ENGLISH 7 by YOUG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Lesson 1

Exploring Oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Imagination

Literacy Appreciation Understanding legends

Legends, together with fables, myths, fantasy stories, and fairy tales, fall under folk narrative, also called folk tales. Legends are either real or improbable stories which explain the origin of local phenomena which people believe historically and traditionally. However, these are not necessarily on facts on facts but are merely products of peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s imagination. Just like other folk narratives, legends have unknown authors, are timeless and places, and are circulated orally. It is fortunate that there have been attempts to compile these narratives by such collectors as Dean S. Fansler and Damiana Eugenio.

The Legend of Hundred Islands Centuries ago before the coming of the Spaniards to the Philippines, there was a brave rajah who ruled over the people of Alaminos, Rajah Masubeg. He had several hundred warriors to guard his kingdom, led by his son Dam Mabiskeg. The little kingdom enjoyed peace and prosperity, unmolested by its neighbors. But one day, a report came that an invading force was coming from across the sea. The rajah called a council of war among his chieftains. It was decided to meet the enemy at sea. They must not be allowed to land. One hundred of the bravest warriors were summoned. They were placed in ten large bancas, armed to the teeth. Datu Mabiskeg, in the lead banca, commanded the task force. The two forces were soon locked in mortal combat. Furious hand-to-hand fighting broke out on the boats and raged until the sun sank in the west and darkness covered the sea.

When morning came none of the warriors returned alive. The enemy was nowhere to be seen, they had been annihilated and so were the one hundred warriors led by the intrepid son. While the kingdom celebrated victory, the old rajah mourned for his son. A week later, when the townsâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; people woke up in the morning and looked toward the sea, a wonderful sight met their eyes. Where before has been an empty expanse of water as far as the eye could see, now there were many tiny islands dotting the sea line. There were about a hundred of these islets. Some were shaped like over turned bancas; others looked like bodies of dead men floating in the sea. These people of Alaminos believed, were the one hundred warriors who had given up their lives in defense of their homes. The gods had immortalized them in the form of islands so that they might watch over their native land forever.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. What kind of ruler was Rajah Masubeg? How did his subjects regard him? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

2. How was the peaceful atmosphere in the kingdom disturbed? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Who were defeated in the fight? What must have happened to the hundred warriors? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. How did Rajah Masubeg face the tragedy? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Preparing the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Iâ&#x20AC;? Search Collection of Philippine Folk Narratives You may start collecting samples of Philippine folk narratives, particularly legends, fables, and didactic tales. You may interview the older members in your community or gather information from books and electronic sources. These will be compiled and submitted towards the end of Unit 1.

Using personification, Alliteration, and Assonance Personification is a figure of speech in which a nonliving thing is given human qualities or characteristics. Here are examples found in the legend. 1. ―… the weeds danced gracefully.‖ 2. ―Then a soft breeze fanned the tall, thin grass growing beside him.‖

Exercise 2 Identify the inanimate objects. What human attributes are assigned to them? Explain the use of personification in the following examples. 1. ―A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed against the Earth‘s sweet flowing breast.‖ 2. A tree with her leafy arms to pray 3. Pneumonia touched the victims with his icy fingers 4. Chicago as a city is crooked, wicked, and brutal. 

Alliteration is a rhetorical device characterized by the repetition of the first consonant sound in successive important words.



Assonance is another rhetorical device in which the same vowel sound is repeated in successive important words. Both alliteration and assonance are utilized to add beauty to form and expression.

Developing the Dictionary Skills

In partially all the reading activities of the students, they may find it necessary to consult the dictionary not only to determine the meanings of difficult terms but also to be informed of other important matters about words. Find out what these dictionary â&#x20AC;&#x2022;helpsâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; are as you read the selections.

The Dictionary: An Aid to Vocabulary Building

The dictionary is an invaluable tool in learning words in the English language. It is based on a scientific study of the speaking and writing habits or patterns of English speaking people throughout the word. Dictionaries are frequently kept up-to-date by the inclusion of supplementary pages for new words and expressions. Most dictionaries, especially the unabridged ones, give the following information about a word. 1. Spelling and capitalization 2. Pronunciation 3. Syllabication 4. Hyphenated words 5. Parts of speech 6. Plural forms of nouns 7. Principal parts of irregular verbs 8. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives 9. Derivation or etymology 10. Meaning

Characterization

Just like other narratives, legends have characters. These are various ways of portraying character in the story. One way is through what the person does (action); the other way is through what he /she says (speech)/words).

Integrating Values

Below are the three legends you have studied and the corresponding values derived from the narratives. Cite specific instances when you can apply then so as to improve your personal-social life. 1. The Golden Grains-hard work; sharing our blessings with others; patience and perseverance

2. The Hundred Islands-physical and moral fortitude/courage; will and determination

3. Abacca-fairness in treating people and being careful not to judge based on looks only, especially those with physical inadequacies, shortcoming, or limitations; cautiousness to prevent being deceived by physical appearance.

GRAMMAR NOTES Irregular Verbs

Simple/Plain Form

Simple Past Form

Was, Were

Make

Made

Seek

Sought

Feel

Felt

Grow

Grew

Tell

Told

Drive

Drove

Keep

Kept

Went

Strike

Struck

Come

Came

Blow

Blew

Build

Built

Lie

Lay

Laid

Stick

Stuck

Lead

Led

Dig

Dug

Cost

Cut

Set

The simple past tense shows action or state of being that occurred and was completed in the past. Regular verbs form their past tense by adding-d or â&#x20AC;&#x201C;ed to the simple or plain form Irregular verbs form their past tense by changing the spelling or retaining the original spelling in the simple form. The completed past action or state of being is indicated by such times as yesterday, last month, a while ago, etc.

Exercise 3 Write the past and past participle of each verb.

BASE FORM

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

1. build 2. find 3. get 4. hold 5. drink 6. do 7. bring 8. burst 9. fly 10. teach 11. go 12. sing 13. catch 14. choose 15. swing 16. sit 17. eat 18. freeze 19. shrink 20. wind

Lesson 2

Appreciating With and Humor

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

Respect Old Age (Tagalog) Once there lived a poor man who had to support his family the members if which were a hot-headed wife who predominated over the will of her husband, a small boy of ten, and an old man of eighty, the boyâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s grandfather. This aged man could no longer work because of his feebleness. He was the cause of many quarrels between the husband and the wife but was loved by their son.

One rainy morning the husband was forced by his wife to send his father away. He called his son and ordered him to carry a basket full of food and also a blanket. He told the boy that they were to leave the old man in a hut on their farm some distance away. The boy wept and protested against this harsh treatment of his grandfather but in vain. He then cut the blanket into two parts. When he was asked to explain his action, he said to his father, â&#x20AC;&#x2022;When you grow old, I will leave you in a hut and give you this half of this blanket.â&#x20AC;&#x2013; Greatly astonished, the man hurriedly recalled his order concerning his father and thereafter took good care of him. - Compiled by Damiana Eugenio Philippine Folk Literature, 1989

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Characterize the following: a. wife b. father c. grandfather ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of son was the boy of ten? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. What was the sonâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s action that changed the attitude of the father toward the old man? State the change. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. Why do you think the son gave that kind of explanation for his action? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. This tale is classified as didactic because it teaches a lesson. State this lesson. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. Identify the Problem-Solution pattern in the tale by giving details for the following: a. Situation b. Problem c. Attempted Solution d. Result

Using Correct Word Stress The words in the first column are stressed on the first syllable while those in the second column are accented on the second syllable. Practice reading the words with correct stress â&#x20AC;&#x201C; first, after your teacher; next, by groups; then, individually.

Column 1

Column 2

Members

support

Headed

predominated

Husband

because

Eighty

between

Longer

protested

GRAMMAR NOTES 1. Statements with the verb be and with verbs other than be are transformed to Yes/No-questions by using the following patterns. Verb be (Was/Were)

+ Subject +

Predicate Noun / Adjective?

Did + Subject + Main Verb (other than be) + Complement or Modifier? (Simple Plain Form) 2. Short responses are as follows: Affirmative

Yes, Subject Pronoun + was/were. Yes, Subject Pronoun + did.

Negative

No, Subject Pronoun + wasn’t/weren’t. Yes, Subject Pronoun + didn’t.

3. Wh-/ Information questions are not answerable by Yes/No; they require information as answers. These questions start with interrogatives, such as Who, What, Where, When, and Why.

Exercise 2 (a) Change each to Yes/No question. (b) Give short affirmative or negative responses. (2 points each)

1. The wife cleaned the house. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

2. The grandmother was feeble. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

3. The father recalled his order. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

4. The grandson loved the old man.

(a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

5. The students divided the pizza into eight slices. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

6. The boy was humble and wise. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

7. The people threw their garbage in the lake. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

8. The children ate all the fruits. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

9. The man was strong. (a) ______________________________________________________________ 14

(b) ______________________________________________________________ 10. The hunter fed the turtle every day. (a) ______________________________________________________________ (b) ______________________________________________________________

Exercise 3 Construct information questions starting with What, Who, When, Where, and Why. The following groups of words taken from the tale and fable will serve as answers to your questions. 1. ________________________________________________________________ â&#x20AC;&#x2022;Respect Old Ageâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; 2. ________________________________________________________________ the presence of the old grandfather 3. ________________________________________________________________ in a hut 4. ________________________________________________________________ cut the blanket into two parts 5. ________________________________________________________________ because of his feebleness 6. ________________________________________________________________ on that part of the riverbank, under a shady tree 7. ________________________________________________________________ to cool themselves 8. ________________________________________________________________ upper part with leaves

9. ________________________________________________________________ roots 10. ________________________________________________________________ The hunter fed the turtle every hour.

Lesson 3

Strengthening Physical and Moral Fortitude/Courage

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

Indarapatra and Sulayman (Magindanao Epic) A long, long time ago, Mindanao was covered with water, and the sea covers all the lowlands so that nothing could be seen but the mountains jutting from it. There were many people living in the country and all the highlands were dotted with villages and settlements. For many years the people prospered, living in peace and contentment. Suddenly there appeared in the land four horrible monsters which, in short time has devoured every human being they could find. Kurita, a terrible creature with many limbs, lived partly on the land and partly on sea, but its favorite haunt was the mountain where the rattan palm grew; and here it brought utter destruction on every living thing. The second monster, Tarabusaw, an ugly creature in the form of a man, lived on Mt. Matutum, and far and wide from that place he devoured the people, laying waste the land. The third, an enormous bird called Pah, was so large that, when on the wing, it covered the sun and brought darkness to the earth. Its egg was as large as a house. Mt. Bita was its haunt; and there the only people who escaped its voracity were those who hid in the mountain caves. The fourth monster was also a dreadful bird, having seven heads and the power to see in all directions at the same time. Mt. Gurayan was its home and like

the others, it wrought havoc to its region. So great was the death and destruction caused by these terrible creatures that at length, the news spread even to the most distant lands - and all nations grieved to hear the sad fate of Mindanao. Now far across the sea, in the land of the golden sunset, was a city so great that to look at its many people would injure the eyes of men. When tidings of these great disasters reached this distant city, the heart of King Indarapatra was filled with compassion, and he called his brother, Sulayman, and begged them to save the land of Mindanao from the monsters. Sulayman listened to the story and as heard it, was moved with pity. "I will go", zeal and enthusiasm adding to his strength, "and the land shall be avenged," said he. King Indarapatra, proud of his brother's courage, gave him a ring and a sword as he wished him success and safety. Then he placed a young sapling by his window and said to Sulayman "By this tree I shall know your fate from the hour you depart from here, for if you live, it will live; but if you die, it will die also." So Sulayman departed for Mindanao, and he neither waded nor used a boat, but went through the air and landed on the mountain where the rattan grew. There he stood on the summit and gazed about on all sides. He looked on the land and the villages, but he could see no living thing. And he was very sorrowful and cried out: "Alas, how pitiful and dreadful is this devastation." No sooner had Sulayman uttered those words than the whole mountain began to move and then shook. Suddenly out of the ground came the horrible creature Kurita. It sprung at the man and sank its claws at his flesh. But, Sulayman knowing at once that this was the scourge of the land, drew his sword and cut Kurita to pieces. Encourage by his first success, Sulayman went on to Mt. Matutum, where conditions were even worse. As he stood on the heights viewing the great devastation, there was a noise in the forest and a movement in the trees. With a loud yell, Tarabusaw forth leaped. For the moment they looked at each other, neither showing any sign of fear. Then Tarabusaw used all his powers to try to devour Sulayman, who fought back. For a long time, the battle continued, until at last, the monster fell exhausted to the ground and Sulayman killed him with his sword. The nest place visited by Sulayman was Mt. Bita. Here havoc was present everywhere, and though he passed by many homes, he saw that not a single soul was left. As he walked, sudden darkness fell over the land, startling him. As he looked toward the sky he beheaded a great bird that swooped upon him. Immediately he struck, and the bird fell dead at his feet; but the wing fell on Sulayman and he was crushed. Now at this very time King Indarapatra was sitting at his window, and looking out he saw the little tree wither and dry up. "Alas!" he cried, "my brother is dead" and he wept bitterly.â&#x20AC;&#x2013; Then although he was very sad, he was filled with a desire for revenge. Putting on his sword and belt, he started for Mindanao, in search for his brother.

He, too, traveled through the air with great speed until he came to the mountain where the rattan grew. There he looked about, awed at the great destruction, and when she saw the bones of Kurita he knew that his brother had been there. He went on till he came to Matutum, and when he saw the bones of Tarabusaw, he knew that this, too, was the work of Sulayman. Still searching for his brother, he arrived at Mt. Bita, where the dead bird lay on the ground, and when he lifted the severed wing he beheld the bones of Sulayman with his sword by his side. His grief now so overwhelmed Indarapatra that he wept for some time. Upon looking up, he beheld a small jar of water by his side. This, he knew had been sent from the heaven, and he poured the water over the bones, and Sulayman, came to life again. They greeted each other and talked animatedly for great length of time. Sulayman declared that he had not been dead but asleep, and their hearts were full of joy. After some time Sulayman returned his distant home, but Indarapatra continued his journey to Mt. Gurayan where killed the dreadful bird with the seven heads. After these monsters had all been killed, peace and safety had been restored to the land: Indarapatra began searching everywhere to see if some of the people who hid in the earth were still alive. One day, in the course of his search, he caught sight of a beautiful woman at a distance. When he hastened toward her she disappeared through a hole in the ground where she stood. Disappointed and tried, he sat down on a rock to rest when, looking about, he saw near him a pot uncooked rice with a big fire on the ground in front of it. This revived him and he proceeded to cook the rice. As he did so, however, he heard someone laugh nearby, and turning he beheld an old woman watching him. As he greeted her, she drew near and talked to him while he ate the rice. Of all the people in the land, the woman told him, only few were left, and they hid in a cave in the ground from whence they never ventured to come out. As for herself and her old husband, she went on, they had hidden in a hollow tree, and this they had never dared to leave until Sulayman killed the voracious bird Pah. At Indarapatra's request, the old woman led him to one such cave. There he met the headmen with his family and some people. They all gathered about the stranger, asking many questions, for this was the first time they had heard about the death of the monsters. When they found out

what Indarapatra had done for them, the headman gave his daughter to him in marriage, and she proved to be beautiful girl whom Indarapatra had seen at the mouth of the cave. Then the people all came out of their hiding places and returned to their homes where they lived in peace and happiness. And the sea withdrew from the land and gave the lowlands to the people.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Describe the two kingdoms known as Dare-es-Salaam and Mantapuli. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Identify the four main-eating monsters. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Who killed Sulayman? How was he restored his life? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. What was offered to Rajah Indarapatra by the datu as a token of gratitude? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. How was the lost ring of Rajah Indarapatra recovered?

Understanding the Philippine Folk Epics According to E. Arsenio Manuel, an eminent Filipino anthropologist, folk epics are characterized as follows. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Narratives of sustained length Based on oral tradition Revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds In the form of verbs which is ether chanted or sung

GRAMMAR NOTES Subject-Verb Agreement

The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs. 

