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UNIT I: BODY AND SELF Lesson 1:
KNOWING YOURSELF
REDISCOVERING YOURSELF Children pass through several stages on their way to becoming adults. For most people, there are four or five such stages of growth: Infancy (birth to 12 months); Younger Years (ages 1 to 3); Early Childhood (ages 3 to 5); Later Childhood (ages 6 to 12); and Adolescence (ages 13 to 18). Persons 18 years old and over are considered adults in our society. The stage you are in now is called Later Childhood. Being in this age group is the last step before becoming an adolescent. Puberty usually takes place during this period. CHANGES IN THE BODY Puberty (pyoo-ber-tee) is when your body begins to develop as you move from a child to being adult. During puberty, your body will grow faster than at any other time in your life, except for when you were a baby. It helps to know about the changes that puberty causes before they happen. That way, you know what to expect. It is also important to remember that everybody goes through these changes. Below is a table of the physical changes you will undergo as you grow. Stage
Girls
Boys
Stage One:
Pre-pubertal No sexual development
Pre-pubertal No sexual development
Stage Two
Budding of breasts Growth of pubic hair Body odor
Increase of height Enlargement of testes Body odor
Stage Three
Enlargement of breasts Darkening and curling of pubic hair Vaginal discharge
Enlargement of penis Growth of pubic hair Ejaculation (“wet dreams�)
Stage Four
Onset of menstruation Distinction of nipple from Areola
Continued enlargement of testes and penis Deepening in color of penis and scrotal sac
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Curling and coarsening of pubic hair Development of male breasts Increase in height Time to Change Usually, puberty starts between age eight and 13 in girls and age 10 and 15 in boys. Some children begin a bit earlier or later than that. That may help explain why some of your friends still look like “kids,” whereas others already look like adults. Change Can Be Strange Just as hormones change your body on the outside, they also create changes on the inside. During puberty, you might feel confused or have strong emotions that you never had before. You might feel overly sensitive or easily become angered. Some children lose their tempers more often and vent it n their friends or families. You may also anxious about how your changing body looks. You might also have new, confusing feelings, and many questions, about sex, and sexuality. In basic terms, sex refers to male and female biological make-up, as well as to the process of reproduction. Sexuality, on the other hand, pertains to sexual behavior. This includes attitudes towards sex, as well as sexual identity or preference. GETTING READY When your body undergoes puberty, your pituitary gland (a pea-shaped gland at the bottom of your brain) releases special hormones. Depending on whether you are a boy or a girl, these hormones go to work on different parts of the body. For boys, the hormones travel through the blood and tell the testes, the two egg-shaped glands in the scrotum (the sac that hangs under the penis), to begin making testosterone and sperm. Testosterone is the hormone that causes most of the changes in a boy’s body, and men need sperm to be able to reproduce. In girls, these hormones target the two ovaries, which contain eggs that have been in her body since she was born. The hormones cause the ovaries to start making another hormone called estrogen. Together, these hormones prepare a girl’s body to start her period and be able to become pregnant someday. The Period One question a girl will have is: When will I get my first period? YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Menstruation usually happens 18 months to two years after her breasts have started to develop. The menstrual period, or monthly cycle, is when blood is released through the vagina. That may sound alarming, but it is normal. It signals that a girl is growing up and that her body is preparing to reproduce someday. A period usually lasts from five to seven days. The lining of the uterus then begins to build up, and a new egg is released as the cycle repeats itself about two weeks after the last period. When having your period, the number one rule is to maintain proper hygiene. Some Problems Menstruation can cause mild or extreme pain or discomfort. Some women experience dysmenorrhoeal including cramps, during menstruation. The cramps may be caused by hormone-like substances known as prostaglandins. Undergoing Circumcision Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis, often done in healthy boys for cultural or religious reasons. Medical Value Some studies suggest that uncircumcised male infants have a higher risk of urinary tract infections. Other studies show connections between being uncircumcised and developing cancer and other infections in the penis, and phimosis. Phimosis refers to the tightness of the foreskin, or its inability to pull back over the penis. Proper hygiene, especially for an uncircumcised male, can help prevent phimosis and penile cancer. GUIDE QUESTIONS 1. What is puberty? 2. Describe the kind of personality you would like to establish for yourself. 3. Who are your favorite stars and what do you like about them? 4. Write down some of the questions you might have about sex and sexuality. 5. What is menstruation? What are the different body parts that are responsible for this? 6. If you were given a choice, would you undergo circumcision? Why?
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THINGS TO DO Look for some words associated with the stages of growth. Look vertically, horizontally, and diagonally. PUBERTYACGUHYTI OSDIUNOKLOIFAET BNUJYTURANGBOYS EETGHINASCFOMNA ETISGRGUOMKDVRE DSFAOUTGDXVYMDA LATERCHILDHOODE ODERTHSIYUNDMAH LOPERICEAKGORSA ALRSTLBMVECRETO MECEADTNMLFEIAB GSEAPREPUBERTAL ACBNMEAECWTMKSE REDMENSTRUATION LNEAAGVARTSENED SCHANGESMAESBAT EETYKIMLYNATAOR RRACERAOGMSERGE TATYLTWPAEKSHDC TRAITSAWITLSWYA
Lesson 2:
CARING YOURSELF
One can keep one’s well-being fit. Being fit is a way of saying that a person eats well, gets a lot of physical activity or exercise, and has a healthy weight. If you are fit, your body works efficiently and feels good. Some steps to being fit can be done only by parents. But children can also take charge when it comes to health. Here are some rules that a child who wants to be fit follow. Eat a variety foods, especially fruits and vegetables. Drink water and milk often. Listen to your body. Limit screen time. Be active
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SIMPLE REMEDIES Caring for one’s self also means being able to deal with simple disturbances to one’s health. External Care - Allergies Some boys and girls are allergic to certain foods, some to pollen, some to animals and insects, and some to dust. Allergies can cause coughing, itching, and redness on the skin. Food allergies can cause swelling around the mouth and eyes, or abdominal cramps. Doctors suggest that allergies be properly diagnosed in order to differentiate it from other illness like colds or asthma. Determining the allegen (the substance that causes the allergy) will make it easier for both the patient and doctor to treat the allergy. - Blisters When delicate skin tissues have been burned, pinched, or simply irritated, tiny blood vessels release fluids that fill up tender spots called blisters. A blister is your body’s way of telling you that your skin and tissues are being hurt. So while you try to relieve the discomfort (it takes one week to ten days for the blister’s fluid to be reabsorbed by the body), you also need to protect the affected area. - Body Odor Body odor begins with sweat. The eccrine glands, which are found almost every part of the body, produce the sweat that cools the body. The apocrine glands in armpits provides food for bacteria. This sweat can make you smell unpleasant. - Dandruff The shedding of dead skin cells is a natural process that continually goes on all over the body. The skin cells that make up dandruff are only more noticeable because their hair traps them before they can flake away. - Sunburn Too much exposure to sunlight causes brown spots: red, scaly spot, drying, wrinkling, and skin cancer. The sun’s ultraviolet rays cause pigment-producing cells to create brown pigment (melanin) which the skin uses to protect itself from the rays. If your skin is unable to make enough melanin, the ultraviolet rays destroy your skin cells.
