05 - 06 November 201 3, Bressanone, Italy
Advanced Building Skins
Economic Forum Munich - Bolzano
Content
Sessions Block A Multilayered interactive building envelope.............................................................................................................5 David Rockwood, Director, Construction Process Innovation Lab, University of Hawaii, USA Climate-responsive shading systems with integrated shape memory alloys......................................................11 Kynthia Chamilothori, Dep. of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, Greece Low tech high flex dyna skin................................................................................................................................17 Jeroen da Conceicao van Nieuwenhuizen, TU Eindhoven, Netherlands Superficial skins? Super skins? Shading structures and thermal impact analysis.............................................23 Matt Fajkus, School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin, USA Architectural benefits of virtual and experimental assessments of active components in multifunctional façades.................................................................................................29 Susanne Gosztonyi, Energy Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria Fluid glass façade elements.................................................................................................................................35 Jochen Stopper, Technische Universität München, Germany Integrated design solutions for the multifunctional skin of an office building....................................................41 Wim Depraetere, VK Engineering, Belgium Integrated design approach to apply PV in building projects...............................................................................47 Filomena Mara Vianna Longo, Para State Federal University, Brazil Prefabricated façade panel with integrated PV for building refurbishment.........................................................53 Christoph Neururer, AlpS GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria Aluminum heat pipes application to solar energy systems for building façades.................................................59 Sergii Khairnasov, National Technical University, Kiev, Ukraine The g value of building-integrated solar thermal systems...................................................................................65 Christoph Maurer, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Germany The artful solar envelope: Engaging with Minnesota’s four seasons in an off-grid wandering restaurant.........69 Rebecca Alexander, School of Architecture, University of Minnesota, USA The role of solar thermal technologies in China’s low carbon revolution............................................................75 Xiao Wang, Jiangsu GMO Technology Co., Ltd., China The use of an integrated PV shading system for energy savings and interior comfort........................................81 Maria Mandalaki, Environmental Engineering Dept., Technical University of Crete, Greece Evaluating the potential of roof-integrated PV systems using GIS.......................................................................87 Guglielmina Mutani, Energy Department, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy Use of building simulation tools for advancing renovation strategies.................................................................93 Fabian Ochs, Institute for Construction and Material Science, University of Innsbruck, Austria Facade optimization based on life-cycle demands...............................................................................................99 Alexander Hollberg, Research Group Green Efficient Buildings, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Germany Tools to support the design process of collecting storage walls (Trombe walls) to reduce energy consumption for heating.........................................................................................................105 Mariana Rivero, Faculty of Architecture, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
1
Content
The effect of the modeling approach on the building’s loads assessment........................................................111 Chiara Dipasquale, Institute of Renewable Energy, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy Traditional and new metrics for effective daylighting design............................................................................117 Anna Pellegrino, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Daylight Glare: age effects and their impact on glare evaluation.......................................................................123 Tilmann Kuhn, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany Human challenges in daylighting design support...............................................................................................129 Marilyne Andersen, EPFL, Switzerland Visual protection devices for architectural applications: key issues and characteristics.................................135 Marie-Claude Dubois, Lund University, Sweden Educating daylight design for human behavior..................................................................................................141 Sergio Altomonte, University of Nottingham, UK Daylight performance criteria.............................................................................................................................147 John Mardaljevic, Loughborough University, UK Assessment of daylight facade designs.............................................................................................................153 Lars O. Grobe, Swiss University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Luzerne, Switzerland Combination of parabolic cylinder mirrors for skylight daylighting...................................................................159 Hirotaka Suzuki, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Japan Enhanced fenestration to improve solar distribution in