Everyone has done his or her homework.  Somebody has left her purse.

Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.

 

Some of the beads are missing. Some of the water is gone.

On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of none as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none as meaning not one, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.")   

None of you claims responsibility for this incident? None of you claim responsibility for this incident? None of the students have done their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the singular verb.

Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome. Everyone and everybody (listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them. They are always singular, though. Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. Each, too, is always singular and requires a singular verb. Everyone has finished his or her homework. You would always say, "Everybody is here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that. Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library. Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is each and each is always singular Each is responsible. Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along withwill modify the

earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do). 

The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.  The mayor and his brothers are going to jail. The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things. 

Neither of the two traffic lights is working.  Which shirt do you want for Christmas?  Either is fine with me.

In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of. This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."

The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number.    

Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house. Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house. Are either my brothers or my father responsible? Is either my father or my brothers responsible?

Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible. The words there and here are never subjects.   

There are two reasons [plural subject] for this. There is no reason for this. Here are two apples.

With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb.

Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings. He loves and she loves and they love_ and . . . . Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb. The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail. Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the Plural Forms of Nouns and the section on Collective Nouns for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pairbecomes the subject). 

My glasses were on the bed.  My pants were torn. A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet. Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs. 

The news from the front is bad.  Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women. On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.   

My assets were wiped out in the depression. The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically. Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.

The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent … . See the section on plurals for help with this problem.

Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. (The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student has tried this." 

Some of the voters are still angry. A large percentage of the older population is voting against her. Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle. Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire. Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy. Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy. Two and two is four. Four times four divided by two is eight.

      

If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject. 

The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.  It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.  It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.

Exercise 1 Underline the correct form of the verb in the parentheses in each of the following sentences. 1. Most of the balloons ( has, have ) long strings. 2. (Do, Does ) either of them know how? 3. Firefighters ( risks, risk ) their lives to save others. 4. At the Science fair, the winners always ( receives, receive ) a special cash prize. 5. The officials of one town ( has, have ) had to put a special fence around the crocodiles pool to keep visitors from getting near the swamp. 6. The citizens of Kodiak Islands ( calls, call ) Alaska the mainland.

7. Sacks of mail ( is, are ) flown from the province to the mainland. 8. Neither of them ( was, were ) wearing a helmet. 9. All of the writing ( is , are ) upside down. 10. Somebody in the class ( speaks , speak ) French.

Exercise 2 Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject. 1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school. 2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting. 3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside. 4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor. 5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie. 6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer. 7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France. 8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street. 9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch. 10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win. 11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable. 12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction. 13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen. 14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six? 15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject. 16. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days. 17. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer? 18. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's. 19. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left! 20. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.

Understanding the Philippine Short Story in English The short story is a work of prose fiction. All the elements of the story must be skillfully combined to create a single effect or impression. These elements are as follows. a. Setting- the place and time in which the action takes place b. Plot- the artistic arrangement of action with five parts, namely 1. Exposition gives the background so as to clarify the situation leading to the problem. 2. Development consists of incidents pointing to the problem solution 3. Turning point is that part after which no other solution is possible 4. Climax is the highest point; arouses the greatest interest; evokes the most intense feelings. 5. Denouement is the part where mystery is solved and misunderstanding is cleared away. 1. Character Analysis Writers give the readers a view of the kinds of character in the story by using such techniques as the following: a. Character‘s words and actions b. Description by the author, and c. What the other characters say about another character 2. Identifying Sensory Images This story is rich in sensory images. These are vivid word pictures that appeal to the senses of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling/touch. For example, in the expression ―he snored lightly,‖ there is an appeal to the sense of hearing.

Exercises 3 Writing a Character Sketch of a Family Member 1. Introduction The first paragraph usually gives the introduction, which is an overview of your topic-which you are going to describe, what his/her importance is to you, and what aspects of the member‘s personality you will focus on.

2. Body The second and succeeding paragraphs constitute the body of your sketch, depending on how will develop the topic. 3. Conclusion The last paragraph is the conclusion or ending. You may end by restating the quality or traits and reinforce the value of the family members in your life.

Exercise 4 Writing Personal-Social Letters When you write personal-social letters, you are expressing your feelings, experience, and insights reflective of your personality. At the same time, you enhance your relationship with your family, friends, and acquaintances. Some examples of these letters are the friendly, congratulatory, thank-you, sympathy, condolence, invitation, and apology letters.

Lesson 4

Understanding Oneself Through the Eyes of the Family

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

The Happiest Boy in the World by N.V.M. Gonzales One warm July night Julio was writing a letter to-of all people-his landlord, Ka Ponso. It was about his son Jose who wanted to go to school in Mansalay, the town where Ka Ponso lived. They had moved here to the island of Mindoro about a year ago because Julio had been unable to find any land of his own to farm. As it was, he thought himself lucky when Ka Ponso agreed to take him on as a tenant. "Dear Compadre," he started writing. A while before, his wife had given birth to a baby. Ka Ponso had happened to be in the neighborhood and offered to be the baby's godfather. After that they had begun to call each other compadre. Julio was writing in Tagalog, bending earnestly over a piece of paper torn out of his son's school notebook. It was many months since he had had a writing implement in his hand. That was when he had gone to the municipal office in Mansalay to file a homestead application. Then he had used a pen and, to his surprise, had been able to fill in the blank form neatly. Nothing had come of the application, although Ka Ponso had assured him he had looked into the matter and talked with the officials concerned. Now, using a pencil instead of a pen, Julio was sure he could make his latter legible

enough for Ka Ponso. "It's about my boy Jose," he wrote. "He's in the sixth grade now." He didn't add that Jose had had to miss a year of school since coming here to Mindoro. "Since he's quite a poor hand at looking after your carabaos, I thought it would be best that he go to school in the town." He leaned back against the wall. He was sitting on the floor writing one end of the long wooden bench that was the sole piece of furniture in their one-room house. The bench was in one corner. Across from it stood the stove. To his right, his wife and the baby girl lay under a hemp mosquito net. Jose too was here, sprawled beside a sack of un-husked rice by the doorway. He had been out all afternoon looking for one of Ka Ponso's carabaos that had strayed away to the newly planted rice clearings along the other side of the river. Now Jose was snoring lightly, like the tired youth he was. He was twelve years old. The yellow flame of the kerosene lamp flickered ceaselessly. The dank smell of food, mainly fish broth, that had been spilled from many a bowl and dried on the bench now seemed to rise from the very texture of the wood itself. The stark fact of their poverty, if Julio's nature had been sensitive to it, might have struck him a hard and sudden blow; but as it was, he just looked about the room, even as the smell assailed his nostrils, and stared a moment at the mosquito net and then at Jose as he lay there by the door. Then he went on with his letter. "This boy Jose, compadre," he wrote, "is quite an industrious lad. If only you can make him do anything you wish, any work. He can cook rice, and I'm sure he'd do well washing dishes." Julio recalled his last visit to Ka Ponso's place about three months ago, during the fiesta. It was a big house with many servants. The floors were so polished you could almost see your own image under your feet as you walked, and there was always a servant who followed you about with a rag to wipe away the smudges of dirt that your feet left on the floor. "I hope you will not think of this as a great bother," Julio continued, trying his best to phrase his thoughts. He had a vague fear that Ka Ponso might not regard his letter favorably. But he wrote on, slowly and steadily, stopping only from time to time to regard what he had written. "We shall repay you for whatever

you can do for us, compadre. It's true that we already owe you for many things, but my wife and I will do all we can indeed to repay you." Rereading the last sentence and realizing that he had mentioned his wife, Julio recalled that during the first month after their arrival here they had received five large measures of rice from Ka Ponso. Later he had been told that at harvest time he would have to pay back twice that amount. Perhaps this was usury, but it was strictly in keeping with the custom in those parts, and Julio was not the sort to complain. Besides, he never thought of Ka Ponso as anything other than his spiritual compadre, as they say, his true friend. Suddenly he began wondering how Jose would act in Ka Ponso's house, unaccustomed as he was to so many things there. The boy might even stumble over a chair and break some dishes. . . . On and on went his thoughts, worrying about the boy. "And I wish you would treat Jose as you would your own son, compadre. You may beat him if he does something wrong. Indeed, I want him to look up to you as a second father." Julio felt that he had nothing more to say, that he had written the longest letter in all his life. For a moment the fingers of his right hand felt numb, and this was a funny thing, he thought, since he had scarcely filled the page. He leaned back again and smiled to himself. Well, he had completed the letter. He had feared he would never be able to write it. But now he was done, and, it seemed, the letter read well. The next day he must send Jose off with it. About six o'clock the following morning, a boy of twelve was riding a carabao along the riverbed road to town. He made a very puny load on the carabao's broad back. Walking close behind the carabao, the father accompanied him as far as the bend of the riverbed. When the beast hesitated to cross the small rivulet that cut the road as it passed a clump of bamboo, the man picked up a stick and prodded the animal. Then he handed the stick to the boy, as one might give a precious gift. The father didn't cross the stream, but only stood there on the bank. "Mind that you take care of the letter," he called out from where he stood. "Do you have it there in your shirt pocket?" The boy fumbled in his pocket. When he had found the letter, he called: "No, Tatay, I won't lose it." "And take good care of the carabao," Julio added. "I'll come to town myself in a day or two to get it back. I just want to finish the planting first." Then Julio started walking back home, thinking of the work that awaited him in his cleaning that day. But he remembered something more to tell his son. Stopping, he called out to him again. "And that letter," he shouted. "Be sure and give it to Ka

Ponso as soon as you reach town. Then be good and do everything he asks you to do. Remember-everything." From atop the carabao, Jose yelled back: "Yes, Tatay, yes," and rode on. Fastened to his saddle were a small bundle of clothes and a little package of rice. The latter was food for his first week in town. It was customary for schoolboys from the barrio or farm to provides themselves in this simple manner. In Jose's case, even if he was going to live at Ka Ponso's, Julio did not want it to be said that he had forgotten this little matter of the first week's food. Now the boy was out of his father's sight, concealed by a stand of tall hemp plants, their green leaves glimmering in the morning sun. Thinking of his father, Jose grew suddenly curious about the letter in his shirt pocket. He stopped his carabao under a shady tree by the roadside. A bird sang in a bush close by, and Jose could hear it as he read the letter. Jumping from word to word, he found it difficult to understand his father's dialect now that he saw it in writing. But as the meaning of each sentence became clear to him, he experienced a curious exultation. It was as though he was the happiest boy in the world and that bird was singing expressly for him. He also heard the tinkling of the stream far away. There he and his father had parted. The world seemed full of bird song and music from the stream.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Why was Julio writing to his landlord? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. What good things did Julio say about his son? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. What were his fears for his son?

GRAMMAR NOTES

Aside from the rules on the subject â&#x20AC;&#x201C; verb agreement set forth in the preview lesson, some other rules are added for careful study, particularly those which make verbs agree with special noun and pronoun subjects. As needed, speaker and writers have to acquaint themselves with these guides in order to facilitate communication.

Exercise 2 Write meaningful sentences using the following expressions as subjects. Be sure to observe correct agreement of subject and verb. Use the simple present tense of the verbs. 1. More than one ______________________________________________________. 2. Someone __________________________________________________________. 3. All (members) _______________________________________________________. 4. A million pesos ______________________________________________________. 5. A few _____________________________________________________________. 6. One of the _________________________________________________________. 7. Many a ____________________________________________________________. 8. Our club (as a unit) ___________________________________________________. 9. There is ___________________________________________________________. 10. There are __________________________________________________________.

Lesson 5

Discovering the Ideals of Family Life

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

Harvest by Loreto Paras-Sulit

HE first saw her in his brother‘s eyes. The palay stalks were taking on gold in the late afternoon sun, were losing their trampled, wind-swept look and stirring into little, almost inaudible whispers. The rhythm of Fabian‘s strokes was smooth and unbroken. So many palay stalks had to be harvested before sundown and there was no time to be lost in idle dallying. But when he stopped to heap up the fallen palay stalks he glanced at his brother as if to fathom the other‘s state of mind in that one, side-long glance. The swing of Vidal‘s figure was as graceful as the downward curve of the crescent-shaped scythe. How stubborn, this younger brother of his, how hardheaded, fumed Fabian as he felled stalk after stalk. It is because he knows how very good-looking he is, how he is so much run-after by all the women in town. The obstinate, young fool! With his queer dreams, his strange adorations, his wistfulness for a life not of these fields, not of their quiet, colorless women and the dullness of long nights of unbroken silence and sleep. But he would bend… he must bend… one of these days.

Vidal stopped in his work to wipe off the heavy sweat from his brow. He wondered how his brother could work that fast all day without pausing to rest, without slowing in the rapidity of his strokes. But that was the reason the master would not let him go; he could harvest a field in a morning that would require three men to finish in a day. He had always been afraid of this older brother of his; there was something terrible in the way he determined things, how he always brought them to pass, how he disregarded the soft and the beautiful in his life and sometimes how he crushed, trampled people, things he wanted destroyed. There were flowers, insects, birds of boyhood memories, what Fabian had done to them. There was Tinay… she did not truly like him, but her widowed mother had some lands… he won and married Tinay. I wonder what can touch him. Vidal thought of miracles, perhaps a vision, a woman… But no… he would overpower them…he was so strong with those arms of steel, those huge arms of his that could throttle a spirited horse into obedience. ―Harvest time is almost ended, Vidal.‖ (I must be strong also, the other prayed). ―Soon the planting season will be on us and we shall have need of many carabaos. Milia‘s father has five. You have but to ask her and Milia will accept you any time. Why do you delay…‖ He stopped in surprise for his brother had sprung up so suddenly and from the look on his face it was as if a shining glory was smiling shyly, tremulously in that adoring way of his that called forth all the boyishness of his nature—There was the slow crunch, crunch of footsteps on dried soil and Fabian sensed the presence of people behind him. Vidal had taken off his wide, buri hat and was twisting and untwisting it nervously. ―Ah, it is my model! How are you, Vidal?‖ It was a voice too deep and throaty for a woman but beneath it one could detect a gentle, smooth nuance, soft as silk. It affected Fabian very queerly, he could feel his muscles tensing as he waited for her to speak again. But he did not stop in work nor turn to look at her. She was talking to Vidal about things he had no idea of. He could not understand why the sound of her voice filled him with this resentment that was increasing with every passing minute. She was so near him that when she gestured, perhaps as she spoke, the silken folds of her dress brushed against him slightly, and her perfume, a very subtle fragrance, was cool and scented in the air about him. ―From now on he must work for me every morning, possibly all day.‖ ―Very well. Everything as you please.‖ So it was the master who was with her. ―He is your brother, you say, Vidal? Oh, your elder brother.‖ The curiosity in her voice must be in her eyes. ―He has very splendid arms.‖ Then Fabian turned to look at her. He had never seen anyone like her. She was tall, with a regal unconscious assurance in her figure that she carried so well, and pale as though she had just recovered from a recent illness. She was not exactly very young nor very beautiful.

