Architecture graduation or senior project - مشروع التخرج المعمارى

Architectural Senior Graduation Project By: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

‫مشروع‬ ‫التخرج‬ ‫المعمارى‬ ‫ ياسر محجوب‬.‫د‬

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Introduction

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INTRODUCTION • The student should prepare a comprehensive architectural program that includes definition of functions, activities, utilities, areas, and volumes.

• The suitable size of Graduation Project ranges from 10,000 to 15,000 m² of usable area. This is the "total floors areas" not the "building foot print".

• The land area, outdoor activities and landscape depend on the site and has no limit or range. Outdoor and site areas are added to such a range.

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Project Complexity

INTRODUCTION

10,000 m2

15,000 m2

Project Size 5

INTRODUCTION • The program should be relevant to the needs of the owner and expected users and consistent with architectural recent theories and design data.

• It should respect local and international standards.

• The student should work with the faculty advisor and the client if possible, to calculate the required areas in relation to the physical, environmental, and social context.

• The program is presented in the form of functions, areas, and relationships, space data sheets of the main spaces.

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INTRODUCTION • It is imperative that the program or the predesign document outlines all the information and that each students should develop a set of design constraints and the design criteria that respond to them. • As well, the program document should include preliminary alternative concepts that articulate the program and respond to the constraints identified for each project and site.

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Visions and Themes • Visions and Themes are to guide and inform the architectural solution • ―A Big Idea‖ translated into architectural formulation of : – Form and Tectonics – Space - Shell - Skin, Envelope, Core, etc.

– Interior - Exterior - Transitions

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Theories and Values vs Building Types vs Geographic Context

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Building Types •

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Educational buildings – Kindergarten Buildings – Nursery Schools – Schools – College Buildings – University Buildings Health Facilities – Hospitals Civic/Cultural Centers: – Art Galleries – Arts Centers – Cinemas – Theatre Buildings – Concert Halls – Convention Centers – Cultural Centers – Libraries – Museums – Skyscraper Designs

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Tourism – Hotel Buildings – Resort Developments – Visitor Centers Commercial buildings – Office Buildings – Retail Architecture Residential buildings – New Houses – Contemporary Housing – Modern Housing Religious buildings Government buildings – Banks – Embassy Buildings – Law Courts – Memorials – Parliaments – Office Buildings – Town Hall Buildings

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Sports Facilities – Football Stadiums – Sports Centers – Swimming Pools

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Transportation – Airport Buildings – Ferry Terminals – Railway Stations

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Agricultural buildings – Zoos – Botanical gardens

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Theories and Values • Environmental Sustainability • Socio-cultural Sustainability • Heritage and Tradition: Conservation, Renovation and Reuse • Urbanism: Urban Interventions, Upgrading, Revitalization and Rehabilitation • Digital Computational Creativity: Biomimicry, Digital morphogenesis and Parametricism.

• Globalization and Critical Regionalism 11

Context Geographic multiple contexts in Egypt, specific in its challenges, allowing students the opportunity to develop conceptual, constructional, structural, environmental, and formal/spatial strategies: 1. Coastal/Mountainous 2. Desert/Oasis 3. Heritage/Historical 4. Vernacular/Traditional 5. Rural 6. Urban/Sub-Urban Or structured according to the different Climatic regions in Egypt

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Programming

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INTRODUCTION What is architectural programming?

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INTRODUCTION What is architectural programming?  Architectural programming is the research and decisionmaking process that defines the problem(s) to be solved by design.  Architectural programming is basically a research process to gather, analyze and document relevant information (human factors, functions & activities, relationships, cost, ordinances, site, climate…etc.) and then reach a conclusion.  Architectural programming establishes the appropriate criteria for the proper design solution (a guide), to identify the forces that influences the design (Both Internal and External).

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DEFINITION Architectural programming is a structured research and problem-solving process used to identify, examine, and elaborate upon the various needs underlying a design project.

The architectural program is the foundation for a creative, meaningful, and - ultimately - useful architectural solution.

Gary JD Gingras, M.Arch.

