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UNIT 1: ANIMALS Lesson 1: Animal Groupings
How do Scientists group animals? First, they take note of the characteristics of animals. Next, they compare animals based on their characteristics. They put together animals with similar characteristics in the same group. Animals can be grouped based on their body parts. They can be classified whether they have a backbone or not. Animals with backbones are called vertebrates. Those without backbones are called invertebrates. Vertebrates can be grouped as birds, mammals’ reptiles, amphibians and fish. Birds are vertebrates that have feathers. Their feathers keep them warm. They lay eggs. Birds have wings but not all birds can fly. Ostriches are too heavy for flight. Penguins cannot fly. They use their wings for swimming and diving.
Mammals are vertebrates that have mammary glands. They feed mammals give birth to live baby animals. An exception is the uck-billed platypus, which lays eggs. Mammals have hair or fur. Even dolphins have hair. They have hair right next to their blowhole.. Reptiles are vertebrates whose bodies are covered with dry scales such as those of snakes. Some, such as turtles, have hard plates protecting their bodies. Reptiles lay eggs in loose soil or sand.
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Amphibians have soft, slippery skin. They lay eggs. Amphibians are called such because amphimeans ―both‖ and bian comes from bio, meaning ―life.‖ They can live both land and in water.
Fish have tails, fins, and gills. Their gills help them breathe underwater. Some fish have scales; others do not.
Two major groups of invertebrates are mollusks and insects. Mollusks have soft bodies. They do not have bones. Some mollusks have hard shells covering their bodies.
Invertebrates that have three body parts- head, thorax, and abdomen- and three pairs of legs are called insects.
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What other groups of animals do you know? Describe them. Build Up Find: How many animals alike or different? Make a Guess: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________ Do these: 1. Observe five different kinds of animals. 2. Find out how these animals are similar to or different from one another using the table below. 3. Record your observations. Animal
Does it have a backbone?
How many legs does it have?
What its skin covering?
What have you found? 1. Among the animals you observes, which are similar to one another? Why? ___________________________________________________________________ YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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2. Which animals are different from one another? Why? ___________________________________________________________________ What Have You Learned? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ Zoom IN
Animals can be grouped based on their body parts. Animals with backbones are called vertebrates. Those without backbones are called invertebrates Vertebrates are groups as birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Birds have wings and feathers. Mammals have hair or fur. They feed their young with milk. Reptiles have bodies covered with dry scales. Amphibians have soft, slippery skin. They can live both on land and in water. Fish have gills, tail, and fins. They live in water. Two major groups of invertebrates are mollusks and insects. Mollusks have soft bodies. Some have hard shells covering their bodies. Insects have three body parts- head, thorax, and abdomen- and three pairs of legs.
Test Yourself A. Classify the given animals. Use the chart below. Mammals
parrot
Reptiles
Amphibians
iguana
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Birds
Fish
crocodile
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ostrich
camel
goldfish
dolphin
tilapia
cobra
toad
zebra
frog
eagle
sea horse
salamander
B. Which animals are covered with hard shells? Color them.
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butterfly
crocodile
snail
octopus
crab
mussel
clam
shrimp
bee
C. Which animals are insects? Color them.
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ladybug
ant
squid
Lesson 2:
spider
grasshopper
fly
dragonfly
mosquito
frog
Body Parts of Animals
Learn Animals use their body parts to do different actions. They use different body parts for movement or locomotion. They use wings, legs, fins, or tails to move from one place to another. Some body parts such as beaks or bills are used for getting YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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food or for eating .Other body parts such as horns may be used for protecting themselves from predators or enemies.
Body Parts Used for Locomotion
Many animals with wings can fly. Most birds and most insects can fly because of their wings. Bats, which are mammals, can also fly. Animals with legs can walk, run, hop, or jump. An ostrich cannot fly. It uses its long legs for running and walking. Centipede and millipedes use their legs for crawling. Ducks and geese have webbed feet. They can walk and run. Their webbed feet allow them to swim. Fish have fins and a tail for swimming. They use them to push the water backward so that they can move forward. Squid and octopuses can swim although they do not have fins and tails. Instead, they use their tentacles to swim. Snake have scales on their bellies which help them to crawl. Their scale allows them to hold them on the ground and push themselves forward. They also use these scales to climb trees.
Body Parts used for getting Food Animals that eat only meat or flesh are called carnivores. Some of the body parts that carnivores use for getting food are sharp teeth, claws, fangs, sticky tongue, and pincers. Dogs, tigers, lions, and wolves have sharp teeth that can tear flesh. Eagles have claws for catching smaller animals. They also have sharp, hooked beaks for tearing flesh. Polar bears have paws with curved, sharp nails. These help them catch other animals for food. Snakes have fangs for biting other animals. Some snakes can inject poison known as venom. Bigger snakes can wrap their bodies around their preys and squeeze them. Scorpion have pincers for capturing insects, spiders, and centipedes. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Animals that eat only fruits or other parts of the plants such as seed or leaves are called herbivores. Some of the body parts that herbivores use for getting food are strong jaws, feeding tubes, flat teeth, and trunk. Caterpillars have strong jaws with sharp cutting parts that can easily cut leaves. Butterflies have a long feeding tube called proboscis for sucking the nectar of flowers. Goats, cows, zebras, elephants, giraffes, and carabaos feed on leaves. They have strong jaws and flat teeth for crushing leaves. Elephants use their trunk to get leaves from trees. Animals that eat both plants and flesh or met of other animals are called omnivores. Monkeys use their tail and hands to hang on trees and to get their food. Ducks and chickens use their bills for pecking grains and worms. Body Parts Used for Defense Animals use their body parts to depend themselves from other animals that hunt for food. They may also fight with other animals to defend their young or protect their territory. Some male animals fight against each other over female animals. Rhinoceroses, goats, and cattle have horns for attacking or defending themselves. Eagles and other birds of prey defend themselves using their beaks and claws. Deer have antlers. Porcupines have sharp quills to defend themselves. A porcupine slaps its attacker with tail to drive quills into the attacker's body. Some kinds of bees and wasps have sharp body parts called stingers. When they sense danger to their lives, they might attack using their stingers. Bees pierce their stinger on the animal or human skin, and then release a poisonous substance that causes pain to the victim. Build Up Find Out: How are animal grouped according to the food they eat?
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Make a Guess: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ You will need: pictures of animals that eat different kinds of food.
Do these: 1. Look at the animals in the pictures. 2. Group them based on th kind of food they eat. 3. Use the table in grouping the animals. Herbivores ( eat plants)
Carnivores ( eat meat or flesh)
Omnivores ( eat plants and meat )
What Have You Found?
1. Which animals are herbivores? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Which animals are carnivores? __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
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3. Which animals are Omnivores? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
4. To which group do humans belong. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
What have you learned? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
A. Write on the blank the body parts each animals uses for locomotion or movement. 1. bird _____________________
4. bee ___________________________
2. duck ____________________
5. centipede ______________________
3. squid ___________________
6.bsnake ________________________
B. Write on the blank the body parts each animals uses for getting food. 1. eagle_______________________________________________________ 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
bear_______________________________________________________ toad________________________________________________________ snake______________________________________________________ butterfly_____________________________________________________ scorpion____________________________________________________
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D. Write on the blank the body parts each animals uses to defend itself from enemies. 1. 2. 3. 4.
horse________________________________________________ deer_________________________________________________ eagle_________________________________________________ elephant_____________________________________________
C. Write C on the blank if the given animal is a meat or flesh eater, H if it is a plant eater, or O if it is both a meat and plant eater. 1. caterpillar__________________________________________________ 2. duck________________________________________________________ 3. tiger________________________________________________________ 4. chicken__________________________________________________________ 5. leopard___________________________________________________________
D. Draw your favorite animals inside the box.
Lesson 3:
Basic Needs of Animals
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LEARN:
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Animals need food. They have to eat so that they can live and grow. Food makes animals healthy and strong.
Animals get thirsty, too. They need water to drink. They also need air to breathe.
What can happen to the animals if they lack food and water? Animals that do not get enough food will not grow healthy and strong. They also cannot survive for long without water. They will become weak and may die. Animals need a shelter in which to raise their young, and to protect themselves from bad weather and other animals that may harm them. They build their homes from materials they find in their homes surroundings. When building their homes, they choose a place close to their source of food.
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Animals also need enough space. A small space for a large number of animals is not good for the animals. The animals will compete for food. For pet animals, crowding may cause diseases to spread more easily among them.
Caring for Animals: Animals are like people. They need attention and care. How should you treat animals that you see? How should you take care of your pets?
feed your pet regularly.
Provide your pet shelter where it can stay comfortably.
bathe your pet when needed.
Treat your pet and other animals well.
BUILD UP: Choose one animal from the list. Research about it to answer the questions that follow.