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- Bad Breath Most cases of bad breath are caused by a dirty mouth, but some are due to what is inside the lungs or gastrointestinal tract. Health problems like sinusitis and diabetes, which may give the breath a chemical smell can also cause bad breath. - Toothache Tooth pain can be caused by sensitive teeth, or by sinus problems. If you feel a sharp ache when you bite, you may be have a cavity, a loose filing, a cracked tooth, or damaged pulp - the inner core of the tooth where the blood vessels and nerves are found. Pulp damage can also be indicated by pain lasting longer than 30 minutes after eating hot or cold foods. An abscessed tooth means that the pulp has died; causing an infection that can spread to the gum and bone. Internal Care - Asthma Asthmatic people make up about five to 10 percent of the population. The characteristics of the condition differ from person to person, but the thing they have in common is difficulty in breathing. Their lungs are very sensitive and easily constrict due to outside factors called triggers. Asthma is hereditary; it is not acquired. Asthma can be triggered by various things. There is no cure for asthma, but it can be controlled. Every patient with asthma should work with a doctor in managing the illness. Controlling your asthma is based on knowing what triggers it. - Hiccups Hiccups happen when a branch of the vagus nerve, which runs from the brain to the abdomen, is irritated. The vagus then tweaks the phrenic nerve which connects to the diaphragm, the muscle below the lungs that helps us breathe. The diaphragm then spasms, causing the “hic.� Experts say hiccups are often a reaction to some digestive disturbances. - Constipation Everyone has his or her natural rhythm in bowel movement. But if you have less than three bowel movements a week, or if your normal bowel patterns have noticeably changed, you might be having constipation. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What is fitness? 2. How can one stay fit? 3. What are the advantages of being fit?
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THINGS TO DO! I. What activities do you like doing? Check the line before each item of choice. -
writing drawing dancing playing an instrument singing acting reading running biking basketball volleyball swimming badminton walking gardening sewing cooking others
II. On the chart below, list down the activities you do at home and in school for a week, then analyze if these make you fit. Activities Length of Time Spent Remarks
Lesson 3:
BEING WITH THE FAMILY
There are two kinds of family: the nuclear family, and the extended family. A nuclear family is composed of the father, mother, and their children, while the extended family is composed of the father, mother, their children, and other relatives living with them. YOUR PARENTS Mommy and Daddy; Mama and Papa; Nanay and Tatay - however you call them, they are two of the most important people in your life. Over your lifetime, they may influence you more than anyone else. Here are five ways to build a strong relationship with your parents: YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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- Spend time together. - Share your feelings and ask for help. - Be kind. - Show you care. - Do your best at whatever you do. Roles and Responsibilities of Parents From the time you were conceived, your parents are there for you. They take good care of you, feed you so you will grow healthy, and provide the things you do. If you were to enumerate the things that make a good parent, what will these be? Make a short list and try to compare them with the list below. “Good Parents� are said to be: - supportive of their children - dependable - fair in discipline - setting good examples - sympathetic and good-natured - loving - reasonably permissive and giving - pleasant to be with - committed in making their home and family happy YOUR BROTHERS AND SISTERS Kapatid comes from the Filipino term patid, pertaining to how brothers and sisters come from the same source; to how their umbilical cords were cut from the same womb. Filipinos are very much connected to their siblings in consciousness and indeed. Sibling rivalry occurs when brothers and sisters compete with each other. Sibling rivalry is normal, but too much competition can make life at home unhappy and difficult. What is Sibling Rivalry? A little competition can be healthy. Sometimes, it can keep you working hard. If your brother is good at something, it may make you want to improve and excel, too. But sometimes, brothers and sisters grow jealous of one another. It is normal to be a little jealous. But it may make you feel better to focus more on doing your best, rather than comparing yourself with a brother or sister. Also, some sibling rivalry involves arguing. People who love each other might argue sometime, but too much fighting is unpleasant for everyone.
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Do Not Fight Sometimes, when you are jealous and frustrated, you can easily lose your temper. Try to follow these tips to avoid getting into a fight with your brother or sister: - Take a deep breath and think. - Remind yourself that you have special talents. RIGHTS OF CHILDREN A child should know his or her rights in order to know what to express from his or her family and society. All children have the right to have a happy and fulfilled childhood. They have the right to have their basic needs met, not only for survival and protection but also to be able to develop to their full potential, to participate as members of society according to their age and capacity, and to grow up to be caring and responsible citizens. CARING FOR THE SICK Caring for a loved one is what being part of a family is about. When a family member falls ill, everyone in the family gets affected. Coping with Serious Illness When someone you care about is seriously ill, it can be a tiring and depressing experience. If you are involved in caring for or supporting someone close to you, you will feel the impact of his or her illness, which can be physical or mental. Regardless of your specific role, if you are close to the person who is seriously ill, you must also take care of yourself. Here are some ways to cope: - Look for ways to lessen the stress. - Educate yourself. - Do not expect so much of yourself. - Expect less of others. - Learn from others who have experienced similar challenges. - Express your feelings to others. - Be a good listener. GETTING ILL YOURSELF Doctors recommend taking both the temperature and the child’s overall condition into account. Older children whose temperature is lower than 38.9°C do not usually require medication. But an infant three months old or younger with a temperature of 38°C or higher should immediately be referred to a doctor. A slight fever can be a sign of a potentially serious infection in very young infants. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
What type of family is yours? How do you spend time with your parents? What is sibling rivalry? How can you avoid this in your family? Do you feel that you and your siblings experience some rivalry? Why? How? Do you and your parents have different views on specific issues? What are these issues? What is your stand? Their stand? What are the roles and responsibilities parents have towards their children? How can you help your parents at home? List down your roles and rights as a child. Do you think you enjoy these rights? What special right would you want to have? Why?
THINGS TO DO! I. Group yourselves into five and discuss the rights of children. Point out instances that seem to show how these rights are violated, ignored, or observed II. Cut images from magazines or newspapers that describe the things you can do to make your parents and other members of the family happy. Paste on the space below.