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The stages of architectural design • Project Selection - define the goals (wants, needs, requirements, etc.); • Programming - research and document the related issues (facts, problems, potentialities, etc.); • Preliminary Design - in a schematic form, acknowledge the impact of those issues on the goals; • Design Development - interpret the spatial expression of the design, goals and issues; • Final Design - resolve the issues, and the inter-relationships, of the design, goals, and issues; • Documentation - prepare the contract drawings and specifications; • Construction - facilitate and monitor the fabrication and assembly of the built environment; and, • Evaluation - assess the quality of the built environment and its impact on the project's goals and users.

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Architectural Programming

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Program Preparation From Architectural programming and Predesign Manager By: Robert Hershberger, 1999

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Programming & Design

• Overlapping

Programming

Design

• Programming as Analysis vs. Design as Synthesis PROGRAMMING

DESIGN

• Professional Issues & Concerns: – Programming limits creativity – Programming is too complicated – Programming increases cost & wastes of energy Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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IMPORTANCE OF PROGRAMMING • To provide the designer with the information needed to achieve the best possible solution to the problem at hand.

• The wide range and variety of projects and building types the architect is asked to design makes it impossible to provide training for all building types. Programming is the tool that enables architects to handle this wide range of buildings.

• The critical importance of the architect’s role in shaping the built environment.

• To avoid major mistakes in design decisions, which can be very expensive to correct.

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The most cost-effective time to make changes is during programming.

This phase of a project is the best time for interested parties to influence the outcome of a project.

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Introduction • To process and organize the information so it can be communicated effectively to the client and the designer. • Understand the nature of the architectural problem. • Obtain their concurrence (approval) that the program document is correct as presented.

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Introduction • Programs are prepared for three different design phases: – Master Planning – Schematic Design – Design development

• Should contain the information that the designer needs to make informed design decisions for that phase.

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Master Planning Requirements • Site Design (circulation, parking, drainage, retention, utilities) • Building Layout (overall building relationships, sizes, location, orientation, future expansion)

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Schematic Design Requirements • Building Design (building organization, size, orientation, image, growth, change) • Interior Design (user needs, activities, sizes, relationships, conditions) • Space identification and square meter allocation • Relationship matrices and diagrams Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Design Development Requirements • Space program sheets • Building systems requirements (materials, systems, processes)

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A Six-Step Process

Many different programming formats incorporate the same essential elements. In all cases, the design programming fits within a larger context of planning efforts which can also be programmed. For design programming for a building, we propose a six-step process as follows: 1. Research the project type 2. Establish goals and objectives 3. Gather relevant information 4. Identify strategies 5. Determine quantitative requirements 6. Summarize the program Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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EMERGING ISSUES • Some of the emerging issues in the discipline of architectural programming include: • Development of standards and guidelines for owners that build similar facilities frequently. These efforts include: – Formalizing (computerizing) building facility requirements for Web-based consumption—for example, the National Park Service has developed Facility Planning Model Web-based software to assist park superintendents and other staff in the development of space and cost predictions for legislative requests.

The intention is to make budget requests more realistic and more comprehensive.

– Facility programming to make early predictions to aid in early capital budgeting.

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EMERGING ISSUES • Client-owners are increasingly requiring verification that the design complies with the program. sub-discipline as a career path.

• New technologies are generating a need for types of space which have no precedents. Basic research on these technologies is required to determine standards and guidelines.

• As more clients require measures for building energy and resource conservation standards (LEED, Green Globes, etc), the programming process needs to reflect these requirements in goals, costs, scheduling, and process.

• The supply of facility programmers is smaller than the demand. More professionals need to consider this subdiscipline as a career path.

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Program Preparation

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Introduction • To process and organize the information so it can be communicated effectively to the client and the designer. • Understand the nature of the architectural problem. • Obtain their concurrence (approval) that the program document is correct as presented.

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Program Preparation • • • • • • • •

Program Form Program Content Preliminaries Executive Summary Values and Goals Design Considerations Project Requirements Space Identification and Allocation • Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

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Space Program Sheets Budget and Cost Analysis Project Schedule Design Analysis Appendix

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PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK

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PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK

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Program Form • A variety of presentation format.

• Bound paper publication.

– Bound left edge (English) – Bound right edge (Arabic)

• Typical sizes: – 8 ½‖ x 11‖ or 8 ½‖ x 14‖ or 11‖ x 17‖

• Orientation – Vertical or Horizontal Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Program Form

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Program Form

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Program Content • Five to Eight sections including: – – – – – – –

An executive summary Values and goals Design considerations Specific project requirements Budget Schedule Appendix

• The nature of design problems will affect how each program is structured.