But there was something disquieting and haunting in the unsymmetry of her features, in the queer reflection of the dark blue-blackness of her hair, in her eyes, in that mole just above her nether lips, that tinged her whole face with a strange loveliness. For, yes, she was indeed beautiful. One discovered it after a second, careful glance. Then the whole plan of the brow and lip and eye was revealed; one realized that her pallor was the ivory-white of rice grain just husked, that the sinuous folds of silken lines were but the undertones of the grace that flowed from her as she walked away from you. The blood rushed hot to his very eyes and ears as he met her grave, searching look that swept him from head to foot. She approached him and examined his hot, moist arms critically. ―How splendid! How splendid!‖ she kept on murmuring. Then ―Thank you,‖ and taking and leaning on the arm of the master she walked slowly away. The two brothers returned to their work but to the very end of the day did not exchange a word. Once Vidal attempted to whistle but gave it up after a few bars. When sundown came they stopped harvesting and started on their way home. They walked with difficulty on the dried rice paddies till they reached the end of the rice fields. The stiffness, the peace of the twilit landscape was maddening to Fabian. It augmented the spell of that woman that was still over him. It was queer how he kept on thinking about her, on remembering the scent of her perfume, the brush of her dress against him and the look of her eyes on his arms. If he had been in bed he would be tossing painfully, feverishly. Why was her face always before him as though it were always focused somewhere in the distance and he was forever walking up to it? A large moth with mottled, highly colored wings fluttered blindly against the bough, its long, feathery antennae quivering sensitively in the air. Vidal paused to pick it up, but before he could do so his brother had hit it with the bundle of palay stalks he carried. The moth fell to the ground, a mass of broken wings, of fluttering wing-dust. After they had walked a distance, Vidal asked, ―Why are you that way?‖ ―What is my way?‖ ―That—that way of destroying things that are beautiful like moths… like…‖ ―If the dust from the wings of a moth should get into your eyes, you would be blind.‖ ―That is not the reason.‖ ―Things that are beautiful have a way of hurting. I destroy it when I feel a hurt.‖ To avoid the painful silence that would surely ensue Vidal talked on whatever subject entered his mind. But gradually, slowly the topics converged into one. He found himself talking about the woman who came to them this afternoon in the fields.

She was a relative of the master. A cousin, I think. They call her Miss Francia. But I know she has a lovely, hidden name… like her beauty. She is convalescing from a very serious illness she has had and to pass the time she makes men out of clay, of stone. Sometimes she uses her fingers, sometimes a chisel. One day Vidal came into the house with a message for the master. She saw him. He was just the model for a figure she was working on; she had asked him to pose for her. ―Brother, her loveliness is one I cannot understand. When one talks to her forever so long in the patio, many dreams, many desires come to me. I am lost… I am glad to be lost.‖ It was merciful the darkness was up on the fields. Fabian could not see his brother‘s face. But it was cruel that the darkness was heavy and without end except where it reached the little, faint star. For in the deep darkness, he saw her face clearly and understood his brother. On the batalan of his home, two tall clay jars were full of water. He emptied one on his feet, he cooled his warm face and bathed his arms in the other. The light from the kerosene lamp within came in wisps into the batalan. In the meager light he looked at his arms to discover where their splendor lay. He rubbed them with a large, smooth pebble till they glowed warm and rich brown. Gently he felt his own muscles, the strength, the power beneath. His wife was crooning to the baby inside. He started guiltily and entered the house. Supper was already set on the table. Tinay would not eat; she could not leave the baby, she said. She was a small, nervous woman still with the lingering prettiness of her youth. She was rocking a baby in a swing made of a blanket tied at both ends to ropes hanging from the ceiling. Trining, his other child, a girl of four, was in a corner playing siklot solemnly all by herself. Everything seemed a dream, a large spreading dream. This little room with all the people inside, faces, faces in a dream. That woman in the fields, this afternoon, a colored, past dream by now. But the unrest, the fever she had left behind… was still on him. He turned almost savagely on his brother and spoke to break these two grotesque, dream bubbles of his life. ―When I was your age, Vidal, I was already married. It is high time you should be settling down. There is Milia.‖ ―I have no desire to marry her nor anybody else. Just—just—for five carabaos.‖ There! He had spoken out at last. What a relief it was. But he did not like the way his brother pursed his lips tightly That boded not defeat. Vidal rose, stretching himself luxuriously. On the door of the silid where he slept he paused to watch his little niece. As she threw a pebble into the air he caught it and would not give it up. She pinched, bit, shook his pants furiously while he laughed in great amusement. ―What a very pretty woman Trining is going to be. Look at her skin; white as rice grains just husked; and her nose, what a high bridge. Ah, she is going to be a

proud lady… and what deep, dark eyes. Let me see, let me see. Why, you have a little mole on your lips. That means you are very talkative.‖ ―You will wake up the baby. Vidal! Vidal!‖ Tinay rocked the child almost despairingly. But the young man would not have stopped his teasing if Fabian had not called Trining to his side. ―Why does she not braid her hair?‖ he asked his wife. ―Oh, but she is so pretty with her curls free that way about her head.‖ ―We shall have to trim her head. I will do it before going out to work tomorrow.‖ Vidal bit his lips in anger. Sometimes… well, it was not his child anyway. He retired to his room and fell in a deep sleep unbroken till after dawn when the sobs of a child awakened him. Peering between the bamboo slats of the floor he could see dark curls falling from a child‘s head to the ground. He avoided his brother from that morning. For one thing he did not want repetitions of the carabao question with Milia to boot. For another there was the glorious world and new life opened to him by his work in the master‘s house. The glamour, the enchantment of hour after hour spent on the shadow-flecked ylang-ylang scented patio where she molded, shaped, reshaped many kinds of men, who all had his face from the clay she worked on. In the evening after supper he stood by the window and told the tale of that day to a very quiet group. And he brought that look, that was more than a gleam of a voice made weak by strong, deep emotions. His brother saw and understood. Fury was a high flame in his heart… If that look, that quiver of voice had been a moth, a curl on the dark head of his daughter… Now more than ever he was determined to have Milia in his home as his brother‘s wife… that would come to pass. Someday, that look, that quiver would become a moth in his hands, a frail, helpless moth. When Vidal, one night, broke out the news Fabian knew he had to act at once. Miss Francia would leave within two days; she wanted Vidal to go to the city with her, where she would finish the figures she was working on. ―She will pay me more than I can earn here, and help me get a position there. And shall always be near her. Oh, I am going! I am going!‖ ―And live the life of a—a servant?‖ ―What of that? I shall be near her always.‖ ―Why do you wish to be near her?‖ ―Why? Why? Oh, my God! Why?‖ That sentence rang and resounded and vibrated in Fabian‘s ears during the days that followed. He had seen her closely only once and only glimpses thereafter. But the song of loveliness had haunted his life thereafter. If by a magic transfusing he, Fabian, could be Vidal and… and… how one‘s thoughts can make one forget of

the world. There she was at work on a figure that represented a reaper who had paused to wipe off the heavy sweat from his brow. It was Vidal in stone. Again—as it ever would be—the disquieting nature of her loveliness was on him so that all his body tensed and flexed as he gathered in at a glance all the marvel of her beauty. She smiled graciously at him while he made known himself; he did not expect she would remember him. ―Ah, the man with the splendid arms.‖ ―I am the brother of Vidal.‖ He had not forgotten to roll up his sleeves. He did not know how he worded his thoughts, but he succeeded in making her understand that Vidal could not possibly go with her, that he had to stay behind in the fields. There was an amusement rippling beneath her tones. ―To marry the girl whose father has five carabaos. You see, Vidal told me about it.‖ He flushed again a painful brick-red; even to his eyes he felt the hot blood flow. ―That is the only reason to cover up something that would not be known. My brother has wronged this girl. There will be a child.‖ She said nothing, but the look in her face protested against what she had heard. It said, it was not so. But she merely answered, ―I understand. He shall not go with me.‖ She called a servant, gave him a twenty-peso bill and some instruction. ―Vidal, is he at your house?‖ The brother on the patio nodded. Now they were alone again. After this afternoon he would never see her, she would never know. But what had she to know? A pang without a voice, a dream without a plan… how could they be understood in words. ―Your brother should never know you have told me the real reason why he should not go with me. It would hurt him, I know. ―I have to finish this statue before I leave. The arms are still incomplete— would it be too much to ask you to pose for just a little while?‖ While she smoothed the clay, patted it and molded the vein, muscle, arm, stole the firmness, the strength, of his arms to give to this lifeless statue, it seemed as if life left him, left his arms that were being copied. She was lost in her work and noticed neither the twilight stealing into the patio nor the silence brooding over them. Wrapped in that silver-grey dusk of early night and silence she appeared in her true light to the man who watched her every movement. She was one he had glimpsed and crushed all his life, the shining glory in moth and flower and eyes he had never understood because it hurt with its unearthly radiance. If he could have the whole of her in the cup of his hands, drink of her strange loveliness, forgetful of this unrest he called life, if… but his arms had already found their duplicate in the white clay beyond…

When Fabian returned Vidal was at the batalan brooding over a crumpled twenty-peso bill in his hands. The haggard tired look in his young eyes was as grey as the skies above. He was speaking to Tinay jokingly. ―Soon all your sampaguitas and camias will be gone, my dear sister-in-law because I shall be seeing Milia every night… and her father.‖ He watched Fabian cleansing his face and arms and later wondered why it took his brother that long to wash his arms, why he was rubbing them as hard as that… Ω

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION Fill in the elements of the short story based on the story, Harvest. 1.

Plot a. Exposition ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ b. Rising Action ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ c. Climax ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

d. Falling Action ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ e. Resolution ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2.

Setting ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Characters ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Theme ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR NOTES Sentences with direct speech/discourse give the speaker‘s exact words which are enclosed in equation marks and separated from the main clause by a comma. The main clues introduce or close the quoted remarks which always begin with a capital letter. In a split direct discourse, the word that stars the second half is in the lower case. Indirect Speech/Discourse Some examples of changes in form in indirect speech in English are given below. See also Sequence of tenses, and Uses of English verb forms: Indirect speech. 

 



It is raining hard. She says that it is raining hard. (no change) She said that it was raining hard. (change of tense when the main verb is past tense) I have painted the ceiling blue. He said that he had painted the ceiling blue. (change of person and tense) I will come to your party tomorrow. I said that I would come to his party the next day/the following day. (change of tense, person and time expression) How do people manage to live in this city? I asked him how people managed to live in that city. (change of tense and question syntax, and of demonstrative) Please leave the room. I asked them to leave the room. (use of infinitive phrase)

The tense changes illustrated above (also called backshifting), which occur because the main verb ("said", "asked") is in the past tense, are not obligatory when the situation described is still valid: 

Ed is a bore. She said that Ed was/is a bore. (optional change of tense)



I am coming over to watch television. Benjamin said that he is/was coming over to watch television.] (change of person, optional change of tense)

In these sentences the original tense can be used provided that it remains equally valid at the time of the reporting of the statement (Ed is still considered a bore; Benjamin is still expected to come over). The indirect speech/ discourses distinguished from the direct speech/discourse by the absence of equation marks, indicating that is does not

include the exact words of the speaker but it simply reporters what has been said. In transforming direct speech to direct speech, we follow these guides; deletion of quotation marks, observation of unity of tense, as well as change of pronouns, introductory words and sentence order.

Exercise 2 Change the direct discourse in each sentence to the indirect discourse. 1. Daday complained, ―Life is unfair.‖ _________________________________________________________ 2. She answered, ―Do not lose hope.‖ _________________________________________________________ 3. ―Are you sure,‖ Rommel asked Jaynette, ―of your decision to marry me?‖ ______________________________________________________________ 4. ―Is Alecia ready to face family responsibilities?‖ ______________________________________________________________ 5. ―Are you willing to help me?‖, Charmaine asked her mother. ______________________________________________________________ 6. He said, ―It was great.‖ ______________________________________________________________ 7. Nono said, ―I am leaving.‖ ______________________________________________________________ 8. Nene yelled, ―I made it.‖ ______________________________________________________________ 9. Jennah told Bernadette, ―I never cheated.‖ ______________________________________________________________ 10. Chan Young said, ―I am happy.‖ ______________________________________________________________

Exercise 3 Transform the indirect speech in each sentence to direct speech. Use the proper capitalization, punctuation, pronouns, word order and verb tense (simple past tense for the main clause and simple present tense for the direct discourse). 1. She asserted that he must go to school. ______________________________________________________________

2. Maesie asked Nimfa if she had any objection. ______________________________________________________________ 3. Irene questioned her father why life was hard. ______________________________________________________________ 4. Kim Tan asked Cha Eun Sang if the child was healthy. ______________________________________________________________ 5. The father remarked that he was hoping for a happy life. ______________________________________________________________ 6. He concluded that the program was excellent. ______________________________________________________________ 7. Maria stated that freedom of speech was necessary. ______________________________________________________________ 8. Andrew said that he knew her phone number. ______________________________________________________________ 9. She added that English is a language. ______________________________________________________________ 10. Kharlo Fred said that he lived in DasmariĂąas. ______________________________________________________________

Lesson 6

Learning Lessons from Early Marriages

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia Villa The sun was salmon and hazy in the west. Dodong thought to himself he would tell his father about Teang when he got home, after he had unhitched the carabao from the plow, and let it to its shed and fed it. He was hesitant about saying it, but he wanted his father to know. What he had to say was of serious import as it would mark a climacteric in his life. Dodong finally decided to tell it, at a thought came to him his father might refuse to consider it. His father was silent hard-working farmer who chewed areca nut, which he had learned to do from his mother, Dodong's grandmother. I will tell it to him. I will tell it to him. The ground was broken up into many fresh wounds and fragrant with a sweetish earthy smell. Many slender soft worms emerged from the furrows and then burrowed again deeper into the soil. A short colorless worm marched blindly to Dodong's foot and crawled calmly over it. Dodong go tickled and jerked his foot, flinging the worm into the air. Dodong did not bother to look where it fell, but thought of his age, seventeen, and he said to himself he was not young any more. Dodong unhitched the carabao leisurely and gave it a healthy tap on the hip. The beast turned its head to look at him with dumb faithful eyes. Dodong gave it a slight push and the animal walked alongside him to its shed. He placed bundles of grass before it land the carabao began to eat. Dodong looked at it without interests. Dodong started homeward, thinking how he would break his news to his father. He wanted to marry, Dodong did. He was seventeen, he had pimples on his face, the down on his upper lip already was dark-these meant he was no longer a boy. He was growing into a man--he was a man. Dodong felt insolent and big at the thought of it although he was by nature low in statue. Thinking himself a man grown Dodong felt he could do anything. He walked faster, prodded by the thought of his virility. A small angled stone bled his foot, but he dismissed it cursorily. He lifted his leg and looked at the hurt toe and then went on walking. In the cool sundown he thought wild you dreams of himself and Teang. Teang, his girl. She had

a small brown face and small black eyes and straightglossy hair. How desirable she was to him. She made him dream even during the day. Dodong tensed with desire and looked at the muscles of his arms. Dirty. This field work was healthy, invigorating but it begrimed you, smudged you terribly. He turned back the way he had come, then marched obliquely to a creek. Dodong stripped himself and laid his clothes, a gray undershirt and red kundiman shorts, on the grass. The he went into the water, wet his body over, and rubbed at it vigorously. He was not long in bathing, then he marched homeward again. The bath made him feel cool. It was dusk when he reached home. The petroleum lamp on the ceiling already was lighted and the low unvarnished square table was set for supper. His parents and he sat down on the floor around the table to eat. They had fried fresh-water fish, rice, bananas, and caked sugar. Dodong ate fish and rice, but didnot partake of the fruit. The bananas were overripe and when one held them they felt more fluid than solid. Dodong broke off a piece of the cakes sugar, dipped it in his glass of water and ate it. He got another piece and wanted some more, but he thought of leaving the remainder for his parents. Dodong's mother removed the dishes when they were through and went out to the batalan to wash them. She walked with slow careful steps and Dodong wanted to help her carry the dishes out, but he was tired and now felt lazy. He wished as he looked at her that he had a sister who could help his mother in the housework. He pitied her, doing all the housework alone. His father remained in the room, sucking a diseased tooth. It was paining him again, Dodong knew. Dodong had told him often and again to let the town dentist pull it out, but he was afraid, his father was. He did not tell that to Dodong, but Dodong guessed it. Afterward Dodong himself thought that if he had a decayed tooth he would be afraid to go to the dentist; he would not be any bolder than his father. Dodong said while his mother was out that he was going to marry Teang. There it was out, what he had to say, and over which he had done so much thinking. He had said it without any effort at all and without self-consciousness. Dodong felt relieved and looked at his father expectantly. A decrescent moon outside shed its feeble light into the window, graying the still black temples of his father. His father looked old now. "I am going to marry Teang," Dodong said.His father looked at him silently and stopped sucking the broken tooth. The silence became intense and cruel, and Dodong wished his father would suck that troublous tooth again. Dodong was uncomfortable and then became angry because his father kept looking at him without uttering anything. "I will marry Teang," Dodong repeated. "I will marry Teang." His father kept gazing at him in inflexible silence and Dodong fidgeted on his seat. "I asked her last night to marry me and she said...yes. I want your permission. I... want... it...." There was impatient clamor in his voice, an exacting protest at this coldness, this indifference. Dodong looked at his father sourly. He cracked his knuckles one by one, and the little sounds it made broke dully the night stillness. "Must you marry, Dodong?" Dodong resented his father's questions; his father himself had married.