Lesson 4:
MANAGING THE HOUSE
The ordinary Filipino house can be found in the provinces, far-flung areas, and fields. This is the house of most Filipino. The old Filipino house is usually made up of the living room (salas or kabahayan), room (silid), cooking area (lutuan or kusina), washing area (batalan), and bathroom (palikuran). Not all of these, however, can be found in the house. In the fields, there is usually no cooking area because all cooking is done in the washing area. Not every house has a room and bathroom. MAJOR PARTS OF THE HOUSE The primary function of the house is to provide the family with a clean, comfortable, and safe place to live in. It must be a place where the family can enjoy each other’s company. The Sala It is where framed paintings, photographs, and awards are displayed or hung. This is where the family receives guests. One may also sleep in it. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The living room is where the family gathers and spends leisure time together. It can also serve as study area. Therefore, it should always be kept comfortable, cheerful, and conducive to resting and working. The Bedroom In the old Filipino house, the silid is not usually slept in. As the smallest part of the house, it is where the family changes clothes, and where they keep the pillows, mats,, sheets, dirty clothes, cavans of palay, and other things that they wish to hide from the view of guests. The bedroom of the “modern” house is as private, except that it is already taken for granted that it is where a family member rest or sleeps. It is where one can relax, or dress up without being disturbed by other members of the family. The Kitchen The kitchen is a special part of the house. This is where food is carefully prepared and cooked. The kitchen should always be kept clean, sanitized, and organized. There are two important areas in the kitchen: the preparation and cooking area, and the eating area. The batalan or washing area in native Filipino houses sometimes serves as the cooking area, and the area where pots, dishes, and clothes are washed The Bathroom The bathroom is sometimes the smallest room in the house. It is easy to maintain as long as all the people who use it know how to leave it clean. KEEPING HOUSE One need not follow rules in keeping the house clean, safe, and comfortable. All it takes is for one to keep in mind that the house accumulates dirt everyday, exposing its inhabitants to harmful bacteria and thus moving them closer to illness or simply to a heavy feeling. Getting Rid of Dust One simple thing to keep watch is house dust. Dust is the most “popular” bearer of illness like allergies and asthma. Dust is also the bearer of annoying dust mites. Here are some ways of keeping the house clean and free of dust: - Cover pillows and mattresses. - Choose the material of your bedding and curtains. - Wash your bedding. - Clean once a week. - Choose your furniture. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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- Do not use the bedroom as a storage space. - Clean out the electric fan. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Discuss the differences between a “modern’ house and an ordinary Filipino house in the rural areas. 2. Discuss ways of maintaining the cleanliness, orderliness, and beauty of each part of the house. 3. Give some tips on how to reduce clutter in the kitchen. 4. Give your definition of home. THINGS TO DO! I. II.
Draw your favorite room in your house and write a short note why you consider this room the best. On the box below, draw your dream house. Color with pastel or crayons.
Lesson 5:
PLANNING MEALS
BENEFITS OF PLANNING MEALS Planning means management. It concerns choosing and decision-making. It is being made before an activity starts. It is very important that meals be planned for at least a week ahead. If meals are planned, the nutritional requirements of the family can be met. The meals can be and attractive. There may not be a duplication of the same menu within the week. Time money and energy are also saved. Most importantly, the meals will be enjoyable and satisfying to all members of the family. When planning meals, the Three Basic Food Groups have to be considered and referred to. THREE BASIC FOOD GROUP 1. Body-Building Foods are rich in protein and are also known as “Grow Foods.” The body needs them for the normal growth and repair of worn-out body tissues, and for muscle strength, additional energy, and fighting infections. 2. Energy-Giving Foods or “Go Foods” are rich in carbohydrates and fats. Go foods have sugar that the body turns into energy. The body needs them to stay strong especially when working. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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3. Body-Regulating Foods are also called “Glow Foods.� They are rich in vitamins and minerals, and are needed by the body for the normal development of the eyes, skin, hair, bones and teeth, and for increased protection against diseases. You may take as many fruits and vegetables as you want. MAKING THE MENU A menu is a list of specific food or dishes to be served. It is important to plan the menu based on the three basic food groups to assure the family of a wellbalanced meal. There are several factors to consider in planning the menu. - The recipe - The members of the family - The food budget - The foods on hand or foods in season - The preparation Breakfast Menu Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. You must not skip eating breakfast, because you need energy to start your day. The foods served should provide the protein, minerals, and vitamins you need. Lunch or Dinner Menu Lunch and dinner can be a composition of hot dishes. Soup like sinigang or nilaga can easily be prepared and served. It also offers all the food requirements vegetables, meat, and soup - in one dish. Just bear in mind that meals should include the following: Breakfast Menu - fruit, protein dish, rice or bread, and beverage Lunch or Dinner Menu - protein dish, leafy green and yellow vegetables, rice, dessert SETTING THE TABLE Table-setting is an art. How a table is laid can make a difference in the presentation of a meal, however simple or elaborate. They are of table-setting can be influenced by many things. These influences include, but are not limited to. What we know of formal table-setting in the Philippines has been drawn from the Western culture of eating. Knowledge of formal tablesetting can be used when you receive guests, or when you are received as a guest YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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in another home, or when you and others celebrate special occasions. In formally setting table, remember that the utensils for each course are placed in the order served, from the outside in. This will eliminate confusion for the guests. 1. Napkin; 2. Salad fork; 3. Dinner fork; 4. Dessert fork; 5. Dessert knife; 6. Dinner plate; 7. Dinner knife; 8. Teaspoon; 9. Soup spoon; 10. Cocktail fork; 11. Water glass GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Why is there a need to refer to the Three Basic Food Groups when planning meals for the family? 2. What are the factors to consider in planning meals? 3. What are the advantages of “going organic�? 4. How important is table-setting in enjoying our food? 5. Illustrate how county, religion, or ethnicity affects how table is set. You will have to research on the setting practices of other cultures. THINGS TO DO! Form the class into groups of four or five and prepare a five-day breakfast, lunch, and dinner menu. Follow the menu pattern you learned earlier. Use the box below.
Lesson 6:
CARING FOR YOUR CLOTHES
Clothes play a big role as people deal with other people in society. Clothes help create identity and determine how we should act or appear in a given space. CLOTHES FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS FIVE-DAY MENU Day Breakfast Lunch Dinner Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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To a certain extent, our clothes determine how we should act and interact with others on different occasions. There are many styles and fashions of clothes, and one should know when, where and how to wear them. Sports Clothes Clothes for the outdoors or sports consist of jogging pants, t-shirts, and shorts. School Clothes Often, the fabrics of school uniform are made of cotton and other color fast materials. School wear should be made of fabrics that are easy to wash and iron. Party Clothes We attend different kinds of parties. Some parties usually wear formal wear or sometimes we wear cocktail or semi-formal dresses. It is important to know what to wear in such gathering so you will not be out of place. Party clothes are seldom used so you need not to buy too many of these. It is just important to store them properly for future use. Sleepwear Clothes that you use for sleeping should be made of light materials to allow your skin to breath and replenish itself while resting. House Clothes Clothes that you wear at home should be made of cotton fabrics, be simple in style, and comfortable. These must also be washed everyday. MENDING CLOTHES Torn clothes have to be mended before they are laundered, or else the tear will get bigger. Mending can be done through darning or patching. Darning is repairing the garment by sewing several rows of thread into the fabric to replace the broken threads caused by the tear. When darning see to it that you use the same color of the thread as the fabric, so the stitches will be hidden or not be noticeable. There are three kinds of tear that you can darn: the straight tear, the diagonal tear, and the three-cornered tear. LAUNDERING YOUR CLOTHES It is important to know which clothes can be washed together. Before washing, sort your clothes in order for them not to be damaged. Heavy blankets, towels, and bed sheets should be washed apart. Dark-colored fabrics may discolor YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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white or lighter-colored fabrics. Group those that can be washed together before creating soap bubbles in a basin. IRONING CLOTHES Before you begin to iron, plug the iron in, adjust it to the correct setting, and allow it to preheat. You will know your iron is ready for use if it sizzles when you spray some water on it. Locate the tag on the garment you are preparing to iron. It will provide you with information about the material. You will find that some clothes should not be ironed. Others have a very low tolerance to heat, so you will have to iron them at a gentle setting. Use high heat for cotton and linen. Cotton mixes and wool are ironed on a medium level. Use a low setting for silk, nylon, polyester, and other like fabrics. If you are using a steam iron, make sure that there is proper amount of water inside. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. How do clothes contribute to shaping one’s personality? 2. Describe yourself by describing the clothes that you like to wear. 3. Why is it necessary to mend clothes before washing? 4. What are the steps in washing clothes? THINGS TO DO! Collect pictures of clothes and classify them according to use for appropriate occasions. Make an album out of them.
