasant way. If you were to short he would fasten chains on to your arms and legs and stretch you. If you were too tall he would chop of your legs until you were just right. Procustes led Theseus into the room where the bed was. Theseus pushed Procustes on to the bed and chopped off his legs. So Procustes wouldn't feel pain Theseus sliced his head off to.

Theseus Recognized The next morning Theseus reached Athens. It was the largest city he had ever seen. He went to the castle where Aegeus lived. Aegeus had married Medea who (being a sorceress) had him under her power. With her powers Medea recognized Theseus and knew that he would get rid of her. So she told Aegeus that Theseus had come to kill him Young Ji International School / College

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and that she would give Theseus poisoned wine. Aegeus-not knowing that Theseus was his son-agreed. Aegeus invited Theseus to a banquet. When Theseus was just about to drink his wine Aegeus recognized the sword and dashed the wine cup to the floor. Theseus and Aegeus were filled with happiness. Medea left in a chariot drawn by dragons.

Theseus Journeys to Minos Theseus and Aegeus were happy for a long time, but when the time of the spring equinox came all the Athenians became mournful as a ship with black sail approached Athens. Theseus begged his father to tell him why the Athenians were sad, but Aegeus said nothing.

Theseus went down to the harbor and asked the captain of the black-sailed ship what was happening. The captain told him about how King Minos of Crete's eldest son Androgeus had accidentally been killed in Athens. Minos was very angry. He attacked Athens and demanded that the Athenians pay a yearly tribute of seven young man and seven young women to be fed to the Minotaur. The Minotaur was half man and half bull.

It lived in the Labyrinth, a large maze that once one is in he or she will be aimlessly lost in it's many tunnels.

Theseus went back to Aegeus and said, "I will go to Crete as one of the victims and I will slay the Minotaur!" "No my son," said Aegeus, "you mustn't go. You are my only son. The only heir to the throne." "I must go father. I must prove that I am a hero." said Theseus. In the end Aegeus let Theseus go, but made him promise that if he return alive, to change the sails from black to white. So Theseus volunteered to go as one of the fourteen victims.

When Theseus and his companions landed at Crete, Minos was there to welcome them.

He asked each who they were. When it came to Theseus' turn he said, "I am Theseus, prince of Athens, son of Poseidon!" To this Minos replied, "If you were the prince of Athens wouldn't old Aegeus be your father. To prove you are son of Poseidon fetch my ring." Minos threw his ring into the sea. Praying to Poseidon Theseus dived into the water. He saw the nymph Thetis who gave him the ring and an old crown. Theseus came to the surface holding the ring and the crown. Minos laughed.

That night Theseus was visited by Minos' daughter Ariadne. She said to him, "Theseus, I have decided to help you kill the Minotaur if you will take me back to Athens and make me your queen." Theseus was glad of the help and promised to Ariadne that he would take her back to Athens. She gave Theseus a ball of silk thread and told him to tie it to

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the entrance of the Labyrinth and unwind it as he went. The string would lead him back to the entrance.

The next day Theseus and his companions were forced into the Labyrinth. Theseus tied the string onto a rock and told everyone to follow him. He led them towards the center of the Labyrinth where the Minotaur was. When they got there they saw the beast sleeping. Theseus jumped on it and ripped of one of it's horns. Theseus started poking at the Minotaur (who was very angry) with the horn. Then Theseus ran to a safer distance and threw the horn like a javelin. The horn ripped into the monsters neck and stuck there. The Minotaur now enraged charged at Theseus, but fell dead before it was half way. Everyone cheered. Theseus was a hero! They followed the thread back to the entrance of the Labyrinth.

Theseus, Ariadne, and the others went on board the black-sailed ship and set sail for Athens. One night the god Dionysus came to Theseus and said, "You mustn't marry Princess Ariadne for I have chosen her as my own bride. Leave her on the island of Naxos." Theseus did as the god told him. He was so sad, he forgot to change the sails from black to white. Old Aegeus sat on a cliff watching and waiting for Theseus to come, but when he saw the black sails he jumped into the sea. That fatal stretch of water was named after him. It still is called the Aegean. http://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/The_Myths/Theseus_Adventures/theseus_adventures.html

REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. What does the saying ―nothing without Theseus‖ imply? ___________________________________________________________________ 2. What was the first test of manhood for Theseus? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. How did Aegeus intend to kill Theseus? ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Why and how did Ariadne help Theseus in his intent against the Minotaur? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. How did Theseus prove to be a good friend to Oedipus and Hercules? ___________________________________________________________________

Active and Passive Voices Verbs may be either active or passive in voice.

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Active: The teacher approved his research proposal.

Passive: His research proposal was approved by the teacher.

In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is neither a do-er or a be-er but is acted upon by some other agent or by something unnamed.

The passive voice is particularly useful in two situations – 1. When it is more important to draw our attention to the person or thing acted upon.

Example: The hefty bonus to be released immediately was approved by the President.

2. When the actor in the situation is not important. Example: The meteor shower can be seen for many hours.

The passive voice is especially helpful in scientific or technical writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process or principle being described is of ultimate importance.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions.

Activity: Rewrite the following sentences by changing the voice of the verb from active to passive.

1. Generosity and goodwill will save the destitute and the sick.

2. The President’s agenda for action prioritize support for education.

3. The young orator delivered an impassioned speech on integrity.

4. Fellow students gave the speaker high marks.

5. The cultural minorities appreciated the visitors’ gestures of support.

Activity: Rewrite the following sentences by changing the voice of the verb from passive to active Young Ji International School / College

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1. The protection of the environment was emphasized in the forum.

2. The award-winning short story was penned by an unknown writer.

3. A new ―miracle rice‖ was announced by the International Rice Research Institute.

4. Manny Pacquiao was referred to by a major daily newspaper as ―eighth wonder of the world.‖ 5. Fresh difficulties are created by the wise.

Lesson 7

Understanding the Types and Elements of Drama Introduction to Drama

Drama means ―action‖ or ―deed‖ (from the Greek word dram which means ―to do‖). We use drama as synonym for plays, but the word has several meanings. It refers to a single play or to the work of a playwright or to a body of plays written in a particular time or place. In a more familiar sense, drama refers to a series of events that cause excitement. ―Dramatic‖ usually implies suspense, tension, and conflict.

Drama exists in written form and may be read or acted on stage. A play intended to be read but acted is called a closet drama.

A play may be written wholly or partly in poetry as in Shakespeare’s plays in which he used a poetic measure, blank verse ( unrhymed iambic pentameter), or it may be written wholly in prose which is the case of most contemporary or modern plays. A drama can, therefore, be classified as poetic drama or prose drama.

There are two basic modes in drama: tragedy and comedy.

Tragedy concerns serious actions which turn out unhappily for the main character, whereas comedy represents change from unhappiness to happiness.

There are other subdivisions of drama. Farce is exaggerated comedy of ludicrous situations and characters freely manipulated to make a point or to just to get laughs from the audience How to Read a Play come alive before your eyes. When you read a play, you must imagine, from the playwrights description, the place in which the events happen, what happens there, and how the characters look and act. In short, you must produce the play in your head. Making a play come to life as you read it may seem like a miracle, but you can do it if you know and use your imagination.

Reading a play can never offer you the same experience as seeing one acted out. When you see a play, the scenery, costumes, and actors make the play

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Lesson 8

Adverbial Clauses Adverbial Clauses

An adverbial clause functions in a sentence in much the same way that one-word adverbs and adverbial phrases do.

An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, adverb, or verbal by pointing out where, when, how, (what manner, to what extent, under what conditions) or why.

An adverbial clause contains a subject and a verb other than the subject and verb in the main clause and it begins with a subordinating conjunction.

