Execution Design - Lectures

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructors: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lectures

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructors: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Design Development Part 1

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Technical Documentation: Ability to make technically clear drawings and write outline specifications.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Technical Documentation: Ability to prepare models illustrating and identifying the assembly of materials, systems, and components appropriate for a building design.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Structural Systems: Understanding of the basic principles of structural behavior in withstanding gravity and lateral forces and the evolution, range, and appropriate application of contemporary structural systems.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Building Envelope Systems: Understanding of the basic principles involved in the appropriate application of building envelope systems and associated assemblies relative to fundamental performance, aesthetics, moisture transfer, durability, and energy and material resources.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Building Service Systems: Understanding of the basic principles and appropriate application and performance of building service systems such as plumbing, electrical, vertical transportation, security, and fire protection systems.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Life Safety: Ability to apply the basic principles of life-safety systems with an emphasis on egress.

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Building Materials and Assemblies: Understanding of the basic principles utilized in the appropriate selection of construction materials, products, components, and assemblies, based on their inherent characteristics and performance, including their environmental impact and reuse.

The Project Cycle

Lets first discuss the role of architects in building design throughout history

12

100 %

48 %

35 % 13

An excellent architect is able to understand the design requirements and the system interrelationship along with the building code requirement.

14

Drawings They generally contain:  site and building plans,  elevations,  sections,  details,  diagrams, and  schedules

Example • For small projects, working drawings and details can be integrated in small number of sheets.

Example • For medium projects, a sufficient number of drawings need to be developed to cover all the required details.

SITE PLAN • The site plan should show the location of the building in relation to the site boundaries.

• All landscape elements, streets and pedestrian walkways should be indicated and dimensioned.

• A reference point should be identified to related the building to GPS.

PLANS • All plans should be drawn scale 1;100 showing centerlines, walls, openings, external dimensions, internal dimensions, materials, etc.

SECTIONS • Sections should illustrate vertical information including levels, materials, dimensions, corresponding centerlines and details cross-referencing.

ELEVATIONS • Elevations should illustrate exterior finishing materials, levels, dimensions, centerlines, and details cross-referencing.

WALL SECTIONS โ ข Wall sections illustrate exterior faรงade design detailing. They are extremely important illustration to ensure the final apperance of the design.

Working Drawings Highlights

Plans

Plans

All necessary dimensions

Plans

Stair symbols

Plans Window and door identification marks

Plans Titles or numbers for all rooms & spaces

Plans Materials symbols

Plans Levels

Plans

All structural features

Plans

Bath Rooms

Sections Show interior features

Sections Show complete vertical dimensions

Sections Indicate materials

Elevations Grid lines

Elevations

All necessary dimensions

Elevations Slabs Levels

Elevations Materials

Stairs Details

Stairs Details

Wall Sections • Show all materials in their proper location and thickness. • Tie the section into the cross-reference system

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructors: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Design Development Part 2

Drawings

Sequence and sheet Formats Organization:  Site work  Architectural drawings  Structural  Mechanical  Plumbing  Electrical  Any special disciplines

COVER SHEET

Drawings

Sequence and sheet Formats

Standards:  Sheet size  Layout  Title blocks

Drawing Sheet Coordinate System

1

2

3

4

5

D

D

Each module is identified by a letter and a number.

C

C

Drawing may comprise one or more modules.

B

Module identification is established by the coordinates for the lower left hand corner of the module.

MODULE C4

B

A

A

1

2

3

4

5

Drawing Blocks Drawing Blocks

DRAWING BLOCKS Drawing modules containing graphic or textural info are called drawing blocks.

Note Blocks Note Blocks

The Note Block is the module or modules in the drawing area for General Notes, Keynotes, and Key Plans.

Title Block Area Margins Same as Drawing Area Formats Horizontal Text Vertical Text Data Blocks Designer Identification Project ID Block Issue Block Management Block Sheet Title Block Sheet ID Block

Title Block Format (1) Title Block Formats

Horizontal Text Format: Title block text is oriented parallel to the bottom of the sheet.

The horizontal text format is the most commonly used, and is the preferred format.

Title Block Formats

Vertical Text Format: Title block text is oriented parallel to the right side of the sheet.

Sheet title and sheet ID remain oriented parallel to the bottom of the sheet.

Basic Sheet Layout

Title Block Area Drawing Area Production Data Area

Drawing Block Format Column Grid & Dimension Area

Graphic & Notation Area

Drawing blocks that contain plans, elevations, sections, and details are organized in a format that includes the elements shown.