buildings......................................................................165 Anton Harfmann, College of Design, Architecture, Art and Planning, University of Cincinnati, USA Retrofitting facades for better daylighting.........................................................................................................171 Roman Jakobiak, Daylight.de, Germany Complex daylighting systems.............................................................................................................................177 David Geisler-Moroder, Bartenbach Lichtlabor, Austria Sessions Block B Traditional ways of using solar energy...............................................................................................................183 Sonja Jurosevic, NTNU, Norway Sustainable concepts for solar energy in historic buildings..............................................................................189 Franziska Haas, TU Dresden, Germany Technological solutions for PV in historic buildings...........................................................................................195 Oscar Montero, Soliker, Spain Solar lighting solutions in historic buildings......................................................................................................201 Robert Weitlaner, Bartenbach Lichtlabor, Austria Solar energy integration – Challenges and chances for conservation architects..............................................207 Cristina Polo Lopez, SUPSI, Switzerland Designing envelopes for high performance renovation......................................................................................213 Stephen Meder, Director, Center for Smart Building and Community Design, University of Hawaii, USA CasaClima R: Certification for building refurbishment.......................................................................................219 Ulrich Klammsteiner, ClimaHouse Agency, Italy
2
Content
Developing the building refurbishment market..................................................................................................223 Moritz Thierfelder, Institute for Building Technology, RWTH Aachen, Germany Business models for energetic building refurbishments....................................................................................227 Günther Schweigkofler, Raiffeisenverband South Tyrol; Astrid Weiss, Fraunhofer Italia Façade retrofit for residential multi-family building façades: A risk-based performance assessment.............233 Paola Sanguinetti, Director, Architecture Department, University of Kansas, USA Optimization of refurbishment strategies...........................................................................................................239 Paola Penna, Free University of Bolzano, Italy A trans-disciplinary approach to creating a business case for façade refurbishment......................................245 Eckhart Hertzsch, Head of Business Unit ‘Morgenstadt’, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Germany Impact of legislation on tall buildings’ sustainability........................................................................................251 Yasser Mahgoub, Dep. of Architecture, College of Engineering, Qatar University Consequences of Net ZEB regulations on technological solutions.....................................................................257 Federico Noris, Institute for Renewable Energy, EURAC Research Bolzano, Italy The Leaf House: Case study of an Italian Zero Energy Building..........................................................................263 Matteo Morodo, Loccioni Group, Ancona, Italy Embodied Energy and Net Zero Energy Buildings: metrics and standard...........................................................269 Maurizio Cellura, Dep. of Energy and Environment, University of Palermo, Italy Active building façades: concepts and experiences...........................................................................................275 Laura Maturi, Institute for Renewable Energy, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy Solar potential in urban areas: A new solar energy design approach................................................................281 Gabriele Lobaccaro, Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy Solar energy, zero energy target and the community scale...............................................................................287 Alessandra Scognamiglio, ENEA, UTTP Portici, Italy Integral evaluation of innovative building envelopes.........................................................................................293 Herbert Sinnesbichler, Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Germany Increasing Efficiency and sustainability by cooperation....................................................................................299 Patrick Dallasega, Fraunhofer Innovation Engineering Center Bolzano, Italy Climate Camouflage: Advection-based adaptive building envelopes.................................................................305 Jason O. Vollen, Associate Director, Center for Architecture Science and Ecology, New York, USA Reflectivity modulation with pentahedral grids for low-cost thermal management of buildings......................311 David Garmire, Dep. of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA Distributed responsive envelope systems: Models for building-wide integration..............................................317 Geoffrey Thün, Taubman College of Architecture, University of Michigan, USA Distributed sensing and actuation in building skins..........................................................................................323 Martina Decker, New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA Adaptive Skins – Adaptive and auto-reactive building façades.........................................................................327 Benedikt Bader, Institute for Building Technology, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
3
Posters