An adverbial clause within the brackets Modifies the italicized -

Examples

Verb

We called the police [because we were worried about you].

Adjective

Sierra looked poised [as she paraded on the stage].

Adverb

The party ended sooner [than they expected].

Verbal (Participle)

The irksome rock band, banging [as I attempted to write my term paper,] made concentration difficult.

Verbal (Gerund)

I relax by listening to classical music [after I have studied].

Verbal (Infinitive)

My sister wanted to shop [while the three-day sale lasted].

Adverbial clauses can be used to combine two complete ideas into one to show relationship between these ideas.

Two complete ideas:

Manny Pacquiao was a champion boxer. He engage in politics.

Combined to show time relationship:

Manny Pacquiao was a champion boxer [before he engage politics]

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Exercise 1.

Identifying Adverbial Clauses

A. Underline the adverbial clause and encircle the word it modifies.

1. I shall lie down with him in death, and I shall be as dear to him as he is to me.

2. No ruler can expect complete loyalty from his subjects until he has been tested in office.

3. If that is your will, Creon, son of Menoikeus, you have the right to enforce it.

4. Since we are all likely to go astray, the reasonable thing is to learn from those who can teach.

5. The gods are deaf when we pray to them.

B. Underline the adverbial clause in each sentence. Encircle the word modified, indicating on the line before the number if the word is a verb, adjective, adverb, or verbal. __________ 1. You certainly did when you assumed guilt with the guilty. __________ 2. Can you wait until I a dead? __________ 3. That man only knows how to give commands when the time comes. __________ 4. Unless time has rusted my wits, what you say, King, is said with point and dignity. __________ 5. You will do well to listen to him, King, if what he says is sensible.

Lesson 9

Appreciating Modern Drama in England

What stages has the drama of England passed through before our century?

Interesting movements have occurred and major dramatics have flourished through the centuries. Read the Drama of the East and West.

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Drama in England In the Middle Ages the Church employed the drama to make its teachings more vivid. At first the clergy produced the mysteries within the church or in the churchyard, but when the members of the lower clergy, clerical students, and the very young people began to introduce boisterous comic elements, the bishop stopped the performances.

After that, the medieval trade associations called guilds took over the production of the plays. In England the stage was a movable platform, called a pageant-wagon, which was drawn from place to place through the towns so that everyone might have the opportunity to see the play.

In the fourteenth century, some writers relegated the Biblical episodes to the concluding scenes only, thus producing the first realistic comedies of English life.

In the fifteenth century, a new type called the morality play became popular. The characters of the moralities were personification of the seven deadly sins and the seven cardinal virtues. Everyman the best known of the morality plays, is still frequently revived.

After the humanist of the Renaissance discovered the Roman comedies of Plautus and Terence, and the tragedies of Seneca, many imitations of these classical models were written though the subjects remained to a large extent native. The first English comedy, Ralph Royster Doyster, was an adaptation of Miles Glorious by Plautus, written about 1542 by Nicholas Udall (1505-1556) for his pupils at Eton.

Between the years of 1560 and 1590, just before the appearance of Shakespeare’s first plays, Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Robert Greene, and Christopher Marlowe were writing dramas containing thrilling spectacles and amusing situations.

Shakespeare Shakespeare’s greatness lay in his unsurpassed ability in characterization and his remarkable power of poetic expression. He created an astounding number of lifelike characters, each of whom had a distinct personality. As his plays progressed, the characters revealed themselves through word and action.

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The Eighteenth Century The appeal of the seventeenth-century drama was intellectual rather than emotional. The audience watched with interest to see how the characters solve their difficulties or bowed to their fate, but it was not moved to sympathize with them. The first step made in the eighteenth century toward a more natural drama was the sentimental comedy, in which the audience shared the distress of a misjudged hero or heroine.

Another kind of entertainment very popular in London in the early eighteenth century was the Italian Opera.

The Romantic Revival During the romantic revival, the English theater was distinctly mediocre. The dramas written by the poets were not meant for the stage, while the melodramas written for the production were not good literature. Tom Robertson (1829-1871) was inspired to write Society (1865) and Castle (1867) and he himself directed the actors in the new, natural style.

The late Nineteenth Century The last quarter of the nineteenth century gave birth to the comic operas of W. C. Gilbert (1836-1911) and Sir Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900), and the plays of Oscar Wilde.

The Twentieth Century Henry Arthur Jones (1851-1929) wrote problem plays which, though sometimes melodramatic, marked a great advance in realism because of their attacks on the religious hypocrisy of the times.

Prepositions aboard

apart

besides

from

nearby

owing to

underneath

from about

around

between

in

next to

past

Until

above

aside

beyond

in

of

prior to

Unto

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from

addition to

according

as of

but

in back of

off

regarding

Up

at

by

in front of

on

round

Upon

atop

by means

in place

on

since

With

of

of

account

concerning

in regard

onto

to across from after

against

barring

Within

to ahead of

because

considering

inside

on top of

throughout

without

of along

before

despite

In spite of

opposite

till

alongside

behind

down

into

out

to

along with

below

during

In front of

out of

together with

amid

beneath

except

like

outside

toward

among

beside

for

near

ones

under

Prepositional Phrases A preposition is always part of a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that includes a preposition and a noun or pronoun. The noun or pronoun after the preposition is called the object of the preposition. Objects may have one or more modifiers. A prepositional phrase may also have more than one object.

Examples: 1. Don’t be afraid of me.

2. That is why I have gone into your garden disguised as a mason.

3. Ah, wall, you gave us a divine setting, with moonlight and stars, flowers and vines, the four winds for music, and Shakespeare for prompter.

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In some questions, prepositional phrases are broken up.

Examples:

Where did this letter come from?

What were they talking about?

Preposition of adverb Since prepositions and adverbs occasionally take the same form, they may be difficult to tell apart. Words that can function in either role include around, before, behind, down, in, off, on, out, over, and up. To determine the part of speech of these words, see if an object accompanies the word. If an object exists, the word used is a preposition. If it does not, it is an adverb.

Preposition:

He quickly climbed down the wall. ( obj. – wall)

Adverb:

The wall was torn down.

Grammar Notes Preposition show relationships between words as to location, direction, time, cause, or possession.

A prepositional phrase is a group of words that consists of a preposition followed by a noun / pronoun object.

A preposition and an adverb may take the same form. If an object follows the word, then the word functions as a preposition. If an object is non-existent, the word is used as an adverb.

Exercise A

Identifying Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases. Underline the

prepositional phrases and encircle the prepositions.

1. You behold there the domain of my moral enemy, Bergamin.

2. Never cross the path of those two rascals.

3. I have waited at the same hour.

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4. We shall sing in future ages.

5. I run to him and kneel and tell him the story of our love and of our father’s hatred.

Exercise B

Distinguishing between Prepositions and Adverbs

Identify the underlined word in each sentence. If it is the preposition write prep. on the answer line . If it is an adverb, write Adv. on the line. Number one and two are done for you. ____Prep._ 1. The original frightened girl hid behind the old oak tree. ____Adv. _ 2. Prices of basic commodities went up. _________ 3. It rained before the dance. _________ 4. The campers, feeling cold, gathered around the fire. _________ 5. Below the terraces, the farmers nipa hut stood.

Lesson 10

Respecting Other People’s Viewpoints Moods or Modes of the Verb

One of the properties of the verb is mood or mode that indicates the manner in which the verbal idea is conceived as a fact (indicative), as a supposition, doubt or wish (subjunctive), or as a command or request (imperative).

The Indicative and Imperative Moods The indicative and the imperative moods are easy to understand. The indicative mood is used in most statements and questions. 