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Toad Salamander Raccoon
woodpecker Heron Owl
Newt Swan Skunk
QUESTIONS: 1. What does this animal eat? 2. Where does this animal live? 3. What body parts and behaviors of the animal help it live in its habitat? 4. Aside from food, What does this animal need to stay alive? ZOOM IN: The basic needs of animals are food, water ,air and shelter. Animals need proper care and attention, too. TEST YOURSELF: A. Which animal has enough food to eat? Color the animal.
B. Which group of cattle needs a bigger space? Encircle it.
C. Shade the circle that corresponds to the correct answer. true false 1. Animals need to be taken care of. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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2. Hunting of animals helps in protecting them. 3. Pollution affects the survival of animals.
4. Sheep and bears can be a good source of flur.
5. Breeding animals can help in conservation efforts.
D. Which illustrations show concern and care for animals? Color them.
GO BEYOND: MINI ZOO
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Using a box and small animal toy figures, make a model of a ZOO. Make sure that the shelters of the animals are near the sources of their needs. You may ask the help of your family members in making your mini ZOO.
CHAPTER SUMMARY - Animals with backbones are called vertebrates. Those without backbones are called INVERTEBRATES. - Vertebrates include birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. - Invertebrates include mollusks and insects. - Some body parts that animals use for locomotion are wings, legs, and tails. - Some body parts that animals use for getting food are teeth, claws, and fangs. - Some body parts that animals use for defense are hooves, and legs, horns, tusks, antlers, and wings. - The place where an animal lives is called its habitat. - Terrestrial animals live on land. Aquatic animals live in water. Amphibious animals can live both on land and in water. - The basic needs for animals are food, water, air, shelter, space, and care.
CHAPTER TEST: A. Choose from the box the correct word being describe in each number. Write on the blank the letter of your choice.
a. aquatic animals
f. mammals
b. birds
g. omnivores
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c. carnivores
h. reptiles
d. fish
i. terrestrial animals
________1.) animals that live on land. ________2.) animals with feathers. ________3.) animals that can breathe using gills, and have fins and tails. ________4.) animal with backbones. ________5.) animals that live in water. ________6.) animals that feed no other animals. ________7.) animals that feed on plants. ________8.) animals that are covered with hard, dry, and rough skin. ________9.) animals that feed on both plants and animals. ________10.) animals that feed their young with their milk. B. Write on the blank the letter of the best answer. ______1. A rabbit runs; a caterpillar _____________________________ a. crawls b. flies c. swims d. walks ______2. Mosquitoes suck on blood; butterflies feed on ________________ a. fruits b. insects c. leaves d. nectar ______3. A cow uses its flat teeth to chew grasses; a lion uses its ______ to tear meat. a. hooked beaks b. pincers c. sharp teeth d. sticky tongue _______4. For defense, a carabao uses its horns, while a horse uses its ___ a. antlers b. horns c. legs d. tail ________5. Feathers are to birds as ______________ is/are to dogs. a. dry scales b. fur c. hair d. wet scales ________6. For getting food, eagles have claws, while frogs have_______ a. a proboscis b. a sticky tongue c. jointed legs d. wings ________7. A frogs uses its hind legs for locomotion, while a duck uses its __ a. beaks b. feathers c. webbed feet d. wings ________8. A crab uses pincers to defend itself; an eagle uses its _ to do the same. a. antenna b. claws c. legs d. wings ________9. for defense, snakes have ______________, while elephants have tusks. a. fangs b. scales c. tail d. tongue ________10. Bears use their ________ to catch other animals; birds use their claws. a. fur b. paws c. tongue d. wings YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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C. Write on the blank the letter of the best answer. _________ 1. Which illustration shows caring for an animal? a.
c.
__________2. Which animal is an amphibian? a. crocodile b. duck
b.
d.
c. frog
d. goldfish
__________3. Which is the best way to care for pet dogs? a. bathe them regularly. b. give them food to eat. c. provide them with shelter. d. all of the above. __________4. Which statement describes a mammal? a. It skin is covered with dry scales. b. It lays eggs and has wings with feathers. c. It has a soft body that has no skeleton. d. It gives birth to live baby animals and it feeds its young with milk. ___________5. A wolf eats meat. A cow eats grass. A panda eats mostly bamboo shoots and leaves. What do these tell you about animals? a. Animals love to eat food. b. Animal differ in the food they eat. c. Animal eat other animals to get food. d. Animals survive depending on the food they eat.
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UNIT 2:
Plants
LESSON 1: Similarities and differences among plants
GET READY Look at the plant. What parts of the plant can you name? What is the function of each part? Do all plants have the same parts? How do plants differ from one another?
LEARN: Roots: Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. Plants need water and minerals to make foo. The roots also anchor the plant to the ground. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Some plants have one main root called taproot. The taproot grows straight down. Smaller roots called rootlets branch out from the taproot. The carrot plant had this kind of root system. CARROTSďƒ Another kind of root is the fibrous roots. Unlike the taproot, fibrous roots have no main root. If there is a main root, it is hard to identify because all the roots are about the same size. Fibrous roots grow in all directions. Grasses have fibrous roots. ďƒ&#x; GRASSES
Big trees such as mango trees have very strong roots that reach beneath the soil surface. Thier root system is made up of wide-spreading fibrous roots. The fibrous roots branch out from the thicker surface roots and anchoring roots. This type of root system enables plants to withstand strong typhoons.
STEMS Stems carry the water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the leaves and to the other parts of a plant. Big trees such as narra have thick, hard stems called trunks. Trunks are covered with tough, protective barks. Smaller plants such as ampalaya, bougainvillea, and santan have hard, woody stems. Pechay and kangkong have soft, freshy stems.
NARRA
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LEAVES: Leaves are a very important part of a plant. They make food for the plant. They need sunlight to make food for the plant. The common kind of leaf has the following parts: blade, vein and leaf stem. The BLADE is the broad part of the leaf. The VEINS are the tiny tubes that run through the blade. The LEAFSTEM connects the blade to the stem of the plant. Some plants have leaves that have a single blade. These leaves are SIMPLE LEAVES . Gumamela and rose have siple leaves.
GUMAMELA
ROSE
Other plants have leaves with more than one blade. Such leaves are called compound leaves. The blades of a compound leaf are called leaflets. Malunggay and ipil-ipil have compound leaves.
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MALUNGGAY
IPIL-IPIL
Leaves came from different shape and forms. They can be broad, narrow, flat, thick, needle like, oval, or long.
banana
papaya
gabi
Flowers Many plants bear flowers. Plants that bear flowers are called flowering plants. Plants that do not bear flowers are called nonflowering plants.
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including
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Only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. In looser senses, the taller palms, the tree ferns, bananas and bamboos are also trees.
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.
A shrub is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 6 m (20 ft) tall. Plants of many species may grow either into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions. Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender, periwinkle and most small garden varieties of roses, are often termed subshrubs or bushes.
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Chapter Test 1: I. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. Animals that live on land are called __________. a. aquatic c. amphibious b. terrestrial d. habitat 2. They are the animals that live in icy cold water. a. alligator and crocodile c. polar bears and penguins b. rabbit and deer d. cat and dog 3. The animals that can live both on land and in water. a. amphibious c. aquatic b. terrestrial d. aerial 4. This bird can be trained to go back to its home. a. quail c. eagle b. parrot d. hawk 5. This is the only mammal that can fly. a. bat c. pigeon b. bird d. duck 6. These are animals that eat only meat or flesh. a. carnivores c. herbivores b. omnivores d. insectivores 7. This is the long feeding tube of the butterfly. a. antler c. hooves b. proboscis d. tusks 8. They used their tail and hands to hang on trees to get their food. a. koala c. bat b. monkey d. bird 9. Horses use their __________ to fight. a. hands c. hooves b. trunk d. tusks 10. For lowering blood pressure. a. ginger c. garlic b. guava d. lagundi 11. They have bodies covered with dry scales. a. amphibians c. reptiles b. mollusks d. mammals 12. Fish _________ help them breathe underwater. a. tail c. fins b. gills d. mouth 13. The three pairs of legs are called ____________. a. reptiles c. birds b. insects d. mammals YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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14. Kangkong, camote, and lettuce have edible leaves; Onion and celery have edible _________. a. flowers c. stems b. roots d. fruits 15. Parts of the plants that are used in making clothing materials. a. fruits c. flowers b. leaves d. stem 16. Pieces of furniture, toys, and houses are objects made of ___________. a. stem c. wood b. leaves d. trunks 17. Which are the basic parts of a plant? a. roots, leaves and stem b. fruits, leaves and fruits c. roots, flowers and fruits d. stems, leaves and flowers 18. Water your plants ______________. a. twice a day c. every day b. once a day d. once a week. 19. It can be made from animal manure and materials that decay. a. organic fertilizers c. fertilizers b. non-organic fertilizers d. plant fertilizers 20. This plant is usually given as presents on special occasion. a. sampaguita c. strawberry b. kangkong d. banana II. Draw a (ď‚ś) to the animal that does not belong to the group. 21. bat chicken duck 22. cat dog goat 23. sheep goat pig 24. frog kangaroo ostrich 25. alligator crocodile lizard
parrot fish tamaraw rabbit lion
III. Write T if the statement is True and F if the statement is false. ______ 26. Animals need to be taken care of. ______ 27. Treat your pet and other animals well. ______ 28. Feed your pet and other animals well. ______ 29. Animals only eat plants are omnivores. ______ 30. Animals who has enough food will not grow healthy and strong.