Dodong made a quick impassioned easy in his mind about selfishness, but later he got confused. "You are very young, Dodong." "I'm... seventeen." "That's very young to get married at." "I... I want to marry...Teang's good girl." "Tell your mother," his father said. "You tell her, tatay." "Dodong, you tell your inay." "You tell her." "All right, Dodong." "You will let me marry Teang?" "Son, if that is your wish... of course..." There was a strange helpless light in his father's eyes. Dodong did not read it, too absorbed was he in himself. Dodong was immensely glad he had asserted himself. He lost his resentment for his father. For a while he even felt sorry for him about the diseased tooth. Then he confined his mind to dreaming of Teang and himself. Sweet young dream.... Dodong stood in the sweltering noon heat, sweating profusely, so that his camiseta was damp. He was still like a tree and his thoughts were confused. His mother had told him not to leave the house, but he had left. He had wanted to get out of it without clear reason at all. He was afraid, he felt. Afraid of the house. It had seemed to cage him, to compares his thoughts with severe tyranny. Afraid also of Teang. Teang was giving birth in the house; she gave screams that chilled his blood. He did not want her to scream like that, he seemed to be rebuking him. He began to wonder madly if the process of childbirth was really painful. Some women, when they gave birth, did not cry. In a few moments he would be a father. "Father, father," he whispered the word with awe, with strangeness. He was young, he realized now, contradicting himself of nine months comfortable... "Your son," people would soon be telling him. "Your son, Dodong." Dodong felt tired standing. He sat down on a saw horse with his feet close together. He looked at his callused toes. Suppose he had ten children... What made him think that? What was the matter with him? God! He heard his mother's voice from the house: "Come up, Dodong. It is over." Of a sudden he felt terribly embarrassed as he looked at her. Somehow he was ashamed to his mother of his youthful paternity. It made him feel guilty, as if he had taken something no properly his. He dropped his eyes and pretended to dust dirt off his kundiman shorts. "Dodong," his mother called again. "Dodong." He turned to look again and this time saw his father beside his mother. "It is a boy," his father said. He beckoned Dodong to come up. Dodong felt more embarrassed and did not move. What a moment for him. His parents' eyes seemed to pierce him through and he felt limp. He wanted to hide from them, to run away. "Dodong, you come up. You come up," he mother said. Dodong did not want to come up and stayed in the sun. "Dodong. Dodong." "I'll... come up." Dodong traced tremulous steps on the dry parched yard. He ascended the bamboo steps slowly. His heart pounded mercilessly in him. Within, he avoided his parents eyes. He walked ahead of them so that they should not see his face. He felt guilty and untrue. He felt like crying. His eyes smarted and his chest wanted to burst. He wanted to turn back, to go back to the yard. He wanted somebody to punish him. His father thrust his hand in his and gripped it gently. "Son," his father said. And his

mother: "Dodong..." How kind were their voices. They flowed into him, making him strong. "Teang?" Dodong said. "She's sleeping. But you go in..." His father led him into the small sawali room. Dodong saw Teang, his girl wife, asleep on the papag with her black hair soft around her face. He did not want her to look that pale... Dodong wanted to touch her, to push away that stray wisp of hair that touched her lips, but again that feeling of embarrassment came over him and before his parents he did not want to be demonstrative. The hilot was wrapping the child, Dodong heart it cry. The thin voice pierced him queerly. He could not control the swelling of happiness in him. You give him to me. You give him to me," Dodong said. * * * Blas was not Dodong's child. Many more children came. For six successive years a new child came along. Dodong did not want any more children, but they came. It seemed the coming of children could not be helped. Dodong got angry with himself sometimes. Teang did not complain, but the bearing of children told on her. She was shapeless and thin now, even if she was young. There was interminable work to be done. Cooking. Laundering. The house. The children. She cried sometimes, wishing she had not married. She did not tell Dodong this, not wishing him to dislike her. Yet she wished she had not married. Not even Dodong, whom she loved. There has been another suitor, Lucio, older than Dodong by nine years, and that was why she had chosen Dodong. Young Dodong. Seventeen. Lucio had married another after her marriage to Dodong, but he was childless until now. She wondered if she had married Lucio, would she have borne him children. Maybe not either. That was a better lot. But she loved Dodong... Dodong whom life had made ugly. One night, as he lay beside his wife, he roe and went out of the house. He stood in the moonlight, tired and querulous. He wanted to ask questions and somebody to answer him. He wanted to be wise about many things. One of them was why life did not fulfil all of Youth's dreams. Why it must be so. Why one was forsaken... after Love. Dodong would not find the answer. Maybe the question was not to be answered. It must be so to make Youth. Youth. Youth must be dreamfully sweet. Dreamfully sweet. Dodong returned to the house humiliated by himself. He had wanted to know a little wisdom but was denied it. * * * When Blas was eighteen he came home one night very flustered and happy. It was late at night and Teang and the other children were asleep. Dodong heard Blas's steps, for he could not sleep well of nights. He watched Blas undress in the dark and lie down softly. Blas was restless on his mat and could not sleep. Dodong called him name and asked why he did not sleep. Blas said he could not sleep. "You better go to sleep. It is late," Dodong said. Blas raised himself on his elbow and muttered something in a low fluttering voice. Dodong did not answer and tried to sleep. "Itay ...," Blas called softly. Dodong stirred and asked him what was it. "I am going to marry Tena. She accepted me tonight." Dodong lay on the red pillow without moving. "Itay, you think it over." Dodong lay silent. "I love Tena and... I want her." Dodong rose f

rom his mat and told Blas to follow him. They descended to the yard, where everything was still and quiet. The moonlight was cold and white. "You want to marry Tena," Dodong said. He did not want Blas to marry yet. Blas was very young. The life that would follow marriage would be heard... "Yes." "Must you marry?" Blas's voice stilled with resentment. "I will marry Tena." Dodong kept silent, hurt. "You have objections, Itay?" Blas asked acridly. "Son... n-none..." (But truly, God, I don't want Blas to marry yet... not yet. I don't want Blas to marry yet....) But he was helpless. He could not do anything. Youth must triumph... now. Love must triumph... now. Afterwards... it will be life. As long ago Youth and Love did triumph for Dodong... and then Life. Dodong looked wistfully at his young son in the moonlight. He felt extremely sad and sorry for him.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Describe the place and time/period in the story. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. What was Dodongâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s idea of manhood? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Explain Dodongâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s reactions when Teang gave birth? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

4. Was Teang happy in her married life? Why or why not? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. Compare and contrast the scene between Blas and his father and Dodong and his father. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. Explain the title of the story. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

7. Discuss the message of the story for the youth of today. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 8. How would you describe the relationship between a. Blas and his father b. Dodong and his parents? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Exercise 2 Describe the following characters by giving their distinctive traits. Support your description.

CHARACTERS

TRAITS

PROOFS

1. Dodong 2. Teang 3. Blas

Meaning and Importance of Storytelling Storytelling is the ancient of portraying real or fictions events in words, images, and sounds. It is considered a fundamental aspect of humanity since people at all times and in different places has told stories. It is an effective way to influence, engage, motivate, and spark people into action. Steps and techniques in Storytelling The main steps in storytelling with their accompanying techniques are as follows. 1. Prepare the Story a. Choose the story that you really like b. Read the story silently several times; then, read it aloud to your partner c. Visualize or picture in your mind, rather than memorize all the details of the story, discuss the story with your partner. Create story boards in your mind of the sequence of events. Divide the narrative into episodes. d. Adapt the story. The length of the story may depend on the age, gender, background, characteristics, and interest of the audience. e. Practice anywhere. Record; videotape. The more practice the easier the story will flow.

2. Telling the story a. Make n proper use of your tools, such as the following b. Voice â&#x20AC;&#x201C; varies your pitch, rate, and volume. Maintain a pleasant vocal quality. c. Facial expression â&#x20AC;&#x201C; has proper eye contact with the audience. Let your facial expressions interpret the moods of the story. d. Gesture and Bodily Movements. Use hand gestures meaningfully. Move your body properly. e. Sound effects and music may be used, when appropriate. ACTIVITY: I.

Write the past and past participle of each verb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

BASE FORM build find get hold drink do bring burst fly teach go sing catch choose swing sit eat freeze shrink wind

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

II. Underline the correct form of the verb in the parentheses in each of the following sentences. 11. Most of the balloons ( has, have ) long strings. 12. ( Do, Does ) either of them know how? 13. Firefighters ( risks, risk ) their lives to save others.

14. At the Science fair, the winners always ( receives, receive ) a special cash prize. 15. The officials of one town ( has, have ) had to put a special fence around the crocodiles pool to keep visitors from getting near the swamp. 16. The citizens of Kodiak Islands ( calls, call ) Alaska the mainland. 17. Sacks of mail ( is, are ) flown from the province to the mainland. 18. Neither of them ( was, were ) wearing a helmet. 19. All of the writing ( is , are ) upside down. 20. Somebody in the class ( speaks , speak ) French. III. Change the direct discourse in each sentence to the indirect discourse. 11. Daday complained, “Life is unfair.” _________________________________________________________ 12. She answered, “Do not lose hope.” _________________________________________________________ 13. “Are you sure,” Rommel asked Jaynette, “of your decision to marry me?” ___________________________________________________________________________ 14. “Is Alecia ready to face family responsibilities?” ___________________________________________________________________________ 15. “Are you willing to help me?”, Charmaine asked her mother. ___________________________________________________________________________ 16. He said, “It was great.” ___________________________________________________________________________ 17. Nono said, “I am leaving.” ___________________________________________________________________________ 18. Nene yelled, “I made it.” ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. Jennah told Bernadette, “I never cheated.” ___________________________________________________________________________

20. Chan Young said, “I am happy.” ___________________________________________________________________________ IV. Transform the indirect speech in each sentence to direct speech. Use the proper capitalization, punctuation, pronouns, word order and verb tense (simple past tense for the main clause and simple present tense for the direct discourse). 11. She asserted that he must go to school. ______________________________________________________ 12. Maesie asked Nimfa if she had any objection. ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. Irene questioned her father why life was hard. ___________________________________________________________________________ 14. Kim Tan asked Cha Eun Sang if the child was healthy. ___________________________________________________________________________ 15. The father remarked that he was hoping for a happy life. ___________________________________________________________________________ 16. He concluded that the program was excellent. ___________________________________________________________________________ 17. Maria stated that freedom of speech was necessary. ___________________________________________________________________________ 18. Andrew said that he knew her phone number. ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. She added that English is a language. ___________________________________________________________________________ 20. Kharlo Fred said that he lived in Dasmariñas. ___________________________________________________________________________

(a) Change each to Yes/No question. (b) Give short affirmative or negative responses. (2 points each)

11. The wife cleaned the house. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 12. The grandmother was feeble. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 13. The father recalled his order. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 14. The grandson loved the old man. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 15. The students divided the pizza into eight slices. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 16. The boy was humble and wise.

(a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 17. The people threw their garbage in the lake. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 18. The children ate all the fruits. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. The man was strong. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________ 20. The hunter fed the turtle every day. (a) ___________________________________________________________________________ (b) ___________________________________________________________________________

III. Choose the correct meaning of the vocabulary words below.

tired river

ruined

shouted angrily

excessively large

foliage

weak

unclear

called for

strong

1. sturdy

_____________________________________________

2. summoned

_____________________________________________

3. vague

_____________________________________________

4. stark

_____________________________________________

5. rivulet

_____________________________________________

6. foliage

_____________________________________________

7. enormous

_____________________________________________

8. yelled

_____________________________________________

9. vanquished

_____________________________________________

10. exhausted

_____________________________________________

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Education is not the learning of facts, but the training of the mind to think.â&#x20AC;? -Albert Einstein

Lesson 7

Being aware of Family and Societal Responsibilities

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

Blessed Are The Poor by Herminia A. Sison Dr. Reyes assures Clara that her husband just needs medical care although she suspects that Felix is sick of cancer. She grieves over the job of loss of her husband and daughter. To cover the son‘s tuition fees in the medical school, she sells one of her valuable paintings. Her greatest misery lies in not being able to sell their lot occupied by squatters. Dr. Reyes promises to help the family look for a buyer. Marta consoles Clara and promises not to leave the family. Upon learning about his father‘s sickness, Rey suggests taking him to the hospital. Felix insists he can he cured by faith alone and that the amount to be received from the sale of the painting should go to Rey‘s school expenses. Looking excited, Barbara comes in to tell everybody that she has accepted a job offered by a rich client to manage his Philippine Trade House in Chicago. However, Rey reminds her of the possible expenses that the job acceptance will entail. It is Clara who informs the daughter of the prevailing problems in the family. As Rey is about to leave to deliver the painting to the buyer, Lucio, who is the head of the squatters, arrives to seek financial help for a sick child in his place. He overhears the good news received by Clara from the telephone call of the family doctor that a general wants to buy their lot. Lucio vehemently expresses his disgust with the possible dislocation of the squatters.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. What were the sources of Clara‘s worries? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. How might Barbara‘s job in the States help solve the problems in the family? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

3. What problems did Rey see about his sister‘s possible job in the U.S.A? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

4. How did Lucio react to the news about the buyer of the lot? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

5. What happened to Rey? What kind of son was he? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

6. Explain the title of the story. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Understanding Drama Drama is a literary composition of any length, in prose or poetry, involving conflict, action, crisis, and atmosphere designed to be acted by players on the stage before an audience. It is a synonym for play. Elements /Parts of a Play 1. Plot - arrangement of events, consisting of the following: a. Exposition- background information b. Conflict-clash of opposing forces c. Rising Action- complications and discoveries which create conflict. d. Climax- point of highest interest or crisis e. Falling action- series of events following the climax f. Denouement- the â&#x20AC;&#x2022;unknottingâ&#x20AC;&#x2013; or the resolution of the conflict 2. Characteristics - participants/players (people, animals, objects) classified as protagonist (main characters0; antagonist (opposing the main characters), and secondary characters. 3. Setting - time and place of action 4. Theme - thought, message, truth about life 5. Diction/Dialogue - used of language 6. Music/Song - sound of dialogue, musicality 7. Spectacle - scenery, costumes, lighting, movement, gestures Theatrical Conventions 1. Point of View - position from which an author presents the action of the story; uses objective/dramatic point of view (the story is set in the present; the playwright cannot directly comment on the action and the characters nor enter the mind of the player or tell what is going on. 2. Soliloquy - a character speaking directly to the audience and thinking our aloud 3. Aside - lines whispered to the audience or another character onstage and not meant to be heard by other characters onstage 4. Chorus - a group onstage commenting on character and action Types of Drama 1. Tragedy- imitations of serious action which incidents arousing pity and fear and effecting catharsis of emotions/emotional release, with noble characters that have tragic flaws (traits leading to their destruction)

2. Comedy-illuminates human weakness and limitation; makes us laugh, with happy ending 3. Tragicomedy-contains elements of tragedy and comedy 4. Melodrama-arouses pity and fear though cruder means 5. Farce- arouses explosive laughter through crude means

Exercise 2 Determine the Elements of the Drama/Play: The Plot and the Theme 1. State the significant event in the play ―Blessed are the Poor…‖ First Event ____________________________________________________ Second Event _________________________________________________ Third Event ____________________________________________________ Fourth Event ___________________________________________________ Fifth Event _____________________________________________________ 2. What truth about life did you learn from the story? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR NOTES

The kinds of sentences according to structure are the simple, compound, and complex sentences. The simple sentence has one complete though or idea. The compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. The complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses joined by a subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun, or other connectives.