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Preliminaries • • • • • •

Cover sheet Transmittal Acknowledgement Directory Methods References

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Cover Sheet Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Transmittal Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Acknowledgement

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Directory • Persons that the design team should contact relative to specific areas of design: – – – – – –

Areas of concern Name Position Address Telephone E-mail

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Methods • A summary of the information gathering and analysis procedures used to produce the program document.

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References • Reference materials.

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Executive Summary • Purpose • Format

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Executive Summary - Purpose • It allows the executive to take only a few minutes to read and understand the nature of the architectural problem.

• It allows the designer to obtain an understanding of the entire design problem.

• It reveals to anyone the key issues to look for as they continue through the document.

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Executive Summary - Format • Only a few pages in length.

• State: – – – – – – – – – –

The organization’s mission/purpose How the project will serve these purposes The principal values or issues Specific goals to be achieved Important constraints or opportunities Special user needs Overall size and relationships The quality level of materials and systems The project schedule The project budget and preliminary cost estimates

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Values and Goals • First present the values and goals in simple phrases or sentences. • Followed by the programming matrix

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Design Considerations

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Design Considerations - Facts • Human (activities and characteristics) • Environmental (site and climate) • Cultural (traditions, laws, codes, and ordinances) • Technical • Other

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Design Considerations - Facts • Human (activities and characteristics) – Nature of organization and its activities – The organizational structure – The organization mission and goals

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Design Considerations - Facts • Environmental (site and climate) – Visual illustration of the location of the project: • • • • •

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The city or region in which the site is located Its immediate environmental context The characteristics of the site The climate and microclimate Other information.

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http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/q/QR41170.php

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Design Considerations - Facts • Cultural (traditions, laws, codes, and ordinances) – – – – –

The cultural context of the problem Community traditions Community fabric Urban design objectives Ordinances or special review procedures relating to site, building, or landscape appearances.

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Design Considerations - Facts • Technical – Controlled temperature or humidity requirements – Materials and finishes – Solutions similar to existing ones or alternative approaches

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Design Considerations - Facts • Other (facts or needs?)

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Image of facility Signage and way-finding Form and color Energy conservation Safety and accessibility Budget and time

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Architectural Programming

CRS Matrix

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A Brief History of CRS In 1946, William Caudill and John Rowlett, two architecture professors at the College of Texas A&M, became partners and founded the architecture firm of Caudill and Rowlett in Austin, Texas. In 1948 Wallie Scott, Caudill' s former student, joined the partnership and the firm became Caudill Rowlett Scott, Architects. The same year, William PeĂąa, another former student of Caudill and Rowlett, became the fourth partner of the firm but requested to leave the firm's name unchanged.

During the first two years, most of the firm's work came through the design of houses in Texas and Oklahoma. But in 1948, in large part due to Caudill's book Space for Teaching (1941) and John Rowlett's degrees in architecture and education, Caudill Rowlett Scott (CRS) landed their first project with an elementary school in Blackwell, Oklahoma. Through this project, CRS pioneered the revolution in schoolhouse design that would come into fruition across the United States during the 1950s.

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A Brief History of CRS By the 1960s, CRS had become an integrated design firm, famous for its team approach which combined the efforts of architects, engineers, and planners. The firm ventured into higher education and health care facilities projects during this decade. It was also at this time that the architectural projects became international in scope as CRS began work in Saudi Arabia.

In 1971, the firm went public under its new name, CRS Design Associates. During this decade, the firm continued to expand as it acquired several smaller companies, including Interlock, Inc., a management consulting firm; A.A. Matthews (AAM), a construction engineering firm; and Stevens, Thompson & Runyan (STR), an engineering company. Dr. Ghaith Pharaon, a Saudi multimillionaire, created headlines in 1978 when he purchased 20 percent of the corporation's stock.

CRS Group, Inc. became CRSS in 1983 when it acquired J.E. Sirrine, a process engineering company. Ironically, William Caudill died the same year, without witnessing this last transformation in what once had been a small town business to the largest architecture/engineering/construction corporation in the U.S. The CRS Center was approved by the Board of Regents of the Texas A&M University System in 1990. The purpose of the CRS Center is to advance innovation and leadership in the design and construction industry.