Margin

Title Area

Drawing Module Lines

Drawing Block Format - Sample GRID XXXX

XXX

XX

XX

XXXXX

XXXXX XXX

C3

A sample drawing block showing a simple plan layout.

XX

XXXX

XXXX

XXX

SECTION X:X

Note the column grid and dimension area (shaded), the graphic and notation area, the drawing block title area, and the margins.

DRAWING SYMBOLS Lines

CL

Object Lines Dimension/Extension Lines Hidden/Invisible Lines Center Lines

DRAWING SYMBOLS Graphic Symbols - General 4 A-6

7

Wall Section

A-5

Detail Section

BB A-4

Building Section

6

Revision Marker

Reference Symbols refer reader to another part of the document Examples: D2 21 0 2

4

Graphic Scales

A-512

Detail Indicator

3

Sheet Keynote 2

VESTIBULE 101

Room Identifier

Column Grid Indicator

Note Blocks

Note Blocks

The Note Block is the module or modules in the drawing area for General Notes, Keynotes, and Key Plans.

Sheet Keynotes

GENERAL SHEET NOTES 1. IIII II III III IIII IIII 2. II III II II IIIII III 3. II IIIII II IIII IIIIII 4. I II IIII III IIIIIII II 5. III I II IIII IIIII III

REFERENCE KEYNOTES

IIIII.I IIIII.I IIIII.I IIIII.I IIIII.I

III III IIII II II II IIIII II I II IIII III III IIIIIII II IIII IIIII III SHEET KEYNOTES

1

III III IIII II

2

III III II II IIII

3

IIII II I II IIII

Order of Sequence: General Notes

Reference Notes Sheet Keynotes

Drawings CONDOC SYSTEM

G General project requirements Site work TS SB SD C L

Topographic survey Soil borings data Site demolition Civil Landscaping

Drawings

CONDOC SYSTEM

Major disciplines S M P FP E

Structural Mechanical Plumbing Fire Protections Electrical

Drawings

CONDOC SYSTEM

Special elements ID FS SG FF AA Etc.

Interior design Food service Signage/graphics Furniture/furnishings Asbestos abatement

Drawings

CONDOC SYSTEM Major disciplines A Architecture A000, A001, etc. general notes A100, A101, etc.

A200, A201, etc.

A300, A301, etc.

A400, A401, etc.

A500, A501, etc.

A600, A601, etc.

Schedules, master keynote, legend, Plans Exterior elevations, Sections Vertical circulation, core plan and details Reflected ceiling plans, details Exterior envelope, details Architecture interiors

Drawings Title Block

      

Name, address, and phone number of the architectural firm Project title and address Owner's name and address Drawing title and sheet number Names and addresses of consultants Notation of who worked on the drawing, including cjecking Dates drawings were issued (such as for bid, permit, and construction)  Dates of revisions  Architect's seal and signature (when required)  Copyright information

Drawings Drawings should also include the basic information required to orient the user, such as:  Key plans (showing location of partial plans in relation to the whole)  North arrows  Scales for drawings (graphic scales are normally included in case drawings are reduced or CAD generated)

Drawings The Cartooning Process Most firms lay out the drawings very early in the project.  To establish roughly how many and what kinds of plans, sections, elevations, details, schedules, and other graphic elements will be prepared.  Scale and size on sheet  Order  Interrelationships COVER SHEET

WD CARTOON SET Assignment • • • • •

• • • • •

Use A4 size paper to develop a rough sketch of your WD set.

Determine the order of drawings and number ( __ of __ ) Sketch by hand the rough size of each drawing on each sheet Determine the scale needed Convert the real dimensions of the building drawings to the desired scale and show on your papers Make sure that all drawing fit on the size sheet plottable area Label each drawing, include the scale Add north arrow when appropriate Add descriptive text if known (such as window sill detail, east elevation, etc.)

Add sheet names, numbers, and drawing title in the border

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

Sample Project

Example An Architectural Studio in A College of Engineering Building

Architectural Plan

Structural Plan

Furniture

Reflected Ceiling

Tiling

Lighting Layout

HVAC

Fire Protection

Wall Section

Wall Section

Wall Section

Partial Elevation

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Architectural and Technical Detailing Part 1 Openings: Doors, Windows and Tables 9-3-2017

Sweets • http://sweets.construction.com

Doors, Windows and Tables

Doors

Windows

Tables

Example

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Architectural and Technical Detailing Part 2 Exterior Shading Systems 16-3-2017

Exterior Shading Systems "Sun Louvers"

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Architectural and Technical Detailing Part 3 Building Systems Integration, Reflected Ceiling Plan (RCP) and False Ceiling Details 23-3-2017

Introduction • A building consists of many subsystems • Systems provide spatial and environmental elements • Systems determine the building characteristics

252

Building Systems Mechanical

Envelope

Integration

Interior

Structural

253

Building Determinates

Form

Cost

Performance 254

Mechanical Systems • How important mechanical Systems in the building? – Mechanical systems constitute more than 30% of the cost in office buildings

255

Design Problems!!!

