Art Fundamentals Chapter 2
Form
The Seven Principles of Organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Harmony Variety Balance Proportions Dominance Movement Economy
= UNITY
The Seven Principles of Organization ď Ž
ď Ž
The principles are used to help organize the elements into some kind of action. Organization in art consists of developing a unified whole out of diverse units.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY
Cohesion relating various pictures’ parts Common elements:
Color Texture Value …
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY
Repetition continued introduction of the same device or element.
Rhythm regulated visual units are repeated
Harmony may create the feeling of boredom or monotony when its use is carried to extremes.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Repetition ď Ž
Repetition does not require exact duplication but, instead, similarity or near likeness.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Repetition
Carefully handled repetition can use the similarities as links for developing planned eye travel for the observer.
Emphases tend to hold our attention.
The least related can also achieve emphasis.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Repetition ď Ž
Harmonious relationships are similarly established in art through repetition.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Pattern
Any arrangement or design and may function as the model for imitation or for making things. A noticeable formation. Geometrical pattern or by objects.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY –Pattern
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Motif ď Ž
Basic unit, cell, or original pattern (model) created and repeated.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Motif ď Ž
The natural allover pattern becomes more important than the repeating motif after changing color, value, and texture.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Motif
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Motif ď Ž
Hats represent strong motif.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Rhythm
Repeated regularly or eccentric. Smoothly flowing or less regular and even jerky.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Rhythm
A gentle rhythm suggests peace. Very active rhythm suggests violent action.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Rhythm ď Ž
ď Ž
Variation in size or volume may create more interest. The intervals of silence between repeating units.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Rhythm
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Rhythm
Dum
Tac
Silence
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
Gestalt Psychology (Max Wertheimer) Group relations rather than individual items. Nearness and Size help objects relate visually.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
Gestalt ge·stalt or Ge·stalt (g -shtält , -shtôlt , -stält , -stôlt ) n. pl. ge·stalts or ge·stalt·en (-shtält n, -shtôlt n, stält n, -stôlt n) A physical, biological, psychological, or symbolic configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that its properties cannot be derived from a simple summation of its parts. Also called gestalt phenomenon. Source: The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
Closure People tend to see incomplete patterns or information as complete or unified wholes. Minimum information Understanding
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
Help explain how artists see and create structural organization or pattern in their work. The whole is greater than the individual parts. Positive Images Negative Areas The mind fills in missing information.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure ď Ž
The importance of spacing in visually joining the units.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY - Closure
59 Optical Illusions & Visual Phenomena by Michael Bach, University of Freiburg, Germany
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
Connections – Shard edges
Sharing imposes other common relationships. Same size Related color or value
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
Overlapping
Common relationship Shared item Unrelated objects can be harmonized
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
Transparency
See through - Layers of space
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
Interpretation
Pass through – Depth of space
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
Extensions
Implied and subjective edges, lines or shapes. A visual alignment system. Location for new objects, images or shapes. Creates hidden relationships. Direct the eye to a new location. Use Line or Shapes.
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (1) HARMONY – Visual Linking
The Seven Principles of Organization (2) VARIETY
Harmony UNITY Variety
Achieves Individuality and Interest. Interest: The ability to arouse curiosity and to hold the viewer attention.
Complete equality of visual forces Static, lifeless, unemotional Visual boredom
The Seven Principles of Organization (2) VARIETY - Contrast
Elements repeated in a way that makes them appear unrelated. Dissimilarities. Red against Green. Extreme dark against extreme light.
The Seven Principles of Organization (2) VARIETY - Elaboration
Addition of details Introduce visual difference or opposition.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(2) VARIETY ď Ž
Applying Harmony and Variety at the same time and by using the same element.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(2) VARIETY ď Ž
Harmony and Variety: an instrument / a concept that will help explore the other principles of organization.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE
Gravitational forces. Gravity Walking - Standing Most artworks are viewed vertically. Top
Side
Side
Bottom
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE ď Ž
Gravity affects visual composition. peace
tension
baseline
lifting up
baseline
pulling
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE
Psychological factors can affect the visual weight and balance. Balance is fundamental to unity. Gravitational Equilibrium
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE ď Ž
ď Ž
Balance must be viewed not as an actual physical weighing process but as visual judgments of the observer. Factors that contribute to balance include: Position, Size, Proportion, Character, and Direction
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE - Symmetrical
Mirror view. Pure Symmetry. Aggressively confrontational. Static quality.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE - Symmetrical
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Approximate Symmetrical
Different - not identical. Weights of the components.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Approximate Symmetrical
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Radial
Can create true or approximate symmetry. A central point. Visual circulation.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Radial
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Radial
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Asymmetrical (occult)
Felt equilibrium between parts. Ex. Small area of strong color and a large empty space.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(3) BALANCE – Asymmetrical (occult)
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The ratio of individual parts to one another. Scale Size
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
Classical Greek philosophy MATHEMATICS was the controlling force of the universe.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The GOLDEN MEAN / SECTION The Greek mathematician Euclid The “moderation of all things”. A small part relates to a larger part as the larger part relates to the whole. Ratio 1.16180
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
13th Century medieval mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci (Liber Abaci 1202): Fibonacci Series: 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,56,and so on. Ratio approximately 1.16180 10,16,26,42,68,110,178,and so on.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion ď Ž
Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci (Proportions of the Human Figure 1485)
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion ď Ž
The Modulor Le Corbusier
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion ď Ž
Scaling is used to create emphasis and expressive effects and to suggest spatial positions.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
Hierarchical Scaling Indicate rank, status, or importance of religious, political, military, and social personages. Figures of greatest importance are made larger in size according to their status.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(4) Proportion
The Seven Principles of Organization
(5) Dominance Differences that emphasize the degrees of importance of its various parts. Result from medium and compositional considerations.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Isolation or separation of one part from others Placement Direction Scale Character
Contrasts in color, value, and texture also help to produce this attraction.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(5) Dominance
The Seven Principles of Organization
(5) Dominance
The Seven Principles of Organization
(5) Dominance ď Ž
Two problems with dominance: 1.
2.
Must see that each part has the necessary degree of importance. Must incorporate these parts, with their varying degrees of importance, into the rhythmic movement and balance of the work.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(6) Movement
“A ride” – “A tour” The artist makes the eyes travel comfortable and informative. Direction of lines, shapes, and motifs. Mona Lisa little eye movement is required.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(6) Movement
Kinetic (moving) sculpture vs Static sculpture and picture. An illusion of movement created by the artist through the configuration of their parts. The work of art can be read in a variety of directions.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(7) Economy
Unnecessary complexity. The work deteriorating into fragmentation. Returning to significant essentials. Eliminating elaborate details. Relating the particulars to the whole.
The Seven Principles of Organization
(7) Economy
If something works with respect to the whole, it is kept; if disruptive, it may be reworked or rejected. Economy Abstraction Parting things down to the essentials necessary to the artist’s style of expression. The style dictates the degree of abstraction, though all artists abstract to some extent.
Space: Result of Elements/Principles ď Ž ď Ž
Space is not an element. A by-product of the elements as they are put into action and altered by the various principles of organization.
Space: Result of Elements/Principles ď Ž
ď Ž
Medium is necessary for the creation of an element. Once an element becomes visible, it automatically creates a spatial position in contrast with its background.
Form Unity: A Summary
Picture plane framed by certain dimension. Tools and Materials. Create elements on the surface. Spatial suggestions appear. Adjustment. Harmony and Variety applied. To achieve balance, proportion, dominance, movement and economy. Unity … All parts belong and work together. A THEME
Art Fundamentals Chapter 2 Form End