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Chapter Test 2: I. Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. It is a big tall plant with hard woody trunks. a. plant b. tree
c. grass d. bamboo
2. Which plant is the source of fiber and can be made into ropes, footwear, bags and even paper money? a. pineapple c. abaca b. coconut d. rubber trees 3. In which following characteristics can you define what grass is? a. It has green leaves and roots and most of them are short. b. It has big green leaves and fibrous roots and most of them are long. c. It has thin green leaves and fibrous roots and most of them are short. d. It has small green leaves and fibrous roots and long. 4. What is NOT a job of a plant’s root? a. absorb water b. carrying water and minerals to the leaves
c. absorb minerals d. anchor the plants to the ground
5. Which of these are made from the plant?
a. metal bracelet leather boots
b. cotton T-shirt
c. plastic glasses
d.
6. The teeth of a carnivore are MOSTLY. a. pointed c. wide b. rounded d. flat 7. Which animals can be found in ponds? a. crabs, mussels, lobsters, canary b. turtles, whales, lobsters, shrimps c. porcupines, sea anemones, pelicans, crab d. frogs, toads, salamander, fish
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8. Which of these BEST describes this leaf?
a. broad and flat b. broad and narrow c. flat and thick d. oval or long 9. For what purpose does a rhinoceros use its horns? a. to look for food c. to beautify itself b. to move around d. to protect itself from animals 10. How do animals survive in their different HABITATS? a. They have different body structures. b. They have different characteristics. c. They need to protect themselves. d. They need to take care of themselves. 11. Which of the following parts are present in all plants? a. roots, stem, leaves c. stem, leaves, fruits b. roots, flowers, leaves d. flowers, fruits, seeds 12. Which of the following animals can live both on land and in water? a. crocodile c. dolphin b. fish d. rabbit For number 13 to 14, refer to the illustrations below.
13. What body parts are common to the three animals? a. head, beak, and fur c. head, legs, and body b. feather, horn, and head d. wings, head, and body 14. What body parts are common to the goat and deer? a. head, horn, and wings c. horn, head, and tail b. horn, beak, and tail d. feather, body, and legs 15. Why are leaves considered as very important part of a plant? a. Leaves are green color. c. Leaves make food for the plant. b. Leaves absorb water. d. Leaves bear flowers. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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II. Write True in the blank if the statement is correct. Write False if it is incorrect. _________ 16. Plants give off carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. _________ 17. Use loam soil for plants growing. _________ 18. Let pests stay in leaves and stems of plants. _________ 19. Guava leaves is used for treating cough. _________ 20. Consult a veterinarian when your pet is sick. _________ 21. Animals are like people. _________ 22. Play with your pet dog while feeding it. _________ 23. Aquatic animals have a well- developed and strong heart. _________ 24. Plants grow well with weeds. _________ 25. An ostrich can fly. III. Match the Column A to Column B. Write the letter only. Column A _______ 26. carnivores _______ 27.insects _______ 28.stem _______ 29. vines _______ 30. flowers _______ 31. abaca _______ 32. vertebrates _______ 33. blade _______ 34. moa _______ 35. fish
Column B A. used as decorations B. animals with backbones C. have gills, tails, and fins D. flightless bird like an ostrich E. animals that eats animals only F. broad part of the leaf G. small plants with soft and fleshy stems H. can made paper money I. have three body parts and three pairs of legs J. plants with soft, crawling stems
IV. A. Based on the drawing below, answer the following questions.
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________ a.) Which part is the root? ________ b.) Which part is the leaf? ________ c.) Which part is the stem? ________ e.) Which part makes fruits? ________ f.) Which part absorbs water? ________ g.) Which part makes food for plant? ________ h.) Which part holds the leaves and flower? B. Fill in the blanks. Choose your answers from the words in the box. fibrous taproots size texture shrubs trees smaller 1. Small and smooth roots are called __________________ roots. 2. _____________________ have big, long, and woody roots. 3. Roots of shrubs and herbs are ________________________ than trees. 4. Roots that are long and go deep into the soil are __________________________. 5- 6. Roots of plants differ in ___________________ and _______________________.
UNIT 3:
MATTER
Lesson 1: Properties of matter GET READY: Look around your classroom. Name the things that you can find inside the room. How are the things similar to one another? How are they different from one another?
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Learn: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Different kinds of matter have similarities and differences. Their nature and behavior are called properties of matter. Those that can be observed, such as shape, size, color, and texture, are called physics properties. All kinds of materials are matter. They have different properties that determine their uses. Some materials are hard. Other materials are soft. Which of the given materials are hard? Which are soft?
Some materials are rough. Other materials are smooth. What do you use rough materials for? What do you use smooth materials for?
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Some materials can be hammered into different shapes.
Some materials have properties that make them unique from other materials. Absorbency is the ability of a material to absorb liquid substances like water. Cotton, tissue, and cloth are examples of absorbent materials. Elasticity is the ability of a material to be stretched and return to its original shape. Rubber band is perfect example of an elastic material.
Brittleness is the ability of a material to break easily. Ceramic and glass are brittle.
Flexibility is the ability of a material to be bent. Metal wires are an example of flexible materials.
Hardness is the ability of a material to resist breaking or scratching. Diamond is the hardest material that occurs naturally on earth. It can only be scratched by another diamond. Talc is the softest material. It is mainly used for talcum powder.
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Diamond
Talc
Can you think of other characteristics that make materials different from one another? Phases of matter: Matter can be classified into three phases based on their physical characteristics. The phases of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have definite shapes and sizes. The bread, the knife, and the wall are all solids.
LIQUIDS can easily flow from one container to another. They have no definite size and shape. They take the shape of their containers. Water is an example of a liquid. Can you give other examples of liquids?
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GASES cannot be held by the hands. They diffuse or spread freely when their container is open. The material inside the balloons and the air you breathe are examples of gases. They cannot be seen by the eyes, but can be felt or smelled.
Test Yourself A. Write S on the blank if the material is a solid, L if it is a liquid, or G if it is a gas. _____ 1. ice _____ 2. dry ice _____ 3. pineapple juice
_____ 4. carbon dioxide ______ 5. ice candy ______ 6. soil
B. Write on the blank the property best exhibited by the given object. ___________________ 1. paper ___________________ 2. diamond ___________________ 3. flower base ___________________ 4. steel bar ___________________ 5. chair C. Write the letter of the phase of matter that matches the given characteristic. a. solid b. liquid c. gas ______ 1. It has a definite size and shape. ______ 2. It takes the shape of its container. ______ 3. It can diffuse. ______ 4. It can be stretched and squeezed. ______ 5. It flows freely from one container to another. ______ 6. it cannot be held by the hands, but can be felt or smelled. ______ 7. It can be brittle. ______ 8. it can be hard and strong. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Lesson 2:
MASS, WEIGHT, and VOLUME
TARGETS To differentiate the mass from weight To find the mass of small objects using a platform balance To find the volume of regular and irregular objects. In the first picture, which is heavier- a kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of iron nails? In the second picture, which occupies more space—a box containing 6 crayons or a box containing 24 crayons?
Mass is the amount of particles present in an object. The mass of an object can be measured by using a platform balance or a weighing scale. It can be expressed in grams or kilograms. You know that an iron nail is heavier than a feather. However, a kilogram of feathers and a kilogram of iron nails have the same mass. Weight is the effect of the pull of gravity. The closer you are to the Earth’s center, the stronger the gravitational pull. When you go to the higher place, you move away from the Earth’s center. Hence, you weigh less. Volume the space that a material occupies, objects can be classified as regular or irregular. Regular objects are those that have definite shapes.
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Volume of Regular Objects To find the volume of a rectangular object, measure its width, length, and height. You may use a ruler in measuring the width, length, and height. Multiply the length, width, and height to get the volume. Volume of Irregular Objects The volume of an irregular object cannot be measured using a ruler. To find the volume of an irregular object, use the displacement method. A graduated cylinder is used in measuring the volume in the displacement method. A graduated cylinder is an instrument used for measuring volumes of liquids. The steps in the displacement method are as follows: 1. Pour a certain amount of water into the graduated cylinder. Take note of the initial water level. 2. Carefully drop the irregular object in the graduated cylinder. 3. Read the final water level. 4. to get the volume of the irregular object, subtract the initial water level from the final water level. The difference in the volumes is the volume of the irregular object. Test Yourself Answer the following: 1. You are in a wet market with your mother to buy one and a half kilograms of chicken. Use an arrow to draw the exact measurement on the weighing scale.