UNIT II: FIELDS AND YIELDS Lesson 1:
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
When you hear the word agriculture, the image of crops growing in a field or barn full of animals may come to mind. But even you do not live on a farm, agriculture is all around you. The word agriculture comes from the Latin word ages meaning “field,” and from cultura, meaning “care.” Agriculture is the science and art of managing plants and animals for human use. It includes cultivating the soil, producing crops, raising livestock and fish, and forestry.
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FORMS OF AGRICULTURE Animal Husbandry concerns the breeding and raising livestock. Livestock refers to domesticated or tamed animals bred in an agricultural location to produce food or any raw materials, to help in farm work. Breeding may simply mean the act of biological reproduction, or may be done through artificial means. Crop farming deals with plant production. It involves the propagation and growing of plants for food, shelter, and as ornaments. Agronomy refers to the production of field crops like rice, corn and wheat on a large or commercial scale. Poultry Farming raises domesticated fowl or birds for food, as meat or for their eggs, and for their feathers and labor. Forestry is the area and science of studying and managing forests, plantation, and related natural resources. Fishery refers to a systematic activity by humans. A fishery usually exist to provide us with food, or to obtain ornamental fish or fish products. AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES The majority of Filipino farmers are poor tenants who plant rice or corn, which together compose about half of the farmland in the country. Major Agricultural Products - Rice or Palay - Corn - Root Crops - Vegetables - Fruits - Coconuts - Sugar - Abaca - Poultry, Pork, Livestock GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What is agriculture? 2. Illustrate how agriculture is included in our everyday life. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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3. How important is agriculture in the Philippine economy? 4. How do other industries help sustain agriculture in the modern world?
THINGS TO DO! Research on the history in any Philippine province during the Spanish colonization. Focus on their main crops, as well as the economic policies that Spanish imposed on them. Write a brief paper on this.
Lesson 2:
GROWING PLANTS
Planting is one of the simplest forms of agriculture. Germination is the process wherein a seed begins to grow. Germination ends when the plant or seedling is already able to make its own food. FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH Temperature Temperature affects some vital processes, inside the plant like photosynthesis, respiration (the process of burning sugars to yield energy for growth, reproduction, and other life processes), absorption of water and minerals, and germination of seeds. Plants require the best temperature in order to grow properly. It is necessary to know the temperature needs of the crop you are planting in order for it to grow and give the best products. Air Plants need air to grow, and plants also clean the air inside or outside the house. They absorb chemicals from the air, balance humidity, and increase the amount of oxygen. Soil Soil serves as the means for the germination of seeds, as anchorage for the roots, and as source of water and other plant nutrients. Water All parts of a plant need water for the plant to grow. An awareness of the water requirement of plants will help bring forth the favorable growth of certain types of plants.
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Light Light is necessary for photosynthesis, and is needed by plants to manufacture food. THE GARDEN A garden is a space planned for cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other natural forms, like rocks. A garden can include both natural and man-made materials. It is both a way of putting your muscles to work, as well as a form of relaxation. Some people spend their whole day pulling, wheedling, cutting, digging, planting, and then sitting down to admire their handiwork. Gardening tools Gardening can be as tiring as it can be pleasurable. You will need tools to keep your garden healthy, orderly, and attractive. The following are some tools that a gardener must have before starting his or her garden, and while maintaining it. A spade is used for digging, planting, and removing materials like soil and sand around the garden. A garden fork is especially useful for loosening the soil. A hoe is used to crush the lumpy soils created by the spade and fork. It is also used for planting between plants and rows of plants. A rake is ordinarily made of metal. It prepares the soil before the seeds are sown. Rakes work on cut grass and fallen leaves, and for grading soil. A trowel is like a tinier spade, but with a curve and bowed blade. It is used in planting small plants. A secateur is a well-balanced hand cutter used in pruning, trimming, and for cutting herbaceous plant. A lopper is a larger version of a secateur, used with both hands. It is used on larger branches. The wheelbarrow is used to transport weeds and plants around the garden. A watering can is useful for regulating the amount of water that you shall give your plants.
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Fertilizer Fertilizers are plant foods in either liquid or solid form that enrich the soil and improve the quantity and quality of plant growth. Composting Composting is the disintegration of plant remains and other dead materials to make an earthy substance that may enrich garden soil or make houseplants grow healthy. It is an effective way of recycling wastes in your backyard and kitchen, and helps greatly in reducing the amount of garbage sent to landfills. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Explain how temperature and air affect plant growth. 2. What is hydroponics? Can you grow plants using this method? 3. Which type of soil is best for plant propagation? 4. How important are fertilizers in producing healthy plants? 5. What are the benefits of compost gardening? THINGS TO DO! A. In a diorama, portray your own garden landscape. B. Improvise gardening too out of old cans, wood or other found objects.
Lesson 3:
PLANTS PESTS AND DISEASES
Plants pest and diseases destroy farm crops from the roots to the leaves. All diseases and pests should be controlled to improve the yield and quality of farm crops. There are four types of plant enemies. These are the following: 1. Chewing Insects eat by chewing parts of the plants, specifically young stems and leaves. 2. Sucking Insects have a tube-like mouth, which they insert into the tissue of the leaf or stem to suck the food or juice of the plant. These can be destroyed by spraying insecticide. 3. Fungus Diseases in plants are caused by fungi which are simple non-green plants. These are parasites that feed on living plants and animals. 4. Nematodes are tiny worms, often microscopic. They have a cylindrical, unsegmented body protected by a tough outer skin called cuticle. These are hidden pests in the soil that attack the root of the crops. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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MORE PLANT ENEMIES Aphids Aphids are soft-bodied insects that use their piercing, sucking, mouthparts to feed on plant sap. They usually occur in colonies. Cabbage Worms These pests can defoliate plants very quickly when fully grown. They eat holes in leaves, leaving green excrement. Potato Beetle Adults and larvae potato beetle feed on leaves and stems, often stripping entire plants. Small garden plants are particularly vulnerable to damage. Blight Blight is a word used loosely for any plant disease or severe pest infestation, especially one causing withering and rapid death of plant parts. It is now only used to describe diseases, especially those which result in a rapidly spreading infection by largely air-borne pathogens. Anthracnose Anthracnose on beans fungus is a fungus that lives on infected been seed and in debris that have been left on the top of garden soil. Moderate, frequent rainfalls, especially if accompanied by winds, provide perfect conditions for the spread of bean anthracnose. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What are nematodes? How can you prevent the spread of this parasite in crops? 2. Why do you need to prevent the increase of insect pest in farm crops? 3. How are insect pests controlled? 4. Why is it important to avoid using chemicals as much as possible in controlling pests? THINGS TO DO! Secure samples of plants that are infest with insects, pest and fungus. Bring them to class. Try to identify the kind of pests or diseases that harmed the plants.