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PROGRAMMING MATRIX

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PROGRAMMING MATRIX

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PROGRAMMING MATRIX

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PROGRAMMING MATRIX

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PROGRAMMING MATRIX

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PROGRAMMING MATRIX

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Project Requirements • Needs • Performance Requirements (PRs) • Design Requirements (DRs)

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NEEDS • Poorly developed programs  a simple list of the required spaces is the program.

• What space they think is needed without any systematic consideration of: – – – – – – –

The institutional purposes to be served Values to be expressed Project goals and objectives to be met Environmental or cultural context Special users Client/user design ideas Other considerations

• Reduces design to a puzzle-solving exercise.

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NEEDS • Contain compete information on the client’s and user’s: – – – –

Values Goals Objectives Factual constraints and opportunities

• Space needs compiled from programming matrix.

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Space Program

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Schematic Design Requirements • Building Design (building organization, size, orientation, image, growth, change) • Interior Design (user needs, activities, sizes, relationships, conditions) • Space identification and square meter allocation • Relationship matrices and diagrams Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Project Requirements • Vary considerably depending on the nature of the project: – Design Development Requirements • Space program sheets • Building systems requirements (materials, systems, processes)

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Space Identification and Allocation • • • •

Tabular presentation Leadership Iconic representation Building efficiency

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Graduation Project Preliminary Program

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Student Name: Project Name: Item Sub-Items Description 1 (name) 1.1 (name) 1.2 (name) 1.3 (name)

# of Units Net Area/Unit

Toatal Net Area

Net to Gross Factor Gross Area

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

(number) (number) (number)

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

(number) (number) (number)

Total

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

Grand Total

#VALUE!

Total 2

(name) 2.1 (name) 2.2 (name) 2.3 (name) Total

3

(name) 3.1 (name) 3.2 (name) 3.3 (name) Total

4

(name) 4.1 (name) 4.2 (name) 4.3 (name) Total

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(name) 5.1 (name) 5.2 (name) 5.3 (name)

(Insert more rows as required)

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Space Identification and Allocation • Tabular presentation – Brown sheets or Grid sheets – Appropriate size for each space

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Space Identification and Allocation • Leadership – Lead lengthy work session discussions: • Number of persons who will be using the spaces • Activities in which they are likely to engage • Type and amount of furnishings and equipment that will be needed

– Point out norms and standards for space size – Help client/user group come to an understanding and agreement to what size each space must be.

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Space Identification and Allocation • Iconic representation – Illustrate space size with small rectangular figures at the same scale.

– Effective in showing laypersons the comparative size of spaces.

– Helpful to the designer – Designers are often more comfortable with iconic rather than numeric imagery.

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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Estimate the amount of additional square footage (meters) that will be required to account for unprogrammed spaces including: • • • • • • Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

Circulation spaces Walls Mechanical and electric rooms Janitor’s closets Rest rooms Miscellaneous storage 121

Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Estimate the amount of additional square footage (meters) that will be required to account for unprogrammed spaces including: • • • • • •

Circulation spaces Walls Mechanical and electric rooms Janitor’s closets Rest rooms Miscellaneous storage

N ÷

G

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Building efficiency Gross Area

Assigned Net Area

Unassigned Area

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0.75 2

1.25

9 7

20 60

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Net Area Circulation Mechanical Walls Toilets Janitors Storage

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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – – – –

Very substantial percent of the building area Net-to-Gross Ratio or Building Efficiency Varies significantly for different building types If it is accounted for incorrectly, it can have a significant negative impact on building quality.

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Building efficiency

Efficiency = Net Area / Gross Area

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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Calculation of efficiency:

Net Area = Gross Area Efficiency 6000 m2 60% Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams 132

Relationship Matrices and Diagrams • Relationship Matrices • Relationship Diagrams Understanding relationships is a very basic and important part of architectural programming.

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams Three distinct levels: 1. Relationship of activities within an organization.

2. Relationship of activities to objects or places.

3. Relationship between different objects and/or places.

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

Relationship of activities within an organization

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

Relationship of activities to objects or places

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams

Relationship between different objects and/or places Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams The programmer must discover the actual relationships and not make assumptions based on limited past experience.

