DAUP-MUPD-UPL-2015-Lecture 2

Qatar University College of Engineering Department of Architecture and Urban Planning-DAUP

Urban Planning Legislation MUPD 610 Dr. Yasser Mahgoub ymahgoub@qu.edu.qa

Urban Planning Legislations • • • • •

Urban Planning  Legislations What are they? And why do we need them?

To control growth To distribute services and amenities To control urban environment

Urban Planning urban planning Noun 1. the branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space and activities 2. determining and drawing up plans for the future physical arrangement and condition of a community

Urban Planning • Urban, City, and Town planning integrates land use planning and transport planning to improve the built, economic and social environments of communities.

Urban Planning • Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less detailed level.

Legislation • Legislation (or "statutory law") is law which has been promulgated (or "enacted") by a legislature or other governing body, or the process of making it. • Laws, considered collectively

Objective of urban planning legislations • The main objective of urban planning legislations is to improve the Quality of Urban Environment and the Quality of Urban Life.

• In order to assess the success of Urban Planning Legislations objectives, research on the QOUL should be systematically conducted.

• Benefits: – Policy Makers – Planning Authorities – Change legislations

Legislation • City planners imposed regulatory laws establishing standards for: – – – – – –

housing, sanitation, water supply, sewage, and public health conditions, and introduced parks and playgrounds into congested city neighborhoods.

Legislation • In the 20th century, zoning — the regulation of building activity according to use and location — came to be a key tool for city planners.

Architecture and Legislations

• Throughout history, architectural form has been defined and, or affected, by legislation designed to control its appearance. • Laws, written and unwritten have been used to define the physical form, material architectural features of public spaces, and other such parts of the city.

Architecture and Legislations

• The inter relationship between architecture and law needs to be ascertained – especially how the built environment (including buildings, public spaces, and the use of those spaces) has been controlled through various forms of legislation.

Regional Planning Urban Planning

City Planning Urban Design Architecture Building/Landscape

Interior Design

Building Codes and Regulations

Introduction Building Codes & Regulations and:  Public welfare  Important for design

Compliance with them is essential Violation of them cause: -

injury to building users legal liability revocation of license ………. Jail!!!

1. Historic Development The First Building Code: The Code of Hammurabi

1. Historic Development The First Building Code: The Code of Hammurabi • Law 228. If a builder build a house for someone and complete it, he shall give him a fee of two shekels in money for each sar of surface. • Law 229. If a builder build a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.

1. Historic Development • Law 230. If it kill the son of the owner, the son of that builder shall be put to death.

• Law 231. If it kill a slave of the owner then he shall pay slave for slave to the owner of the house.

• Law 232. If it ruin goods, he shall make compensation for all that has been ruined, and is as much as he did not construct properly this house which he built and it fell, he shall re-erect the house from his own means.

Building Code History - World  1700 or 1800 B.C. Code of Hammurabi: "builders responsible for a structural collapse resulting in loss of lifewould loose their lives."  Ancient Athens officials could condemn unsafe buildings  27 AD Rome: Amphitheater collapse results in laws about public buildings  1189 London: The Assize (‫ )محكمة‬of Buildings enacted Required firewalls 3’thick and 16’ tall  1630 Boston: “no man shall build his chimney with wood nor cover his roof with thatch.”

The Modern Building Code  Complex document  Protecting: -

building occupants, firefighters and emergency personnel, the building itself, and the community

 From: - fire - structural collapse - health and safety hazards

The Purpose of Building Codes Provide minimum standards To safeguard life, limb, health, property and public welfare By regulating the design, construction, quality of materials, use and occupancy, location and maintenance of all buildings within this jurisdiction.

2. Model Codes • Thousands of American Municipalities • First half of 20th century • Building Officials and Code Administrators International (BOCA): BOCA National Building Code • International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO): Uniform Building Code

• Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI): Standard Building Code

2. Model Codes Participants in Building Code Development  Building Officials  Fire Service Officials  Trade Associations and Manufacturers  Engineers, Architects. Builders, and Consultants  Governmental Agencies

3. Adoption • How model codes become law?

 Local government adopt a model code  Some states adopt a statewide code • Localities options

• Adopt one of the model codes • Develop their own codes • Do not adopt a code at all