Thetis never forgets to visit her son, Achilles.



oes she believe in the causes of Achilles?

The imperative mood is used in requests and commands. Imperative statements have an understood subject of you and therefore take second-person verbs.

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

(You) Calm down.

(You) Please wait for me.

The Subjunctive Mood The tenses of the subjunctive mood are formed differently from those of the indicative mood, and the subjunctive mood is used in special kinds of statements. Of the three, it is the least used. Today, the most common use of the subjunctive mood is in contrary-to-fact or hypothetical statements.

Remember If something is likely to happen, use the indicative mood. If something is purely hypothetical, or contrary to fact, use the subjunctive mood.

Examples Past subjunctive (to indicate present time) 

If Patroclus were alive, Achilles wouldn’t go to war.



If Thetis refused, she could save her son.



Thetis wished she could change Achilles’ decision.

Past perfect subjunctive (to indicate the past time) 

If Odysseus had been attentive, he would have been more understanding of the situation.



If Zeus had intervened, he could have prevented the war.

These contrary-to-fact statements have two clauses: the if-clause (subordinate clause) and the consequence clause (main clause). The forms of the verbs in these clauses are different from those of verbs used in the indicative mood.

What will you use if you have an if-clause to show supposition (not as a fact)? Of course, you should use the subjunctive.

The following tables show how it is formed. Table 1 Past Subjunctive (in the ifclause) Verb to be: were

If Patroclus were alive

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Other verbs: refused If Thetis refused Note that the past subjunctive present has the same form as the indicative past tense.

Table 2 Past Perfect Subjunctive (in the if-clause) Verb to be: had been

If odysseus had been attentive

Other verbs: had intervened If Zeus had intervened

Lesson 11

Determination to Succeed The Subjunctive Mood

A. Uses and Examples 1. A condition contrary to fact, something that is not true, that could not be true If I were you, I would accept the challenge. If it were not so hot, I could play basketball.

2. A supposition Let’s pretend that he was chosen as the prom king.

Suppose Jacob were to give you those flowers!

3. A highly improbable condition, even though not contrary to the fact She danced as if she were the only person in the room.

If she be sleepy at the meeting, please nudge her at once.

4. Doubt or uncertainty She behaves as if she were the only knowledgeable person in the room.

5. Necessity It is important that he pass his project tomorrow. The principal insisted that Julius come to her office at once.

6. A parliamentary motion I move the minutes of meeting be approved as corrected. Resolved, that the English language be made the first English language of the Filipinos.

7. A wish, a desire, volition Julia wished that she were chosen as the aledictorian of the batch. God be with us till our next venture.

Exercises Young Ji International School / College

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Choose and underline the correct verb forms (indicative or subjunctive) in the following sentences.

1. If anyone here (has, have) a plan to talk to me, now (is, are) the best time.

2. If I (were, was) leaving, I would start making preparations.

3. If this (be, is) your answer, you are in error.

4. If only he (were, was) here, and I (were, was) in her place!

5. It hardly seems possible that the lawyer (is, would be) willing to handle your case.

Lesson 12

Understanding the Plight of Others Modifiers

The use of modifiers gives one a clearer picture of what is being described.

Modifiers can be adjectives, adjective clauses, adverbs, infinitive phrases, participial phrases and prepositional phrases.

Adjective

-

poor, difficult, last

Adjective clause

-

which he meticulously worked on last night

Adverb

-

Participial phrase

-

early, completely, meticulously, last night

having woke up early to go to school

Prepositional phrase

-

Infinitive phrase

to go to school

-

to school, at home

Modifiers make sentences more interesting. There are various kinds of modifiers.

Knowing how to use them will help you become a better writer.

Exercises I.

Identify the modifiers used in the sentences by underlining single-word modifiers and enclosing in parentheses the word group modifiers. The first is done.

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1. Bold and brave, the voyagers sailed (to the uncharted territories).

2. Trying to contain their excitement, the teenage boys listened to the announcement of the winner in a quiz show.

3. The student organization, composed of senior students, went to the fisher folk community to get to know the latter’s plight.

4. Judging the mood of the crowd, I consider the speech a resounding success.

5. Trying to placate the angry mob, the determined security guards cordoned off the sea.

II.

Using at least two modifiers, improve the sentences below. The first is done for you.

1. The man works hard. Lean and pale, the man, who has not eaten his breakfast yet, works hard.

2. The students wrote letters to the overseas Filipino workers.

3. There are many things to be thankful for.

4. The men agreed to settle their dispute amicably.

5. To succeed, a person must work hard.

Lesson 13

Keeping in Touch with One’s Feelings Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

A. Misplaced Modifiers A misplaced modifier is a word phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies / describes. These modifiers are positioned such that they appear to modify the wrong thing.

Example Young Ji International School / College

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After the explanation, we understood the lesson presented by the teacher easily.

This sentence becomes confusing because the word easily is misplaced.

Did we easily understand the lesson or did the teacher present it easily?

Correct the error by placing the adverb close to the verb it modifies, Thus, we say – After the explanation, we easily understood the lesson presented by the teacher. Misplaced modifiers can usually be corrected through the relocating of the modifier to a more sensible place in the sentence generally next to the word it modifiers. There are many forms of misplaced modifiers. Watch out for some of them here.

1. Misplaced Words Single- word modifiers, in general, must be placed near the word or words they modify. Consider the following sentence.

Janine has only entertained he friends despite there being many people in the party. Janine has entertained only her friends‌.

It is particularly important to be careful about the place of limiting modifiers almost, hardly, nearly, just, only, merely and soon. The sentence sense is changed when modifiers are placed next to the wrong word.

2. Misplaced Phrases and Clauses Phrases and clauses must be placed as close as possible to the word or words they modify. a. (Incorrect) Swinging from branch to branch, we saw the monkey escape from the zoo. (Correct)

We saw the monkey escape from

the zoo, swinging from branch to branch. b. (Incorrect)

Hurrying to leave, Jacob accidentally poked a girl with

his finger in the

eye. (Correct)

hurrying to leave, Jacob

accidentally poked a girl in the eye with his finger.

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c. (Incorrect)

after tomorrow, Joshua told them at his house today

that he would be leaving for Australia. (Correct)

Joshua told them at

his house today that he would be leaving for Australia after tomorrow.

B. Dangling Modifiers A modifier dangles when it cannot be correctly connected with the sentence element that modifies. Verbal phrases and elliptical clauses are the chief sources of troubles; their correct position is dependent upon careful logical thinking. Such phrases and clauses are properly used only when the substantives to which they refer are expressed in the sentences, and when these phrases and clauses are place near the modified substantives so that there can be no ambiguity.

1. Dangling Modifiers Infinitives and participles are not inflected for number or person; hence, they must be connected logically ad clearly with the words they modify.

Sentences containing dangling verbal phrases and dangling clauses may be corrected either (1) by expanding the verbal phrase into a dependent clause or (2) by supplying the substantive which the dangling construction modifies.

Examples a. (incorrect) Having read the directions several times, doing the exercise was easy.(correct) Having read the directions several times, doing the exercise was easy or I found doing the exercise easy. b. (incorrect)To ensure good health, it is necessary that we eat balance diet. (correct) To ensure good health, we must eat balance diet. c. (incorrect) When she was sick, the mother kept sleepless nights, caring for her baby.(correct) When her baby was sick, the mother kept sleepless nights, caring for her.

2. Dangling Elliptical Phrases and Clauses Young Ji International School / College

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An elliptical expression is one from which something has been omitted. An elliptical clause is one from which the subject or verb, or both have been left out. Sentences containing dangling elliptical clauses can be corrected by (1) supplying the omitted subject or verb, or (2) changing the independent clause.