Exercise 3 Identify these sentences by choosing (a) Simple, (b) Compound or (c) Complex. 1

The training rooms of these college athletes smell of grease and gasoline. A) simple B) compound C) complex

2 Their practice field is a stretch of asphalt, and their heroes make a living driving cars. A) simple B) compound C) complex 3 Their tools are screwdrivers and spanners rather than basketballs and footballs. A) simple B) compound C) complex 4

This new brand of college athlete is involved in the sport of auto racing. A) simple B) compound C) complex

Most of the students are engineering majors, and they devote every minute of their spare time to their sport. A) simple B) compound C) complex

Although the sport is new, it has already attracted six collegiate teams in the Southeast. A) simple B) compound C) complex

The students work on special cars designed for their sport. A) simple B) compound C) complex

The cars are called Legends cars, models of Fords and Chevys from 1932 to 1934, and they are refitted by the students with 1200 cc motorcycle engines. A) simple B) compound C) complex

Although their usual speed ranges from 50 to 90 miles an hour, Legends cars can move up to 100 miles an hour on a straightaway. A) simple B) compound C) complex

The Saturday morning races of the competing teams have attracted as many as 3,500 fans, but the students concede they are no threat to the nation's fastest growing sport of stock car racing. A) simple B) compound C) complex

Lesson 8

Managing Family Differences

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

With Patches of Many Hues by Estrella D. Alfon Grand Mother: Mario what are you doing? Mario: I‗m singing myself, Grandmother. Grand Mother: Singing! I hear no melody! Mario: The singing is inside me, Grandmother! Grand Mother: Let me hear the song, then. So I will know you‗re really singing. Mario: You wouldn‗t understand my song, Grandmother. …. Grand Mother: Yes, your red shirt that your father thought was too frivolous! Mario: You see, Grandmother. The clothes I wear, the words I use, my friends, my hair – everything about me is wrong! Estrella D. Alfon (1918 - 1983) Born in Cebu, Alfon set many of her stories in the fictional community of Espeleta, a recognizable lower middle-class district of that city. Though she wrote mostly in English, she also wrote some stories in Cebuano. Of the women writers of the region, she is among the most prominent.

Unable to complete a pre-medical course at the University of the Philippines because of poor health, Alfon instead earned an Associate in Arts certificate. Her first story, ―Grey Confetti‖ (1935), was quickly followed by many others. The only female member of the Veronicans, an avant garde group of writers in the 1930s led by Francisco Arcellana and H.R. Ocampo, she was also regarded as their muse. A regular contributor to Manila-based national magazines, she had several stories cited in Jose Garcia Villa‘s annual honor rolls. A collection of her early short stories, ―Dear Esmeralda,‖ won Honorable Mention in the Commonwealth Literary Award of 1940. Seventeen of her stories appear in Magnificence and Other Stories (1960), the only published collection of her short fiction. Of these stories, Francisco Arcellana said, ―When I say that these stories are powerful as stories, I mean they are compelling. They are told with urgency. They make you think of the ancient mariner.‖ While critics found cause to commend her, a conservative group of Catholics charged Alfon in court with obscenity over one of her short stories, ―Fairy Tale for the City,‖ about a young man‘s initiation into sex. Fellow writers were quick to rally around her, claiming her as a martyr to the cause of artistic integrity. The present generation of readers, having dismissed obscenity as a legitimate issue in the critical discussion of literature, prefers to claim her as a writer for the feminist cause. By populating her fictional world largely with women and children, she calls attention to their marginalized roles in Philippine patriarchal society. Though most of her women characters are unable even to recognize themselves as victims, Alfon‘s sympathetic portrayals allow for readings subversive of the society that victimizes women. Reportedly the most prolific Filipino woman writer before the war, Alfon was at times charged with sloppy writing and suspected of writing for money. Undeterred, she continued to write, not just more stories and journalistic pieces, but also plays. In the Arena Theater Play Writing Contest of 1961-62, four of her one-act plays won all the prizes: ―Losers Keepers‖ (first prize), ―Strangers‖ (second prize), ―Rice‖ (third prize), and ―Beggar‖ (fourth prize). That same year she won the top prize in the Palanca Contest for ―With Patches of Many Hues.‖ A posthumous collection, The Collected Stories of Estrella Alfon, was compiled by her long time friend Lina Espina Moore in 1994. Alfon died in 1983, following a heart attack suffered onstage during the Awards night of the Manila Film Festival.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. Describe the place and time/period in the story.

______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Why did Mario want to stay with his grandmother? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. What were the recent happenings in Marioâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s life that made his parents angry? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. What were the faults of the parents in dealing with their son? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. What was Tinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s role in Marioâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s reconciliation with his parents? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. Explain the title of the story. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Understanding Idioms and Slang Idioms are expressions which have grown up with a language and have become the accepted way of expressing ideas. However, they cannot be explained in terms of logic and may seem to violate some grammatical rules. Slang is an informal and nonstanding language which is usually short-lived and is never used in formal writing. It consists of a special vocabulary coined, invented, or derived by a certain group from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. It used in informal talk or writing.

Drama and other Text Types: Comparison and Contrast The meaning, elements, and forms/types of drama have been discussed in a previous lesson. Other text types are presented as to their meaning and structure. Be ready to answer the questions after each type and finally to summarize the similarities and differences between drama and the other text types. 1. Straight News Report a. It is the communication of information on current events to a third party or mass audience by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth. b. The main goals of news writing are summarized by the ABC of journalism: accuracy, brevity, and clarity. c. It adheres to objectivity, fairness, and balance, as well as worthiness, having sufficient relevance to the public or specific audience to warrant attention or coverage. 2. Features a. These are longer articles, such as magazine cover articles and the pieces that lead the inside sections of newspaper. b. Unlike the straight news, features do not have, most of the time, the straight news lead, they simply lure/attract readers in. while straight news stay in third person point of view, feature articles may slip into first person, making the piece more personal. Feature paragraphs are longer than those of news stories. Feature writers use the active verb construction and concrete explanations of straight news but often pit more personality in their prose.

3. Editorial a. Featured in newspaper and magazines, this is usually written by the senior editorial staff or publisher of the publication. 4. Scientific Report/Paper a. It is the communication of the results of researches that have been conducted as way of sharing them with the scientific community. b. Its purpose is to give information. It uses an objectives tone and formal language; observes mechanical neatness as to spelling, capitalization, italics, abbreviations, punctuation, margins, spacing, and indention; adheres to the ABC of news writing; accuracy, brevity, and clarity. c. It usually consists of the following parts. 1. Title 2. Abstract 3. Introduction and Literature review 4. Method and materials 5. Results and Discussion 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendations 8. Acknowledgements 9. References

Exercise 2 Regarding the ABC, how will you answer the following questions?

1. Why is accuracy/correctness important in a scientific report?

2. How is brevity observed in the use of language?

3. What devices are used to achieve clarity/clearness of ideas?

Exercise 3 Briefly state the similarities and differences between the different text types and drama.

Lesson 9

Maintaining Family Cohesiveness

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

The Angry Sea by Elisa Tabuñar Mr. and Mrs. Santos, a wealthy couple, has an only son, Tony, whose behavior has been a cause of worry for his parents: his petty thievery, utter disrespect for his teachers, and the bad company he keeps. One morning, Mr. Santos received a call from Mr. Gaffy, the dean of discipline in Tony‘s school, for an urgent conference. He returned sadly and informed his wife that the school had made an irrevocable decision to dismiss their son. A month ago, Tony was accused of saying indecent words and that morning, he admitted having passed an immoral drawing. Mrs. Santos could not accept the decision, for she considered her son‘s acts as part of growing up. Later, Tony arrived, accompanied by Mr. Gaffy, who assured Mr. Santos that his son had good points he could build on, like his knack for his leadership and skills for making friends. Determined to solve the problem, Mr. Santos cancelled all his appointments for the day. he confronted his wife about having failed to give their sons quality time to listen to his problems and needs. Their confrontation was interrupted by the arrival if Mrs. Aida Cortes, a close friend of the family who had just arrived with pieces of jewelry from Hong Kong. She invited Mrs. Santos to the mah-jong session with their friends. Mrs, Santos refused but promised to join them later. At this point, Mrs. Santos mentioned Tony‘s problem. Very casually, Mrs. Cortes said that her son had been in jail for two hours because of a mischief done in a restaurant and his encounter with a policeman. Regarding Tony‘s dismissal, she advised Mrs. Santos to send Tony to an exclusive school where all other problem children of prominent families were enrolled.

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. What are examples of Tony‘s misbehavior or misconduct? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. What caused Tony‘s dismissal from school? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Give examples of Tony‘s good qualities. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. How may the selection change the reader‘s value system especially regarding values placed on family relationship? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. Explain the title of the story. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR NOTES In a complex sentence, the adjective clause is connected to the independent clause with the use of a relative pronoun, such as who, that, which, whom, or whose. Found in the principal clause, the antecedent of each relative pronoun is at the same time the noun modifies by the adjective clause. An adjective clause may be restrictive or nonrestrictive. Not set off by commas, a restrictive clause is important in the sentence to identify the noun/antecedes; while a non-restrictive clause, which merely gives additional information and I set off by commas, may be removed without affecting the remaining of the sentence. Examples: Restrictive:

Mr. Santos left his office early to meet his son who needed his help urgently.

Nonrestrictive:

Mrs. Santos, who had just finished her breakfast, left for a conference with Tonyâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s teachers.

Exercise 2 Underline the adjective clauses in each sentence. Determine its kind by writing restrictive or nonrestrictive on the answer line. _____________________1.

The clerk who had improved the situation left early.

_____________________2.

Mr. Reyes, who was around, was waiting anxiously for his son.

_____________________3.

The boyâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s tasks, which were assigned, were properly accomplished.

_____________________4.

We congratulated Elena whose efforts to help others were rewarded.

_____________________5.

The son whom the couple loved very dearly promised to care for his parents in return.

Exercise 2 Writing a Paragraph using the Problem-Solution pattern Choose a problem in the play or any family-related problem you have encountered personally. Write paragraph of analysis by including the following points; what its nature is, what may have caused it, how it affects you, and how it can be solved.

Lesson 10

Developing Kindness and the Habits of Thrift

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

The Ways of Thrift by Loreto Paras-Sulit The play revolves around the value of thrift and of saving money preferably in a postal saving bank. Noel lives his motto of saving for the coming rainy days. He proves that he is right in his belief of saving in a bank with the occurrence of the fire incident caused by Rudyâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s evil acts. The selection also teaches us to be forgiving, kind, compassionate, and ready to help those in need as shown by Noel, his friends, and his mother. After all, for the good acts or deeds of these people, they deserve the love and respect given to them by their neighbors. In the case of Rudy, it is just fair that he be given the punishment for his wicked ways. Indeed, we reap what we sow. We find in life exactly what we put into it.

GRAMMAR NOTES Using Linkers/Connectives to Signal Cause-Effects Relationships The sentences illustrate cause-effects relationships. Cause refers to the reason why a situation or an event happens. Effects the result or outcome of the event. Notice the italicized linkers/connectives that signal the cause-effects relationships. They are hence, because, since, and as a consequence. Can you think of other linkers? In a sentence showing a cause-effects relationship, the cause is the reason why an event or a situation happens; the effect is the result or outcome of the vent.

Exercise 1 Make your own cause and effect by writing it on the line.

Column A

Column B

(Cause)

(Effect)

1. 1. _________________________________ _________________________________ 2. 2. _________________________________ _________________________________ 3. 3. _________________________________ _________________________________ 4. 4. _________________________________ _________________________________ 5. 5. _________________________________ _________________________________

Lesson 11

Realizing the Effects of True Education

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

Educating Josefina by Lilia A. Villa The play projected the importance of education for the Filipino parents, especially those with below-average income living in the rural areas. They are willing to make sacrifices just to send their children to the universities. However, what is questionable about this value is that some parents expect some rewards in the end. Is this justifiable? On the part of the youth, it is unfortunate that some value a highly materialistic way of living – focusing on wealth and what money can buy in terms of elegant houses, jewels, servants, friends, and pleasures. It is, therefore, important that the young be cautioned that simple materials wants are acceptable so as to survive in this material world. What should be considered foremost is the development of spiritual wellness and what ought to go with it: patience, perseverance, kindness, and compassion.

Exercise 1 Form small groups. In each group, select a leader or facilitator to discuss with the members the question: “Is Josefina truly educated?” Be ready to support your stand. You may use the following concepts / theories in your discussion. 1. Education is the development if the power to think, not the acquisition of information. 2. Education is a quest for virtue rather than technical proficiency.

3. Education looks to lasting truth based on the reason and not to mere opinion or to practical knowledge that depends on changing realities and circumstances.

Understanding Satire and Irony Satire is a literary device that uses mockery, wit, or humor to attack, ridicule, or criticize something, such as a habit, an idea, or a custom considered foolish or wrong with the purpose of improving institutions or people. In the play, what are the things being satirized? Irony, on the other hand, is a device used whereby an outcome is a presented which is unexpected. What are examples of unexpected outcomes in the selection?

GRAMMAR NOTES These are other linkers/connectives used in different kinds of sentences to indicate time, such as since, before, after, until, place, like where, wherever, condition, such as if, purpose like so that, exemplication, such as for instance, for example, intensification, like in fact, as a matter of fact, and sequence/enumeration, like first, next, then, later, finally.

Exercise 2 Complete each sentence by supplying the missing ideas. Be guided by the linkers. 1. _________________________ if _________________________________. 2. _________________________before _____________________________. 3. _________________________ wherever___________________________. 4. _________________________so that _____________________________. 5. _________________________for instance _________________________. 6. _________________________nevertheless ________________________.

7. _________________________ finally___________________________. 8. _________________________later ____________________________. 9. _________________________ in fact __________________________. 10. _________________________ after ___________________________.

Lesson 12

Giving Meaning to One’s Life

Literacy Appreciation Understanding Legends

The World is an Apple by Alberto S. Florentino The Characters Gloria, Mario, Pablo An improvised home behind a portion of the Intramuros walls. Two boxes flank the door way. At left is an acacia tree with a wooden bench under it. Mario enters from the street at the left. he is in his late twenties, shabbily and with hair that seems to have been uncut for weeks. he puts his lunch bag on the bench, sits down, removes his shoes and puts them beside his lunch bag. GLORIA: (calls from inside). Mario! is that you Mario? MARIO: Yes…. GLORIA: (a small woman about Mario‘s age, with long hair and a scrawny body, comes out wiping her hands on her dress.) I‘m glad you are home early. MARIO: Yes….. GLORIA: (crosses to the bench) don‘t wake her up, Mario. She‘s tired, she cried the whole day.

MARIO: (reappears and crosses to the bench and sits on the end.) has she been eating well? GLORIA: She would not eat even a mouthful of lugao. but I‘ll buy her some biscuits. maybe she‘ll eat them. (she slips her fingers into her breast pocket.) I‘ll take some of her money. MARIO: (rises annoyed). Gloria! can‘t you wait a minute? GLORIA: (taken a back) hey what‘s the matter? why are you suddenly touchy? MARIO: Who wouldn‘t be? I‘m taking to you about the child and you bother me by ransacking my pockets! I wish you would think more of our daughter. GLORIA: (crosses to the center). my GOD! wasn‘t I thinking of her? why do you think I need some money? to buy me a pretty dress? or see a movie? MARIO: tone down your voice. you‘ll wake up the child GLORIA: (low but intense) all I want is a little money to buy her something to eat! she hasn‘t eaten anything all day! that was why I was bothering you! MARIO: I‘m sorry Gloria…… GLORIA: It‘s alright Mario, now may I have some of the money? MARIO: Money? I…. I don‘t have any…. right now/ GLORIA: Today is pay day Mario. MARIO: Yes….. but…… Gloria but what? where‘s your pay for the week? MARIO: I don‘t …… have it…… GLORIA: What? I waited for you the whole day and you tell me----MARIO: That I have nothing! nothing! what do you want me to do steal? GLORIA: I‘m not asking you to a thing like that! all I want to know is what you did with your pay? MARIO: (sit on the bench) . Nothing is left of it. GLORIA: Nothing ? What happened? MARIO: Oh, I had a few drinks with my friends . Before I new it, I had spent every centavo for it. GLORIA: (eyeing him intently). Mario, do you think you can make a fool of me ? Haven`t I seen you drunk before, crawling home like a wounded snake & reeking of alcohol like a hospital? You don`t smell or look drunk MARIO: All right, so I didn`t go drinking. GLORIA: But you pay – what happened to it ? MARIO: IT`s better that you don`t know , Gloria GLORIA: Look, Mario , I`m your wife. I have the right to half of everything you get. If I can`t have my share , I have the right to know at least where it went! MARIO: Gloria, you`ll fell better if you don`t know. GLORIA: I must know! MARIO: All right. (rises). I spend it all on another woman.