• Food preparation  Eating • Kitchen  Activities

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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams The programmer needs to have a good understanding of all the relationships between activities, objects, and places in order to know which activities and objects can and should be separated into distinct spaces or rooms, and which will work better in one common area.

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Relationship Matrices Relationship matrix develop and show how various spaces relate.

Every identified space is located vertically along one side of the matrix.

Lines at a 45-degree angle to the end of each identified space extend to provide one cell connecting each space to every other space.

A simple distinguishable code can be used to show the nature of the relationship between the spaces.

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Relationship Diagrams Small circles or ―bubbles‖ each of which contains the name of one of the identified spaces.

The bubble representing the space under consideration is drawn first, then other spaces relating to it are indicated in additional bubbles placed near the first bubble.

Heavy, medium, and light-weight lines can be used as a code to indicate strong, moderate, and weak relationships.

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Relationship Diagrams For simple buildings, it may be possible to prepare a diagram which, like the relationship matrix, shows the interrelationships of all interior and exterior spaces.

As the building becomes more complex, it is difficult to prepare such a diagram without implying some relationships that may not exist. It may be necessary to relate only the established major zones of the building.

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Space Program Sheet

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Space Program Sheet A space program sheet for each identified space includes: • Statement regarding the purpose • The square meter allocations.

• The important relationships for each space.

• Types and numbers of people who will use the space.

• The activities in which people will be engaged at various times of the day, week, and year.

• Furnishing and equipment needs.

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Space Program Sheet A space program sheet provides a complete miniature program for the space covered.

They are circulated throughout the client’s organization for review, comment, and correction.

The following are samples of program sheets.

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Program Example

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The Design Process

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Introduction • The design process works with information and ideas simultaneously on many levels.

• Designing is a reciprocal action and reflection.

• The designers mind searches memory to find elements that meet their needs of the given problem.

Introduction

Introduction • One assembles the puzzle picture by searching for fits; piece after piece is picked up, tried, and found to be a misfit until, finally, the right piece steps into place.

BASED An Architectural Design Method

B

A

S

E

D

Briefing

Analysis

Synthesis

Evaluation

Design

Problems

Program

Solutions

Priorities

Drawings

Definitions

Site

Concept

Grading

Final Models

Needs

Goals

Form

Reports

Context

Performance

Space

Communicatio n

Program

Alternatives

Preliminary Design

Site

Study Models

Feedback Selection Optimization

CAD

Presentation Communication

Steps of the BASED Design Process • BRIEFING • Site selection, Program formulation, Data collection, Examples, ...

• Analysis • Design and Project Data analysis • Identification of Objectives

• Synthesis • Formulation of Concepts and Alternatives • Communication of Concepts

• Evaluation • Review of Alternatives • Selection of one alternative

• Design • Design details • Communication media

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning • Inductive reasoning or inductive logic, is a type of reasoning which involves moving from the specific to the general.

Inductive Reasoning from Specific to General

• Deductive reasoning or inductive logic, is a type of reasoning which involves moving from the general to the specific.

Deductive Reasoning from General to Specific

Design Reasoning / Logic Levels

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning “from general to specific”

Philosophy Meaning Socio-Culture Experiential Function Form Structure Materials Lighting Ventilation Etc.

Inductive Reasoning “from specific to general ”

‫التفكري املنطقى االستقرائى واالستنباطى‬

‫”من الخاص الى العام“‬

‫المنطق االستنباطى‬ ‫”من العام الى الخاص“‬

‫مستويات التصميم المنطقى‬

‫المنطق االستقرائى‬

‫فسلسفة‬ ‫معنى‬ ‫اجتماع ثقافى‬ ‫تجربة‬ ‫وظيفة‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫انشاء‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫اضاءة‬ ‫تهوية‬ ‫الخ‪.‬‬

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Dimensions of Concepts Any building concept should provide: • Exterior Expression • Interior Experience Exterior Expression

Interior Experience

Interior

Levels of Expression The concept should be appeal to both: • The Normal Layman • The Professional Specialist

Design Process 1- Program 2- Site 3- Zoning 4- Concept 5- Geometry 6- Architectonics 7- Design Development

Design Process 1- Program

Design Process 2- Site

Design Process 3- Zoning

Design Process 4- Concept

Design Process 5- Geometry

Design Process 6- Architectonics

Design Process 7- Design Development

The Design Concept

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"Good architecture expresses a thought.“ Ludwig Wittgenstein