Examples: a. (incorrect) When left alone in the house, preparing the meal became problematic. (correct) When left alone in the house, Father had a problem of preparing the eal. (correct) When father was left alone in the house, preparing the meal became problematic.(correct) When father was left alone in the house, he had a problem of preparing the meal. b. (Incorrect)If in doubt, the dictionary can be consulted.(correct) If in doubt, consult the dictionary. c. (incorrect) The food is spoiled due to the hot weather.(correct) The food is spoiled because of the hot weather.(correct) The spoilage of food is due to the hot weather.

Exercises: A. Rewrite the following sentences to correct the misplaced dangling modifiers.

1. Do you sneeze than your brother does more rapidly?

2. The book from the library which you borrowed is overdue.

3. My father is an active member of the church, who is a manager of a bank.

4. Saving money for weeks, the cherished Ipod was finally bought.

5. When in Makati, my eyes were constantly focused on top of the skyscrapers.

6. When living at home, it is often difficult to study.

7. Standing on the balcony, the view was spectacular.

8. In the morning paper, I read that a tsunami hit the coast.

9. Solomon stared at the girl from his bedroom window wearing a red dress.

10. While talking on the phone, the doorbell rang.

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B. Underline the misplaced dangling modifiers in the following sentences.

1. Dancing to the music, we watched the lion dancers.

2. When she was five years old, Janine’s aunt taught her how to play piano.

3. The messenger talked to the receptionist who delivered the mail.

4. The house was remodeled by the Magallanes family destroyed by the arthquake.

5. Jaden kept her medals in the box that she had won in various competitions.

6. While jogging in the morning, the solution suddenly appeared.

7. Absorbed with what he was doing, the time passed very quickly.

8. After studying hard the test was a breeze.

9. Stopping briefly to congratulate Jude, the conversation continued.

10. Hiding under the table, we watch the babies play.

C. Identify the underlined modifiers as misplaced or dangling. Write the answers on the lines.

__________ 1. Riding their bikes, Mother saw Julius and Jacob. __________ 2. When she turned eighteen, Mother bought Julia a new car. __________ 3. Jerome stopped watching TV who was becoming bored. __________ 4. Agnes is at the gate wearing high heeled shoes. __________ 5. Grace has asked her teachers for a leave of absence whose mother died. __________ 6. To avoid further confusion, the policy must be consulted. __________ 7. She served snacks to the guests on paper plates. __________ 8. Tito quickly walked to the car carrying his toy. __________ 9. When I was just seven years old, my mother taught me how to cook rice. __________ 10. I notice the presence of a stranger furtively.

Lesson 14

Forging Ahead despite Difficulties Clauses of Condition

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Sentences containing conditional clauses are often used in written and spoken academic communication. You will find that they are particularly important in assignments that require you to analyze problems and their solutions. Conditional clauses usually begin with if or unless. The main clause often contains a modal. Use unless after the main clause that expresses a negative condition.

Example: If you study hard, you will pass the Math test.

You won`t pass the Math test unless you study. (unless you study is the condition for assing)There are three kinds of condition clauses which contain three kinds of conditions. They are as Follows: Real conditions A real conditional clauses is used when one wants ti discuss an actual or a possible future occurrence.

Example:

If the students give up now, they will affect the others and can change the outcome of the presentation.

1. Unreal or hypothetical conditions Unreal or hypothetical conditional clause is used when one wants to discuss an unlikely situation-for example, when one wants to speculate or wonder ―what if‖ about an imagined situation or a problem.

Example:

If the politicians rigged the elections, the public would be outrage.

You can use the pattern if … were to (infinitive) to discuss an imaginary future situation.

Example 1: If he were to replace Grace as representative of the student body, he would probably be very unpopular with students and teachers.

Example 2: If I were to transfer residence, I would have to adjust to the environment.

Sometimes it is interesting to discuss ‖what might have been,‖ that is to express something that might have happened in the past but did not actually happen.

Example:

If we had studied assiduously, the examination would have been a cinch.

2. Necessary conditions

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Sometimes there is a need to indicate what is necessary for a situation to occur.

When indicating a necessary condition, use the following conjunctions: provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), as long as, only if.

Example 1: you may go visit your friends provided that you return by six o’clock.

Example 2: the fourth year teachers will probably accept late projects as long as the students have valid reasons.

Example 3: you will attain your aim in life only if you have the right attitude and the proper motivation.

Exercises: A. Supply the missing conjunctions in the following sentences.

1. The fourth year female students are not allowed to go out _____ they have the permission of their class adviser.

2. Dominique promises that she will agree to host the show _____ the salary is high.

3. _____ Cesar improves his attitude he will not be selected to be the leader of the team.

4. _____ you have a very good reason.

5. _____she can feel the support of the group, she will remain the leader.

B. Supply the missing verbs in their correct form to fit the sentences. (continue)

1. Edith vows that she _____ to teach even if she wins in the lottery.

(use)

2. You _____ my room on the condition that you clean it afterwards.

(pass)

3. Mrs. Nakpil believes that her child, Joyce, _____ the English test if she prepares well in the next few months.

(submit)

4. If Jacob _____ his third quarter project neatly he would have received a higher ranking.

(negative of 5. If Nelsie had asked for clarification sooner, she _____ mistakes. commit) Young Ji International School / College

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Lesson 15

Attaining Success is having the Right Attitude More on conditional Clauses

1. When the sentence states a general fact or something which can or is likely to happen, use the simple present tense in the if-clause and use the auxiliary will shall in the main clause. 

If you oversleep, you won’t get your present.



We shall play chess tomorrow if it rains

2. Use the simple past subjunctive in the if-clause that refers to unreal or imaginary event and use the past conditional in the main clause. 

If Cherry entered the room now, she would discover our new invention.



If were you, I would befriend her.

3. Use the past perfect subjunctive in the if-clause that refers to the hypothetical past and use the past perfect conditional in the main clause. 

If I had seen you earlier, I would have called you.



If you had granted my request, I would have been able to buy my favorite laptop.

Omitting if in Formal Inversion Structures In formal literary styles, if is dropped and be (past subjunctive) or an auxiliary verb is put before the subject. The verbs were, had, or should are commonly used with other auxiliary verbs. Were you my daughter, I would decide differently. If you were my daughter, I would decide differently.)

Had I realized the impact of my decisions, I would not have acted so whimsically.

(If I had realized the impact of my decision, I would not have acted so whimsically.)

Should you have further queries, don’t hesitate to call me up. (If you should have any further queries, don’t hesitate to call me up.)

Elliptical Structures In formal style, subject + be are sometimes left out after if.

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If in trouble, don’t hesitate to call for help. (If you are in trouble …)

If in crowd places, children must stay close to their elder relatives. ( If we are in crowded places, children …)

Grammar Notes 1. When the sentence states a general fact or something which can or is likely to happen, use the simple present tense in the if-clause and use the auxiliary will shall in the main clause.

2. Use the simple past subjunctive in the if-clause that refers to unreal or imaginary events and use the past conditional in the main clause.

3. Use the past perfect subjunctive in the if-clause that refers to the hypothetical past and use the past perfect conditional in the main clause.

Exercises A. Complete the following sentences below.

1. If you drink eight glasses of water per day, ____________________ 2. If Sarah sleeps well tonight, ________________________________ 3. If I could visit Malacanang Palace, ___________________________ 4. Should you need more data, _______________________________ 5. If it rains today, _________________________________________ B. Provide the missing if-clause 1. _______________________, I would have helped you.

2. _______________________, we won’t go shopping.

3. _______________________, you would get fat.

4. _______________________, you could visit the rice terraces.

5. _______________________, we would still be waiting for you.