2. What is the volume of a box having the dimensions L =60 cm, W 50 cm, and H= 70 cm?
3. If a piece of wood has a length of 100 cm, a width of 100 cm and a height of 100 cm, what is the amount of space it occupies?
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Lesson 3: To identify the uses of certain household products. To identify useful and harmful products. To practice precautionary measures in using, storing, and disposing of household products. How do you choose your food items or household materials? Do you read the product labels? Why should you read the product labels?
There are many different products that you can find in your household. Look in your kitchen cupboards. What kind of products do you have? You probably have many food items in your kitchen. Food items includes any food that is packed, canned, or bottled. Condiments such as sugar and salt are also considered food items. You may also have cleaning products such as dishwashing liquid or laundry soap in the kitchen. You have personal care products such as bath soap, shampoo, and toothpaste in the bathroom. In the medicine cabinet, you have medicines and food supplements such as vitamins, and minerals. What other products can you find in your household? What are their uses? Household products are useful. However, some products may cause harm if not used, stored, or disposed of properly. How can you know if a product is safe for you to use or consume? You have to read the product labels.
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Food Items Food Items are meant to be consumed so they are generally safe products. However, not all food items are good for you. How will you know whether the food you will eat is nutritious or not? Look at the food label. Most food labels include nutritional information
Medicines Medicines such as cough syrups and antiallergy tablets are classified as drugs. They are labeled properly for the protection and safety of the consumers. A drug label indicates the contents of the drug and the directions on how to take it. The expiry date is also included in drug labels.
POTENTIALLY HARMFUL PRODUCTS Corrosives are substances that can burn the skin on contact or damage the internal organs when ingested accidentally. They are useful but they are potentially harmful. Examples are drain cleaners. These types of products should be used, stored, and disposed properly.
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Irritants are substances that can be absorbed gradually without apparent harm until they take effect.
Some of these substances are used to treat constipation and to remove parasitic worms from the body. Some substances stain the skin and cause soreness of the throat and eyes. Toxic Products are those that can be harmful or fatal inhaled or swallowed. Storing, Using, and Disposing of Household Items Here are the guidelines in storing, using, and disposing of household items: 1. Read the product label before buying any product. 2. Use products only for their intended use. 3. Different materials and household products should have designated areas for storage. Replace each product in its designated area after use. 4. Take medicine only under adult supervision. 5. Use hand gloves to protect your hands from irritations or burns when using potentially harmful products. 6. Dispose of expired products and empty product containers properly.
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TEST YOURSELF: A. Write S if the product is generally safe to consume or use. Write PH if it is potentially harmful. ________ 1. milk _______ 6. multivitamins ________ 2. drain cleaner ________7. insect spray ________ 3. salt ________ 8. toilet bowl cleaner ________ 4. alcohol ________ 9. paint ________ 5. cereal ________ 10. detergent B. Identify the term being described in each statement. ______________ 1. It is a product that can be harmful or fatal if inhaled or swallowed. ______________ 2. It is a substance that can burn the skin on contact. ______________ 3. It is a substance that can be absorbed gradually without apparent harm until it takes effect. ______________ 4. It is any food that is packed, canned, or bottled. ______________ 5. It indicates until when the food item or drug can be consumed or taken. Go Beyond Plan a meal with your parents. Make the family’s meal healthy and well- balanced by including nutritious food items. Chapter Test A. Encircle the correct words described below. E N V I R O N M E N T A S V C
V W C O R R O S I V E S F S O
A H F R F G D F U O K M B K N
P O R O U S E R T M D R I E D
O W E T Y U I K H S I K L C E
R E E R F Y H H J T J N H L N
A B S O R B E N T T V H J O S
T D I D E F G L G E E R E U A
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I G N M F E E B H R W N R D T
O G G A S W W G Y V T M T S I
N T T S R Q E W U R O J Y J O
I N H S A D I S I H G L J H N
M E L T I N G D I L H D U T R
L P S J N R H F O J Y S J M T
O O B J E C T I V E S G K Y E Page 42
anything that has mass and occupies space materials that are easily broken materials that have the ability to absorb liquids amount of particles present in an object the space occupied by an object product with strong chemical components that can burn your skin or cause damage to your internal organs when ingested
B. Write on the blank the letter of the best answer ______ 1. Your brother asks you to get a pail to find the weight of a sack of rice. Which tool or devise will you tell him to use in getting the exact weight of the sack of rice? a. can c. sack b. ruler d. weighing scale ______ 2. Lilia wants to know the volume of the lime juice she will use for a new recipe. Which material should she use? a. measuring cup c. tape measure b. spoon d. weighing scale ______ 3. Which contains important information about a product? a. product cup c. product label b. product container d. None of the above ______ 4. What property of a material is the ability to be stretched and return to its original shape? a. absorbency c. flexibility b. elasticity d. hardness ______ 5. Which material is the hardest? a. chalk c. gold b. diamond d. talc
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UNIT 4:
ENERGY
Lesson 1
Force and Motion
Targets ď † To define force and motion ď † To describe the effects of force on bodies or objects Learn Have you ever played tug- of- war? Form two groups with four members each and play. In a game of tug- of- war, what determines the winner?
In a game of tug-of-war, each team exerts force. The team that exerts greater force wins. But what is force? Force is a push or a pull on a body or an object. It can start or stop motion. Which illustration shows pushing? Which shows pulling? Motion is the act of moving, or changing place or position. Objects can move when force is applied on them. Rolling a ball down an inclined plane or throwing it will make the ball move. Force can stop motion. To stop a moving ball, you can catch it. To stop your bike, you press on the hand brake.
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Forces of Nature Forces are a big part of physics. Physicists devote a lot of time to the study of forces that are found everywhere in the universe. The forces could be big, such as the pull of a star on a planet. The forces could also be very small, such as the pull of a nucleus on an electron. Forces are acting everywhere in the universe at all times. If you were a ball sitting on a field and someone kicked you, a force would have acted on you. As a result, you would go bouncing down the field. There are often many forces at work. Physicists might not study them all at the same time, but even if you were standing in one place, you would have many forces acting on you. Those forces would include gravity, the force of air particles hitting your body from all directions (as well as from wind), and the force being exerted by the ground (called the normal force). Let's look at the forces acting on that soccer ball before you kicked it. As it sat there, the force of gravity was keeping it on the ground, while the ground pushed upward, supporting the ball. On a molecular level, the surface of the ball was holding itself together as the gas inside of the ball tried to escape. There may have also been small forces trying to push it as the wind blew. Those forces were too small to get it rolling, but they were there. And you never know what was under the ball. Maybe an insect was stuck under the ball trying to push it up. That's another force to consider. If there is more than one force acting on an object, the forces can be added up if they act in the same direction, or subtracted if they act in opposition. Scientists measure forces in units called Newtons. When you start doing physics problems in class, you may read that the force applied to the soccer ball (from the kick) could be equal to 12 Newtons. A Formula of Force YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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There is one totally important formula when it comes to forces, F = ma. That's all there is, but everything revolves around that formula. "F" is the total (net)force, "m" is the object's mass, and "a" is the acceleration that occurs. As a sentence, "The net force applied to the object equals the mass of the object multiplied by the amount of its acceleration." The net force acting on the soccer ball is equal to the mass of the soccer ball multiplied by its change in velocity each second (its acceleration). Do you remember the wind gently blowing on the soccer ball? The force acting on the ball was very small because the mass of air was very small. Small masses generally exert small forces, which generally result in small accelerations (changes in motion). Forces and Vectors We cover the details of vectors on another page. A vector can be used to represent any force. A force vector describes a specific amount of force that is applied in a specific direction. If you kick that soccer ball with the same force, but in different directions, and you get different results.
Test Yourself A. Tell if the picture in each number is a push or a pull. Encircle the correct answer. 1.
2.
Push
Pull
3.
Push
Pull
Push
Pull
4.
Push
Pull
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5.
Push
Pull
B. Determine the effect of each applied force. Write the letter of the best answer on the space before the number. a. start motion b. stop motion c. speed up, slow down, or change direction ________ 1. stepping hard on the gas of a moving bus ________ 2. stepping on the car brake ________ 3. rolling a boulder off a cliff ________ 4. hitting a shuttlecock with a badminton racket ________ 5. throwing a basketball ________ 6. rolling a bowling ball ________ 7. kicking a football from nest ________ 8. catching a baseball ________ 9. pushing a grocery cart ________ 10. pressing on the hand brake of a bike Go Beyond Earth and the other planets are constantly moving around the Sun. What do you think keeps them moving? Why? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Lesson 2:
Magnets
Targets To infer that magnets can move objects To describe the interaction of two magnets To demonstrate how the size of a magnet and its distance from an object affect any movement Which of the objects below can be attracted by a magnet? Which objects cannot be attracted by a magnet? Why? What kind of materials is attracted to a magnet?
