FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructors: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lectures
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructors: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Design Development Part 1
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Technical Documentation: Ability to make technically clear drawings and write outline specifications.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Technical Documentation: Ability to prepare models illustrating and identifying the assembly of materials, systems, and components appropriate for a building design.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Structural Systems: Understanding of the basic principles of structural behavior in withstanding gravity and lateral forces and the evolution, range, and appropriate application of contemporary structural systems.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Building Envelope Systems: Understanding of the basic principles involved in the appropriate application of building envelope systems and associated assemblies relative to fundamental performance, aesthetics, moisture transfer, durability, and energy and material resources.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Building Service Systems: Understanding of the basic principles and appropriate application and performance of building service systems such as plumbing, electrical, vertical transportation, security, and fire protection systems.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Life Safety: Ability to apply the basic principles of life-safety systems with an emphasis on egress.
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO/SPCs) Building Materials and Assemblies: Understanding of the basic principles utilized in the appropriate selection of construction materials, products, components, and assemblies, based on their inherent characteristics and performance, including their environmental impact and reuse.
The Project Cycle
Lets first discuss the role of architects in building design throughout history
12
100 %
48 %
35 % 13
An excellent architect is able to understand the design requirements and the system interrelationship along with the building code requirement.
14
Drawings They generally contain: site and building plans, elevations, sections, details, diagrams, and schedules
Example • For small projects, working drawings and details can be integrated in small number of sheets.
Example • For medium projects, a sufficient number of drawings need to be developed to cover all the required details.
SITE PLAN • The site plan should show the location of the building in relation to the site boundaries. • All landscape elements, streets and pedestrian walkways should be indicated and dimensioned. • A reference point should be identified to related the building to GPS.
PLANS • All plans should be drawn scale 1;100 showing centerlines, walls, openings, external dimensions, internal dimensions, materials, etc.
SECTIONS • Sections should illustrate vertical information including levels, materials, dimensions, corresponding centerlines and details cross-referencing.
ELEVATIONS • Elevations should illustrate exterior finishing materials, levels, dimensions, centerlines, and details cross-referencing.
WALL SECTIONS โ ข Wall sections illustrate exterior faรงade design detailing. They are extremely important illustration to ensure the final apperance of the design.
Working Drawings Highlights
Plans
Plans
All necessary dimensions
Plans
Stair symbols
Plans Window and door identification marks
Plans Titles or numbers for all rooms & spaces
Plans Materials symbols
Plans Levels
Plans
All structural features
Plans
Bath Rooms
Sections Show interior features
Sections Show complete vertical dimensions
Sections Indicate materials
Elevations Grid lines
Elevations
All necessary dimensions
Elevations Slabs Levels
Elevations Materials
Stairs Details
Stairs Details
Wall Sections • Show all materials in their proper location and thickness. • Tie the section into the cross-reference system
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructors: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Design Development Part 2
Drawings
Sequence and sheet Formats Organization: Site work Architectural drawings Structural Mechanical Plumbing Electrical Any special disciplines
COVER SHEET
Drawings
Sequence and sheet Formats
Standards: Sheet size Layout Title blocks
Drawing Sheet Coordinate System
1
2
3
4
5
D
D
Each module is identified by a letter and a number.
C
C
Drawing may comprise one or more modules.
B
Module identification is established by the coordinates for the lower left hand corner of the module.
MODULE C4
B
A
A
1
2
3
4
5
Drawing Blocks Drawing Blocks
DRAWING BLOCKS Drawing modules containing graphic or textural info are called drawing blocks.
Note Blocks Note Blocks
The Note Block is the module or modules in the drawing area for General Notes, Keynotes, and Key Plans.
Title Block Area Margins Same as Drawing Area Formats Horizontal Text Vertical Text Data Blocks Designer Identification Project ID Block Issue Block Management Block Sheet Title Block Sheet ID Block
Title Block Format (1) Title Block Formats
Horizontal Text Format: Title block text is oriented parallel to the bottom of the sheet. The horizontal text format is the most commonly used, and is the preferred format.
Title Block Formats
Vertical Text Format: Title block text is oriented parallel to the right side of the sheet. Sheet title and sheet ID remain oriented parallel to the bottom of the sheet.
Basic Sheet Layout
Title Block Area Drawing Area Production Data Area
Drawing Block Format Column Grid & Dimension Area
Graphic & Notation Area
Drawing blocks that contain plans, elevations, sections, and details are organized in a format that includes the elements shown. Margin
Title Area
Drawing Module Lines
Drawing Block Format - Sample GRID XXXX
XXX
XX
XX
XXXXX
XXXXX XXX
C3
A sample drawing block showing a simple plan layout.
XX
XXXX
XXXX
XXX
SECTION X:X
Note the column grid and dimension area (shaded), the graphic and notation area, the drawing block title area, and the margins.