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Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends The sun was salmon and hazy in the west. Dodong thought to himself he would tell his father about Teang when he got home, after he had unhitched the carabao from the plow, and let it to its shed and fed it. He was hesitant about saying it, but he wanted his father to know. What he had to say was of serious import as it would mark a climacteric in his life. Dodong finally decided to tell it, at a thought came to him his father might refuse to consider it. His father was silent hardworking farmer who chewed areca nut, which he had learned to do from his mother, Dodong's grandmother. I will tell it to him.

I will tell it to him. The ground was broken up into many fresh wounds and fragrant with a sweetish earthy smell. Many slender soft worms emerged from the furrows and then burrowed again deeper into the soil. A short colorless worm marched blindly to Dodong's foot and crawled calmly over it. Dodong go tickled and jerked his foot, flinging the worm into the air. Dodong did not bother to look where it fell, but thought of his age, seventeen, and he said to himself he was not young any more.

Dodong unhitched the carabao leisurely and gave it a healthy tap on the hip. The beast turned its head to look at him with dumb faithful eyes. Dodong gave it a slight push and the animal walked alongside him to its shed. He placed bundles of grass before it land the carabao began to eat. Dodong looked at it without interests. Dodong started homeward, thinking how he would break his news to his father. He wanted to marry, Dodong did.

He was seventeen, he had pimples on his face, the down on his upper lip already was dark-these meant he was no longer a boy. He was growing into a man--he was a man. Dodong felt insolent and big at the thought of it although he was by nature low in statue. Thinking himself a man grown Dodong felt he could do anything. He walked faster, prodded by the thought of his virility. A small angled stone bled his foot, but he dismissed it cursorily. He lifted his leg and looked at the hurt toe and then went on walking. In the cool sundown he thought wild you dreams of himself and Teang.

Teang, his girl. She had a small brown face and small black eyes and straightglossy hair. How desirable she was to him. She made him dream even during the day. Dodong Young Ji International School / College

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tensed with desire and looked at the muscles of his arms. Dirty. This field work was healthy, invigorating but it begrimed you, smudged you terribly. He turned back the way he had come, then marched obliquely to a creek. Dodong stripped himself and laid his clothes, a gray undershirt and red kundiman shorts, on the grass. The he went into the water, wet his body over, and rubbed at it vigorously. He was not long in bathing, then he marched homeward again. The bath made him feel cool. It was dusk when he reached home.

The petroleum lamp on the ceiling already was lighted and the low unvarnished square table was set for supper. His parents and he sat down on the floor around the table to eat. They had fried fresh-water fish, rice, bananas, and caked sugar. Dodong ate fish and rice, but didnot partake of the fruit. The bananas were overripe and when one held them they felt more fluid than solid. Dodong broke off a piece of the cakes sugar, dipped it in his glass of water and ate it. He got another piece and wanted some more, but he thought of leaving the remainder for his parents. Dodong's mother removed the dishes when they were through and went out to the batalan to wash them.

She walked with slow careful steps and Dodong wanted to help her carry the dishes out, but he was tired and now felt lazy. He wished as he looked at her that he had a sister who could help his mother in the housework. He pitied her, doing all the housework alone. His father remained in the room, sucking a diseased tooth. It was paining him again, Dodong knew. Dodong had told him often and again to let the town dentist pull it out, but he was afraid, his father was. He did not tell that to Dodong, but Dodong guessed it.

Afterward Dodong himself thought that if he had a decayed tooth he would be afraid to go to the dentist; he would not be any bolder than his father. Dodong said while his mother was out that he was going to marry Teang. There it was out, what he had to say, and over which he had done so much thinking. He had said it without any effort at all and without self-consciousness. Dodong felt relieved and looked at his father expectantly. A decrescent moon outside shed its feeble light into the window, graying the still black temples of his father. His father looked old now. "I am going to marry Teang," Dodong said.His father looked at him silently and stopped sucking the broken tooth. The silence became intense and cruel, and Dodong wished his father would suck Young Ji International School / College

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that troublous tooth again. Dodong was uncomfortable and then became angry because his father kept looking at him without uttering anything.

"I will marry Teang," Dodong repeated. "I will marry Teang." His father kept gazing at him in inflexible silence and Dodong fidgeted on his seat. "I asked her last night to marry me and she said...yes. I want your permission. I... want... it...." There was impatient clamor in his voice, an exacting protest at this coldness, this indifference.

Dodong looked at his father sourly. He cracked his knuckles one by one, and the little sounds it made broke dully the night stillness. "Must you marry, Dodong?" Dodong resented his father's questions; his father himself had married. Dodong made a quick impassioned easy in his mind about selfishness, but later he got confused. "You are very young, Dodong." "I'm... seventeen." "That's very young to get married at." "I... I want to marry...Teang's good girl." "Tell your mother," his father said. "You tell her, tatay." "Dodong, you tell your inay." "You tell her." "All right, Dodong." "You will let me marry Teang?"

"Son, if that is your wish... of course..." There was a strange helpless light in his father's eyes. Dodong did not read it, too absorbed was he in himself. Dodong was immensely glad he had asserted himself. He lost his resentment for his father. For a while he even felt sorry for him about the diseased tooth. Then he confined his mind to dreaming of Teang and himself. Sweet young dream.... Dodong stood in the sweltering noon heat, sweating profusely, so that his camiseta was damp. He was still like a tree and his thoughts were confused. His mother had told him not to leave the house, but he had left. He had wanted to get out of it without clear reason at all. He was afraid, he felt.

Afraid of the house. It had seemed to cage him, to compares his thoughts with severe tyranny. Afraid also of Teang. Teang was giving birth in the house; she gave screams that chilled his blood. He did not want her to scream like that, he seemed to be rebuking him.

He began to wonder madly if the process of childbirth was really painful. Some women, when they gave birth, did not cry. In a few moments he would be a father.

"Father, father," he whispered the word with awe, with strangeness. He was young, he realized now, contradicting himself of nine months comfortable... "Your son," people would soon be telling him. "Your son, Dodong." Dodong felt tired standing. He sat down Young Ji International School / College

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on a saw horse with his feet close together. He looked at his callused toes. Suppose he had ten children... What made him think that? What was the matter with him? God! He heard his mother's voice from the house: "Come up, Dodong. It is over." Of a sudden he felt terribly embarrassed as he looked at her. Somehow he was ashamed to his mother of his youthful paternity. It made him feel guilty, as if he had taken something no properly his. He dropped his eyes and pretended to dust dirt off his kundiman shorts.

"Dodong," his mother called again. "Dodong." He turned to look again and this time saw his father beside his mother. "It is a boy," his father said. He beckoned Dodong to come up.

Dodong felt more embarrassed and did not move. What a moment for him. His parents' eyes seemed to pierce him through and he felt limp. He wanted to hide from them, to run away. "Dodong, you come up. You come up," he mother said. Dodong did not want to come up and stayed in the sun. "Dodong. Dodong." "I'll... come up." Dodong traced tremulous steps on the dry parched yard. He ascended the bamboo steps slowly.

His heart pounded mercilessly in him. Within, he avoided his parents eyes. He walked ahead of them so that they should not see his face. He felt guilty and untrue. He felt like crying. His eyes smarted and his chest wanted to burst. He wanted to turn back, to go back to the yard. He wanted somebody to punish him. His father thrust his hand in his and gripped it gently. "Son," his father said.

And his mother: "Dodong..." How kind were their voices. They flowed into him, making him strong. "Teang?" Dodong said. "She's sleeping. But you go in..." His father led him into the small sawali room. Dodong saw Teang, his girl wife, asleep on the papag with her black hair soft around her face. He did not want her to look that pale...

