FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC 322: History & Theories of Architecture (4) Fall 2016 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture : Revision
Practice + Theory = Good Architect
Theory of Architecture • Theories generally fall into four main groups: 1. Rational, technological and constructional; 2. Material, economic and social; 3. Religious, cultural and philosophical; 4. The spirit of the age (Zeitgeist).
Rational, technological and constructional
Material, economic and social
Theory of Architecture
The spirit of the age (Zeitgeist)
Religious, cultural and philosophical
Introduction • What is the relationship between: –History –Theory –Design
History
Theory Design
History of Theory • Antiquity • 1st century BCE, with the work of Vitruvius. • Vitruvius was a Roman writer, architect, and engineer active in the 1st century BCE. He was the most prominent architectural theorist in the Roman Empire known today, having written De architectura (known today as The Ten Books of Architecture), a treatise written in Latin and Greek on architecture, dedicated to the emperor Augustus.
firmness, commodity and delight structural adequacy, functional adequacy, and beauty
Firmitas firmness
Utilitas commodit y
Venustas delight
The Vitruvian triad
Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree May you be condemned to live in interesting times. A Chinese Proverb This is a brief coverage of the development of architectural styles throughout history using a timeline to provide a better visual overview.
Architectural Movements: Modern Architecture The Modern movement was an attempt to create a nonhistorical architecture of functionalism in which a new sense of space would be created with the help of modern materials. Believing that the 20th century had given birth to "modern man," who would need a radically new kind of architecture.
Le Corbusier
F. L.. Wright
Walter Gropius
Mies Van Der Rohe
Architectural Movements: Post-Modern Architecture The postmodernist movement began in America around the 1960’s/70’s. Postmodernism began as a reaction to Modernism; Its aims extended to include 1. communicating ideas with the public 2. quoting extensively from past architectural styles, 3. Produce buildings that were sensitive to the context within which they are built. 4. Turn away from modern Functionalism which they viewed as boring, unwelcoming and unpleasant.
Robert Venturi
Philip Jonson
Michael Graves
Cesar Pelli
Architectural Movements: Deconstruction Deconstruction is a school of philosophy that originated in France in the late 1960s. It has had an enormous impact on Anglo-American criticism. "Deconstruction is not synonymous with "destruction", however. It is in fact much closer to the original meaning of the word 'analysis' itself, which etymologically means "to undo" -- a virtual synonym for "to de-construct.“ The idea was to develop buildings which show how differently from traditional architectural conventions buildings can be built without loosing their utility and still complying with the fundamental laws of physics.
D. Libeskind
Frank Gehry
Peter Eisenman
Zaha Hadid
Architectural Movements: Sustainable Architecture What is a sustainable building? 1. Uses key resources more efficiently – energy, water, materials and land. 2. Reduces ecological loading – greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances, wastes. 3. Creates healthier environments for people - to live, work and learn 4. Has lower overall lifecycle costs
Ballard Library & Neighborhood Service Center
Solar Umbrella House
Westcave Preserve
Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE Biomimicry Biomimicry is the term used to describe the substances, equipment, mechanism and systems by which humans imitate natural systems and designs. There are two approaches to biomimetic designs: design → biology biology → design
Supertrees, Singapore
Lotus temple
Beijing National Stadium
Norman Foster’s Gherkin Tower (2003)
The Sagrada Família church by Antoni Gaudi
Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE Kinetic Architecture This pair of Abu Dhabi towers are sheathed in a thin skin of glass—fashionable, but not ideal for the desert climate. So the architects at Aedas designed a special, secondary sun screen that deflects some of the glare without permanently blocking the views. Thanks to a series of faceted fiberglass rosettes—based on traditional Islamic mashrabiya —which open and close in response to the temperature of the facade.
Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE Parametric Parametric design is a process based on algorithmic thinking that enables the expression of parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response.
Architectural Movements: Contemporary PARADIGMS IN ARCHITECTURE Parametric
Building Types
Stairs
Stairs
Living (summer) Dining
Bedrooms Study
Storage Garage
Living (winter) Dining Kitchen Toilets / WCs
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
ANZ Centre Melbourne by Hassell Architecture
Earth Sciences Building at the University of British
2010s – Sustainable/Green Design Vodaphone Headquarters by Barbosa Guimarães
The European Investment Bank in Luxembourg
2010s – Sustainable/Green Design
2000s
Zaha Hadid Architects
Rem Koolhaas, OMA
2010s – Materials and Form Steven Holl Architects
MAD Architects
Renzo Piano Building Workshop
Classrooms
Programming
Architectural Design Framework
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PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK
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Graduation Project Preliminary Program
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Student Name: Project Name: Item Sub-Items Description 1 (name) 1.1 (name) 1.2 (name) 1.3 (name)
# of Units Net Area/Unit
Toatal Net Area
Net to Gross Factor Gross Area
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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – – – –
Very substantial percent of the building area Net-to-Gross Ratio or Building Efficiency Varies significantly for different building types If it is accounted for incorrectly, it can have a significant negative impact on building quality.
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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Estimate the amount of additional square footage (meters) that will be required to account for unprogrammed spaces including: • • • • • •
Circulation spaces Walls Mechanical and electric rooms Janitor’s closets Rest rooms Miscellaneous storage
N ÷
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Building efficiency Gross Area
Assigned Net Area
Unassigned Area
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0.75 2
1.25
9 7
20 60
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Net Area Circulation Mechanical Walls Toilets Janitors Storage
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Space Identification and Allocation • Building efficiency – Calculation of efficiency:
Net Area = Gross Area Efficiency 6000 m2 60% Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
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Relationship Matrices and Diagrams • Relationship Matrices • Relationship Diagrams Understanding relationships is a very basic and important part of architectural programming.
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Relationship Matrices Relationship matrix develop and show how various spaces relate. Every identified space is located vertically along one side of the matrix. Lines at a 45-degree angle to the end of each identified space extend to provide one cell connecting each space to every other space. A simple distinguishable code can be used to show the nature of the relationship between the spaces. Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
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Relationship Diagrams Small circles or “bubbles� each of which contains the name of one of the identified spaces. The bubble representing the space under consideration is drawn first, then other spaces relating to it are indicated in additional bubbles placed near the first bubble. Heavy, medium, and light-weight lines can be used as a code to indicate strong, moderate, and weak relationships. Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
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What is a concept? Why is it important to have a concept in your design? How to communicate your concept? 97
Steps of the BASED Design Process • BRIEFING • Site selection, Program formulation, Data collection, Examples, ...
• Analysis • Design and Project Data analysis • Identification of Objectives
• Synthesis • Formulation of Concepts and Alternatives • Communication of Concepts
• Evaluation • Review of Alternatives • Selection of one alternative
• Design • Design details • Communication media
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Definitions of Concept • • • • • • • • • •
Idea Theory Notion Parti (French) Conception Opinion Abstraction Philosophy Belief Inspiration
• • • • • • • • • •
Image View Intention Plan Fancy Thought Impression Hypothesis Supposition … DESIGN 99
Elements and Principles of Design ELEMENTS Background Colour Foreground Form Grid Light Line Mass Material Path Plane Point Shadow Shape Solid Space Structure System Texture Type Void
PRINCIPLES Balance Contrast Direction Dominance Economy Emphasis Fragmentation Harmony Hierarchy Movement Order Pattern Proportion Repetition Rhythm Scale Symmetry Time Unity Value Variety
Concepts Translations – Visual and Verbal