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Magnetism is the force where objects are attracted or repelled to one another. Usually these objects are metals such as iron. Magnetic Poles, Forces, and Fields Every magnet has two poles. This is where most of its magnetic strength is most powerful. These poles are called north and south or north-seeking and south seeking poles. The poles are called this as when a magnet is hung or suspended the magnet lines up in a north - south direction. When the north pole of one magnet is placed near the north pole of another magnet, the poles are repelled. When the south poles of two magnets are placed near one another, they also are repelled from one another. When the north and south poles of two magnets are placed near one another, they are attracted to one another. The attraction repelling of two magnets towards one another depends on how close they are to each other and how strong the magnetic force is within the magnet. The further apart of the magnets are the less they are attracted or repelled to one another. When a magnet is broken into little pieces, a north pole will appear at one of the broken faces and a south pole. Each piece, regardless of how big or small, has its own north and south poles. There are around a magnet can also behave like a magnet. This is called a magnetic field. The larger the magnet and the closer the object to the magnet, the greater the force of the magnetic field. Magnetic Materials The term magnetism is derived from Magnesia, the name of a region in Asia Minor where lodestone, a naturally magnetic iron ore, was found in ancient times. Iron is not the only material that is easily magnetized when placed in a magnetic field; others include nickel and cobalt.
Magnets can also be formed that are called electromagnets. A simple electromagnet is formed with a battery and copper wire coiled around a metal rod such as a nail. There is evidence that there is an electrical basis for magnetism.
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Test Yourself Draw a happy face if the given statement is correct. Draw a sad face if it is not correct. 1. Magnetism is a force that attracts objects made of metal. 2. Magnets can attract wood and glass. 3. Like poles attract. Unlike poles repel. 4. A magnet has two end poles called north and south. 5. A magnet can attract an iron ball faster if the two objects are farther apart.
Go Beyond Earth is one big magnet. Like a magnet, it has north and south poles. It has a strong magnetic field. The North Pole has a stronger magnetic field than the South Pole.
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Lesson 3:
Light
Target To identify sources of light To describe the effects when light strikes smooth or rough surfaces To classify objects as opaque, transparent, and translucent To show evidence that light travels in a straight line and outward in all directions To explain the effect when light travels from one material to another
Look at the pictures. What do you see? Why can you see them? Why do they have colors? Now, look around you. What do you see? Other than your eyes, what helps you see the things around you?
Light is radiant energy, usually referring to electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined as having a wavelength in the range of 400 nanometres (nm), or 400×10−9 m, to 700 nanometres – between the infrared, with longer wavelengths and the ultraviolet, with shorter wavelengths. These numbers do not represent the absolute limits of human vision, but the approximate range within which most people can see reasonably well under most circumstances. Various sources define visible light as narrowly as 420 to 680 to as broadly as 380 to 800 nm. The Sun is Earth's primary source of light. About 44% of the sun's electromagnetic radiation that reaches the ground is in the visible light
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Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. Common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves. The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Mirrors exhibit specular reflection.
The reflection of Mount Hood in Mirror Lake. In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water. Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light. Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors. Transparent materials allow light to pass through completely. Things on the other side of such materials can be clearly seen. Translucent materials allow only little light to pass through. Things on the other side of such materials can be partially seen. Opaque materials do not allow any light to pass through. Things on the other side of such materials cannot be seen. What is formed when light is blocked by opaque materials Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium. Lights travel very fast in an empty space or in air. In water, light travels more slowly because the particles of water are a little bit closer with one another. Can you think of other examples that show the refraction of light? The straw appears to be broken because of the difference between the angle at which light from it strikes the vertical edge of the glass versus the horizontal surface of the water. When white light passes through a prism, the light is bent or refracted. It forms a band of colors called a spectrum. A rainbow is an example of spectrum that is visible in the sky. It is formed when the sun shines and there are raindrops in the air. The raindrops act like tiny prisms that refract light. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Test Yourself A.Circle T if the sentence is true. Circle F if it is false. T F 1. Blocked light makes shadows T F 2. Light bounces when it strikes a mirror. T F 3. Aluminum foil scatters more light than steel. T F 4. Light does not travel in a straight line. T F 5. Light is a form of energy that allows people to see things. B. Color the if the object is transparent, the if it is translucent, or the if it is opaque. 1. glass 2. cardboard 3. magnifying glass 4. water 5. red cellphone C. Match the description in A with the correct word in B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided. A B ______ 1. This is the bending of light. a. water droplets ______ 2. This is a band of colors. b. prism ______ 3. This is an object that separates white light into different colors. c. rainbow ______ 4. This is a colorful object seen in the sky after the rain. d. refraction ______ 5. These refract light rays from the Sun to form a rainbow. e. spectrum Go Beyond Luminescence Process by which an excited material emits light in a process not caused solely by a rise in temperature. The excitation is usually achieved with ultraviolet radiation, X rays, electrons, alpha particles, electric fields, or chemical energy. The colour, or wavelength, of the light emitted is determined by the material, while the intensity depends on both the material and the input energy. Examples of luminescence include light emissions from neon lamps, luminescent watch dials, television and computer screens, FLUORESCENT LAMPS, and fireflies. Bioluminescence emission of light by an organism or biochemical system (e.g., the glow of bacteria on decaying meat or fish, the phosphorescence of protozoans in tropical seas, the flickering signals of fireflies).
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A firefly can create light, which glows or flashes to attract a mate.
Angler fish has a luminescent lure which can attract prey within the reach of its mouth.
A flashlight fish can produce light on its head. It uses the light to find its way in the dark.
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Lesson 4:
Sound
Targets To describe sound To infer that sound is produced by vibrating objects To demonstrate ways to produce sound To demonstrate that different materials make different sounds Close your eyes for a few seconds. Listen to the sounds you hear. What sounds do you hear? Sound is a form of energy. it travels in the form of sound waves.
Learn When you hit or beat a drum, strum or pluck the strings of a guitar, shake a maraca, or strike the bars of a xylophone, you can feel that they move back and forth. This back- and- forth movement is called vibration. Sound is produced through vibrations. These vibrations are also known as sound waves. Sound waves spread out in all directions from the source of the sound, like ripples on a pond. The sound that is produced by an object travels until it reaches your ears and is interpreted by your brain. Different materials produce different kinds of sound. A sound may be high or low. This property of sound is called pitch. Pitch is determined by the speed of vibrations a material has. A high- pitched sound is produced by a material that vibrates fast, while a low- pitched sound is produced by a material that vibrates more slowly.
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Another factor that affects pitch is the size of the material. For example, a thick guitar string produces a low pitch, while a thick guitar string produces a high pitch. Volume The loudness or softness of sound refers to its volume. A drum may produce a loud or soft sound depending on its size. The bigger the drum is, the louder the sound it produces. The smaller the drum is, the softer the sound it produces. Put your hand on your neck and feel your throat. Speak softly. Without removing your hand from your throat, try shouting. Can you feel the vibrations through your fingers? Does your throat vibrate more the louder you speak?
Test Yourself A. Which instruments produce loud sounds? Encircle them.
B. Write L on the blank if the sound produced by the given item is loud. Write S if it is soft. ________1. cymbals _____ 6. door chime ________ 2. bus horn _____ 7. microphone ________ 3. church bell _____8. singing bird _____ 4. guitar _____9. fire alarm _____ 5. coins _____ 10. firecrackers
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Go Beyond Play Music! You can make your own musical instrument. You can do this individually or by group. You will need: 8 empty bottles of the same kind, colored water, xylophone beater.
Do These: 1. Fill the bottles with different amounts of colored water. Use the illustration above as your guide. 2. Using the xylophone beater, strike each bottle gently. Listen to the sound being produced. What have you found? 1. Did all the bottles produce the same sound? Why? ________________________________________________________________ 2. Which bottle produced the highest pitch? Why? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Which bottle produced the lowest pitch? Why? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ What have you learned? _______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
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Chapter Test A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. How can you move an object along a surface? a. by applying oil b. by making the surface rough c. by applying force on the object d. by making the surface smooth 2. Which needs the greatest force to move? a. a sack of rice b. an empty box c. a pack of grapes d. a dozen of chicken eggs 3. A horse is pulling a calesa. What does this show? a. Force can move an object. b. Force can stop a moving object. c. Force can change the shape and size of an object. d. Force can change the direction of a moving object. 4. How many poles magnets have? a. 1 b. 2
c. 3 d. 4
5. Which group of objects can a magnet attract? a. bag, wallet, coin b. pin, paper, pencil c. eraser, pen, blackboard d. tack, staple, wire, iron nail 6. When you stand with your back toward the sunlight, where will your shadow fall? a. at your back c. at your left side b. in front of you d. at your right side 7. When a pencil is placed in a glass of water, if bends. Why? a. Lights travels fast b. Light strikes different materials c. Light passes through the glass and the water d. Light changes speed when it travels through different materials.