Comparing ‘passive’ and ‘active’ concepts for Dutch affordable house design.................................................333 Filique Nijenmanting, Arup Amsterdam, Netherlands Hot housing – low tech........................................................................................................................................334 Erwin Herzberger, Stuttgart University / German University Cairo, Egypt Air leakage in residential buildings....................................................................................................................335 Pablo Branchi, ACR Group, Spain Biomimetic-based construction..........................................................................................................................336 Lakshmi N Reddi, Florida International University, USA PV integrated in clay roof tiles............................................................................................................................337 Patrick Rousselot, Panotron AG, Switzerland Comparing the performance of PV with CPV in building integrated systems.....................................................338 Piet Sonneveld, University of Applied Sciences, Arnhem, Netherlands Customizing solar panels....................................................................................................................................339 Tomasz Krotowski, Dep. of Architecture and Urban Design, Lodz University of Technology, Poland High and low concentration innovative solar systems for building integration.................................................340 Luana Pozzetti, Physics and Earth Science Dep., University of Ferrara, Italy Architectural Award “Building-Integrated Solar Technology 2014“...................................................................341 Roland Krippner, Bavarian Association for the Promotion of Solar Energy, Germany ColorPower – Photovoltaic systems with the beauty of color............................................................................342 Christian Renken, Acomet SA, Collombey, Switzerland Holistic considerations of the development of innovative building elements....................................................343 Scholeh Abedini, Constructive Design and Building Construction, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Holistic design strategies for solar buildings.....................................................................................................344 Luca Guardigli, Department of Architecture, University of Bologna, Italy Environmental control through natural ventilation, daylighting and shading....................................................345 Greta Caruana Smith and Alberto Miceli Farrugia, Architecture Project Ltd., Malta Energy saving methods applicable to a Japanese prefabricated house system................................................346 Fumi Beppu, Engineering Department, Chiba University, Japan The behavior of light on surfaces.......................................................................................................................347 Antonio Mollicone, Faculty for the Built Environment, University of Malta International collaboration and the future of net-zero energy hospital design.................................................348 Gregory D. Thomson, Institute for Ecological Design, University of Wisconsin, USA An ecological house with a double-layer low-E glazed building envelope.........................................................349 Yanyan, College of Architecture, Hunan University, China Solar facade technologies for high-rise commercial buildings..........................................................................350 Yanyi Sun, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
4
Impact of Legislations on Tall Buildings’ Sustainability in Gulf Cities Yasser Mahgoub Department of Architecture, College of Engineering, Qatar University Doha, Qatar: ymahgoub@qu.edu.qa Abstract Building legislations and regulations constitute an important factor in shaping cities and buildings. Gulf countries are competing to construct tall buildings and skyscrapers. While these structures are sources of national pride and cultural identity, they pose several challenges to integrate them with the urban fabric of the city. This paper discusses the rapid development of tall buildings in Doha, Qatar due to the rapid urbanization. The large number of towers constructed in Doha affect different aspects of the built and urban environment; city image, traffic and urban spaces. The paper argues that building legislation plays a critical role in the production of the built environment and the social interaction opportunities. The impact of legislation on the quality of open urban spaces between tall buildings was investigated in terms of their appropriateness for interaction between people and environment. It concludes with recommendations of how to develop eco-skyscrapers and the reasons for not having green tall buildings in Qatar and GCC region, what legislation should be specified by the government and recommendations to achieve efficient building design. The paper proposes that research in the field should address the impact of urban and buildings legislation as a vehicle for the production of sustainable built environments. Keywords: building legislation, tall buildings, sustainability, Qatar.
1. Introduction Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are racing in competition to construct tall buildings and skyscrapers. While these structures are sources of national pride and cultural identity facilitated by economic prosperity, they pose several challenges to integrate them with the urban fabric of the city. This paper discusses the rapid development of tall buildings in Doha, Qatar due to the rapid urbanization that it has been going through since the middle of the 20th century. With large number of towers constructed in Al Dafna and West Bay areas of Doha, these buildings affect different aspects of the built and urban environment; i.e. city image, traffic, urban spaces and physical environment. The paper addresses the importance of developing urban planning legislations for designing eco-tall buildings.