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Lesson 4: MEDICINAL PLANTS During recent years, researchers have done painstaking and commendable work in compiling details of medical plants. These studies have confirmed many of the claims of ancient herbalists about the efficacy of herbs in curing diseases. Apart from treating, medicinal plants are now being increasingly used in cosmetics, and in the processing of food and drinks. The following are some medicinal plants that are also available in your kitchen or backyard. Some are made even more accessible through commercial farming, or by being manufactured in preserved form as tablet, tea, oil, syrup, soap, or other like products. Abokado The fruit is a good source of vitamins, potassium, iron, and fats. Folk uses of the avocado include: gargling the pulverized seeds for toothaches; boiling the leaves and bark to promote menstruation; drinking the tea to expel worms; and mixing the pulverized seeds with oil to counter rheumatism. Ampalaya Ampalaya leaves or roots are powdered and applied to hemorrhoids, a kind of swelling of the anus. The juice from the leaf can treat fever, cough, and wounds, as well as purge intestinal parasites. Boiling the roots and seeds and drinking the concoction afterwards can help the urethra discharge wastes. The leaves and fruit, which are used as vegetables, are excellent sources of Vitamin B, iron, calcium, and phosphorus. Some studies have looked into its potential in the treatment of diabetes, in boosting vigor, in lowering blood sugar, in body detoxication or cleaning, and in strengthening the immune system. Garlic Folk uses of garlic include crushing several cloves and rubbing on areas affected by arthritis, rheumatism, toothache, headache, and athlete’s foot. The leaves and bulbs are boiled and drank to relieve fever, heavy breathing, and difficulty in discharging liquid wastes colds, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, asthma, bronchitis, and tonsillitis. The steam of boiling chopped garlic with a teaspoon of vinegar or calamansi juice is inhaled to relieve nasal congestion. Fresh garlic has been used as an aiding medicine for tuberculosis, menstrual cramps, and gas pains.
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Bayabas Guava leaves are used as stringent (where soft tissues are drawn together), as well as to cure spasms and wound infection. The decoction leaves or unripe fruit is washed o wounds or skin ulcers. It is also popularly used for the healing of circumcision wounds. Heavily-rolled bayabas are place into the nostrils to prevent nosebleed. Warm decoction of leaves can also be used as vaginal wash or douche. Dayap The rind of its fruit is squeezed near the nostril to prevent nausea and fainting. It is also used as a mouthwash and gargle for sore throat. Lagundi Lagundi leaves are boiled for several purposes: - for fever and toothaches - for asthma and cough - for headache - for aromatic or sponge bathing - for wounds and ulcers Langka Langka seeds are boiled or roasted for several purposes: - for skin diseases, ulcers, and wounds - for diarrhea, fever, and asthma - for swelling of the glands Malunggay Malunggay oil, which is extracted from the flowers, is helpful in treating arthritis, rheumatism, and gout. Folk uses of the malunggay include boiling the roots to wash sores and ulcers, and drinking the bark decoction to lessen excitement and restlessness. The roots are pounded to use against inflammatory swelling. It is also boiled and gargled to counter hoarseness and sore throat. The leaves are boiled and the liquid is drunk to increase the flow of milk from mothers. It is also pounded and mixed with coconut oil then applied to wounds and cuts. The seeds are used against hypertension, asthma, hiccups, and as diuretic - they increase the flow of urine and other fluids from the body. Luya The ginger is transformed into ginger ale, ginger beer, and other beverages like our native salabat (ginger tea). It is use for wounds, constipation and urinary difficulties, rheumatism, cough, sore throat and hoarseness, headaches, toothaches, and facial pain.
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Other Common Medicinal Plant - Okra - Saging - Sampalok - Cashew Nut - Eucalyptus - Laurel (Bay Leaf) - Onion - Pepper - Radish TRADITIONAL HEALING IN THE PHILIPPINES Herbs are prominently used in Philippine folk medicine. Folk healers have patients in the rural areas, although they are also present in urban communities, serving the poor or the rural people who have migrated. Now that indigenous medicine is a booming industry, our folk healers also served the needs of the elite for alternative and “exotic.” The albularyo (general practitioner of traditional health care and his healing is regarded as a “calling,” a power given by a supernatural being often considered the Holy Spirit) and hilot (refer to a midwife/magpapaanak, or to one who is skilled in massaging/manghihilot or masahe) are just some traditional healers in the Philippines. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What are medicinal plants? 2. What are some common plants that have medicinal value? Give their curative uses. 3. Why is it important to know the therapeutic value of plants? 4. What do you think are the advantages of alternative or traditional healing over mainstream medical care? 5. Would you consider going to an albularyo or hilot? Why? THINGS TO DO! Define the following terms - infuse - curative - diuretic- hilot - excitant - folk –
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Lesson 5: AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS Filipino farmers also raise animals as a form of livelihood. These animals are produced as food or as source of manufactured materials. Some animals are taken cared of as helpers in the farm. They are called domesticated animals. Here are some farm animals that are usually included in livestock production: - pigs - chicken - cows - goats - ducks - fish - horses - carabao GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Why should people be encouraged to engage in home or backyard animalraising? 2. How was domesticated animals contributed to man’s labor? 3. Would you like to care for some farm animals? What kind? Why? THINGS TO DO! A. Research on the process of producing milk from farm to the market. Write a brief report on this. B. Write a two-page story about the adventure of a goat named Billy, who wanted to get out of his master’s farm.