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8. Which produces a soft sound? a. bass drum b. maraca
c. saxophone d. trumpet
9. Soldiers usually put their ears on the ground during war. Why do they do this? a. to hear softer sounds b. to hear sounds better c. to know how many enemies will attack them d. to listen to the sound produced by the movements on the ground 10. Which activity can you do to lessen the noise pollution in your community? a. Turn the volume of your television or radio low. b. Make a poster about the dangers of noise pollution. c. Write a letter reporting the cause of noise pollution to your barangay officials. d. All of the above.
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UNIT 4:
Earth
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The earth’s land surface is composed of different landforms. Some landforms are high; they are called highlands. Others are low or flat; they are called lowlands. Mountain and hills are highlands. A mountain usually has a high peak and steep slopes. About one-fourth of the Earth’s land surface is covered with mountains. Mt. Apo in Mindanao is the highest mountain in the Philippines. Mountains grouped together in a long range or chains are known as a mountain range. Mt. Apo in Mindanao
A hill is lower than a mountain. Some people live on hills. They also plant crops. Hills are usual grazing places of some animals.
Mayon Volcano
Eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991
A volcano is a highland that usually has an opening called crater. Molten rocks, ashes, and gases are sometimes released from the crater . The molten rocks that come from a volcano are called lava. A volcanic eruption may destroy lives and properties. People who live near a volcano are evacuated when there are signs of an eruption.
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Rice field in Central Luzon
Strawberry farm in La Trinidad
Valleys and plains are flat lowlands. Both are expanse of land usually used for agriculture. A plain is a wide flatland, while a valley lies between two mountains or hills. Central Luzon has the widest plains planted with rice and corn in the Philippines. The strawberry farms in La Trinidad, Benguet are in a valley. A plateau is a highland with a wide flat top and sloping sides. It can be formed by erosion or wearing away of soil, by volcanic action, or by an upward movement of Earth. Baguio City is a plateau.
Baguio City An island is a landform completely surrounded by water. A group of islands is called an archipelago. The Philippines is an archipelago
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Find Out: How are landforms formed? Make a Guess:____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ You will need: half a sack of soil, large baking pan or wooden box, pail of water sprinkler. Do These: 1. Form a group of three members. 2. Take the large baking pan or the wooden box outside the classroom. 3. Build a tightly packed mound of soil measuring six inches to one foot in height in the middle of the pan or box. The mound does not have to be perfectly formed, but should have the basic appearance of a mountain. Observe the‖ mountain‖ 4. To create the effect of rain, use the water sprinkler to slowly pour water on the‖ mountain‖ 5. Observe what happen after pouring water on the‖ mountain. ―
What Have You Found? 1. How did the‖ mountain‖ look before you poured water on it? ______________________________________________________________ 2. What happened to the‖ mountain‖ after you slowly poured water? _______________________________________________________________ 3. Was there a landform formed? ________________________________________________________________ 4. What was responsible for the formation, if any, of a new landform? __________________________________________________________________ What have you learned?_________________________________________
The Earth’s land surface has different landforms mountains, hills, valley, plains, volcanos, plateau, and islands. A mountain is a highland that has peak and steep slopes. A hill is lower than a mountain. A volcano is a highland that usually has an opening called crater. A plain is wide, flat lowland. A valley is flat lowland that lies between two mountains or hills. A plateau is a highland with wide, flat top and sloping sides. An island is a landform completely surrounded by water.
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Test Yourself Match the description with the correct landform. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided. A. ______1. a highland with a high peak and steep and slopes ______2. a flatland between two mountains or hills. ______3. a landform with an opening from which molten rocks, ashes, and gases may be released. ______4. a flatland on top of a mountain or hill ______5. a flat expanse of low land ______6. a landform completely surrounded by water
B. a. island b. mountain c. plain
e. valley f. volcano
The Philippines has many volcanos because of its location on the Earth’s crust. It is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In 1991, Mount Pinatubo, which is located at the intersection of the borders of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga, erupted violently. Its eruption is considered to be the second largest in the twentieth century. It dramatically changed the landscape of the surrounding areas, burying towns and villages in lahar.
Soil Landforms are never permanent. They keep on changing over the years. What is the farmer in the picture doing? How important is soil to farmers? Soil is a mixture of small particles of rocks, decayed plants and animals, and minerals. How do rocks become part of the soil? Breaking of rocks into the pieces is called weathering. The force of wind and water, heat, animals, plants, and people’s activities contribute to weathering. Types of Soil There are several types of soil. What are the characteristics of each type of soil? Clay contains fine, sticky particles of soil. Among the different types of soil, clay allows the least of amount of water to pass through it. It is used for making pots, jar and vases. Sand contains loose particles of rocks and minerals. It allows water to pass through easily. Since it cannot hold much water, it dries up easily. Most plants do not YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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grow well on sand. Sand mixed with cement is used in building houses, roads, bridges, and other structures. Silt contains particles smaller than those of sand. It particles are bigger than those of clay. It is use in making bricks and tiles. Loam is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay. It contains finer, dark particles of soil. It allows enough amount of water to pass through it. This type of soil is best for growing plants. Build Up Find Out: How do the types of soil differ from one another? Make a Guess:__________________________________________ __________________________________________ You Will Need: rubber bands; small amounts of sand, clay, and loam; glass jars of the same size; water; old stocking s; cup Do These 1. Form a group of four members. Three members will perform the activity; one will record the group’s observations. 2. Get a small amount of sand ,loam, and clay. 3. Touch each type of soil. Note the texture of each type. 4. Cut the old stockings to fit the mouth of each jar. Secure the stockings on the brim of each jar with rubber band. Label the jars sand, loam, and clay. 5. Put a cup of the indicated type of soil of each jar. 6. Slowly pour a cup of water over each soil sample. 7. Observe the amount of water that passes through each setup. What Have You Found? 1. Describe the texture of each type of soil. sand: ____________________________________ loam: ____________________________________ clay: _____________________________________ 2. In which jar did water pass through easily? Why? _________________________________________________ 3. In which jar did water pass through slowly? Why? _________________________________________________ 4. In which type of soil do you think plants will grow best? Why? __________________________________________________ What Have You Learned?_________________________ __________________________________________________ Soil is a mixture of small particles of rocks , minerals, and decayed plants and animals. The four types of soil are clay, sand, silt, and loam. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Clay contains fine, sticky particles of soil. Sand contains loose particles of rocks and minerals. Silt contains particles smaller than those of sand but bigger than those of clay. Loam is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay. It contains finer, dark particles of soil. Soil is an important resource on Earth.
Test Yourself A. Match the description in column A with the type of soil in column B. A. B. ______ 1. best for building structures a. clay ______2. best for growing plants b. loam ______3. best for making jar and pots c. sand ______4. best for making bricks and tiles d. silt B. Give five uses of soil. 1.________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________ 4.___________________________________________________ 5.___________________________________________________ The component of loam that makes it dark is called humus. Humus results from decayed plants and animals, It makes loams the most fertile type of soil. What does the picture below show? How important is water to fishes?
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Water is the most abundant resource on Earth. Three fourths of the Earth’s surface consist s of the different bodies of water. Water sources can be grouped as saltwater and freshwater sources. Saltwater Sources Ocean and seas are large and deep bodies of salt water. Seawater contains 3.5 percent salt. This means that every liter of water has about 35 grams of dissolved salts. Salt can be obtained from seawater through evaporation. Many fishes and other animals live in ocean and seas. Big boats and ships travel across oceans and seas. Freshwater Resources Water that people drink and use in their households come from freshwater sources. lakes , springs, and waterfalls are freshwater sources. A river is a long and narrow body of freshwater. Water in a river flows out to a sea.
A lake is a body of freshwater surrounded by land. It does not usually flow. Freshwater fishes can be found in lakes.
A spring is an underground source of freshwater It usually forms a near a volcano. Water that comes out from underground may be hot or cold.
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A geyser is a kind of spring. It can be found near a volcanic area. Hot water shoot up from a hole underground. Surrounding the geysers are pools or bubbling and boiling mud.
A waterfall is a body of water that flows from a mountain to the mouth of a river. If the force of a waterfall is a strong enough, it can be a good source of electricity.
Uses of Water Look at the illustrations below. Tell how water is used in each picture
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All living things depend on water to live and grow, People drink water. They need water for their household and hygiene. Some animals also drink water. Aquatic animals live in water. Plants need water in making their food. Water can also be a source of electricity. BUILD UP Find Out: How important is water to plants? Make a Guess:____________________________________________________ You Will Need: two tin cans of the same size, small amount of garden soil, 10 monggo seeds, masking tape, marker, water Do These: 1. Fill each tin can with garden soil. Place five monggo seed in each can. Using the masking tape and marker, label one can A and the other can B. 2. Place the setups in the garden. 3. Water can A every day for one week. Do not water can B. 4. Write your observations in the table. Setup A.