2. Literature Review Tall buildings provide high-density developments that satisfy increasing demands for office space in city centers. As Reddy pointed out, “it appears that this is the only rational way of redevelopment that could be adopted” (Reddy 1996). Also, as El-Ghul et al indicated, “economy has become a major factor in forming architecture and cities and a leader of planning policy. Tall buildings appear to become a phenomenon of modern cities.” (El-Ghul, 2010) On the other hand, the aesthetic quality of tall buildings is being questioned (Armstrong, 2008). As Ada Huxtable explains that, “in its most familiar and exhilarating aspect, the skyscraper has been a celebration of modern building technology… and often in spite of it, the skyscraper is still an art form. The tall building has that in common with all major works of architecture consciously conceived in aesthetic terms” (Huxtable 1992). Tall buildings do not only satisfy functional needs but they are also sources of national pride and cultural identity. They pose several challenges to integrate with the urban fabric of the city. Stephen Kellert argues that office towers, shopping malls, and housing developments are designed in abstract, universal ways that are disconnected from both local culture and ecology (Kellert 2005 and Monna, 2010).
251
3. History of tall buildings in Doha The construction of tall buildings in the Gulf States became possible due to the increasing wealth generated by economic prosperity. Historically, up to the mid-1960s, Doha was a fishing and pearl-diving town. The majority of the buildings were individual traditional houses made of mud brick or coral stones. They responded to the surrounding environmental and socio-cultural conditions. During the 1970s, Doha was transformed into a modernized city. This development slowed down in the 1980s and early 1990s due to economic and political circumstances, during which Qatar depended on the resources and economy of other Gulf countries. Following the discovery of natural gas with economic quantities during the late 1990s, Qatar initiated a variety of investment projects either for public or private sectors. The Public Works Authority ”Ashghal” was established in 2004 to monitor the changes that occurred as a result of rapid construction process to host the Asian Games in 2006. This resulted in growth at all levels in urban development, infrastructure provision, cultural institutions and educational facilities. As a result of the success of the Asian Games about 180 towers were planned to be constructed and completed by 2009 in Doha’s West Bay business and commercial districts to fulfill demands for vacant office space that was estimated at 330,000 m². There was an aspiration to enlarge the area to 500,000 m² by 2010. New office spaces in the West Bay added 300,000 m² of gross leasable area by 2010. Doha’s modernization process was an attempt to follow the city of Dubai’s image as a model of a global city. According to Qatar Tourism Authority, more than 100 buildings and towers are going up in Doha and cranes filled the sky, constructing different types of building such as hotels, offices and financial centers at Doha West Bay to become a world-class business and leisure center. With all of this construction activity of tall buildings, Doha became a symbol of a globalized city.
Figure 1: The evolution of tall buildings in Qatar
3.1
The development of building regulations for tall buildings in Qatar
Tall buildings were required to acquire building permits approved by the concerned Municipality, Planning Departments and other services authorities, including Electricity, Water and Civil Defense. A completion certificate was also required to ensure fulfillment of all regulations. Building legislations issued during the period of 1970-1990 were as follows: 1) 1975 Law No 3 related to commercial, industrial and public buildings, 2) 1974 Law No 8 related to general cleanliness, 3) 1985 Law No 3 related to controlling buildings, 4) 1989 Law No. 2 related to precautions to be taken for public safety to avoid hazards from building construction, 5) 1989 Law No. 2 related to technical and architectural specifications for buildings, and 6) 1989 Law No. 2 related to the transport of solid and liquid waste. In addition to the above legislations, the Planning Department of the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Agriculture has published several planning and building regulations under the existing law giving specifications for the main development types in urban areas. These include: 1) Regulations for Flats and Flat Complexes, 2) Regulations for Villa and Villa Complexes, 3) Qatar Commercial Development Manual, 4) Planning Regulations for Residential Developments in Al Rayyan Municipality, 5) Planning Regulations for Commercial Developments in Al Rayyan Municipality, 6) Sub-division Regulations, 7) Interim Zoning Regulations. During Doha’s modernization process, the city has adopted new building codes specified for high rise buildings. They specified that the height of towers should range between 15 and 56 floors and that the setbacks surrounding the towers should be 6 meters from each side. The external appearance of the tall buildings is determined by its exterior materials and type of glazing. The regulation for glazing is that glazing could not exceed 60% and the type of glazing should be double glazed about 12mm. Glass cleaning is done
252
using elevators suspended by cables. Parking capacity depended on the use of tall buildings; one car space is required for each 25m square commercial and business office. For commercial and residential buildings every three apartments should be provided with one parking structure. Three to four basement floors are allowed, ranging from 2000 to 3000 square meters. Most West Bay tall buildings have dark curtain walls with a zero thermal mass because it doesn’t reflect the sunlight and cause heat.