DRAWING SYMBOLS Lines
CL
Object Lines Dimension/Extension Lines Hidden/Invisible Lines Center Lines
DRAWING SYMBOLS Graphic Symbols - General 4 A-6
7
Wall Section
A-5
Detail Section
BB A-4
Building Section
6
Revision Marker
Reference Symbols refer reader to another part of the document Examples: D2 21 0 2
4
Graphic Scales
A-512
Detail Indicator
3
Sheet Keynote 2
VESTIBULE 101
Room Identifier
Column Grid Indicator
Note Blocks
Note Blocks
The Note Block is the module or modules in the drawing area for General Notes, Keynotes, and Key Plans.
Sheet Keynotes
GENERAL SHEET NOTES 1. IIII II III III IIII IIII 2. II III II II IIIII III 3. II IIIII II IIII IIIIII 4. I II IIII III IIIIIII II 5. III I II IIII IIIII III
REFERENCE KEYNOTES
IIIII.I IIIII.I IIIII.I IIIII.I IIIII.I
III III IIII II II II IIIII II I II IIII III III IIIIIII II IIII IIIII III SHEET KEYNOTES
1
III III IIII II
2
III III II II IIII
3
IIII II I II IIII
Order of Sequence: General Notes
Reference Notes Sheet Keynotes
Drawings CONDOC SYSTEM
G General project requirements Site work TS SB SD C L
Topographic survey Soil borings data Site demolition Civil Landscaping
Drawings
CONDOC SYSTEM
Major disciplines S M P FP E
Structural Mechanical Plumbing Fire Protections Electrical
Drawings
CONDOC SYSTEM
Special elements ID FS SG FF AA Etc.
Interior design Food service Signage/graphics Furniture/furnishings Asbestos abatement
Drawings
CONDOC SYSTEM Major disciplines A Architecture A000, A001, etc. general notes A100, A101, etc. A200, A201, etc. A300, A301, etc. A400, A401, etc. A500, A501, etc. A600, A601, etc.
Schedules, master keynote, legend, Plans Exterior elevations, Sections Vertical circulation, core plan and details Reflected ceiling plans, details Exterior envelope, details Architecture interiors
Drawings Title Block
Name, address, and phone number of the architectural firm Project title and address Owner's name and address Drawing title and sheet number Names and addresses of consultants Notation of who worked on the drawing, including cjecking Dates drawings were issued (such as for bid, permit, and construction) Dates of revisions Architect's seal and signature (when required) Copyright information
Drawings Drawings should also include the basic information required to orient the user, such as: Key plans (showing location of partial plans in relation to the whole) North arrows Scales for drawings (graphic scales are normally included in case drawings are reduced or CAD generated)
Drawings The Cartooning Process Most firms lay out the drawings very early in the project. To establish roughly how many and what kinds of plans, sections, elevations, details, schedules, and other graphic elements will be prepared. Scale and size on sheet Order Interrelationships COVER SHEET
WD CARTOON SET Assignment • • • • •
• • • • •
Use A4 size paper to develop a rough sketch of your WD set. Determine the order of drawings and number ( __ of __ ) Sketch by hand the rough size of each drawing on each sheet Determine the scale needed Convert the real dimensions of the building drawings to the desired scale and show on your papers Make sure that all drawing fit on the size sheet plottable area Label each drawing, include the scale Add north arrow when appropriate Add descriptive text if known (such as window sill detail, east elevation, etc.) Add sheet names, numbers, and drawing title in the border
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Sample Project
Example An Architectural Studio in A College of Engineering Building
Architectural Plan
Structural Plan
Furniture
Reflected Ceiling
Tiling
Lighting Layout
HVAC
Fire Protection
Wall Section
Wall Section
Wall Section
Partial Elevation
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Architectural and Technical Detailing Part 1 Openings: Doors, Windows and Tables 9-3-2017
Sweets • http://sweets.construction.com
Doors, Windows and Tables
Doors
Windows
Tables
Example
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Architectural and Technical Detailing Part 2 Exterior Shading Systems 16-3-2017
Exterior Shading Systems "Sun Louvers"
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Architectural and Technical Detailing Part 3 Building Systems Integration, Reflected Ceiling Plan (RCP) and False Ceiling Details 23-3-2017
Introduction • A building consists of many subsystems • Systems provide spatial and environmental elements • Systems determine the building characteristics
252
Building Systems Mechanical
Envelope
Integration
Interior
Structural
253
Building Determinates
Form
Cost
Performance 254
Mechanical Systems • How important mechanical Systems in the building? – Mechanical systems constitute more than 30% of the cost in office buildings
255
Design Problems!!! Lack of Coordination Overemphasizing a determinate
Aesthetics override performance Cost overrides performance
256
Performance • • • • • •
Spatial Thermal Air Quality Acoustical Visual Integrity
257
Integrated Building Systems • In a successfully designed project, building systems, materials, and products must be integrated to create a unified whole that achieves the desired functional purpose. • An integrated solution results from a design approach that considers the characteristics of each component proposed in the project and searches for opportunities for dual functions or for sharing of volume.