GLORIA: Another woman ? I don`t believe it. I know you wouldn`t do such a thing MARIO: I didn`t know you had so much faith in me. GLORIA : No Mario, what I mean is ---- you wouldn`t spend all your money when you know your daughter may need some of it. You love her too much to do that. GLORIA: What`s wrong Mario? MARIO: (turns his face away ) Nothing , Gloria, nothing. GLORIA: (sits besides him ). I know something is wrong , Mario. I can feel it. Tell me what it is. MARIO: (stares at the ground). Gloria, I`ve lost my job. GLORIA- Oh no! MARIO- its true Gloria. GLORIA- what about your whole pay for the week? MARIO- I lost my job a week ago. GLORIA- and you never even told me. MARIO- I thought I could get another without making you worry. GLORIA- do you think you can get another with in five months? It took you that long to get the last one? MARIO- it wont take me as long as to get another. GLORIA- but how did you loose it? MARIO-what‘s the use of talking about it? that wont bring it back. GLORIA-MARIO! MARIO- yes? GLORIA- have your sinful fingers brought you to trouble again? MARIO-now, now Gloria! don‘t try to accuse me as they did. GLORIA- what they did accuse you off? MARIO- just what you meant to say? Pilfering, they call it? GLORIA- what else you would call it? what, according to them did you steal? MARIO- it was nothing much, nothing really at all. GLORIA-what was it. MARIO- is was an apple. GLORIA- an apple, you mean MARIO- yes they kicked me out for it. for taking one single apple, not a dozen not a crate. GLORIA-that‘s what you get nothing stopping to think before you do something. MARIO-could I have guessed they would do that for one apple? When there were millions of them? We were hauling them to the warehouse. I saw one role out of a broken plat. It was that big. It looked so delicious. Suddenly I found my self putting in my lunch bag. GLORIA: That‘s the trouble with you: when you think of your own stomach, you think of nothing else! MARIO: (Rises). I was not thinking of myself!

GLORIA: Who were you thinking of me? Did I ever ask you to bring home an apple? I am not as crazy as that. MARIO: I was thinking of our child. GLORIA: Tita? Why? Did she ever ask for apples? MARIO: Yes, she did. (Pause). Do you remember the day I took her out for a walk? On our way home we passed a grocery store that sold ―delicious‖ apples at seventy centavos each. She wanted me to buy one for her but I did not have seventy centavos. I bought her one of those small green apples they sell on the sidewalk, but she just threw it away, saying is was not a real apple. Then she tried. (Pause). So when I saw the apple roll out of the broken crate, I thought that Tita would love to have it. GLORIA: You should have tried to bring home pan-de-sal, or rice, or milk--- not those ―delicious‖ apples. We‘re not rich. We can live without apples. MARIO: Why? Did God create apple trees to bear fruit for the rich alone? Didn‘t He create the whole world for everyone? That‘s why I tried to bring the apple home for Tita. When we brought her into this world, we sort of promised her everything she had a right to have in life. GLORIA: So, for a measly apple, you lost a job you need so much----MARIO: I wouldn‘t mind losing a thousand jobs for an apple for my daughter! GLORIA: Where is this apple you prize so much? Were you able to give it to Tita? MARIO: No. They kept it--- as evidence. (Sits down). GLORIA: See? You lost your job trying to filch an apple and you even lost the apple for which you lost your job. (Gloria puts away the shoes and lunch bag. She sits on the steps and they remain silent for a time). GLORIA: (rising). Filching an apple--- that‘s too small a reason to kick a poor man out of work. You should ask them to give you a second chance, Mario. MARIO: They won‘t do that. GLORIA: Why not? MARIO: (rises). Can‘t you see they had been waiting for me to make a slip like that? They‘ve wanted to throw me out for any reason so that they may bring their own men in. GLORIA: You should complain. MARIO: Suppose I did? What would they do? They would dig up my police record. GLORIA: (crosses to him). But, Mario, that was so long ago! Why would they try to dig that thing up? MARIO: They‘ll do anything to keep me out. (Holds her arm). But don‘t worry. I‘ll find another job. It isn‘t really so hard to look for a job now a days. (From this point he avoids his eyes). You know, I‘ve been job-hunting for a week now. And I think I have found a good job. GLORIA: There you go lying again. MARIO: Believe me. I‘m not lying this time.

GLORIA: (crosses to the center). You‘re always lying I can‘t tell when you‘re telling the truth. MARIO: In fact I‘ll see someone tonight who knows a company that needs a night watchman. GLORIA: (holds his arm). Aren‘t you only trying to make me feel better, Mario? MARIO: No Gloria. GLORIA: Honest? MARIO: (avoids her eyes). Honest! (Sits down). GLORIA: (sighs happily, looks up). I knew God wouldn‘t let us down. He never lets anybody down. I‘ll pray tonight and ask him to let you have that job. (Looks at Mario). But, Mario, would it mean that you‘d have to stay out all night/ Mario: that would be all right. I can always sleep by the day. GLORIA: (brushes against him like a cat). What I mean is it will be different when you aren‘t by my side at night. (Walks away from him). But, oh, I think I‘ll get used to it. (Crosses to the center and turns around). Why don‘t you go and see this friend of yours right now? Anyway you don‘t have anything to do tonight. Don‘t you think it‘s wise to see him as early as you can? MARIO: (after a pause). Yes, I think I‘ll do that. (Gloria crosses to the steps to get his shoes, followed by Mario). GLORIA: (bands him the shoes). Here, Mario, put these on and go. I‘ll stay up and wait for you. (Sits on the steps and watches him). MARIO: (putting on the shoes). No. Gloria, you must not wait for me. I may be back quite late. GLORIA: All right. But I doubt if I can sleep a wink until you return. MARIO: (Gloria comes up to him after he finishes and tries to hug him, but he pushes her away. Suddenly confused, he sits on the steps. Gloria sits beside him and plays with his hands). GLORIA: Mother was wrong. You know, before we got married, she used to tell me: ―Gloria, you‘ll commit the greatest mistake of your life if you marry that good-fornothing loafer! You can‘t make him any straighter that you could a crooked wire with your bare hands.‖ Oh, I wish she were living now. She would have seen how much you‘ve changed. (She sees someone behind the tree: Pablo, he has been watching them foe a time. He is older than Mario, sinister looking, and well dressed.) PABLO: (sarcastic). Hmmmmmm. How romantic! MARIO: Pablo! (Suddenly unnerved, Mario starts to fidget. There is an uncomfortable silence as Gloria rises and walks to the center, her eyes burning with hate. Pablo lights a cigarette, never taking his eyes off her). PABLO: You‘re not glad to see me, are you? (Puts a foot on the bench) GLORIA: (angry). What are you doing here? What do you want? PABLO: Saaaay! Is that the right way to receive a friend who has come a-visiting? GLORIA: We don‘t care for your visits!

PABLO: you haven‘t changed a bit, Gloria…. Not a bit GLORIA: Neither have you, I can see! PABLO: You‘re still that same woman who cursed me to hell because I happened to be Mario‘s friend long before you met him. Time has not made you any kinder to me. You still hate me, don‘t you? GLORIA: Yes! And I wish you‘d stay away from us for the rest of our lives! PABLO: Am I not staying away from you? GLORIA: Then why are you here? PABLO: God! May I not even drop in now and then to see if life has been kind to you? How are you getting along? Gloria (scornfully) we were doing well Until you showed up! Pablo your daughter- she was only that high When I saw her last-how is she? Gloria (currently) . she‘s all right ! Pablo oh, and I thought she had not been very Well. Gloria (suspicious) how did you know? (to Mario). Did you tell him? Mario (stammering).I….no….how could I? I haven‘t seen him in a long, long time .. (sits down) . until now of course. Pablo what is she sick with ? Gloria (currently) . we don‘t know! Pablo don‘t you think you should take her to a Doctor?(puts his foot down and pulls out His wallet) . here, I‘ll lend you a few pesos It may help your daughter to get well Gloria (scornfully) . we need it all right- but no, Thank you! Pablo why don‘t you take it? Gloria paying you back will only mean seeing Your face again. Pablo well, if you hate my face so much , you don‘t Have to pay me back. take it as a gift. Gloria the more reason I should refuse it! Pablo all right, if that‘s how you want it. (sits down and plays with the wallet) Gloria Mario has stopped depending on you since The day, I took him away from your clutches! Pablo haven‘t you realize by now that it was a terrible Mistake-your talking him away from my ―clutches‖?

Gloria I have no regrets. Pablo how about Mario? Has he no regrets either? Gloria he has none. Pablo how can you be so sure? When he and I were Pals, we could go to first class air-conditioned Movie houses every other day. I‘ll bet all the money. I have here mow(brandishing j\his wallet) that he has not been to one since you ―liberated‖ him from me. And that was almost four years ago. Gloria one cannot expect too much from honest moneyAnd we don‘t. Pablo (rises and walks about). What is honest money? Does it buy more? Or honesty? What is it? Dressing like that? Staying in this dungeon you call a house? Is that what you so beautifully call ―honesty‖? Marion (rises). Pablo Pablo (derisively). See what happened to your daughter. That is what honesty has done to her .and how can honesty help her now? She‘s not sick and needs no medicine. You know that- you know very well what she needs: food, good food. She‘s undernourished, isn‘t she? Mario Pablo! Gloria-o know you have come to lead him back to you‘re dishonest ways but you cant. He wont listen to you know! Pablo- you call this living? This Gloria, is what you call dying. Mario- please sotp! Pablo- I got tired waiting for you Gloria-so you have been seing for each other I was afraid for you! MARIO: Pablo, I told you she would not know! PABLO: It‘s all right, Mario you would better tell her everything. she‘s bound to now later. Tell her what you told me: that you no longer believe in the way she wanted to live. Tell her. GLORIA: Mario…. is this what you meant by another job? oh Mario… you promised me you were through with him. you said you would go straight…. and never go back to that kind of life…. MARIO: Gloria …… you ….. you must try to understand.. I tried… I tried long and hard….. but I could not lift us out of this kind of life…… GLORIA: You‘re to blame for this, you son of the devil! you‘ve come to him when you know when his down. PABLO: He came to me first… GLORIA: When you know he‘ll cling to anything and do anything! even to return to the life that he hates? get out of our sight! get OUT!

PABLO: All right all right, I‘ll leave – just as soon as Mario is ready to go! GLORIA: He‘s not going with you! PABLO: Is that so? why don‘t you ask him? GLORIA: I said he‘s not going PABLO: Go on, ask him GLORIA; You‘re not going with him, are you, Mario? tell that crook you‘re not going with him anywhere! tell him to leave us and never come back! tell him t go please Mario please….. MARIO: Gloria, I ….. GLORIA: Mario, I know he has talked to you and tried to poison you‘re mind again,… but don‘t go with him. this is still the better way of life, if things have not been turning out well, you must know that God is not letting us down. MARIO: Gloria… I ….. GLORIA: You‘re going I can‘t see that you want to go with him. oh! you‘ll leave me here again? wondering whether you‘ll be shot in the head or put into the jail…….. PABLO: Don‘t worry about him, Gloria. he‘s safe with me. we wont come anywhere near jail. I‘ve got connections. GLORIA: You hideous beast! you! you! you! get out! get out! MARIO: I‘m going with him. GLORIA: Don‘t Mario! don‘t! MARIO: You cant make me stop now. I‘ve thought about this last week. GLORIA: No! no! Mario! no! MARIO: You take good care of your self and your child. I‘ll take of good care of my self. don‘t wait up for me. I‘ll come home very late GLORIA: Marioooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo!

Exercise 1 REFLECTION AND DISCUSSION 1. How did Mario lose his job? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

2. Accdg. to Mation, what was the new job that he found? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3. Why did Gloria hate Pablo very much? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. How did Pablo contradict Gloria‘s meaning of ―living‖? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

Understanding Language Functions: Asking for and Giving Opinions; Agreeing and Disagreeing

There are times when we accept or support another person‘s point of view. How shall we express our agreement? At other time, we disagree with the person‘s opinion. How can we disagree politely?

Agreement I agree (with you)

I feel the same sentiment

I think so too

That‘s correct.

I believe so

That‘s true

I think the same way

That‘s right That‘s all right.

Disagreement I don‘t thinks so. I beg to disagree with you. I‘m sorry to disagree (with you) An opinion is a person‘s way of expressing his/her belief, sentiment, or judgment. There are appropriate and polite ways of asking for giving opinions. Likewise, agreeing or disagreeing may be done by using courteous expressions.

Exercise 2 Writing a Paragraph Expressing One’s Opinion Write a paragraph expressing your opinion on any one of the following: 1.

The statement ―Honesty is the best policy‖ considering Mario‘s experiences of losing his job and stealing apple for his daughter.

The decision of Mario to go with Pablo and lead a crooked, dishonest life again after having been dismissed from his job.

Usage Review 1 Name: ________________________________________ Date: _______________ Circle the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Sandra likes to walk to school with Tami and I. B. What did they give Ashley and she? C. They gave Ashanti and me a round of applause. D. Her and I sang our favorite song. 2. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Tony and I play soccer after school. B. Tony and me are good players.

C. The other players kick the ball to him and I. D. The other team doesn‗t want to play against her and I. 3. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Ekram didn‗t see no bicycles on the path. B. There wasn‗t anyone in sight. C. Nobody was doing nothing in the park that ealy. D. Ekram hadn‗t never seen the park so empty. 4. Which sentence is written correctly? A. We danced good at our recital. B. Ms. Weiss said I danced well in my solo. C. It was a well performance for everyone. D. Even my little brother did good. 5. Which sentence is written correctly? A. My brother Roberto cooks good. B. The dinner he made last night was really well. C. Roberto learned our grandmother‗s lessons good. D. She taught him to be a good cook.

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

The words can and may are often confused. They mean different things. Be sure to use the word whose meaning fits what you‗re trying to say.

●can means ―able to‖ Emily can run two miles.

●may means ―allowed to‖ ―You may spend the night at Aidan‗s house,‖ said Dad.

A. Write can or may to complete each sentence correctly.

1. Emily and Yuko __________________ both run very fast. 2. ―__________________ I run with you?‖ asked David. 3. ―How fast ___________________ you run? asked Yuko. 4. ―I _________________ run pretty fast,‖ David replied. 5. ―You ______________ run with us this afternoon,‖ Emily said. 6. ―That way we ________________ see if we are good running buddies,‖ said Yuko. 7. David showed that he ________________ run as fast as Emily and Yuko. 8. They told him that he _________________ run with them anytime.

B. Write two sentences using the words in parentheses ( ).

9. (can) _________________________________________________________________ 10. (may) __________________________________________________________________

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

The words lie and lay are often confused.

lie

●use lie to mean ― to rest or recline.‖

lay

●use lay to mean ―to put or place.‖

Present

Future

I lie down when I‗m tired.

I will lie down tomorrow.

I lay my books on the table.

I will lay them on the table tomorrow.

A. Write lie or lay on the line to complete each sentence. 1. My father likes to _____________ down for a nap after Sunday dinner. 2. He will ____________ the paper down on the floor and stretch out on the couch. 3. Our cat likes to ______________ next to him. 4. She will ______________ her toy mouse next to Dad‗s head.