Observations
B.
What Have You Found? 1. What happened to the monggo seeds in can A after one week? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What happened to the monggo seeds in can B after one week? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What affects the growth of the monggo seeds in the two setups? _____________________________________________________________ What Have You Learned?____________________________________ Water is an important resource. All living things depend on water to live and grow. Water comes from saltwater and freshwater sources. Bodies of freshwater like river and lakes are sources of food and drink for people and animals. Springs are underground sources of freshwater. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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
Water is used for drinking, taking a bath, washing clothes and dishes, watering plants, and cleaning the house and cars . It is also a source of electricity.
Test Yourself Put a check on the blank if the activity requires water if not put cross. ______1. brushing of teeth ______2. cleaning a pair of rubber shoes ______3. taking a bath ______4. cleaning the garage ______5. baking a cake ______6. growing a plant ______7. bathing a pet dog ______8. watching television ______9.studying a lesson _____10. extracting fruit juices
B. Identify the body of water where the given animal or plant lives.
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An estuary river mouth, is a body of water where flowing water from two or more rivers meets, with the seawater brought by the tides into the river mouth
To describe the Earth’s atmosphere To identify some gases that make up the Earth’s atmosphere To explain the importance of air
Look at the picture. Why do you people and animals need air? Why do plants need air ?
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A thick layer of air surrounds Earth. It is called atmosphere. It begins from the Earth’s surface and extends up to the wide space of the sky.
The atmosphere makes life possible on Earth. It has gases that living things need. It deserves as a shield from the harmful rays of the Sun. It filters the rays so that they will not be too hot. It also shields . Earth from falling rocks from space called meteoroids. It burns the meteoroids so their size will be reduced. Air mixture of gases. The composition of air is shown in the circle graph below.
―Other gases‖ carbon dioxide ( 0.03 ) percent and small proportions of other gases including neon, helium, methane, and water vapor. Nitrogen is a given off by decaying materials in the soil. It prevents oxygen from combining easily with other materials. Oxygen is the gas needed combustion or burning. Things will easily burn without nitrogen in the air. People and animals take in oxygen. They need oxygen in their body to release energy. A person who lacks oxygen will faint or feel sleepy. This is because YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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the body uses oxygen to keep vital organs working. A person who is experiencing difficulty in breathing is usually given an oxygen mask. People and animals release carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the gas that plants need in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process of making food by plants. Plants release oxygen as a waste product. Air has neon, helium, and methane. Neon is used in lights to produce different colors. This is why signs that use lights are sometimes called neon signs. Helium is used in inflating balloons. It is a light gases that makes balloon float in air . Methane is used as a fuel. Air also has water vapor and solid particles. Water vapor is water in gas phase. The solid particles include dust and pollen grains. Other substances present in air make the air dirt. Dirty air poses a threat to living things.
Find Out : What does air contain? Make a Guess:_______________________________________________________ You Will Need: petroleum jelly, piece of paper, magnifying glass, puncher, string Do These: 1 .Cut the piece of paper crosswise into four equal strips. 2. Punch a whole long the edge of each paper strip. 3. String the strips of paper together as shown in the illustration below. 4. Spread petroleum jelly on both sides of each paper strip. 5. Find a place in your school where you can hang the paper strips coated with petroleum jelly. 6. Leave the paper strips for one day. 7. After a day, observe each side of the paper strips using a magnifying glass. What Have You Found? 1. What particles did you find on each side of the paper strips after a day being exposed to air? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you finding tell you about air? ________________________________________________________________ 3. Is the air around you clean? ________________________________________________________________ What Have You Learned?_____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
A thick layer of air that surrounds Earth is called atmosphere. Air is a mixture of gases. Air has many uses to people, plants, and animals.
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Put a check on the blank if the statement tells about the importance of air. Put a cross if it does not. ______1. Air helps you see things. ______2. Air gives light on Earth. ______3. Air shields Earth from harmful rays and falling rocks from space. ______4. Air contains oxygen, which people and animals breathe in. ______5. Air has carbon dioxide, which plants use to make food.
Smog is a combination of smoke and fog. It is considered dirty or polluted air. Many years ago in London, a thick smog covered the city. It was produced by the coals that people used to heat their homes during cold weather. The smoke released from the chimneys combined with the fog. It has reported that atleast 12,000 persons who inhaled the smog died. This incident is known as the Great London Smog. After this incident, people took air pollution seriously.
Look at each picture. What is happening in each picture? How does it affect the environment?
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Soil, water, and air are important natural resources. However, people engage in many ac that make soil, water, and air dirty. The contamination of these resources with harmful substances is called pollution. The harmful substances that make soil, water, or air dirty are called pollutants. Cause and Effects of Pollution Improper disposal of wastes, use of chemicals, and environmental accidents are some of the common causes of pollution. Pollution can seriously affect the environment. It affects people, animals, and plants. People who may inhale or absorb harmful substances may get sick. Habitats of plants and animals maybe disturbed or destroyed. Household wastes can pollute soil, water, and air. Some people who live along riverbanks or shores dispose of their waste in bodies of water . Some people dispose of their wastes in vacant lots. When solid waste pile up, they may burn even without a person setting them on fire. This is called spontaneous combustion. During heavy rains , solid wastes may clog up drainages and cause flooding. Some factories emit smoke that contains air pollutants. Some release harmful substances into water sources like rivers and streams. Industrial pollutants can kill animals and plants living in the water. They can also cause disease such as respiratory and skim disorders in people. Smoke-belching vehicles cause air pollution. A vehicle should undergo smoke emission testing before it is used. This test determines if the vehicle releases too much air pollutants.
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Pesticide and chemical fertilizers can pollute soil and air. Some household products contain substances that can cause pollution when used improperly.
Oil spillage is an example of an environmental accident, When an oil tanker is involved in an accident, it can spill oil in the water. Oil pollutes the water, adversely affecting marine life. Can you think of other causes of pollution? What are their effects on people, animals, or plants?
Ways of Reducing or Preventing Pollution What must people do to reduce if not totally prevent pollution? How can you care for your environment? 1. Dispose of wastes properly. Avoid burning garbage. Make a compost pit for biodegradable materials. Biodegradable materials are those that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria. You may use the compost fertilizer. 2. Practice the 3 Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,. Reduce the use of nonbiodegradable materials such as plastics. Learn to reuse and recycle materials. 3. Reduce the use of household chemicals that may cause pollution. 4. Help in campaigns to reduce pollution. Join school or community activities such as tree planting. B. Put a check (ďƒź) if the activity pollutes water sources. Put a cross (ďƒť) if it does not. _____1.Dumping chemical wastes in water sources. _____2.Joining cleanliness campaigns in the community. _____3.Reporting to authorities people who pollute water sources. _____4.Recycling empty plastic and bottles. _____5.Using dynamite in fishing YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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C. How can you help take care of the environment? List down five ways.
1.__________________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________________ 3.__________________________________________________________ 4.__________________________________________________________ 5.___________________________________________________________
Lesson 3:
Weather
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere for a short period of time. It changes from time to time. The condition of the atmosphere in an area over a long period of time is called climate. Elements of Weather Several factors such as wind, air pressure, air temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and precipitation affect weather. They are called the elements of weather. Wind Wind is the moving air. When the surface of water is heated, water turns into water vapor. Water vapor is hot air that rises because it is light. As it rises, it mixes with cool air in the upper atmosphere. As hot air rises, cool air sinks. The moving warm air and cool air blow across Earth. This movement affects the condition of the surrounding air. On some days, there is no wind. On other days, there is light or moderate wind. There are times when light to moderate winds turn into stronger winds.
The instrument used for measuring wind speed is called anemometer. An anemometer has four cups that rotate with the wind. It shows the wind speed on a dial or scale in kilometers per hour or miles per hour.
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A wind blows, it changes its direction. You can tell the direction of the wind by using a wind vane. A wind vane may point to a particular direction--north, south, east or west.
Air Pressure Wind exerts force. The weight of air pressing down on the Earth’s surface is called air pressure. A mercury barometer can be used the changes in air pressure. When mercury in the barometer rises, it indicates high air pressure. High air pressure tells of fine weather, clear skies, and dry days. When the mercury in the barometr falls, it indicates lower air pressure. Low air pressure shows that bad weather is expected to come. Air Temperature Air temperature tells how hot or cold the air is. It is given in degree Celcius (°C) or degree. Fahrenheit (°F). A Thermometer is an instrument used to emasure temperature. When the liquid inside a thermometer rises, it indicates a hot weather. When the temperature decreases, it indicates a cold weather.