UNIT III:
LIVELY SKILLS
Lesson 1:
DESIRABLE WORK HABITS
A positive attitude is important in keeping one working. A positive attitude means finding the value of work despite the difficulties one encounters. If you are able to develop a good view of work at an early age, you will most likely succeed in any endeavour. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The way you manage your time and energy will create desirable work habits. These resources should be use efficiently in order to achieve many things. A lot of successful people have learned how to wisely manage their time and potentials at an early age. The following are tips on managing your time and energy effectively, and consequently being productive at work. 1. Budget your time 2. Go to bed early and rise early 3. Dovetail your work 4. Practice cost-effectiveness 5. Decide on simple matters, and assume responsibility for them 6. Be resourceful in undertaking new tasks 7. Exhibit positive behavior 8. Love what you are doing GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Give your own definition of work. 2. Why is it important for a person to value his or her work? 3. What desirable work habits or values should you develop? Why? THINGS TO DO! Unscramble the letters to form words associated with positive values, then give the meaning. Scrambled Letters Word Meaning aovildte hbtia gbtued emit ttaiudte serource llikss lopedve
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Lesson 2:
MANAGING TIME
Time management starts with the commitment to change, and to act accordingly. The key to successful time management is planning, and then protecting the planned time, which often involves reconditioning your routine and environment. Routine refers to the pattern that people follow in accomplishing their day-today tasks. Most people are at their most efficient condition before they start their day. If one really wants to, one can be well-organized every day. Time management begins with setting goals. These goals are written and broken down into a project, an action plan, or a simple to-do list. Deadlines are set and priorities are assigned to the individual items on the list, which is kept daily. Developing time management skills is a journey that needs practice and guidance along the way. Personal Time Management Skills 1. Goal setting 2. Planning 3. Prioritizing 4. Decision-making 5. Delegating 6. Scheduling Strategies on Using Time Develop criteria for adjusting your schedule to meet both your academic and non-academic needs. Activities may be categorized according to level of importance, the degree of urgency, or the time one should spend for each. Advantages of Time Management - gains time - motivates and initiates - reduces avoidance - promotes review - eliminates cramming - reduces anxiety - allows flexibility GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What is time management? 2. How does time relate with productivity? YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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3. Cite instances where you can save time and energy at home. THINGS TO DO! Write a short paragraph about some personal goals that you have attained after a day’s work. Explain how you accomplished these goals.
Lesson 3:
SIMPLE HOME REPAIRS
Repair home needs regular cleaning care, repair, and maintenance. We need to do these extend the use and service of our house, as well as of the furniture, equipment, and other things in it. There are common home repairs that you can do to save money and time. But first, you need to know the basic tools for repair jobs. These must be kept in a handy kit or box. BASIC TOOLS FOR HOME REPAIR 1. Claw hammer - also called carpenter’s hammer or nail hammer. It is used to drive in and pull out nails. 2. Flat-bladed screwdriver - It is used to drive in and remove screws with straight slots. 3. Philips head screwdriver - It is used to drive in and remove screws with +shaped slots. 4. Pliers - It is used to grasp and turn objects, through the pliers’ jaws can also damage smooth surfaces. It can also be used for cutting wire. 5. Adjustable wrench - It is used to turn nuts and bolts. Smooth jaws will not damage shiny fittings. 6. Utility knife - It is used to cut plastic, floor tiles, or cardboard. It has blades that are razor-sharp and replaceable. 7. Putty knife - It is used to repair holes in walls. 8. Steel tape - Also called retractable tape, push-pull tape, or tape rule. It is used to take measurements up to 12 foot long. 9. Hand drill - Also called eggbeater drill. It is used to drill holes less than 1/4 inch in diameter. 10. Toilet plunger - Also called the plumber’s friend or suction plunger, it is used against clogged drains or toilet bowls. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What precautionary measures must you observe while doing simple home repair? 2. What are the advantages of doing your own simple repairs? 3. At your age, do you think you can do these simple repairs? YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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THINGS TO DO! If your faucet is continuously dripping, what do you think should you do? Enumerate the procedure. a. b. c. d. e.
Lesson 4:
PROJECT-MAKING
Project-making is a creative and productive way of spending one’s time. Projects can range from the culinary (cooking) to the artistic. These can include crafts, writings, paintings, drawings, sculptures, carvings, dances, songs, music, photographs, and food. PROJECT PLANNING A successful project is a result of good planning. Planning is done to visualize a more systematic, and organized way of achieving goals. With the help of a project plan, you are able to come up with a written document of how, when, what, and where your project should be prepared. It will help you save time, money and energy. There are five main parts of a project plan: 1. Name of the project 2. Objectives 3. Design 4. Materials 5. Procedure GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. How important is project-making in daily life? 2. Why should you set some objectives before beginning a project? 3. What other projects would you want to accomplish in your lifetime? THINGS TO DO! Make a list of all the things that you always have to finish, and how long it takes you do it all. Evaluate whether the time you give to each time is too much or YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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too little, and whether you can shorten or lengthen each duration accordingly. Write your solutions afterwards. A sample item is done for you. Activity Time Actually Spent Remarks Resolutions 1. Getting ready for school 2 hours Shorten to 1 hour Iron uniform the night before
Lesson 5:
SOME HANDICRAFT MATERIALS
Handicraft is the art and fashion of making articles by hand. Our handicraft industry has been a huge success not only in the Philippines, but in other countries as well. The Filipinos’ ingenuity in creating beautiful crafts has placed the Philippines among the biggest suppliers of native products in foreign countries. This has also been an income-generating activity for many Filipino families. The Philippines has plenty of indigenous materials used for handicraft. Listed below are some of these raw materials. 1. Rattan is a plant that trails along the ground or climbs trees in forests or swamps. It leaves forest cover whole and preserves biodiversity. 2. Bamboo is a cylindrical plant which is hollow and separated by nodes. It is bendable and flexible. It can be split and bend if treated property. It is usually used for house floorings and walls, especially in the rural areas. Bamboo houses are cool even on hot days because the porous surface of the material breathes. It can also be used to make tables, chairs, and other decorative items. 3. Maguey is a fiber plant which usually grows in the countryside. Maguey fiber, which is strong and dirty-white or brown, is taken from the leaves through retting or decortications. 4. Abaca looks like banana tree, but the leaves are narrower. Abaca fiber, whose color ranges from white to brown, is processed from the leaves and can be made into bags, baskets, mats, wall decors, ropes, cords, twines, pulp, and paper. 5. Buri raffia, and buntal fibers are obtained from the buri palm, which grows up to 40 meters and whose trunks acquire a diameter of one to 1.5 meters. 6. Pina cloth is made from the leaves of the pineapple plant. Hand--scraped pina is used for hand-woven products. 7. Coconut is commonly regarded as the “Tree of Life” because of the many wonderful uses we derive from its roots, trunks, leaves, and fruit. 8. Seashells have hundreds of varieties. These are classified into univalve shells (with a single shell that is usually coiled) and bivalve shells (mollusks YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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with two halves joined by a hinge). Most shells are hard and brittle with a shiny pearl-like surface. Seashells are used to create home decors and personal accessories. 9. Leather comes from animal skins which are treated and dried in the shade. 10. Lumber is wood that is processed or has been prepared either as furniture or decorative items. HANDICRAFTS TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Knowing the appropriate tools for handicrafts projects will make our work easier and faster. The most common of such tools can be grouped into five: 1. Measuring and Marking Tools - rulers, T-square, framing square, marking gauge, divider, trammel point, T-level, and plumb bob. 2. Cutting Tools - rip saw, crosscut saw, backsaw, coping saw, and keyhole saw 3. Boring Tools - drill, brace-and-auger bit, brad awl, and balbike 4. Driving Tools - claw hammer, nail set, and mallet 5. Tightening Tools - pliers, screw driver, and wrench GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. How are tools used in handicrafts classified? Give examples of each. 2. What are the advantages of keeping tools sharp and in their proper storage place? 3. Give some indigenous materials used for handicraft-making. What crafts can you make out of these raw materials. 4. Explain the different safety precautions while doing handicraft projects.