3.2
West Bay Area
West Bay area is the preferred location for many head offices of companies, governmental ministries and a number of international oil and gas companies. It has a link with Doha International Airport and is easily accessible for business travelers within a few minutes’ driving distance from Doha metropolitan area. It hosts several premium hotels that provide excellent amenities for the business community. It also hosts several shopping malls, including City Centre Mall, the largest and most popular shopping mall in Doha. It will also host the new International Convention Centre, currently under construction, which is scheduled to open in 2013. This new Convention Centre will provide a variety of business and conference facilities hosted in several towers with height ranging from 16 to 105 floors.
West Bay area
Doha Down Town
Doha Airport
Figure 2: Doha City map and West Bay area, Qatar Zone1 of West Bay hosts more than twenty of the most significant towers in Doha. An investigation was conducted using photography and systematic observations relating the towers to building legislations in Doha. The goal was to evaluate the impact of the application of the available laws on the urban environment around the towers and also to suggest possible future legislations to be developed. The towers were studied focusing on several aspects including: shading devices utilization, connectivity between the towers and the surrounding built environment, function of tower, visible signs, and types of cladding, green open spaces, and parking areas. Unlike other towers in Doha and Gulf countries, where multi-use towers hosting residential, commercial and offices exist, all towers in Zone 1 are used for business and offices. The investigation indicated that visibility of entrance signage located at the entrance does not allow visitors and users to recognize the entrance location. This aspect is obvious in Doha Tower, Barzan Tower, Al-Salam Tower, Al-Mirqab twin towers, and Al-Naser Twin Towers. On the other hand The Commercial Bank Plaza has a logo at the top of its elevation and not on the front elevation that can be seen from the main street. Its exterior skin is made of double glazing and a variety of cladding materials; granite, aluminum, and concrete. Unlike other towers in Zone 1, this tower adheres to the 60% maximum glazing area. Many towers use full percentage of cladding, including the new World Trade Centre Tower. While there is enough capacity of parking areas at the ground level around the towers and the basement according to the parking regulation, traffic congestions is common during rush hours. Several parking structures are being constructed in the area to accommodate the growing need for parking. There is also specified parking for the fire engine in two towers, Tornado and Al-Mirqab and Al-Salam twin Towers. Types of shading devices attached to the exterior envelop of buildings include projected porch entrance, external detached canopy, and external building skin working as a shading device, as in the case of Doha Tower. It is noticed that some towers use a projected porch to provide shading and define the main entrance
253
of the building, such as Al-Nasir Twin Towers, Barzan Tower, Al-Bida Tower, and Al-Mirqab and Al-Salam Twin Towers. On the other hand, some towers have an external canopy that allows for more interaction on the urban scale, such as Barzan Tower and Al-Zaji Tower. As for the rest of the towers, there is no consideration for the usage of shading devices, such as Tornado and Palms Towers. The urban and landscape connectivity between towers is observed in several towers, such as the Commercial Bank, Al-Jazi Tower, Al-Bida Tower, Al-Mirqab and Al-Salam Twin Towers, Tornado Tower, Palms Towers, where landscaped green areas allow a degree of interaction as well as connectivity to each other.
Figure 3: West Bay Zone 1 towers
Figure 4: West Bay Streets between towers.