Lack of Coordination Overemphasizing a determinate

Aesthetics override performance Cost overrides performance

256

Performance • • • • • •

Spatial Thermal Air Quality Acoustical Visual Integrity

257

Integrated Building Systems • In a successfully designed project, building systems, materials, and products must be integrated to create a unified whole that achieves the desired functional purpose. • An integrated solution results from a design approach that considers the characteristics of each component proposed in the project and searches for opportunities for dual functions or for sharing of volume.

Smart Building Integration

Reflected Ceiling Plan • Reflected ceiling plan is part of the overall architectural drawings.

• It shows the lighting, sprinklers, smoke detectors, and any other objects that are located in or on the ceiling, such as the mechanical air diffusers and grilles.

• Reflected ceiling plan (RCP) is named so because it is a mirror image (reflected) view of the floor plan. You are looking up at the ceiling. You will see the lights and various ceiling elements in the view.

Reflected Ceiling Plan

Reflected Ceiling Plan

Reflected Ceiling Plan • • • •

Architectural Features.

Lighting fixtures.

HVAC ducts and diffusers.

Fire Fighting: Smoke detectors, Alarms and Suppressions.

• IT and Security: Data show, Computer Networks, Surveillance cameras, …

Requirement • Each student is required to develop reflected ceiling plans for all floors in their project.

Mood or Inspirational Board

False Ceiling Details

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Materials and Digital Tectonics Part 1 Reflected Ceiling Plan Integrated Building Systems 30-3-2017

RFC Reflected Ceiling Plan Integrated Building Systems 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

HVAC Lighting Fire Fighting Sound Systems Security & Surveillance CCTV

Other - IT - Communication - …

Videos • Basics of HVAC – https://youtu.be/ScVBPAitibQ

• Fire Sprinkler Systems Explained – https://youtu.be/o-ylvugYc0w

• Understanding CCTV Systems – https://youtu.be/F01qz4Or20Y

‫حساب االحمال الحراريه‬ ‫• اسهل طرٌقه فى حساب االحمال الحرارٌه لالماكن‬ ‫الصغٌره هى‪:‬‬ ‫• طول فى عرض فى ارتفاع فى ‪ 300‬حمل حرارى‬ ‫على‪ 8000‬وحده حرارٌه برٌطانٌه ٌساوى ناتج بالحصان‬

Return

Supply

Acoustical Tiles

Lighting

False Ceiling

Roof

Duct Beam

Supply diffuser

Fire Fighting

Fire Fighting

Sound System

Security & Surveillance

Security & Surveillance CCTV

Security & Surveillance CCTV

Example An Architectural Studio

Architectural Plan

Structural Plan

Furniture

Reflected Ceiling

Lighting Layout

HVAC

Fire Protection

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Materials and Digital Tectonics Part 1 Structural Systems Review 13-4-2017

What is STRUCTURE? •

• •

•

•

•

One of the greatest problems of designing today is the fact that engineers can solve ANY problem.

Anything can be built!

Structural "realities" are perceived as no longer imposing limitations upon the design architect.

Form does not have to be dictated by structure or even follow a function.

Many of the seemingly undeniable "truths" of architectural design have been rendered meaningless.

Yet, gravity persists despite this incredible freedom of choice. Buildings must stand up at the end of a real or virtual working day.

What is STRUCTURE? The word structure can be used alone or in conjunction with many other descriptive words. Dictionaries can be consulted to find the following definitions: – manner of construction – the arrangement of particles or parts in a substance or body – arrangement or interrelation of parts as dominated by the general character of the whole – the aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships to each other – the composition of conscious experience with its elements and their combinations – something that is constructed – something that is arranged in a definite pattern of organization – the action of building

The Architect’s Responsibilities

Basics

Strength vs. Stability There are two issues that are crucial to the understanding of Architectonics: • Strength the capacity of the individual elements, which together make up a structural system, to withstand the load that is applied to it. • Stability the capability of a structural system to transmit various loadings safely to the ground.