Dodong wanted to touch her, to push away that stray wisp of hair that touched her lips, but again that feeling of embarrassment came over him and before his parents he did not want to be demonstrative. The hilot was wrapping the child, Dodong heart it cry. The thin voice pierced him queerly. He could not control the swelling of happiness in him.

You give him to me. You give him to me," Dodong said. * * * Blas was not Dodong's child. Many more children came. For six successive years a new child came along. Dodong did not want any more children, but they came.

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It seemed the coming of children could not be helped. Dodong got angry with himself sometimes. Teang did not complain, but the bearing of children told on her. She was shapeless and thin now, even if she was young. There was interminable work to be done. Cooking. Laundering. The house. The children. She cried sometimes, wishing she had not married. She did not tell Dodong this, not wishing him to dislike her. Yet she wished she had not married. Not even Dodong, whom she loved.

There has been another suitor, Lucio, older than Dodong by nine years, and that was why she had chosen Dodong. Young Dodong. Seventeen. Lucio had married another after her marriage to Dodong, but he was childless until now. She wondered if she had married Lucio, would she have borne him children. Maybe not either. That was a better lot. But she loved Dodong... Dodong whom life had made ugly. One night, as he lay beside his wife, he roe and went out of the house. He stood in the moonlight, tired and querulous. He wanted to ask questions and somebody to answer him. He w anted to be wise about many things. One of them was why life did not fulfill all of Youth's dreams.

Why it must be so.

Why one was forsaken... after Love. Dodong would not find the answer. Maybe the question was not to be answered. It must be so to make Youth. Youth. Youth must be dreamfully sweet. Dreamfully sweet. Dodong returned to the house humiliated by himself. He had wanted to know a little wisdom but was denied it. * * * When Blas was eighteen he came home one night very flustered and happy. It was late at night and Teang and the other children were asleep. Dodong heard Blas's steps, for he could not sleep well of nights. He watched Blas undress in the dark and lie down softly. Blas was restless on his mat and could not sleep. Dodong called him name and asked why he did not sleep. Blas said he could not sleep. "You better go to sleep. It is late," Dodong said.

Blas raised himself on his elbow and muttered something in a low fluttering voice.

Dodong did not answer and tried to sleep. "Itay ...," Blas called softly. Dodong stirred and asked him what was it. "I am going to marry Tena.

She accepted me tonight." Dodong lay on the red pillow without moving. "Itay, you think it over." Dodong lay silent. "I love Tena and... I want her." Dodong rose f rom his mat and told Blas to follow him. They descended to the yard, where everything was Young Ji International School / College

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still and quiet. The moonlight was cold and white. "You want to marry Tena," Dodong said. He did not want Blas to marry yet. Blas was very young. The life that would follow marriage would be heard... "Yes." "Must you marry?" Blas's voice stilled with resentment. "I will marry Tena." Dodong kept silent, hurt. "You have objections, Itay?"

Blas asked acridly. "Son... n-none..." (But truly, God, I don't want Blas to marry yet... not yet. I don't want Blas to marry yet....) But he was helpless. He could not do anything.

Youth must triumph... now. Love must triumph... now. Afterwards... it will be life. As long ago Youth and Love did triumph for Dodong... and then Life. Dodong looked wistfully at his young son in the moonlight. He felt extremely sad and sorry for him.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Describe the place and time/period in the story. ________________________________________________________________ 2. What was Dodong’s idea of manhood? ________________________________________________________________ Explain Dodong’s reactions when Teang gave birth? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Was Teang happy in her married life? Why or why not? ________________________________________________________________ 4. Compare and contrast the scene between Blas and his father and Dodong and his father. ________________________________________________________________ 5. Explain the title of the story. ________________________________________________________________ 6. Discuss the message of the story for the youth of today. ________________________________________________________________ 7. How would you describe the relationship between a. Blas and his father b. Dodong and his parents?

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________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Describe the following characters by giving their distinctive traits. Support your description.

CHARACTERS

TRAITS

PROOFS

1. Dodong 2. Teang 3. Blas

Meaning and Importance of Storytelling Storytelling is the ancient of portraying real or fictions events in words, images, and sounds. It is considered a fundamental aspect of humanity since people at all times and in different places has told stories.

It is an effective way to influence, engage, motivate, and spark people into action.

Steps and techniques in Storytelling The main steps in storytelling with their accompanying techniques are as follows.

1. Prepare the Story a. Choose the story that you really like b. Read the story silently several times; then, read it aloud to your partner c. Visualize or picture in your mind, rather than memorize all the details of the story, discuss the story with your partner. Create story boards in your mind of the sequence of events. Divide the narrative into episodes.

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d. Adapt the story. The length of the story may depend on the age, gender, background, characteristics, and interest of the audience. e. Practice anywhere. Record; videotape. The more practice the easier the story will flow.

2. Telling the story a. Make n proper use of your tools, such as the following b. Voice – varies your pitch, rate, and volume. Maintain a pleasant vocal quality. c. Facial expression – has proper eye contact with the audience. Let your facial expressions interpret the moods of the story. d. Gesture and Bodily Movements. Use hand gestures meaningfully. Move your body properly. e. Sound effects and music may be used, when appropriate.

Many young people, regardless of their being Americans, Asians, or Europeans, are haunted by the feeling that their skills, intellectual

abilities and more so their

physical attributes do not measure up to those of their peers. Because of this, they become shy and withdrawn and they spend a lot of time daydreaming. Just like them, you may find yourself muttering, ―It’s just no good.‖ Remember not to give in to the feeling of hopelessness, instead, do everything you can to overcome.

The big ax sang its way through the large arc and then came down on the block of wood with a mighty crash. It neatly cleaved in two formidable mass, the pieces flying for a long distance in opposite directions. Surveying his feat with glowing pride, Sebio felt a ripple run down the muscles of his arms, forearms, shoulders. He dropped the heavy ax and wiped the perspiration from his brow, from his bare brown arms, letting his fingers rest caressingly on each muscle. Small were his muscles and flat and flabby when relaxed. But how hard and powerful they became when he tensed them! As hard as seasoned, knotted yantok! Triumphantly he raised his arms above his head and, facing the afternoon sun, he thrust out his chest and made every muscle of his body tense. He was quite tall, above the height of the ordinary native, but he had paid for this increased height in diminished breadth. His chest was flat, his neck long, his legs thin.

He was one of those boys who, the village people said, ―grew too fast.‖

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―He will become bigger and stouter when he reaches his twenty-fifth year,‖ his mother had always told solicitous friends and relatives. How deceptive his figure was, Sebio thought! No wonder those who knew him called him Sebiong Pasmado (Sebio the weakling) because of his slight figure, his spindle-shanks, his timidity. None of them would believe that he could lift two Socony cans full of water with either hand and raise them shoulder-high, or that he could carry three sacks of rice on those narrow shoulders. As he thought of them he snorted scornfully. The snake is the most slender, the most timid creature of the field, and yet people are afraid of it. ―Sebio, what are you staring at?‖ a querulous voice came from the nipa hut.―Nthing, Nanay. I was just stretching my cramped arms,‖ came the sheepish answer.―Well, it is going late. How do you expect me to cook rice without firewood?‖―Yes, yes, Nanay.‖ With renewed vigor he seized the axe and hewed away. The thick blade fairly sang as it swung back and forth over his shoulder. He paused and, for a while, was lost in thought.

If he could only summon such strength in those foolish games of strength and skill! He had always failed there, miserably. Somehow his courage always ran out before a noisy, bantering crowd. ―What strength can there be in those puny arms, in that flat chest?‖ He would hear people say around him. And, most unbearable of all, his friends pitied him. The men said, ―You have no strength.‖ The women, ―You have no fighting heart.‖―Thunder and lightning Name of Satan. . . !‖ he muttered. Those memories angered him.