3. Adoption Even if there is no code, architects are expected to use reasonable care in protecting health and welfare.

4. Coverage • Specific design and construction requirements, based on the occupancy, building height, floor area, availability of fire-fighting capacity, and other factors • Required fire resistance of structural elements, floor, ceilings, and fire and party walls • Restrictions on building height • Requirements for compartmentation (fire areas) • Fire protection systems • Flame-spread ratings for finishes

4. Coverage • Egress requirements, such as stairs, corridors, and doors • Access and egress requirements for disabled persons • Light, ventilation, and other indoor environment requirements • Requirements for energy conservation • Structural requirements for building components • Materials performance and specifications • Requirements for building services systems

5. Approaches Code provisions may be written in one of two ways: – Prescriptive requirements: methods and materials that must be used in the building (ex.

Wall thickness) … Preferred by building officials …Easier to administer and enforce.

– Performance requirements: Desired results (ex. Wall that withstand a certain amount of wind load) … Preferred by architects …

Flexible

6. Standards • Standards by reference • Provide consistent approaches to products and processes. • Manufacturing and Performance guidelines developed by committees of those involved with materials.

7. Enforcement • Done by • Central agency • Building Department

• Activities • Review drawings • Issue building permits • Periodically inspect the project for conformance • Maintain public records

Jurisdiction ‫السلطة القضائية‬ • Once the building is occupied, the fire marshal assumes authority for continued safety.

• To compensate for confusion caused by jurisdictional overlaps, the most conservative advice is to design according to the most restrictive requirements or to document any permit deviations.

Multiple permits A project may require several permits as it proceeds.

 Building permit: to begin construction  Other permits: to close in a structure or to begin using plumbing or electricity

 Certificate of Occupancy: Before building may be occupied

Variances and appeals – Administrative (non judicial process) --community boards ‫اجمللس البلدى‬ – Seeking relief from requirements through variances, exceptions, and other mechanisms.

– Variance applies only to the situation at hand; it does not create a precedent for subsequent projects.

Judicial relief – Through courts ‫المحاكم‬ – Once administrative appeals are exhausted, judicial relief can be sought.

•     

Penalties Stop construction for noncompliance Civil liabilities Revocation of the license to practice architecture Fine Jail sentence !!!

8. Other Building Regulations  Fire prevention codes and ordinances  Housing codes and ordinances  Health codes and ordinances (e.g. for restaurants and social clubs)  Licensing requirements (e.g. for hospitals, nursing homes, dry cleaners, and day care centers)

Codes in Design Practice • The Architect's duty – An architect failing to design in compliance with the code or regulation may be subject to an allegation of negligence.

Codes in Design Practice • Using building codes in practice – The architect is challenged to fulfill the code's requirements while considering the best interests of the client's economic and functional needs.

Codes in Design Practice • An office practice suggestion:  Codes are factors in every project  Implementing code search process for each project (checklist)  Teaching staff about code intention, approach, and procedures  Encourage staff consultation with local building officials to ascertain or clarify code issues  Including instructions in specifications requiring contractor compliance with applicable codes  Developing code-related procedures  Including a code data sheet as part of the documents

Codes in Design Practice • Code search – To identify applicable codes, regulations, and standards for the project.

– Code provision should be perceived as "ingredients"

and not an "optional" layer of information for design.

– Normally they allow multiple solutions

Codes in Design Practice • Schematic design – Codes provide fundamental design parameters (site placement, building size,

height, and interior layout) as well as design and construction details.

Codes in Design Practice • Construction documents – It is essential that all code requirements be checked and incorporated into the

project as the project progresses through design development into construction

documents.

Discussion 2013 Missing Legislation in Doha • Public Spaces Legislations: Disability, Safety, Materials, % of green, dimensions of streets, % of shading areas, lighting, children, WCs, cafeterias, way finding signage, bus stops, bicycles, ….

• Historical Buildings: renovation methods, materials, set backs of new development, operation, use, …

• Parks: Play areas for children, safety, building areas, playgrounds, walking, running, walkways, …

• Parking: Spaces, Structures, • Infrastructure: • Tall buildings: Green, stages, shops, cafe, social, cultural, entertainment, children, …

• Housing: • Codes: • Schools:

Discussion 2014 The Status of Urban and Building Legislation in Doha • ?

Discussion 2015 The Status of Urban and Building Legislation in Doha • • • • • •

Creative solutions Different cars The Metro Multiuse and optimizing spaces Scale Mixed use

End