Any structural system can be studied in light of these two issues.

For example, the column of the Greek temple is an element that can experience a strength (crushing) failure, or a system (buckling) failure. It is/was part of a larger structural system.

Structural Scales •

There are multitudes of different scales at which one should perceive structures.

• Each scale reveals beauty and provides an amazing amount of information at the same time.

• Seeing the information at each level of perception is critical.

• Learning to see the structure of the world around us is an important part of life.

Structural Anatomy •

It is critical to the success of an architect that she/he be able to see beyond the skin of a building; beyond the surfaces of a space and into the load-bearing structure.

• Understanding the nature of the fabric from which space is molded enables one to create the seams between spaces.

• Understanding the load-bearing structure of a building is to understand the space that is being created.

Structural Elements •

The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: • Linear – Columns – Beams

•

Surface – Walls – Slabs

•

Spatial – Facade Envelope – Core – Building as System

Structural Elements Basic Structural Elements •

•

The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: Linear – Columns – Beams

Structural Elements Basic Structural Elements • •

The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: Surface – Walls – Slabs

Structural Elements Basic Structural Elements • •

The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: Spatial – Facade Envelope – Core – Building as System

Natural Structures

Natural Structures

Forces

What is a Force?

•

The one constant around the world is the action of gravity upon each and every structure that is erected.

• The primary function of all structural design is to make a building stand-up.

• Understanding architectonics will enable a designer to include these issues as part of a design language that will create a significantly clearer architectural expression.

What is a Force?

•

Primary to the study of structural systems is the concept of a force.

• A force is actually a very abstract conception.

• It can be defined, but it cannot become physically apparent until it meets resistance.

What is a Force?

• A "force" is an action that changes, or tends to change, the state of motion of the body upon which it acts.

• It is a vector quantity that can be represented either mathematically or graphically.

• A complete description of a force MUST include its: – MAGNITUDE – DIRECTION and SENSE – POINT OF APPLICATION

What is a Force?

Forces Acting in Structures • Forces induced by gravity – Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments – Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles)

• • • • •

Forces induced by wind Forces induced by earthquakes Forces induced by rain/snow Fluid pressures Others

Forces in Structural Elements 10 0 lb

10 0 lb

Tension

Compression

Forces in Structural Elements 10 0 lb Bending

Torsion

Forces Acting in Structures

Vertical: Gravity

Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

Global Stability

Slidin g

Overturning

Loads

Sources of Building Loads

Loads

Loads

Loads

Loads

Loads

Loads

Loads

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Elements

Process

Process

Grid/Module

Grid/Module

Design and Structural Grid/Module

Grid/Module

Grid/Module

Grid/Module

Systems

STRUCTURE TYPES: MATERIALIZATION OF A CUBE

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES

Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam type.

Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their structural components (and the weight of objects and people in them) by bearing on one another.

The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the foundation and then into the ground. Horizontal beams are subject to bending loads, therefore the structural materials should be able of resisting both tension and compression.

We can further subdivide the post and beam structures into:

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS

POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: SKELETON FRAME

ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES

ARCHES AND VAULTED ROOFS

DOMES

PORTAL FRAMES

PORTAL FRAMES

TRUSSES

TRUSSES

SPACE FRAMES

SPACE FRAMES

SPACE FRAMES

FOLDED ROOFS

FOLDED ROOFS

Examples of Structures

SHELLS

SHELLS

SHELLS

TENSILE STRUCTURES

TENSILE STRUCTURES

TENSILE STRUCTURES

TENSILE STRUCTURES

END

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Technical Specifications Part 1 International Specifications 4-5-2017

Specifications Definition Written requirements for materials, equipment, and construction systems as well as standards for products, workmanship, and the construction services required to produce the work.

Specifications

• CSI The Construction Specifications Institute publishes conventions for specifications organization, format, and development.

• MASTERFORMAT A master list of section titles and numbers as well as a format for the organization of individual specification sections.

• AIA's MASTERSPEC and SPECSystem

• The old Construction Specification Institute CSI's 16-division MasterFormat™

• The new 2004 Construction Specification Institute CSI's 16-division MasterFormat™ • Increase from 16 to 50 divisions.

reserved for future expansion.

•

Numbers

•

Section numbers modified accordingly.

•

For

continuity, Divisions 03 to 14 remain

basically the same.