Once more he savagely attacked the wood before him. Perspiration blinded his eyes; his unruly hair got into them every time he bent down; but he minded not. In a last tremendous swing he put every ounce of energy in his arms and brought down the ax.

The eager blade passed through the entire thickness of the block, through the stone prop, and sank into the soft earth beneath. For a moment he regarded the result with a feeling of satisfaction; than gathering together the chips, he went into the house.

That evening, as his mother sat in front of him at their humble table, he was strangely silent. ―Are you thinking of going to Tia Binay’s tonight?‖ she asked. ―Yes, Nanay.‖ He didn’t add that he had been thinking of almost nothing else all day. ―When you go, take Young Ji International School / College

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with you our whetstone. One of her workers came over and told me she wanted to borrow it. Tell her also that the herbs she used for her uncle’s rheumatism did me good too, and thank her for me, Sebio.‖ The way to Tia Binay’s led through recently harvested rice fields. A few weeks before, the grain had lain mellow and golden in the all-enveloping light of the full moon.

Now only short, thick stubble, wisps of straw and traces of the delicate, elusive fragrance of the ripe palay remained to remind one of the hectares of slender, heavy laden stalks of grain that had once rippled in graceful undulation with each breath of the harvest wind. There was scarcely any beaten path across these fields; but with hardly a glance about him, Sebio made his way through them, avoiding each stalk of sharp stubble or the holes where the carabao’s feet had sunk heavily during the rainy season and which had caked since then in the hot sun. The lovely night was full of the sounds and odors of life. The slender, swaying bamboos whispered to each other eternal secrets of the night, and from the distance came the dying croak of a frog caught in the jaws of a snake.

When he reached Tia Binay’s place, he saw that the evening’s work had already begun. All about the moonlit clearing that stood at a distance from the house were grouped young men and women whose gay laughter and voices carried far into the distance. In the center was a square of concrete where the golden grains of palay had been laid to dry. On one side were five wooden mortars, around each of which three persons, two men and a girl, stood pounding grain. Each individual brought down his pestle in definite rhythm and succession. One first and then, just as he has lifted his pestle, the next would bring his down, and so on. Every now and then the gifted voice of someone in the group would break into song, and the notes of a haunting kundiman would be wafted into the breeze to add sweetness to the silence of the countryside. At intervals, however, a sleepy cock perched aloft in a tree nearby would let out an obstreperous crow as if he disapproved of so much gaiety and lightness of spirit.

Sometimes, to vary the monotony, the men pounding palay would show off tricks with the pestle. One of a group would make the heavy tool stand on the tip of the little finger or on the nose, toss it in the air, whisk it between the fingers of one hand, and Young Ji International School / College

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bring it down on the palay without upsetting the regular rhythm of his companions’ pounding. Such demonstration of approval from the onlookers, and repeated applause would encourage more difficult stunts. Around the inclosure was a sort of bench built by tying together several strips of bamboo. Here many sat and, while waiting their turn at the mortar and pestle, laughed and joked and ate unsparingly of the suman and bibingka of Tia Binay. ―Ho, there, Sebio!‖

―Good evening to all of you. Good evening, Tia Binay!‖ Tia Binay

peered at him. She was getting old and with her failing eyes unable to see well even in the daytime, was finding it difficult to recognize her guests at once. ―Who is this?‖ She asked kindly. ―It’s Sebio, Tia Binay.‖ ―Sebio?‖ she could not place the name. ―Sebiong Pasmado!‖ roared someone from a group close to him. ―Ah — yes, now I know.‖ There was a hilarious outburst from the group and, with blazing eyes, Sebio turned to the cruel joker. But he saw only what seemed to him a surging sea of sneering faces. His face smarted as if from a slap. He turned again to Tia Binay. ―Nanay told me to give this to you and to thank you for those herbs.‖ The old woman gave a grunt of satisfaction. ―Of course they would do her good.

Why, my grandmother used them before I did, and so did her great-grand uncle before her.‖ He found a seat in the farthest and darkest corner.

After a while, so lost was

he in his thoughts that he did not see a package done up in banana leaf which a small white hand held out to him — not until a voice spoke: ―Here, Sebio, never mind those people. They are idlers. Try this suman. I made it myself.‖ Not until she spoke did he recognize Merci. Dumbly he took the package, tore open the wrapper, and tasted the contents. Slowly he became his old self again. ―Merci, you must have flavored this with your kisses,‖ he boldly ventured. The gratified girl blushed to the roots of her hair. ―Give me back that suman,‖ she demanded.

Sebio laughed. He was again his likeable self. He tried to catch the outstretched hand, but like lightning it was withdrawn, and when he stood up the girl was gone. He sat down again. Oh, for a throne and a crown and a universe to lay at the foot of Merci!

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Now he had fully recovered his composure, and he could study the crowd better. There was Ambo and others. How strangely beautiful the moonlight made everything! He saw the play of moonbeams on the matchless hair of Carmeling and wondered if its fragrance was more soul-satisfying than the champaka-scented breeze that ever and anon caressed the cheeks of Lourdes. And then he remembered the starlight that he saw in the dark eyes of Merci, and he wondered no more.

He became aware that the workers were being changed. The second shift was ready. He got up. ―Here, Milio, you and Kiko work here. Anita, go to that mortar with Tonio. You, Sebio, come here — and you too, Pacio.‖ Tia Binay was assigning each to his place. Sebio found himself with Pacio and — wonder of wonders — Merci was with them to complete the group of three. For a moment he could hardly contain his joy, and then he remembered that he was also with Pacio, the bully, the braggart.

Bog-bog-bog! Every pestle fell with a dull thud each time. First he, then Merci, then Pacio, in strict rhythm. Pacio, as sure as death, would soon show off his prowess before the world, before Merci. Sebio would have to compete with him, which he knew would be another trial before a mocking, unsympathetic crowd — another effort doomed to failure.

Merci, conscious of the strain under which Sebio had begun to labor, endeavored to relieve it. ―This morning we chased a big snake across the yard, but it escaped.‖―They say that nothing can prevent death from the bite of some snakes.‖ ―If you are bitten on the arm, you may have to cut it off.‖ ―Or burn it,‖ volunteered Pacio sneeringly. ―Here, Sebio,‖ suddenly said Pacio in a tone that carried to everybody. ―Try this one.‖He tossed up the heavy pestle, causing it to describe the figure ―8‖ in id-air, caught it and brought it down just as Merci had lifted hers up. It was well timed. ―Wonderful,‖ everyone said.

Sebio felt himself growing hot all over. Pablo had

challenged him; everybody had heard the challenge. Although his eyes were intent on his work he could feel everybody looking at him.―See how industriously Sebio works. He does not even see us. Tia Binay, you really ought to consider him for a son-in-law.‖ The taunt was flung by a heartless rival.

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eyes lest they see the light in them or he sees Merci’s own. ―Nanay does not need any son-in-law. I am still strong enough to do work at home,‖ came the surprising retort from Merci.

At this they all laughed and teased her about her proud mouth, her delicate hands, and her duty to sex, to her country. To Pacio, the joke was too good to cut short. ―Tia Binay,‖ he asked with a confident smile, ―what must your son-in-law be like?‖ But Tia Binay refrained from answering after a long look at her daughter, so somebody answered for her:

―He must have many rice fields!‖

―No, first of all, he must be

industrious,‖ another put in. ―Above all, he must be handsome.‖ ―You are all wrong,‖ cried the exasperated Merci. ―My mother’s son-in-law must first be my husband.‖ That seemed to silence them — for a while. ―Well, well — your husband then — he must be kind and obedient and loving, eh?‖ ―And fleet of foot and strong of arm?‖ ―Here then, you beautiful men, can anybody do this?‖ It was Milio, the village clown. He seemed to be holding a short rod that looked like iron. He was trying to bend it and, in his apparent efforts to do so, his whole bodywas contorted in the most ludicrous way. Suddenly it cracked into splinters and by the sound they knew that it was only a cleverly painted piece of bamboo.