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HUMIDITY The atmosphere contains moistre in the form of water vapor. The presence of water vapor in air is called humidity. Humidity depends on temperature. If the temperature is hih, humidity gets high. If the tempersture is low, humidity is low as well. When the air is humid, people feel hot and perspire a lot. On the other hand dew is formed when the temperature decreases. Humidity is measured with an instrument called hygrometer.
Cloudiness When moist air rises, cools, and condenses it forms droplets of water. These droplets group together to form clouds. The amount of clouds suspended in the upper atmosphere affects the weather.
Nephoscope is an instrument used to determine the speed and direction of cloud movement.
Nephometer is an instrument used to emasure the amount of cloudiness. Precipitation Precipitation is any form of moisture that falls from the sky. Rain is a form of presipitation. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The amount of rainfall affects the type of weather during the day. Rainfall is measured with an instrument called rain gauge.
Weather Forecasting The weather affects people and their activities. Hence, people find it necessary to forecast the weather. Weather forecasting is the act of predicting the weather by observing the elements of weather. It has improved remendously from before because of upgraded weather instruments. Meteorologists are experts in gathering and analyzing data about changes in weather. With the help of weather instruments they can provide accurate weather reports.
Weather satellites fly above the Earth’s atmosphere. These satellites provide meteorologists clearer picture of the sky to help them predict the weather. Most YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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weather services use weather satellites information in the forecast. All the gathered information are plotted on a weather map. Build up Find Out: How are clouds formed? Make a Guess: _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ You Will Need: small beaker, water, petri dish, ice cubes, wire gauze, tripod or iron stand, alcohol burner, match
Do These: 1. Pour 20 mL of water in the beaker. 2. Heat the beaker for a few minutes using alcohol burner. Observe what happens to the water. 3. Cover the beaker with the petri dish. 4. Observe what happens to the water vapor. 5. Put of the flame. 6. Put some ice cubes on the petri dish. Observe what forms under the petri dish. What Have You Found? 1. What happened to the water when it was heated? _________________________________________________________________ 2. Where did the water go when the beaker was covered with the petri dish? _________________________________________________________________ 3. What formed under the petri dish after the flame was put out and ice cubes were placed on the petri dish? Why? _________________________________________________________________ What Have You Learned? ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Zoom In . Weather is the condition of the atmosphere for a short period of time. . Climate is the condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time. . The elements of weather are wind, air pressure, humidity, air pressure, cloudiness, and precipitation.
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. Weather instruments are used to measure elements of weather. Some weather instruments are anemometer, wind vane, rain gauge, thermometer, nephoscope, nephometer, and mercury barometer. . Weather forecasting is the act of predicting the weather by observing the element of weather. . Meteorologists are experts in gathering and analyzing data about the change in weather.
Test Yourself A. Identify what is being described in each item. Choose your answer from the words in the box. Air pressure Air temperature Clouds
climate humidity precipitation
weather wind
_______________ 1. This refers to the condition of the atmosphere for a short period of time. _______________ 2. This refers to the condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time. _______________ 3. It is moving air. _______________ 4. This is the force exerted by the atmosphere on the Earth’s surface. _______________ 5. This refers to the presences of the water vapor in the air. ______________ 6. These are tiny droplets of water that come together. _______________ 7. This is any form of moisture that falls form the sky. _______________ 8. This tells how hot or cold the air is.
B. Name each weather instrument. 1. ___________________
2. ______________________
3. _____________________ YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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4. ___________________
5. ____________
6.______________
C. Match each weather symbol in column A with its correct meaning in column B. Write your answer on the blank before the number.
_______________ 1.
a. Party cloudy skies
_______________2.
b. party cloudy to at times cloudy with isolated rain showers and thunderstorm
_______________3.
c. mostly cloudy with scattered rain shower and thunderstorm
__________4
_________________5.
____________6.
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d. cloudy with rain shower and thunderstorm e. party cloudy to at times cloudy with isolated rain showers f. cloudy with rain showers
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____________7.
g. occasional rains
__________8.
h. rains/monsoon rains
Lesson 4: EFFECT OF WEATHER ON PEOPLE’S ACTIVITIES A fine weather is characterized by a clear sky. The sun shines brightly. The clouds are seen in the sky. No rain or drizzle may be experienced People go to the beach or visit other places likes parks during a fine weather.
A fair weather is characterized by cloudiness. Some parts of the area experiences drizzle. The temperature is cold. Farmer can plow their fields and plant crops during a period of fair weather. Some people go camping in fair weather.
During rainy weather, the sky is covered with thick, dark clouds. Rain occurs every now and then. People store food in case in typhoon or storm.
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Stormy weather is characterized by a heavy downpour of rain strong winds. Strong winds may develop into typhoons. People needs to stay a home during typhoon. Classes are suspended. Boats and ships do not sail to prevent accidents. Flight of airplanes are suspended, too.
The weather does not effect only your activities. It also effects the food you eat and the clothes you wear. On sunny day, you eat colds food and take cold drink. On cold days, you eat hot foods and take hot drinks.
The clothes you wear also depend on the weather. On the hot days, you wear light clothes to make feel comfortable. On colds days, you wear thick clothes to keep you warm.
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Test yourself Color yellow if the activity is done on a fine day or blue if it is done on a rainy day.
1. children play with their toys inside the house. 2. Birds fly in the clear skies. 3. people stays indoors and eat hot soup. 4. families go to the beach. 5. People wear raincoat and boots.
Lesson 5: THE SUN AND IMPORTANCE The sun is the bright star visible from the Earth and daytime. It is 150 million kilometers away from Earth. Its looks big and bright in the sky because it is about 100 times bigger the Earth.
The sun is far from the Earth yet is the closest star to Earth. Like other star, the Sun is a huge ball of hot. Burning gases of helium and oxygen. Every now and then the Sun gives off intense amount of heat that radiates kilometer away. This is done though great explosions on its surface. The Sun is the center of the solar system. The planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun.
The Sun’s Heat And Light All the energy that people needs comes from the sun. When the sun shines brightly, you feel warm. You can work and do other activities during the day. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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The Sun keeps people and other living things warm. Earth would be freezing cold without the Sun.
The Sun gives light that allows people to see things clearly during daytime. The Sun helps in drying clothes. Fishes can be preserved by drying them. Farmer dry crops like rice and corn under the heat of the Sun.
Sunlight helps the body produce vitamins D. vitamin D is good for the bones.
Plants need sunlight in order to make their own food. Animals do many of their activities during daytime.
Children go outside to play at daytime. People enjoy outdoor activity likes rappeling, mountain climbing and camping.
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Test Yourself Put a check / on the blank if the statement show a goods effect of the Sun or a cross x if it does not. _______ 1. The Sun helps in drying clothes. _______2. It helps people and animals see things in the dark places. _______3. It helpsa you sleep well. _______4. It enables you to see things around you. _______5. The Sun helps your boby produce vitamins D to strengthen your bones. _______6. Earth revolves around the Sun. _______7. People use the Sun to dry some food items. _______8. It is not a good time for family bonding, like going to the beach, when it is sunny. _______9. Plants use sunlight to provide their food. _______10. The Sun is the closest star to Earth.
Lesson 6: THE SUN AND ITS EFFECTS The Sun’s heat and light are essential to living things. What will happen if there is lack of sunlight? What will happen if there is too much heat. Lack of light can hardly make living thing survive. There would be chaos if there is no light. People walking will surely bump each other. They will not see wonderful and colorful things. Green plants will die because of the lavk of sunlight,which they use in making their own food. When there no plants, some animals will have no food to eat.
Consequently, people will have nothing to eat. Too much hest from the Sun has harmful effects, too. What are its harmful effects on people? The Sun gives off ultraviolet (UV) rays, which penetrate the skin the cause harm. Staying under the Sun from the ten o’clock in the morning until three o’clock in the afternoon should be avoided to protect oneself from the Sun’s UV rays. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Some harmful effect of too much heat from the Sun are follows: 1. Looking directly at the Sun my cause blindness. 2. Too much exposure to UV rays can cause skin disorder like sunborn.skin rash, melanoma, and skin cancer. 3. There would be less amount of rainfall. Water reservoirs, deep wells, and other water sources may dry up. SAFETY MEASURES Observing the following safety measure can help avoid the harmful effects of too much heat and light from the Sun. 1. Use a hat, a cap, or an umbrella on hot, sunny days.
2. Wear sunglasses to avoid the glaring light of the sun.
3. Apply sunblock to protect your skin from sunburn.
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4. Do not play too long under the heat of the sun. remember that UV rays may cause skin canser.
Test Yourself Check those that show an effect of too much heat and light. Cross out those that show a safety measure.
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A. Direction: Check () the picture if it shows a good practice of protecting oneself from too much heat of the sun and cross () it if it does not.
B. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. ______ 1. We may look directly to the sun. ______ 2. Plants can make their own food without sunlight. ______ 3. Too much exposure to the sun damages the skin. ______ 4. Too much heat from the sun dries up the soil. ______ 5.We need sunlight to see and do things.
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