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THINGS TO DO! Look for some words associated with raw materials. Look vertically, horizontally, and diagonally. ADETUINLEATHERM RECOCONUTDOFTUV TDEDFIDMKSTHDSB UTDSHGWPMEFAOWA BYTAURQEYTESUOM UUJEKWSRQXATIPB ROLMAGUEYZHPFIO IPOTLHLTABACANO NFSYIMLADSKIEMA GGRHSAUDTKHMHAY OHAJDOMGGHLEPSR PKTUTTBHADWPLOE YITKNKEURERORLQ RLAIMLRAYBTITPE TONLOPTRLUDTHED IRCOPINAPTAWYAS
Lesson 6:
BASIC EMBROIDERY
Embroidery is the art or process of decorating a fabric with needle and thread. It is one of the outstanding handicrafts in our country. It is a very engrossing hobby, as well as a lucrative means of livelihood. Embroidery may be done by hand or by machine. It is old, but is still widely practiced today. The best way to start learning is to acquire basic embroidery skills, five of which are the split stitch, stem stitch, backstitch, chain stitch, and couching. Back Stitch Back stitch is a old and very adaptable stitch which can be used as delicate outline or as a foundation in composite stitches like the herringbone stitch. Chain Stitch Chain stitch is one of the oldest of the decorative stitches and is the basic of a large group of stitches.
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Split Stitch Since the split stitch follows curves well, it is used for outlines. It is also extremely effective when used as a shaded filling. Worked solidly, it can create a brush-stroke quality in embroidery. Stem Stitch Stem stitch often outlines a shape. Couching Medieval embroideries made full use of couching to be economical with expensive threads, such as gold thread. It is used to this day to attach threads which are too thick or textured to pass through the foundation fabric. The term is from the French word coucher which means “to lay down.� Lazy Daisy Stitch This stitch is often worked in a circle to form a flower motif. It is easy to work and often taught to children as one of their first needlework lessons. Cross Stitch Cross stitch is currently very popular due to a huge industry in designs and kits. It is one of the oldest stitches in the history of textiles, and is used world-wide today as in the past. Half and Quarter Cross Stitch Half a cross stitch or quarter of the stitch works to a smooth out the jagged edges of a design. Cross Stitch Family Cross stitch is based on the simple action of crossing one thread against the other. This stitching has been used around the globe since the beginning of textile history, and so many variations of it have developed. - French Knot In French knot, the weight of he thread will determine the size of the finished stitch. - Cretan Stitch When worked in a straight vertical line, the Cretan stitch is also known as quill stitch. For centuries, women on the island of Crete have used this stitch to decorate clothing. Hence, the name.
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- Herringbone Stitch Herringbone stitch is an old stitch which has many variations. It creates a regular crossed zigzag line. It is also used as foundation row of many composite stitches. Herringbone and its variation are often found in crazy patchwork. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. How different is embroidery from sewing? 2. What are the five basic stitches used in embroidery? 3. Why is Cretan Stitch called as such? THINGS TO DO! Picture your mother sitting on a rocking chair, doing an embroidery project. What could she be thinking while working on the project? Write about this and develop into a short story if possible.
UNIT IV:
LIVING BUSINESS
Lesson 1:
ENTERING BUSINESS
Business is an activity that involves manufacturing, purchasing or buying, selling, financing, or providing financial support, and giving services. It aims to obtain profit. Profit is a kind of earning or gain after some investment has been made. An investment refers to the money or materials put down to start a business. Investment can loosely be equated with capital, which is usually in the form of money. Profit can be computed after taking into account whether the capital, as well as other investments, have been returned or regained in the course of operating the business. FORMS OF OWNERSHIP Business enterprises may be classified into three categories: 1. Private business is owned by an individual. 2. Government-owned business falls under government supervision. 3. Business owned by an individual and the government is run by an individual or group of people who shares a percentage of profit to the government. The government finances the business while the individual or group operates or manages it.
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Ownership in business is the legal relationship between a person and his or her possession. It is very important to identify and analyze an owner’s responsibilities, the terms of his or her profit-sharing, and the pros and cons of the type of ownership he or enjoys. Form of Business Owner/s Advantages Disadvantages Proprietorship one person or family - minimum capital - owner is in direct, and decides on his or her own will - no control of time - difficulty in raising more capital - unlimited things to do, as there are less people to assign to do the tasks. Partnership two person or families - minimum capital, with another source of capital available - two heads - unlimited control of business debt - authority is divided between the thinking or deciding - average freedom in investments or in the expansion of business owners - lack of systematic administration or management Corporation three or More persons or families - maximum capital - easier to raise funds - specialized management of the owners - closely-regulated - group controlled, so the system is more felt or manifest THE BUSINESS PLAN To be successful in business, an individual should plan carefully. There are several important things to settle and take into account before actually opening the business or starting operations. A sample of a business plan is given below: - name of business - location - market - supply - demand - selling price - expected sales per day
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Business, like art, is a way of life. Getting into business takes a long and extensive preparation, not only financially but mentally and physically. These questions are considered: 1. Am I ready to start this kind of business? 2. Do I have time to handle it? 3. What experience do I have to qualify me to enter this business? 4. Is my capital enough to finance and meet the requirements I need? GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. What is business? 2. What should one prepare before entering a business? 3. What business would you set up if you were given the chance? THINGS TO DO! Identify the following: 1. It involves manufacturing, purchasing, selling, and giving service that aims to obtain profit. 2. A type of business that is owned by an individual. 3. A type of business that is owned and run by the government. 4. A legal relationship between a person and his possession. 5. A type of ownership wherein there is an average freedom to success since there are two heads deciding and thinking for the future.
Lesson 2::
SMALL BUSINESS
RETAILING Retailing refers to all types of selling directly in small quantities. Starting a retail business will usually need only a small capital. Today, retailing plays a big role in the development of our economy. It provides livelihood to many people. Retail stores are classified as follows: 1. General Stores sell unrelated items of merchandise ranging from hardware, groceries, and school supplies, to dry goods. 2. Single-Line Store carry only one kind of merchandise, be it bread, books, shoes, or medicine. These may also offer single-line services like water delivery or laundering.
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3. Specialty Stores sell products which are distinct or different from the ones found in general stores. These goods are usually of a limited supply, demand, and number of producers, making the goods less accessible to the general public. RETAIL OUTLET There are different ways of peddling one’s goods or services. 1. Selling a store or in a more-or-less permanent location, the location being a part of the home, or within a commercial area 2. Selling in public or private markets 3. House-to-house selling 4. Selling by travelling stores or stores-on-wheels TYPES OF SELLING There are also various methods of exchanging goods and payment between a seller and buyer. 1. Cash-on-Sale 2. Cash-Send or Cash-Delivery Sale 3. Charge-Take Sale 4. Charge-Send or Charge-Deliver 5. Lay-Away or Will-Cash Sale 6. Part-Cash, Part-Change Sale 7. Installment Sale 8. Cash-on-Delivery STARTING SMALL Careful and wise planning are the most significant things to consider when starting a retail store. Here are some factors to consider in opening a store. 1. Capital or Seed Money 2. Type of Store 3. Site 4. Goods 5. Business Permit WHAT IS A CONSUME? A consumer is one who buys and uses services and items to satisfy his or her needs. He or she decides on what he or she needs or wants to buy, normally with the influence or help of the media, particularly the advertising industry.