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004

Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group Introductory Information 00 Procurement and Bidding Requirements Contracting Requirements Contracting Requirements

Subgroup 1 General Requirements

Specifications Group General Requirements 01 General Requirements

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup

2 Site Construction

02 Existing Conditions

3 Concrete

03 Concrete

4 Masonry

04 Masonry

5 Metals

05 Metals

6 Wood and Plastics

06 Wood, Plastics, and Composites

7 Thermal and Moisture Protection

07 Thermal and Moisture Protection

8 Doors and Windows

08 Openings

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup (continued)

9 Finishes

09 Finishes

10 Specialties

10 Specialties

11 Equipment

11 Equipment

12 Furnishings

12 Furnishings

13 Special Construction

13 Special Construction

14 Conveying Systems

14 Conveying Equipment 15 – 19 Reserved

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004

Facility Services Subgroup 20 Reserved 13 Special Construction

21 Fire Suppression

15 Mechanical

22 Plumbing

15 Mechanical

23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 24 Reserved

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004

Facility Services Subgroup (continued) 13 Special Construction

25 Integrated Automation

16 Electrical

26 Electrical

13 Special Construction

27 Communications

13 Special Construction

28 Electronic Safety and Security 29 Reserved

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004 Site and Infrastructure Subgroup 30 Reserved

2 Site Construction

31 Earthwork

2 Site Construction

32 Exterior Improvements

2 Site Construction

33 Utilities

2 Site Construction

34 Transportation

2 Site Construction

35 Waterway and Marine 36-39 Reserved

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004

Process Equipment Subgroup 11 Equipment

40 Process Integration

11 Equipment

41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment

11 Equipment

42 Process Heating, Cooling and Drying Equipment

11 Equipment

43 Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment

Divisions MasterFormat 1995

MasterFormat 2004

Process Equipment Subgroup (continued) 11 Equipment

44 Pollution Control Equipment

11 Equipment

45 Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment 46-47 Reserved

16 Electrical / Construction

13 Special

48 Electrical Power Generation 49 Reserved

Specifications Methods of Specifying

• Performance Approaches – Listing required performance qualities of products and assemblies

• Proprietary Approaches – Listing products and assemblies by one or more manufacturers and trade names

• The architect may use allowances and unit prices for parts of the work that cannot be accurately quantified or qualified at the time of bidding.

Specifications Methods of Specifying

1. Performance approaches • Brevity, simplicity and familiarity.

• Augmented with reference to standards, narrative descriptions of materials' qualities, and performance requirements.

• Commonly include "or approved equal" provisions.

Specifications Methods of Specifying

2. Proprietary approaches • Best in principle because they "specify the end result required" • Flexibility and creativity in meeting the requirements.

• Complicated by the vast number of qualities that affect the finished result.

• Uncertainty of the actual appearance of the final product.

Construction Documents

Specifications Methods of Specifying

3. Reference standards • Reference to standards published by industry associations and testing organizations.

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) • The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) • Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) • American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) • American Plywood Association (APA) • American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) • Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

Construction Documents

Specifications Scope

• Broad Scope specifications cover entire complex systems or groups of related fabrications (unit masonry or metal fabrications) in one section.

• The advantage of specifying entire system together in one section.

• Narrow Scope specifications brake the work into components (brick masonry, masonry mortar, steel stairs) • Easier to edit but many related sections must be carefully cross-referenced.

Construction Documents

Specifications Levels of Restrictiveness

• One manufacturer's product • Several products • Any product that meets specified criteria Publicly funded projects • require specification of several brands of products.

• Qualified manufacturers should be able to compete equitably for the work.

Private work • architects have the right to specify restrictively Construction Documents

Specifications Levels of Restrictiveness

Master specifications  Covers an entire topic, including a range of options  Should be clear, concise, precise, and inclusive with accurate and up to date references to brand names and standards.  Modified and edited for each project  Specifications editor fills in blanks, deletes options, incorporates special requirements.  Computers are widely used to produce specifications with the specifier editing text directly on the screen.  Excellent starting points for writing specifications  Offer good checks against important omissions, as well as consistency and uniformity of language

Construction Documents

END Construction Documents

FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Architectural Engineering

ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Technical Specifications Part 2 Egyptian Specifications 11-5-2017

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• تحتوي المواصفات على جمٌع الشروط والمواصفات الواجب توافرها فً‬ ‫المواد المستخدمة فً صناعة التشٌ​ٌد‪ ،‬كما تحتوي على أسس الصناعة‬ ‫وأسالٌب القٌاس‪ ،‬والمقادٌر القٌاسٌة التً ُتعتبر أساسا ً للحكم على صالحٌة‬ ‫العمل‪.‬‬ ‫• فالمقصود من المواصفات فً عقود التشٌ​ٌد‪:‬‬