Definitions of Concept • • • • • • • • • •

Idea Theory Notion Parti (French) Conception Opinion Abstraction Philosophy Belief Inspiration

• • • • • • • • • •

Image View Intention Plan Fancy Thought Impression Hypothesis Supposition … DESIGN

Shape & Dimensions Roads & Access Surroundings & View Topography & Soil Site Temperature Sun Wind Climate Humidity Sand Height Forms Colors Building Structure Technical

Solution

The Concept Areas Spaces Relationships Functions Equipment

CONTEXT

NEED

Site

Program

FORM & SPACE

Gender Number User Activities Socio-Cultural Vision Client Organization Budget Schedule

Concept

Sketches Material Variety Models Exterior Form Balance Texture Drawings Symmetry Color & Details Asymmetry Scale Renderings Interior Space Proportion Size Animations Unity Volumes Shapes Rhythm

Elements

Principles

Idea Analogy Metaphor Symbolism

Cultural Context

Concept Levels Vision Values

Concepts Ideas Solutions Details

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Design Concept Generation

Creativity • Creativity comes into play in the efforts to find approaches that will be original, aesthetically satisfying, valid solutions to the problems defined through programming.

Elements of Concept Generation Function Form Materials Structure Lighting Ventilation Socio-Cultural Experiential Meaning Philosophy

What is significant about the following examples?

Elements and Principles of Design ELEMENTS Background Color Foreground Form Grid Light Line Mass Material Path Plane Point Shadow Shape Solid Space Structure System Texture Type Void

PRINCIPLES Balance Contrast Direction Dominance Economy Emphasis Fragmentation Harmony Hierarchy Movement Order Pattern Proportion Repetition Rhythm Scale Symmetry Time Unity Value Variety

Concepts Translations – Visual and Verbal

Mood or Inspirational Board

Cultural Factors • • • • • •

Historical factors Religious factors Social factors Economic factors Political factors Functional factors

Spatial Relations     

The pragmatic space The perceptual space The existential space The cognitive space The abstract space

Visual Organization • • • •

Figure/Ground Surface/Edge Outline/Object Autonomous figures

Architectural Compositions • Unity • Coherence • Incoherence

Visual fields       

Minimal heterogeneity Proximity Resemblance Enclosure Orientation Symmetry Repetition

Shape, Pattern, and Form •            

Linear shape The circle The ring The organic shape The square The ellipse Star shape Hexagonal shape Rectilinear shape The grid Radiocentric shape Branch shape The organic pattern

Size & Scale • • • • •

Monumental Bulky Minimal Human Vehicular

Color • • • •

Theory of colors Formal organization Properties Perception

Age: Traditional and Modern       

ignore respect imitate copy contrast hide away integrate

Construction • Materials • Methods • Systems – – – – – –

Cast-in-situ Pre-cast Lift-slab Tunnel form Flying shutters Pre-stressed

Structure System • • • • • • • • • • • •

Bearing walls Skeleton Shell and Vault Space truss Space frame Geodesic dome Tent Structure Folded plates Vierendeel girders Vierendeel Floors Tensile Structures ...

Arabic/Islamic Ideas • • • • • •

The Courtyard The alleyway and the courtyard Al Saha Al Qasabah Al Mafrouka The Islamic Star

Site Determinants • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Topography Climate Geography Demographic Geology History Social characteristics and conditions Economic conditions Legal, legislative and administrative conditions Location and visual aspects Land use Characteristics of man-made environment Circulation Technology Others

Physical Concepts • Location  View  Harmony with nature  Underground architecture

Nature

Cultural Factors • • • • • •

Historical factors Religious factors Social factors Economic factors Political factors Functional factors

Spatial Relations     

The pragmatic space The perceptual space The existential space The cognitive space The abstract space

Qualities of Space  Proportion  Scale  Form  Definition  Color  Texture  Pattern  Enclosure  Light  View

Visual Design Factors: Form Characteristics • Continuity  Sequence  Repetition and Rhythm  Balance: Symmetrical & Asymmetrical  Proportion  Pattern, texture and color  Hierarchy  Transparency  Direction  Motion  Time  Sensory Qualities