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Advertising and Consumerism Advertising is a powerful tool in business. The principle of advertising lies in convincing the consumers that they need the product or service to be able to say that they have reached an acceptable status in society - a status characterized by, for example, being beautiful or wealthy, notions that society itself has shaped. In the same way, advertising contributes to the shaping of these notions by setting standards of beauty or the good life. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Define retailing. 2. How does advertising contribute to the success of a business? 3. How does a seller maintain a good relationship with his or her buyer? 4. What are the factors to consider in operating a store? 5. Why do most Filipinos prefer putting up a small-scale business? 6. What is a consumer? What makes one a wise consumer? 7. How important is population survey in starting a business? 8. Would you consider putting up your own business in the future?
THINGS TO DO! Unscramble the letters to form words associated with putting up a business, then give the meaning.
Scrambled Letters Words Meaning recmousn isnbsues cltpaia tlaierer etis tilaergni tosre
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Lesson 3:
THE SARI-SARI STORE
A common business at present is the sari-sari store. A sari-sari store is where we go to when we need commodities. This type of buying is called tingian in Filipino. Sari-sari stores mushroom in Filipino communities. They conveniently serve residents who do not have the time or money to buy products in bulk, whether in the market or grocery. SARI-SARI GOODS The following are things to consider when stocking the store with goods. 1. Buy directly from the wholesaler 2. Basic needs of consumer 3. Fast-selling goods 4. Storage facilities PRICE TAG There is a law known as the Price Tag Law which requires every seller to place a price tag for every product he or she sells in the store. This is important for the buyers to be able to make a comparison with other stores without bothering the salesperson. The tags also serve as guide for future shopping activities, and the customers assured of a fair deal. PRICE COMPONENTS 1. Price refers to the cost of goods or items paid for the merchandise. 2. Mark-up refers to the percentage which covers the expenses in buying the goods. 3. Profit is the total amount added on every item, minus all the expenses. Computing for the Selling Price 1. Cost of Item + Mark-up (percentage) Example: cooking oil ₱ 75.00 + 15% = ₱ 75.00 x .15 = ₱ 11.25 Mark-up Price 2. Cost of Item + Amount of Mark-up Example: ₱ 75.00 + ₱ 11.25 = ₱ 86.25 Selling Price YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. How are customers given consideration when arranging goods in a sari-sari store? 2. What are basic commodities? Give examples of these. 3. Should sari-sari store offer products that address not the needs, but purely the pleasures of the customers? Defend your answer. THINGS TO DO! Research on the history of the sari-sari store in the Philippines.
Lesson 4:
STORE ORGANITAZION AND LAY-OUT
To impress and get the attention of the customers, one of the most important things to think about is the store lay-out. The inside arrangement of the store can already be seen from the outside. Inside arrangement refers to the shelves, counter, display area, furniture, and other equipment. There should always be special consideration for the convenience of the buyer. FACTORE THAT INFLUENCE STORE LAY-OUT 1. Think of the customer of the store. 2. Consider the goods that the store will be selling. 3. The area allotted for the store will affect the arrangement of the store. 4. Does the store have a big space for all the furniture and equipment needed? 5. Who will manage the store?
KINDS OF STORE LAY-OUT 1. U-type. The customer has a good chance to choose leisurely the things he or she needs. This type of store requires more personnel to assist and check on the buyers. This is the usual lay-out of small 24-hour convenience stores and groceries. 2. Close-type Lay-out. A few people are required to serve the customers, because the latter can wait for their turn. Only the store personnel are inside the store while the buyers wait outside. An example of this lay-out is the drivethrough branches of fastfood chains in gasoline stations along highways.
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3. Straight Forward Shelves. The goods are arranged according to kind. This type of store gives the customer an advantage in selecting what to buy. It also saves their time and energy from looking everywhere for the things they need. Supermarkets are typically arranged this way. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. Which store lay-out do you think is the most advantageous in terms of the number of customers that can come in? 2. How does the area of the store affect its inside arrangement? 3. Aside from its internal arrangement, what else could attract customers into a store? 4. Why is the age of the target customers important in considering how to lay-out the store? THINGS TO DO! Imagine that you were given the chance to open your own store. Design its lay-out, keeping in mind the age of your customers and the product that you will be selling.
Lesson 6: BUSINESS
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FILIPINO IN
STRENGTHS The following are values that Filipinos are known for. We can use these to our advantage in doing business, whether in the country or abroad. - Willingness to learn - Creativity - Patience and Perseverance WEAKNESSES Filipinos, however, are beset with some problems in our attempt at entrepreneurship. These disadvantages are said to be due to our long history of colonization, where we have been taught to become subservient to our colonial masters. But we always have the chance to improve on our weaknesses, or divert these creatively into more productive use. - Lack of technical skills - Lack of capital YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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- Inability to diversify - Gaya-Gaya System - “Bahala na” Attitude - Crab Mentality PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS As with any other endeavor, business is also beset with problems. We should anticipate these before starting our own business.
Lack of knowledge in financial management is usually the cause of business failure, even if there is a working capital. Money is lost in too much unnecessary or unwise spending. Marketing activities are limited to those copied from other businesses. The inefficiency of workers in production is shown in laziness, tardiness, and lack of love for, commitment to, and belief in work. Maintaining honesty and loyalty is also a problem. Recruitment standards and procedures for workers are flexible, not planned. Sometimes, a person is hired over a more qualified applicant just because the former has established initial connections with other employees in the company. Organizational set-ups are not clear. Responsibilities and tasks are given to any person at any time. In an inadequate administration system, production schedule (the quality and quantity of expected or work done after a given time) and the costs are not given importance in the management of the business.
SOLVING THE PROBLEMS If one is determined to continue doing business in spite of the problems, one should start by examining the problems. Then he or she should try to overcome them using ingenuity, creativity, and common sense. One can consult other people, especially those who have already overcome the difficulties experience in business. If possible, one can temporarily hire a consultant to help sort the problems out. Once a solution to any of the problems is established, it is necessary to adhere to principles that may have been earlier ignored. One should not be ashamed to admit faults and receive constructive criticisms, as the experience may teach some important lessons. GUIDE QUESTIONS! 1. How is business management culture-based?
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2. Name other strengths in the Filipino that he or she can utilize in doing business. 3. Name other weaknesses that might work to the disadvantage of the Filipino businessman or woman. 4. Cite an instance where one has been able to show his or her creativity as a Filipino. THINGS TO DO! Imagine having your own business. Think of a strategy or pakulo that would attract customers into your store. Write this down, complete with illustrations.
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