B. Write four sentences using the form of lie or lay. 5. lie--- present tense: __________________________________________________________________ 6. lay-- present tense: __________________________________________________________________ 7. lie--- future tense: __________________________________________________________________ 8. lay --- future tense: __________________________________________________________________

Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

The words lie and lay are often confused.

lie ● Use lie to mean ―rest or recline‖. lay ● Use lay to mean ―to put or place.‖

Present

Past

I lie down when I‗m tired.

Yesterday, I lay down for a while.

I lay my books on the table.

I know I laid them there yesterday.

A. Write the correct past tense form of lie or lay to complete each sentence.

1. Before I _________________ down, I organized my desk. 2. My friend ________________ CDs on my desk, so I put them back on the shelf. 3. Papers were scattered, so I gathered them and ______________ them in a pile. 4. I ______________ my schoolbooks next to the papers. 5. While I was organizing, my cat _______________ on top of my computer. 6. I picked her up and _______________ her on the bed. 7. She _______________ her paw on my pillow. 8. After a few more minutes, I _______________ down with her for a nice nap.

B. Write two sentences of your own, using the past tense of lie and lay.

9. _________________________________________________________________

10. ________________________________________________________________

Name: ______________________________________Date: __________________

Homophones, words that sound alike, are often confused. â&#x2014;?To, too, and two all sound the same, but the different spellings have different meanings. Too many people were in line to get on the boat. They gave the tickets to the man at the gate. The two of them climbed on board. â&#x2014;? There, their, and there are also words that are often confused. There are life preservers on board.

They‘re listening to the announcement. Those are their seats.

A. Write the correct word on the line to complete each sentence.

1. The Lopez family didn‗t want to go _______________ far on a boat. 2. They asked their friends the Washingtons ____________ recommended a trip. 3. ―The _________________ of us took a boat around Manhattan,‖ said Mrs. Washington. 4. ―_______________ were so many things to see,‖ said Mrs. Washington. 5. The Lopez family made a reservation and packed _______________ bags. 6. _________________ taking a train into the city on Saturday. 7. The train went to Grand Central Station, and they caught a cab from _________. 8. ―We can get out there,‖ said Mrs. Lopez _______________ the cab driver. 9. ―It‗s not ___________________ far to walk to the boat,‖ said Mrs. Lopez. 10. The Washingtons said ________________ going to come back next summer.

Usage Review 2 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________ Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Thuy asked, ― Can I stay up tonight? B. ―Please, can Maria stay with us tonight, Mom?‖ asked Ella. C. My mom said I can stay for dinner. D. My mom said I may stay for dinner.

2. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Jin Hoon told his dog to lay down. B. Would you please lay those placemats on the table? C. Betina wanted to lay down for a nap. D. Isaac will lie the cloth on the table. 3. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Denitra went to the store to get a newspaper. B. There were only too papers left. C. Denitra thought, ―That‗s two bad.‖ D. ―I wanted something too read,‖ she said. 4. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Their not sitting over there. B. There not sitting over their. C. They‗re not sitting over their. D. They‗re not sitting over there. 5. Which sentence is written correctly? A. It‗s too bad you two didn‗t get to meet. B. It‗s two bad you to didn‗t get to meet. C. It‗s to bad you two didn‗t get to meet. D. It‗s too bad you to didn‗t get two meet.

Vocabulary 1 Name: ___________________________________ Date: __________________

A base word, also called a word root, is the main part of a word before word parts are added at the beginning or the end.

preview

unthankful

disappearance

discharged

Circle the base word in each underlined word.

1. Lily is never careless when it comes to math. 2. She likes to preview the next chapter in her math book before it‗s assigned

3. She is always excited to learn new skills. 4. Shayla is unafraid when it comes to taking tests. 5. There is no nervousness when she sits down to write her answers. 6. She is careful as she answers the equations. 7. Miguel loves science and he hopeful about his future. 8. He wants to be a vet because he has a real fondness for animals. 9. He even likes dangerous snakes and spiders. 10. Sean, however, is a powerful athlete. 11. He is multitalented and plays many sports. 12. He thinks it would be wonderful to be a professional athlete.

Vocabulary 2 Name: __________________________________________ Date: _____________

A prefix is a word part that comes before a base word. Adding a prefix to a word changes the word‗s meaning.

●The prefix pre- means ―before, ahead.‖ pre + assign = preassign means ― to assign ahead of time‖ Are you going to preassign seats for this trip?

●The prefix re- means ―again‖ re + assign = reassign means ― to assign again ― 93

They told me they were going to reassign my seat.

A. Add the correct prefix to the base word to match the meaning.

1. look at before

________view

2. wind again

________wind

3. attach again

________attach

4. heat beforehand

________heat

B. Add a prefix to the word in parentheses ( ) and write the new word on the line to complete each sentence.

5. Let‗s _________________ the plan we came up with yesterday.(visit) 6. I want to _______________ for the tickets. (pay) 7. Then we won‗t have to _______________ our steps. (trace) 8. I want to get there in time for the ________________ show. (game)

Vocabulary 3 Name: ________________________________________ Date: _______________

A prefix is a word part that comes before a base word.

Adding a prefix to a word changes the word‗s meaning.

The prefixes un- and dis- mean ―not‖ or ―the opposite of.‖ un + asked = unasked means ―not asked‖ That was the question that remained unasked.

dis + agreement = disagreement means ― the opposite of agreement‖ We had a disagreement over when to leave for the game.

A. Circle a word in the puzzle to match each definition. The words can be read across, down, or diagonally. Write each word next to its meaning.

1. the opposite of trust____________

4. the opposite of regard ___________

2.not safe____________

5. not certain ___________

3. the opposite of comfort__________

6. not answered ___________

Vocabulary 4 Name: ________________________________________ Date: _______________

A prefix is a word part that comes before a base word. Adding a prefix to a word changes the word‗s meaning.

● The prefix in- means ―not‖ or ―the opposite of‖ in + appropriate = inappropriate or not appropriate‖ It was inappropriate for people to talk while she was singing.

● The prefix under- means ―below‖ or ― less than required‖ under + age = underage or ―less than the required age‖ They were underage to get into the movie.

A. Draw a line to match each word to its meaning.

1. not advisable

● underwater

2. less than nourished

● infrequent

3. below water

● undervalued

4. not frequent

● inadvisable

5. not complete

● undernourished

6. valued below its worth

● incomplete

B. Write a sentence for each word.

7. (underwater) __________________________________________________________________ 8. (incomplete) __________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary 5 Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ____________

A suffix is a word part that comes after a base word. Adding a suffix to a word changes the word‗s meaning.

● The suffix -less means ―without‖ use + less = useless means ―without use‖

She thought the directions for the model were useless.

● The suffix -ness means ―the taste of being.‖ kind + ness = kindness means ― the taste of being kind‖ She showed her friends great kindness.

A. Write the answer to each clue in the puzzle.

Across 1. without harm 2. state of being kind 3. without thought

Down 1. joy 2. without seams 4. state of being silly 6. without color

Vocabulary 6 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

A suffix is a word part that comes after a base word. Adding a suffix to a word changes the word‗s meaning. The suffixes -er and -or mean ―someone who‖ The suffix -er is the more commonly used.

teach + er = teacher or ―someone who teach‖ The teacher taught the class how to speak Spanish. 97

act + or = actor or ―someone who acts‖ The actor did a wonderful job playing the part.

A. Add suffix to each word in parentheses ( ) and write the new word to complete the sentence. Hint: Two answers end in or. 1. The _______________ talked about ways to help the community. (speak) 2. She was as interesting to listen to as good __________________ (act) 3. Raul is a good _______________, so he learned a lot. (listen) 4. This _________________ uses nothing but compost to make her plant grow. (garden) 5. That ______________ helps out by bringing vegetables to the homeless shelter. (farm) 6. The _________________ campaigns on behalf of immigrants. (senate)

B. Add er to each word and use it in a sentence.

7. (work) __________________________________________________________________

8. (write) __________________________________________________________________ Vocabulary 7 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

A suffix is a word part that comes after a base word. Adding a suffix to a word changes the word‗s meaning.

●The suffix -able means ―capable of‖ wash + able = washable or ―capable of being washed‖

He was glad the shirt was washable when he spilled his drink on it. ●For most words ending in e, drop the e when you add a suffix that begins with a vowel. recycle -e + able = recyclable or ― capable of being recycled‖ Evan collects the recyclable trash.

A. Add the suffix -able to the word in parentheses ( ) to complete each sentence. 1. I‗m not ____________________ with the amount of trash in our house. 2. Much of what we discard is actually ___________________ . 3. Most can are ____________________. 4. Soda cans are ______________ for a deposit. 5. Even __________________ bottles can be recycled.

B. Write three sentences about recycling using the words in parentheses ( ). 6. (recycle) __________________________________________________________________ 7. (reusable) __________________________________________________________________ 8. (perishable) __________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary 8 Name: ________________________________________ Date: _______________

Words that share the same base words or root words are usually related in meaning.

use

mark

sight

misuse

remarkable

sightsee

useful

marked

sighted

using

marks

sightless

usable

unmarked

sighting

A. Choose the correct word with the base word use to complete each sentence. 1. Karen is __________________ the computer for her project. 2. The _____________________ of power tools can be dangerous.

B. Choose the correct word with the base word mark to complete each sentence. 3. Her skills on the balance beam are ________________________. 4. The ____________________ street was hard to find.

C. Choose the correct word with the base word sight to complete each sentence. 5. The family will ______________________ while they are in Paris. 6. The shipâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s crew ______________________ land!

D. Write two sentences using other words from the rule box. 7. ________________________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Review 1 Name: __________________________________________ Date: _____________ Circle the letter of the correct answer.

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1. Which one is the base word of disappear? A. pear B. appear C. dis D. ear 2. Which one is the correct meaning of the word preview? A. look after B. look through C. look out D. look at ahead of time 3. Which sentence uses a form of the base word sight correctly? A. The latest sighting of Bigfoot was faked. B. A man without sightsee said he met the creature. C. If I sighting Bigfoot, I wouldn‗t tell anyone. D. people would think I was sightful. 4. Which sentence uses a form of the word nervous correctly? A. ―The recital is next week, Lucy said nervousor. B. Lucy is nervousless about her next recital. C. Lucy‗s nervousness disappeared as soon as she heard the applause. D. The applause sounded nervously. 5. Which sentence uses a form of the word comfort correctly? A. Alice thought that the couch was very uncomfort. B. Alice thought that the couch was very comfortness. C. Alice thought that the couch was very uncomfortless. D. Alice thought that the couch was very uncomfortable.

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Vocabulary 9 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

Synonyms are words that have almost the same meaning. You can use synonyms to vary your writing, avoid repetition, or make your use of language more precise.

run --- race, lope, speed, dash, tear, tear, gallop talk--- babble, gossip, gush, say, chat, discuss nice--- kind, helpful, attentive, giving, friendly big --- huge, tremendous, gigantic, large, towering

A thesaurus is a reference book that lists synonyms.

A. Complete the paragraph by writing synonyms for the words in parentheses ( ).

My Uncle Clyde is considered the head of the Dettman family. He is a really ____________________ man. Everyone ___________________ him, even animals. When my family gets together, all the adults ___________________ until the noise level gets so high, Uncle Clyde has to whistle to get them to __________. Uncle Clyde is a __________________ man with really loud whistle. Once everyone stops ____________________, Uncle Clyde will say, Dinnerâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s ready,â&#x20AC;&#x2013; and we all ___________________ to the table to eat.

B. Write a sentence about someone you know for each synonym. 1. (hilarious) __________________________________________________________________ 2. (silly) 102

__________________________________________________________________ Vocabulary 10 Name: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

There are usually slight differences in meaning among synonyms. Think about the meaning you want to help you choose the right synonym.

When she saw the comedy, she laughed out loud. When her brother said something silly at the table, she giggled.

Dad used large stones to edge the planting bed. It took four men to move the enormous boulders.

A. Circle the synonym that best fits the meaning of the sentence. Write the word you circled in the blank to complete the sentence.

1. Maddy ___________________ longingly at the new baseball glove. (gazed, glanced) 2. This weekend was her chance to show what an _______________ player she is. (okay, excellent) 3. Maddy had practiced her __________________ every day after school. (pitching,tossing) 4. She was getting better and better at ___________________ the ball, too. (getting, catching) 5. Maddy was ____________________ about her playing. (certain, confident) 6. She knew that the ______________ mitt was just what she needed for the game. (new,unused) 7. Maddy would ___________________ her mother tonight if she could buy it.

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(demand, ask) 8. Maddy‗s mother was very _____________________ of Maddy‗s playing. (supportive, helping) Vocabulary 11 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.

slowly --- quickly, rapidly, hurriedly, speedily, swiftly whisper --- scream, yell, holler, shout, screech

kind--- nasty, mean, awful, cruel, miserly sad--- happy, thrilled, delighted, beaming, joyous

A. Write an antonym for each word.

1. gloomy

______________________

2. energetic

______________________

3. cowardly

______________________

4. wisely

______________________

5. difficult

______________________

6. insulted

______________________

7. polite

______________________

8. feast

______________________

B. Write a sentence for each antonym. Tell about movies or TV shows you‗ve watched recently. Be sure to underline titles.

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9. ________________________________________________________________ 10. _______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary 12 Name: __________________________________________ Date: _____________

Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. You can use antonyms to compare and contrast things.

Roberto is very sociable, but his little brother Eduardo is very shy. I think the new library is beautiful, but the old one was ugly.

A. Use antonyms from the word box to complete the comparisons.

always hot

neither

alike

hates

1. My friend Benny loves baseball, but he ____________________ football. 2. I never watch baseball, but I ___________________ watch football. 3. I like to be outdoors when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s cold, and Benny likes to be outdoors when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s _____________________. 4. Benny and I can be opposite in our tastes, but in other ways weâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;re _______________. 5. Both of us love basketball, and _________________ of us likes skating.

B. Write three sentences using antonyms comparing your favorite sport with your

least favorite sport.

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6. ________________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary 13 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

Homophones are words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings.

My sister and I are so different. She can make a pair of pants, and I can‗t even sew on button!

There is no obstacle to our success with this. I know we will come up with a great science project.

A. Circle the correct homophones to match the meaning.

1. also

too

two

2. put down on paper

right

write

3. belonging to them

they‗re

their

4. in that place

there

they‗re

5. in this place

here

hear

6. 3 minus two

won

one

B. Write a sentence for each of these homophones. Make sure that you use the correct meaning for the word‗s spelling in your sentence.

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7. (thought) ________________________________________________________

8. (threw) __________________________________________________________

Vocabulary 14 Name: _________________________________________ Date_______________

Homophones are words that sound alike but have different spellings and meanings. Homophones are often confused with each other. Make sure your spelling matches the meaning that you intend.

Aleta heard the herd of horses thunder across the canyon. Herd means ―large group of animals, such as cows.‖ Heard means ―listened to‖

Did you hear the tale about how the monkey got its tail? Tale means ―story.‖ Tail means ―appendage on an animal, such as a horse.‖

A. Write the answers to the clues in the puzzle.

know

herd

heard

new

knew

red

read

threw

through

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Across 2. past tense of know 3. past tense of throw 4. bright color 5. none 7. not used before 8. listened to

Down 1. past tense of read

2. understand 3. finished

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4. large group of animals

Vocabulary Review 2 Name: ______________________________________ Date: _________________

1. Which word is a synonym for happiness? A. joy

B. sadness

C. happy

2. Which word is an antonym for sharp? A. knife B. sharpness C. pointy D. dull

3. What does the word theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;re mean? A. that place B. belonging to them C. they are D. they will

4. Which word are synonyms? A. hear and here B. kind and nice 109

D. joyful

C. sick and well D. wrong and right

5. Which words are homophones? A. happy and sad B. know and no C. glad and joyful D. no and never Vocabulary 15 Name: __________________________________________ Date: _____________

Compound words are words that are made up of two smaller words.

camp + ground = campground

motor + boat = motorboat

bed + room = bedroom

sun + rise = sunrise

black + board = blackboard

back + pack = backpack

A. Choose two words from the word box to make a compound word. How many can you find? Write the compound words.

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book

base

sight

ground

case

sun

back

board

black

boat

bed

see

motor

set

1. _________________________ room

lady

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

4. _________________________

5. _________________________

6. _________________________

7. _________________________

8. _________________________

9. ___________________________ pack

camp

bug

10. __________________________

11. __________________________

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12. __________________________

13. __________________________

14. __________________________

15. __________________________

16. __________________________

Name: __________________________________________ Date: _____________

Many related words in English come from Greek and Latin roots.