‫«هي مجموعة االشتراطات والتوصيات التي يتم كتابتها‬ ‫وتوثيقها للرجوع إليها عند أعمال التنفيذ والتسلم‪».‬‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• تعتبر المواصفات أحد مستندات العقد الرئيسية وٌُعبر عنها كاشتراطات‬ ‫عامة فً صورة المواصفات العامة‪ ،‬أو كاشتراطات خاصة فً صورة‬ ‫مواصفات خاصة بالمشروع‪.‬‬ ‫• ونظراً إلى أن مواصفات المشروع من مسئوليات المهندس المصمم‬ ‫(المعماري واإلنشائً) فإن ذلك ٌتطلب‪:‬‬ ‫– إلماما ً واسعا ً واطالع مستمر‪ ،‬وقدرة على كتابة المواصفات بطريقة‬ ‫واضحة ودقيقة وسهلة الفهم‪.‬‬ ‫– وهذا ٌُحتم على من ٌقوم بكتابة المواصفات على دراية بكل ما هو جديد‬ ‫في عالم اإلنشاء والتشييد‪ ،‬وأن ٌكون مطلعا ً على صفات وخصائص‬ ‫المواد وما بها من مميزات وعيوب وكذلك أسعارها‪.‬‬ ‫– أن ٌكون مُلما ً بأنواع ال ُمعدات وإنتاجيتها‪ ،‬وخصائصها وتكلفة التشغٌل‪،‬‬ ‫والصٌانة‪ ،‬وممٌزات وعٌوب استخدام هذه المعدات فً ظروف وطبٌعة‬ ‫المشروعات المختلفة‪.‬‬

‫اإلشتراطات العامة‬ ‫• قامت الكثٌر من الهٌئات العالمٌة المهتمة بمجال صناعة التشٌ​ٌد بوضع‬ ‫اشتراطات عامة‪ ،‬بغرض تدوٌلها واالستفادة منها عند كتابة عقود التشٌ​ٌد‪،‬‬ ‫وبخاصة فً المشروعات الدولٌة‪.‬‬ ‫• ومن أمثلة الهٌئات العالمٌة التً قامت بجهد كبٌر فً هذا المجال هم‪ :‬الهٌئة‬ ‫األمرٌكٌة للهندسة المعمارٌة‪ ،‬وجمعٌة الهندسة المدنٌة األمرٌكٌة‪ ،‬والجمعٌة‬ ‫البرٌطانٌة للهندسة المدنٌة‪ ،‬وغٌرها‪.‬‬

‫االشتراطات العامة‬ ‫تحتوي االشتراطات العامة عاد ًة على‪:‬‬ ‫• تعرٌف عام بالمشروع ومن هو المالك والمقاول والمصمم‪.‬‬ ‫• محتوٌات العقد ومستنداته‬ ‫• حقوق ومسئولٌات المقاول‬ ‫• حقوق ومسئولٌات المصمم‬ ‫• الزمن المُقدر لتنفٌذ المشروع‬ ‫• أسلوب التعامل المادي بٌن المالك والمقاول‬ ‫• الشروط المرتبطة بأي تغٌ​ٌرات فً بنود المشروع‬ ‫• التأمٌنات والضمانات الالزمة‬ ‫• األسلوب الواجب اتباعه لفض أي منازعات‪.‬‬