Visual Design Factors: Visual factors • Visual perception: – – – –

Structural approach Evaluative approach Orientation Spacescape

 Lynch 1 (Image of the City): path, node, edge, district, and landmarks  Lynch 2 (Theory of Place): Legibility, Structure and Identity, Imageability and Sequentiality

Visual Design Factors: Visual Organization Gestalt Theory (Proximity, similarity, continuity, closure)  Law of Proximity  Law of Similarity  Law of Continuity: good continuance  Law of Closure: forces of organization  Symmetry, Inclusiveness, Unity, Harmony, Regularity, Conciseness, Maximal Simplicity

Other Ideas • Using the hard line  Using straight and hard lines  Using straight and curved lines  The curved paths  The axis and the courtyard  The organic pattern  The cal-de-sac  The spine  The inclined axis  The irregular axis  Direction  Tilting the mass

Other Ideas • Shifting the center of the shape  The arcade  The crack  The podium  The layers  The cluster  The organic disorganic contrast  Contrast between the solid mass and the fragmented masses  Contrast between the curved solid mass and the fragmented masses  Transition in space: open, semi-open, closed  Sequence of space  Satellite

Other Ideas • The frame  The rounded corners  The muqarnass  The triangle  Parts of the octagon  Square with a circle  Part of a curve  Shapes at random  THE SQUARE  Circles  Tilted square  The octagon  Straight line with free line

Illustrations of Concept

Introduction • Creativity comes into play and the efforts to find approaches that will be original, aesthetically satisfying, valid solutions to the problems defined through programming.

• Even experienced and highly skilled designers often find it difficult how this aspect of the design process works!

• They will say that they “think about “the problem until they are “hit by an idea”.

Sketches!

From Sketch to Reality

Michael Lee-Chin Crystal, Toronto

Concept Sketches

Illustrations of Concepts

Illustrations of Concepts

Illustrations of Concepts

Examples

The Palm Mosque at the King Saud University in Riyadh by the architect Basil Al Bayati based upon the form of a palm tree.

Lotus Temple in New Delhi, India, by Fariborz Sahba based on a lotus flower

TWA Flight Center building in New York City, by Eero Saarinen, inspired by the form of a bird’s wing

Sydney Opera House, in Australia, by Jørn Utzon that is derived from the sails of ships in the harbour

Kuwait Parliament Building, in Kuwait, by Jørn Utzon that is derived from the traditional tent fabrics using reinforced precast concrete.

Qatar National Museum, in Doha, by Jean Nouvel that is derived from the desert rose.

Massing

Activity

Can you identify the concept?

The concept!

Can you identify the concept?

The concept!

From Concept to Geometry to Architectonics 296

Vitruvius Utility Firmness Delight

Ching Form Space

Order

YM Concept Geometry Architectonics

Geometry • Geometry is the fundamental science of forms and their order.

• Geometric figures, forms and transformations build the material of architectural design.

• In the history of architecture geometric rules based on the ideas of proportions and symmetries formed fixed tools for architectural design.

• Proportions were analyzed in nature and found as general aesthetic categories across nature and art. Therefore proportions such as the golden section were seen as the power to create harmony in architecture as well as in art and music.

Geometry • According Pythagoras there were general principles for harmony. They were also applied in architecture and they found a further development especially in the renaissance.

Leon Battista Alberti integrated such general harmonic proportion rules in his theory of architecture and realized them in his buildings. To find general principles of harmony in the world were the main research aims of Johannes Kepler in his "Harmonice mundi". These principles of harmony were based on geometry. Another important branch in the history of architectural design principles was the "golden section" or "divina proportione". "Modulor" of Le Corbusier is an example of an architectural design and formation concept based on the golden section.

Geometry • The concept of symmetry is combined with the idea of harmony and proportion. Symmetry operations are concerned with motions of figures and shapes. Geometry can be seen also as a structural science. The architectural design is based on geometric structures developed out of the idea of transformations. The symmetry transformations are visible as design concepts through history of architecture. In contemporary architecture there are no fixed rules about design concepts. But there are still relations to geometric space concepts. There is a need of new geometric background for architectural design.

Architectonics • The science of planning and constructing buildings.

The Jury

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Students’ Presentation

Students’ Presentation

Important Links

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Archiprix.org

Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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CSBE

Dr. Yasser Mahgoub

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