â&#x2014;? The root vis comes from the Latin word for see.

vision

visit invisible

vista

â&#x2014;? The root phys comes from the Greek word for body.

physician

physics 112

physiology

physical

â&#x2014;?The root struct comes from the Greek word for build.

structure instruct

construct

destruction A. Use the clues to complete the puzzle with the Greek and Latin roots vis, phys, and struct.

Across 3. of or relating to the body 5. someone who visits 6. something that is built 8. to destroy 9. to teach or give

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direction to someone

Down 1. a person who treats illnesses and injuries; a doctor 2. able to be seen 3. the study of how living things function 4. not able to be seen

7. to build something large like a bridge, building, or road

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Vocabulary 17 Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ____________

Many words in English come from other languages, such as Arabic, Spanish, or Hindi.

The word giraffe comes from the Arabic word zaraafah. The word canyon comes from the Spanish word cañón. The word bandana comes from the Hindi word bãndhni.

A. Use your understanding of word meanings to match each word with its language of origin. Write the letter of the origin next to the English word.

1. absurd

2. goulash

3. knapsack

4. ukulele

5. moccasin

6. bazaar

7. cookie

8. liberty

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a. from the Hungarian gulyás

b. from Hawaiian for a type of instrument

c. from Persian meaning ―market‖

d. from the French word liberté meaning ―freedom‖

e. from an Algonquin word for shoe

f. from the Dutch knapzak

g. from the French absurde

h. from the Dutch word koekje meaning ―little cake‖

B. Read each word and its origin. Write a sentence using the word in English.

9. hurricane, from the Spanish word huracán ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________

10. parka, from the Russian word for jacket _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________

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Vocabulary Review 3 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which word is a compound word? A. camping

B. campground

C. grounded

D. camper

2. Which word does not come from the Greek word for build? A. instrument B. instruct C. structure D. deconstruction 3. Which word comes from the Latin word vis, meaning see? A. divide B. valley C. very D. visible 4. Which word comes from the Spanish word cañon, meaning ―deep valley‖? A. can‗t B. cannon C. carrot D. canyon 5. Which word comes from the Italian word mascera, meaning ―something you wear to cover your face‖? A. me B. match C. mask D. marble

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Vocabulary 18 Name: _____________________________________ Date: __________________

You can add word endings, such as -s, -ing, -er, and est, to base words to make to make new words. Manuel stops training today. Yesterday he stopped running after school. He is pacing himself because tomorrow is the 10K race.

A. Add -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est to each word to complete the sentence.

1. Sonya wait ____ for the bus every morning with her friends Ashanti and Kevin. 2. They donâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;t mind wait____, as long as they can do it together. 3. The bus stop____ at the corner of Olive and Elm. 4. It take____ the bus fifteen minutes to get them to school. 5. It takes long_____ to get there when the weather is bad. 6. The long____ it ever took to get to school was one hour! 7. It had started snow____ that morning, and the roads hadnâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;t been cleared. 8. The snowplows clear____ the roads later, so the ride home was quicker.

B. Write a sentence for each form of the word rain.

9. (rains) __________________________________________________________

10. (raining) ________________________________________________________

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Vocabulary 19 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Word endings, such as -s, ed, ing, -er, and -est, are added to base words depending on how the word is being used in the sentence.

The endings -s, -ed, and -ing can be added to verbs. Jerome plays the saxophone. He played at the dance on Friday night. Playing the saxophone is something he loves doing.

The endings -er and -est can be added to adjectives and adverbs to compare. The crowd was bigger Friday than it was at the last dance. It was the biggest crowd ever for a school dance.

A. Add -s, -ed, -ing, -er, or, -est to each word in parentheses ( ) and write it on the line.

1. Jerome _________________ on the saxophone every day for an hour. (practice) 2. His father is a jazz musician, and Jerome _______________ to be one, too. ( want ) 3. Jeromeâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s music teacher ________________ Jerome to play in the jazz ensemble. (ask) 4. Jerome is always ________________ on his solo parts. (work) 5. He is practicing ________________ this week than last. ( hard ) 6. This is the ___________________ solo he has ever played. ( tough ) 7. Jeromeâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s father will be __________________ his son play Friday. (watch)

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8. He __________________ his son is great! (think)

Vocabulary 20 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

Often you can tell a word‗s meaning by looking at the other words and groups of words around it.

The solution was obvious. Everyone saw it.

Obvious means ― everyone can see it.

A. Read each sentence. Then write what the underlined word means.

1. Frankie had never been so distracted

. She couldn‗t keep her mind on her work.

The word distracted means __________________________________________

2. The routine she had repeated over and over was slipping away. The word routine means ____________________________________________

3. She had practiced her scales diligently

, never forgetting to do them.

The word diligently means __________________________________________

4. With trepidation, Frankie sat down to play, fearful that people wouldn‗t like her playing. The word trepidation means _________________________________________ 120

5. The audience applauded Frankie enthusiastically after she played, cheering her on. The word enthusiastically means _____________________________________

6. The concert increased Frankie‗s determination to continue her playing. Nothing was going to stop her. The word determination means_______________________________________

Vocabulary 21 Name: ________________________________________ Date: _______________

Often you can tell a word‗s meaning by looking at the other words and groups of words around it.

The panther‗s body was sleek and muscular. There wasn‗t an ounce of fat on him. The word sleek means ―lean‖ or ―trim.‖

A. Read the paragraph. Then answer the questions.

There was a scavenger hunt at school. Everyone was anticipating the fun to come. Last year, they had had a great time searching high and low for the things on the list. They couldn‗t wait! Everyone congregated in the gym as the rules were explained and the lists were passed out. Then the group dispersed, and the search began. After hours of poring over the clues, trying to figure out what they meant, and then scrambling to find the things on the list, everyone began to head back to the school.

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Andy Lopezâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s team triumphed because they found everything on the list first. They won a free lunch at Sundaeâ&#x20AC;&#x2014;s.

1. scavenger hunt means ______________________________________________

2. Anticipating means ________________________________________________

3. congregated means ________________________________________________

4. Dispersed means __________________________________________________

5. poring means _____________________________________________________

6. triumphed means __________________________________________________

Vocabulary Review 4 Name: _________________________________________ Date: ______________

Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which sentence is written correctly? A. Samantha walking two miles every day. B. Samantha walks two miles every day. C. Samantha walker two miles every day. D. Samantha walkest two miles every day. 2. Which sentence is written correctly? A. She was hoped to stick with her exercise routine.

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B. She was hoping to stick with her exercise routine. C. She was hopeful to stick with her exercise routine. D. She hope to stick with her exercise routine. 3. Which sentence is written correctly? A. That was the farther she had ever walked. B. That was the far she had ever walked. C That was the farthed she had ever walked. D. That was the farthest she had ever walked. 4. What does the word insightful mean in this sentence? She made some insightful comments that helped people understand the topic. A. helping to explain understanding

B. seeing

C. interfering

5. What does the word threatened mean in this sentence? The kitten felt threatened by the big barking dog. A. excited B. treated C. frightened D. angry Proofreading Marks Use these marks to show corrections.

Nouns 1 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread this paragraph. Use proofreading marks to correct the 10 errors. Hint: One two-word proper noun is counted as one error.

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Kenya Stubbs and her parents had a big family reunion over the Fourth of july weekend. More than 70 peoples showed up. Kenyas family has a huge farmhouse in upstate new York, so that‗s where the reunion was held. Some people had to stay in hotel‗s but 37 people stayed at the farm! That included 6 babys, 11 childs under tweleve year old, and 20 teen and adults. There were plenty of good cooks, so there plenty of food to eat. Everyone had a great time. Kenya‗s Uncle DuBois said it was one of the best partys he had ever been to.

Write the errors correctly on the lines below.

1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. ___________________________ 7. ___________________________ 8. ___________________________ 9. ___________________________ 10. __________________________

Nouns 2 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread this paragraph. Use proofreading marks to correct the 10 errors.

Earl and his five brothers live in Indiana on a farm. Everyone in Earls family loves animale. Earl‗s brother carl wants to be a veterinarian someday. Carl spends most of his time with the horse‗s grooming them and training them. Carl also keeps track of

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the medical supplys that need to be kept on hand in case any of the animal get sick. Earl‗s brother tommy is the oldest, so he has the most responsibility. Tommy‗s main chore is to tend to the cows, making sure they have been milked every morning. Earl is the youngest, and he and his brother Ken look after the sheeps. Next month, they are all going to show their animals at the pulaski Country Fair.

Write the errors correctly on the lines below.

1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. ___________________________ 7. ___________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. ___________________________ 10. __________________________

Adjectives 3 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

In social studies, we are studying America History. My mother is a california, and my father is a New yorker, so I decided to do a comparison/contrast essay about those states. The annual average temperature in California is warmerer than New York‗s annual average. Overall, California has few cold days than New York does. California is also largest than New York. California‗s higher point is Mt. Whitney, which is 14,494 feet above sea level. Most presidents were born in New York than in

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California. Martin Van Buren, Roosevelt were all born in New York. Richard Nixon is the one President who was a native California. Both California and New York are exciting states to study. I‗d be happy to live in either one.

Write the errors correctly on the lines below.

Adjectives 4 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread this paragraph. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

My family lives in one of the interestingest parts of Boston. Our neighborhood is called Brighton, and people move here from all over the world. One of the bestest things about Brighton is all the wonderful restaurants. This restaurants, and are known all over Boston. We have Italy restaurants, Chinese restaurants, and indian restaurants. There are many Vietnam restaurants, too. One of these restaurants has the better spring rolls I‗ve ever tasted! Some days, we have the worse time deciding where to go. Next week, we‗re going to try a new pakistani place. I can‗t wait!

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Write the errors correctly on the lines below.

Adjectives 5 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

When Bree started taking violin lessons last year, it seemed like the harder thing she ever tried. She would practice and practice, but every day it sounded worser than the day before. She tried playing quietly, but that didn‗t seem to help. Then she tried playing louder, but that only made her dog, Midnight, howl. ―I‗m never going to learn how to play this thing,‖ she said dejectedly as she threw her bow down. Midnight stopped howling, but Bree didn‗t feel any better. Suddenly, hope appeared on the horizon. Bree‗s father came into the room carrying a largest pitcher of punch and a tray of the bigger cookies Bree had ever seen! ―Anyone ready for a little refreshment?‖ Bree‗s dad asked as he set the loads tray down on a table. It was getting darkest outside as the winter sun set.

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―I‗ll never get any more good than I am now, Dad,‖ she complained. ―Im the worse violinist ever!‖ ―You‗re going to get better at this,‖ her dad said soothingly. The more often you practice, the more your technique will improve. In the meantime, have a bigger cookie and give yourself and the dog a break. With that, Bree, her dad, and Midnight sat down for their well-earned snack.

Pronouns 6 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

My big sister , Steffi, took my little sister, my brother, and I for a bike ride on Sunday. Her, Lani, Theo, and me went to Oakhurst Park, where there are lots of good bike trails. Steffi and me led the way once we were on the trails, since we do the most biking. Theo wanted to go off on his own, but we promised Mom us would stay together. We had a great ride! The trees didn‗t block the sun, so we could feel their warmth the whole time we were out. Finally, at about 5:30 Steffi said to us, ―It‗s time to head home, or they will be late for supper.‖ When we got home, Theo and me helped Lani wipe down her bike and put it away. Dad called Steffi, Theo, Lani, and I in for dinner. As we sat down to eat, he said, ―It‗s nice for your mother and I to know we can leave you in Steffi‗s capable hands. Thanks, Steffi, for being such a good big sister.‖ Thanks Steffi,‖ we all repeated as we dug into our food. ―You‗re the best!‖

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Pronouns 7 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

Whenever my family goes to the beach, you have a great time. The hard part of the trip comes when it‗s time for we to gather our belongings, load the car, and head home. ― Is this my or yours?‖ my brother asks as he holds up a shoe. ―It‗s not mines,‖ I reply, ― so they must be yours.‖ My father always loses his towel. He turns to my mom and I says, ― Has anyone seen my towel? Then my Mom and Me go searching on it. It‗s usually half- buried in the sand somewhere. ―Here it is,‖ one of us will say while pulling the towel out from the sand. ―I believe this is your.‖ Every family has traditions, and I guess this is one of ours‗.

Pronouns 8 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

My friends and me belong to a hiking club. We go hiking once a month in the hills near where us live. We have a guide who takes them on these hikes. Her name is Andrea, and she knows a lot about the animals, birds, and flowers we find on our hikes.

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We have to wear special clothes when we hike. Ginnie and me have the same kind of hiking boots. The shoes are very comfortable, plus it‗s really cool looking. They have green stripes on the sides. Andrea tells us about the birds they see on our hikes. She knows just about every bird there is! One time, we saw a bald eagle sitting high up in the tree. When we look through binoculars, we could see it‗s nest. We see quail all the time. They are so cute with they little crests that look like a big tear drop! When we‗re old enough, Lourdes and me want to become guides like Andrea. It must be great to spend all that time outdoors!

Verbs 9 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Find 10 errors, cross them out, and write the words correctly above them.

Last weekend, our school putted on its first ever Dog Wash and Bake Sale to raise money for our school music program. We studyed different types of school fundraisers, and it come down to two: a dog wash and a bake sale. The fifth-grade class were in charge of organizing the baked goods, and the sixthgraders were in charge of the dog wash. The other classes drawed picture for posters and decorated the playground. On Saturday morning, people brang their dogs and line up in the dog wash area. We had huge tubs and hoses, as well as plenty of dog shampoo. It got very wet in the dog wash area, and a couple of kids slided on the soapsuds and fell. They got back up and kept washing dogs, so we knew they were okay. Everyone including some of the dogs, eat lot of cookies and cupcakes. We selled all the baked goods and made $475. The dog wash raised another $263. That meant we raised $738 to help the school buy sheet music for our music program.

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Verbs 10 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Use proofreading marks to correct the 10 errors.

Tanya has a big test tomorrow, and she is studying for it tonight. She studyed all last weekend end and every night this week, but it‗s an important test, so she want to make sure she‗s ready. She be reviewing every chapter in her social studies book, and her brothers is taking turn quizzing her on the material covered. Tanya answers the questions, and sometimes she write down special things she need to remember. Tanya‗s mother will calls her when dinner is ready. Tanya‗s mother believe that you can‗t learn anything if you don‗t eats properly. Tanya‗s family knows that Tanya will do well on the test. She always do.

Write the errors correctly on the lines below.

1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. __________________________ 7. __________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. __________________________ 10. _________________________

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Verbs 11 Name: _______________________________________ Date: ________________

Proofread these paragraphs. Use proofreading marks to correct the 10 errors.

Our neighborhood had a community garden. Because we lives in the city, most people don‗t has a garden in their backyard, so someone donate a plot of land, and everyone work to keep it clean and productive. Last year my family growed string beans, tomatoes, squash, and lettuce. This year my friend Phailin‗s family is grown peppers, a special kind of basil, and mustard greens. Phailin‗s grandmother said she‗d going to make me a special dish. She asked me if I like to try new food. I tell her that once I even tried octopus. She laughed and promised me no octopus, just some good Thai home cooking.

Write the errors correctly on the lines below.

1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. __________________________ 4. __________________________ 5. __________________________ 6. __________________________ 7. __________________________ 8. __________________________ 9. __________________________ 10. _________________________

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