While they were still holding their sides and slapping their thighs, Pacio stood up.

He stepped up to one of the mortars and took from it a horseshoe that was nailed there for good luck. ―Here, Milio, is an imitation of your feat,‖ he said, attempting to inject a modest note in his tone.

He seized each end and gripped hard. In that light no one could see Pacio very well, and they felt rather than saw the bulging lines of his muscles as he strained them convulsively. What they actually saw was the curved piece of iron being slowly straightened out by Pacio’s hands.

A murmur of admiration rose from the crowd.

―Bravo!‖ ―Unheard of!‖ ―Incomparable!‖ ―Try that, Milio. But don’t crack it!‖ and Pacio laughingly tossed the piece of iron to him. ―No, thanks. Suppose I vomit blood!‖ And Milio tossed it to Sebio.

For a moment the young man did not know what to do.

Somehow he felt that this was his chance, that he could bend back that thing into the Young Ji International School / College

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likeness of a horseshoe, easily. Suddenly he got up with a bound and seized it. Shouts of derision immediately followed. Even those few who wished him well stared at him with doubt on their faces. ―Aba, what is he going to do?‖ ―Hey, Sebio, drop that! That’s iron — not bamboo!‖ He could feel the heat mounting to his cheeks as he gripped the two ends and strained.

His lips clamped together, his face went pale, His eyes bulged. He held strained and his breath during the effort. An eternity — it seemed — passed. He thought he felt the iron give way, and he opened his eyes. He saw that it had bent only a little. ―Ho, my strong man, what now?‖―I told you it was not a bamboo!‖ ―Sebio would be a strong man and do mighty deeds if only he would eat more.‖ And yet Sebio knew for a certainty that he could have done it. He cursed himself as, like a whipped dog, he sought for a place to hide the horseshoe. ―No trength,‖ said the men. ―No fighting heart,‖ whispered the women. Shamed face, Sebio retired to a corner. He wanted to leave, to be alone with an ax and some logs on which he could give vent to all the bitterness that was in him. But to leave now, he realized, would be an admission of his desperation, his hopelessness. ―Sebio,‖ whispered Merci, who, unnoticed, had approached him when his tormentors had left him alone, ―I want to make a fire so we can roast some corn. Will you help me get some hay?‖ Like a drowning man who suddenly found a floating object to cling to, he eagerly followed Merci to the hay pile. Here was someone who understood him.―How could I do anything with that crowd?‖ he murmured a little apologetically. Then his disgust at himself rising, he kicked the pile of hay. This eased his feelings somewhat.―Yes I know,‖ she sympathized, as she pulled out an armful. ―Just let me try again!‖ and again he struck savagely at the hay pile. They dropped their burden at the center of the clearing. And then as he turned away a blood-curdling scream from Merci pierced the noise being made by the merry-makers. He turned around to see what had frightened the girl. From the bundle that Merci dropped, had emerged, rearing its head like some fantastic toy, its slender, green body poised to strike, — a snake! And Merci stood and stared like one hypnotized! Sebio knew that it Young Ji International School / College

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would strike, strike before his next breath. There was no time to plan what to do, to will what part of the body to move. Instinctively, however, he made a move to place himself between the girl and the danger. As he did this he struck at the bundle of hay on which the snake lay poised to strike. The effort was so ill executed, however, that he missed it entirely. He fell on his face and before he could recover the serpent had bitten him on the calf of the leg, and then was gone.

Sebio staggered up and looked at his leg. From twin spots on the skin, blood was beginning to ooze. A momentary sense of faintness came over him and he closed his eyes. Already he seemed to feel the searing course of the deadly poison to his thigh, to his heart. He felt an impulse to run, to dance about, to do anything. The faces around him were becoming hazy. Only the excited voices of those crowding around him prevented his mind from becoming completely numbed. ―The deadly dahong palay!‖ ―Get some vinegar!‖ ―Sebio is dying!‖ wailed someone.

His thoughts whirled crazily, his breath became convulsive. Over and over he rolled in the dust, clutching widely at the air, at the earth around him as if he sought for something solid, some divine support that would bolster up his nerve. He came up violently against one of the mortars, and something heavy fell in the dust almost on his face. He seized it. It was a horseshoe. It was as if out of a dark hole a stalwart hand had lifted him, so clear and so sharply did he see light. He waved the babbling group away.―A fire here, quickly!‖ he muttered in an agonizing voice.

It was Merci, obeying uncomprehendingly, who scooped a handful of hay and husk, and in no time at all had a blazing fire. It was she who tore a piece of her skirt and bound up his leg tightly above the wound. It was her delicate hands now suddenly grown powerful that had tightened the ligature above the wound on the leg of the dying man. The others were paralyzed to inaction. ―A knife, for the love of Christ!‖ Sebio again muttered convulsively.

Several sped to get a knife and several moments — eternities — passed. He could feel his foot becoming cramped and cold. Then a large knife was handed to him.

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And now the crowd witnessed the act that they were to relate to their children in after-years. With a low cry, Sebio seized the horseshoe and, before the same faces that had frequently taunted him, he straightened it as if it were a slender hairpin. Then he wrapped a piece of cloth around one end and thrust the other end into the fire. There was no applause from the onlookers, just heavy labored breathing. They could only stare and stare, now at the colorless face of Sebio, grim and twisted as if by some terrible resolution, now at the piece of iron turning an angry, luminous red.―What is he going to do?‖ ―Merciful God!‖ For Sebio had taken the sharp knife and had slashed across the two pin pricks.

Dark blood oozed out slowly. Then he grasped the red-hot iron and before their horrified gaze plunged it into the wound. The glowing point sizzled drawing the blood out of the wound. The smell of burning flesh filled the air. The women shrieked. Several of them who could no longer stand the sight fainted.

Then, calmly, Sebio laid aside the iron, and his frothy lips relaxed into the semblance of a smile. Slowly his eyes closed. Somebody held him up. But before unconsciousness came he had seen their eyes. And they told him that never again would he be called ―Sebiong Pasmado.‖

Exercise 1 Unlock the meaning of the following italicized words through context clues.

Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1.

The lion savagely attacked its prey. a. b.

2.

c.

hungrily d. quietly

The heavy-laden stalks of grain rippled in graceful undulation with each breath of the harvest wind. a. b.

3.

angrily fiercely

atmosphere aroma

c. d.

motion sensation

Can there be strength in those puny arms and flat chest?

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a. b.

4.

c. d.

undeveloped well-built

His muscles are small, flat, and flabby when relaxed. a. b.

5.

long robust

fatty and fleshy firm and hard

c. d.

limp and soft thin and lean

Shouts of derision from the onlookers followed when Sebio failed to straighten the horseshoe. a. b.

approval blame

c. d.

encouragement ridicule

Exercise 2 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Who among the characters have you chosen? ________________________________________________________________ 2. At what point in the story have you expressed such thoughts and feelings? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What symbol/s did you relate with Sebiong Pasmado? Why did you choose such symbol/s for him? ________________________________________________________________ 4. What characteristics did Sebio and the dahong palay have in common? If you were to give another symbol for Sebio, what would it be? Why? ________________________________________________________________ 5. How about Merci? What thoughts or feelings did you have as you played her role? ________________________________________________________________

6. Why was the snake identified as the central figure in the story? ________________________________________________________________ Young Ji International School / College

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