254
4. Conclusions It has been argued by many researchers that given rapid urbanization and limited land available for development, and the need to look at sustainability issues associated with developments as a whole, tall buildings offer a more sustainable solution for many of today’s cities. (Tamboli, 2008, Abel, 2006 and Pank, 2002) Dalton and John argue that, “The sustainability outcomes will only be fully successful if sustainability priorities are shared by the planners, investors, developers, landlords, occupants, and their respective supply chains.” (Dalton and John 2008) Some researchers questioned the sustainability of tall buildings (Al-Sallal , 2004) while others suggest that sustainability associated with tall buildings needs to be considered in the context of the wider development picture (Beller, 2003, Marashi, 2008, Ali, 2008 & 2010). The paper suggests the following key principles that government should include in their legislation and regulations for building a skyscraper in order to achieve ecological and sustainable systems in Doha: 1) Improve public circulation around and between buildings to achieve good spatial continuity that usually occurs on the street-level activities and those spaces at the upper-floors, i.e. landscaped ramps, as well as street activities; stalls, shops, cafes, performance spaces and viewing decks (floors) through ramps, 2) Encourage use of extensive solar-shielding of the eastern and western façades, 3) Use of indigenous landscape vegetation and garden terraces to assist ambient cooling of the façade, 4) Installation of photovoltaic panels to reduce energy consumption, 5) Water recycling and purification associated with rainwater and grey-water reuse in flushing water closets, watering of sky courts, landscaping and planter boxes, and 6) Use sun-shading devices as an integral part of the cladding system. The paper investigated aspects of tall buildings’ design and impact on the surrounding environment as illustrated in the case of tall buildings in Doha, Qatar. It concluded that many key principles should be addressed during the design of tall buildings. To achieve sustainability and green strategies, these key principles should be an integral part of urban and building codes and legislation. While increasing awareness and rewarding best practice is desirable, the impact of building legislations and codes of practice is far reaching.
5. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
A. El-Ghul, and A. Abu-Ghanimeh, “Humanization of Tall Buildings: Case Study of the City Centre of Melbourne in Australia”, Journal of Human Ecology, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2010, pp. 165-169 A. Huxtable, “The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for Skyscraper Style”, University of California Press: Berkley. 1992. A. Tamboli et al, Tall Buildings: Sustainable Design Opportunities, CTBUH 8th World Congress, 2008. C. Abel, “High Rise and Genius Loci”, Norman Foster Works 5. Preste, 2006, pp.430 – 441. D. Beller, G. Foliente and B. Meacham, “Qualitative Versus Quantitative Aspects of Performance-Based Regulations”, CIB / CTBUH Conference, Kuala Lumpur. 2003. pp. 383 – 394. H. Al Marashi and J. Bhinder, “From the Tallest to the Greenest - Paradigm Shift in Dubai”, CTBUH 8th World Congress, Dubai, Vol. 3, No. 5, 2008, pp.76 – 83. K. Al-Sallal, “Tower Buildings in Dubai – Are they Sustainable?” CTBUH Conference, Seoul, 2004, pp.639 – 647. K. Dalton, R. John, “Towards More Sustainable Tall Buildings” CTBUH 8th World Congress, Dubai, 2008 M. Ali and P. Armstrong, ”Sustainability and the Tall Building: Recent Developments and Future Trends”, AIA Illinois Central Symposium, 2010. M. Ali, and A. Aksamija, “Toward a Better Urban Life: Integration of Cities and Tall Buildings”, 4th Architectural Conference on High Rise Buildings, Amman, Jordan, 2008, pp. 1-21. N. Reddy, Urban Redevelopment: A Study of High-Rise Buildings, New Delhi: Concept Publishing, 1996 P. Armstrong and M. Ali, “Skyscrapers Defining Cities: New Trends in Supertall Buildings and Urban Design”, AIA Convention, Boston, MA. 2008. S. Kellert, “Building for Life: Designing and Understanding the Human Nature Connection”, Washington: Island Press, 2005. S. Monna and G. Masera, “Effects of Tall Office Building Envelope Technologies and Design Strategies on Comfort and Energy Consumption in Hot, Arid Climate, CIB world congress proceeding. 2010. W. Pank, “Tall Buildings and Sustainability”, Corporation of London, 2002. www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/
255