‫اإلشتراطات الخاصة‬ ‫• وهً اإلشتراطات التكمٌلٌة التً ُتضاف إلى االشتراطات العامة‪ ،‬وذلك‬ ‫لتحقٌق بعض متطلبات المشروع‪ ،‬والتً لم تتحقق باالشتراطات العامة‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫ٌُراد منهاتعدٌل بعض بنود االشتراطات العامة‪ ،‬لتناسب ظروف المشروع‬ ‫تحت الدراسة‪ .‬ومن أمثلة االشتراطات الخاصة ما ٌلً‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫تغٌ​ٌر نظام التأمٌنات المنصوص علٌه فً االشتراطات العامة‪.‬‬ ‫اشتراطات خاصة بإعطاء المالك بعض الحرٌة فً إحداث تغٌ​ٌرات فً بنود المشروع دون‬ ‫زٌادة فً األسعار‪.‬‬ ‫مسئولٌة المالك عن توفٌر بعض المعدات أو المواد غٌر المتوفرة محلٌا ً‪ .‬وتوفٌر بعض‬ ‫الخدمات الخاصة مثل‪ :‬األعمال المساحٌة أو أعمال اختبار التربة أو الخدمات العامة‬ ‫(تلٌفونات‪ -‬كهرباء‪ -‬مٌاه)‬ ‫اشتراطات عدم انشغال المقاول بأعمال أخرى أثناء فترة تنفٌذ المشروع‪ ،‬أو وضع حدود‬ ‫لذلك‪.‬‬ ‫غرامات التأخٌر وكٌفٌة تحمل المخاطر كل حسب نوعه‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• مواصفات التقنية ‪Technical Specifications‬‬ ‫• وهً المواصفات التً تحدد أسلوب التنفٌذ‪ ،‬والتقنٌات الواجب استخدامها فً‬ ‫ذلك‪ .‬وعادة ٌتم وضع تصور كامل لتنفٌذ البنود المختلفة حسب المواصفات‬ ‫التً ٌضعها المهندس المصمم‪ ،‬وفً إطار اإلشتراطات العامة‪ ،‬مثل‪ :‬أعمال‬ ‫الحفر‪ ،‬الخرسانات‪ ،‬أعمال العزل‪ ،‬أعمال الكهرباء‪..‬وهكذا‪.‬‬ ‫• وفً كل بند من البنود السابقة‪ٌ ،‬تم توصٌف المواد الواجب استخدامها‪،‬‬ ‫ومستوى العمالة المطلوبة للتنفٌذ‪ ،‬وجودة المعدات‪ ،‬وتحدٌد أسلوب المتابعة‪،‬‬ ‫والتأكد من التزام المقاول بما جاء فً هذه المواصفات من خالل اإلختبارات‬ ‫الدورٌة مثل‪ :‬اإلختبارات غٌر المُتلفة‪ ،‬والفحص المستمر على ما ٌتم تنفٌذه‪.‬‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• مواصفات اآلداء ‪Performance Specifications‬‬ ‫• والمقصود بذلك المواصفات الواجب أن ٌكون علٌها البند بعد إنجازه‪ ،‬بمعنى‬ ‫أن ٌكون فً صورة مرضٌة‪ ،‬وٌؤدي الغرض منه بكفاءة‪ .‬فً هذا النوع من‬ ‫ُترك للمقاول اختٌار أسلوب التنفٌذ والتقنٌة المناسبة‪ ،‬على أن‬ ‫المواصفات قد ٌ َ‬ ‫ٌضمن تحقٌق جمٌع اإلشتراطات والمواصفات وتحمل أي أعمال ُتخالف ذلك‬ ‫عند التسلم واختبار األعمال المنفذة‪ ،‬وهذا ٌعطً مرونة للمقاول فً استخدام‬ ‫ما ٌراه مناسبا ً من تقنٌات وأسلوب تنفٌذ من واقع خبرته فً العمل بهذا‬ ‫المجال‪.‬‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• مواصفات المواد والعمالة ‪Material & Workmanship‬‬ ‫‪Specifications‬‬ ‫• هً المواصفات التً تحدد أنواع وصفات المواد المُستخدمة‪ ،‬سواء الصفات‬ ‫الطبٌعٌة او المٌكانٌكٌة للمادة‪ ،‬باإلضافة إلى اشتراطات النقل والتداول‬ ‫والتخزٌن والتركٌب‪.‬‬ ‫• أما بخصوص العمالة فتوضع لها بعض االشتراطات‪ ،‬من ناحٌة مستوى‬ ‫الخبرة المطلوب‪ ،‬ومستوى اآلداء‪ ،‬وبخاصة األعمال التً تحتاج لدقة عالٌة‬ ‫فً اآلداء مثل‪ :‬أعمال اللحام‪ ،‬وبعض أعمال التركٌبات المٌكانٌكٌة‪ ،‬ومن حق‬ ‫المالك أو من ٌمثله إجراء اإلختبارات الالزمة للتأكد من توافر المهارات‬ ‫المطلوبة لدى المرشحٌن للقٌام بهذه األعمال‪ ،‬من لم تثبت جدارته فٌتم‬ ‫استبداله بمعرفة المقاول وتحت مسئولٌته‪.‬‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• المواصفات المحددة ‪Closed Specifications‬‬ ‫• المقصود بهذه المواصفات تحدٌد نوع معٌن من المواد أو العمالة والمعدات‪،‬‬ ‫وذكر ذلك فً اإلشتراطات و المواصفات‪ .‬مع عدم السماح باستبداله ببدٌل‬ ‫مناسب‪ .‬وٌمكن فً هذه الحالة ذكر اسم المادة أو المواصفات الخاصة بها‪،‬‬ ‫والتً ال تتوافر إال فً هذا النوع‪ ،‬وكثٌراً ما ُتستخدم هذه المواصفات فً‬ ‫أعمال القطاع الخاص‪ ،‬بٌنما ال ٌُفضل استخدامه فً أعمال الحكومة والقطاع‬ ‫العام حتى ال ٌكون أحد وسائل المحاباة أو العمل على تسوٌق أنواع معٌنة من‬ ‫المواد أو المعدات دون غٌجاد المنافسة الالزمة بٌن الموردٌن‪.‬‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• المواصفات المفتوحة ‪Open Specifications‬‬ ‫• هً المواصفات التً ٌجب توافرها فً المواد المُستخدمة‪ ،‬دون التقٌد بنوع‬ ‫معٌن‪ ،‬بحٌث ٌعطً للمقاول حرٌة التعامل مع أي من الموردٌن‪ ،‬بشرط‬ ‫توافر هذه المواصفات فٌما ٌتم استخدامه من المواد‪ .‬وفً بعض الحاالت قد‬ ‫ٌضطر المهندس إلى تحدٌد نوع معٌن من المواد لتحقٌق جودة خاصة‪ ،‬مع‬ ‫إعطا المقاول فرصة لتغٌ​ٌر ما تم تحدٌده من مواد فً إطار الصفات‬ ‫المذكورة‪ ،‬وذلك لرفع درجة المنافسة بٌن الموردٌن وبالتالً تقلٌل األسعار‪.‬‬ ‫وفً حالة وجود أي خالفات بٌن المالك والمقاول ٌتم اللجوء إلى اإلستشاري‬ ‫إلبداء الرأي‪.‬‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• المواصفات القياسية ‪Standard Specifications‬‬ ‫• وهً المواصفات التً توضع من قِ َبل الهٌئات المتخصصة والمسئولة عن‬ ‫تنفٌذ بعض المشروعات الخاصة‪ ،‬مثل هٌئة الطرق والكباري‪ ،‬حٌث تقوم‬ ‫بوضع المواصفات القٌاسٌة لتنفٌذ بنود تشٌ​ٌد اعمال الطرق والكباري‪ ،‬وقد‬ ‫توضع هذه المواصفات من ِقبل النقابات المهنٌة‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬

‫المواصفات وأنواعها‬ ‫• حساب الكمٌات ‪Quantity Surveys‬‬ ‫• المقصود به هو حساب كمٌات المواد واألعمال الالزم تنفٌذها فً شكل بنود‬ ‫الزمة إلستكمال المشروع‪ ،‬وذلك لوضع خطة وأسلوب تنفٌذ هذه البنود‪،‬‬ ‫وبالتالً حساب التكلفة لكل بند من المواد والمعدات والعمالة‪.‬‬ ‫• ومن ثم تحدٌد التكلفة المباشرة للبند‪ ،‬وبإضافة التكلفة غٌر المباشرة ٌتم تحدٌد‬ ‫التكلفة الكلٌة للبنود‪ .‬ومن ثم تكلفة المشروع جداول الكمٌات هً أحد‬ ‫مستندات العقد‪ ،‬وٌتم تجهٌزها بواسطة المهندس المصمم‪ ،‬و ُترفق مع‬ ‫مستندات العطاء إال أن هذه الكمٌات التً ٌتم حسابها من قِبل المصمم ال‬ ‫ُتعتبر ملزمة‪ ،‬بل ُتعتبر حسابات تقدٌرٌة‪ٌ ،‬تم مراجعتها والتأكد من دقتها‬ ‫المقاول‪.‬‬

‫المواصفات الفنٌة لألعمال اإلعتٌادٌة‬ ‫‪ .1‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال الحفر والردم‬ ‫‪ .2‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال الخرسانة العادية‬ ‫‪ .3‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال الخرسانة‬ ‫‪ .4‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال المباني‬ ‫‪ .5‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال العزل‬ ‫‪ .6‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال البياض‬ ‫‪ .7‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال الدهانات‬ ‫‪ .8‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال األرضيات والبالط‬ ‫‪ .9‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال الشبابيك واألبواب المعدنية‬ ‫‪ .10‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال األلومونيوم‬ ‫‪ .11‬شروط ومواصفات أعمال النجارة‬ ‫‪ .12‬أعمال الطرق‬

Construction Documents

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