Smart Building Integration
Reflected Ceiling Plan • Reflected ceiling plan is part of the overall architectural drawings. • It shows the lighting, sprinklers, smoke detectors, and any other objects that are located in or on the ceiling, such as the mechanical air diffusers and grilles. • Reflected ceiling plan (RCP) is named so because it is a mirror image (reflected) view of the floor plan. You are looking up at the ceiling. You will see the lights and various ceiling elements in the view.
Reflected Ceiling Plan
Reflected Ceiling Plan
Reflected Ceiling Plan • • • •
Architectural Features. Lighting fixtures. HVAC ducts and diffusers. Fire Fighting: Smoke detectors, Alarms and Suppressions. • IT and Security: Data show, Computer Networks, Surveillance cameras, …
Requirement • Each student is required to develop reflected ceiling plans for all floors in their project.
Mood or Inspirational Board
False Ceiling Details
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Materials and Digital Tectonics Part 1 Reflected Ceiling Plan Integrated Building Systems 30-3-2017
RFC Reflected Ceiling Plan Integrated Building Systems 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
HVAC Lighting Fire Fighting Sound Systems Security & Surveillance CCTV
Other - IT - Communication - …
Videos • Basics of HVAC – https://youtu.be/ScVBPAitibQ
• Fire Sprinkler Systems Explained – https://youtu.be/o-ylvugYc0w
• Understanding CCTV Systems – https://youtu.be/F01qz4Or20Y
حساب االحمال الحراريه • اسهل طرٌقه فى حساب االحمال الحرارٌه لالماكن الصغٌره هى: • طول فى عرض فى ارتفاع فى 300حمل حرارى على 8000وحده حرارٌه برٌطانٌه ٌساوى ناتج بالحصان
Return
Supply
Acoustical Tiles
Lighting
False Ceiling
Roof
Duct Beam
Supply diffuser
Fire Fighting
Fire Fighting
Sound System
Security & Surveillance
Security & Surveillance CCTV
Security & Surveillance CCTV
Example An Architectural Studio
Architectural Plan
Structural Plan
Furniture
Reflected Ceiling
Lighting Layout
HVAC
Fire Protection
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Materials and Digital Tectonics Part 1 Structural Systems Review 13-4-2017
What is STRUCTURE? •
• •
•
•
•
One of the greatest problems of designing today is the fact that engineers can solve ANY problem. Anything can be built! Structural "realities" are perceived as no longer imposing limitations upon the design architect. Form does not have to be dictated by structure or even follow a function. Many of the seemingly undeniable "truths" of architectural design have been rendered meaningless. Yet, gravity persists despite this incredible freedom of choice. Buildings must stand up at the end of a real or virtual working day.
What is STRUCTURE? The word structure can be used alone or in conjunction with many other descriptive words. Dictionaries can be consulted to find the following definitions: – manner of construction – the arrangement of particles or parts in a substance or body – arrangement or interrelation of parts as dominated by the general character of the whole – the aggregate of elements of an entity in their relationships to each other – the composition of conscious experience with its elements and their combinations – something that is constructed – something that is arranged in a definite pattern of organization – the action of building
The Architect’s Responsibilities
Basics
Strength vs. Stability There are two issues that are crucial to the understanding of Architectonics: • Strength the capacity of the individual elements, which together make up a structural system, to withstand the load that is applied to it. • Stability the capability of a structural system to transmit various loadings safely to the ground. Any structural system can be studied in light of these two issues. For example, the column of the Greek temple is an element that can experience a strength (crushing) failure, or a system (buckling) failure. It is/was part of a larger structural system.
Structural Scales •
There are multitudes of different scales at which one should perceive structures. • Each scale reveals beauty and provides an amazing amount of information at the same time. • Seeing the information at each level of perception is critical. • Learning to see the structure of the world around us is an important part of life.
Structural Anatomy •
It is critical to the success of an architect that she/he be able to see beyond the skin of a building; beyond the surfaces of a space and into the load-bearing structure. • Understanding the nature of the fabric from which space is molded enables one to create the seams between spaces. • Understanding the load-bearing structure of a building is to understand the space that is being created.
Structural Elements •
The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: • Linear – Columns – Beams
•
Surface – Walls – Slabs
•
Spatial – Facade Envelope – Core – Building as System
Structural Elements Basic Structural Elements •
•
The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: Linear – Columns – Beams
Structural Elements Basic Structural Elements • •
The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: Surface – Walls – Slabs
Structural Elements Basic Structural Elements • •
The basic structural elements can be reduced to those which are: Spatial – Facade Envelope – Core – Building as System
Natural Structures
Natural Structures
Forces
What is a Force? •
The one constant around the world is the action of gravity upon each and every structure that is erected. • The primary function of all structural design is to make a building stand-up. • Understanding architectonics will enable a designer to include these issues as part of a design language that will create a significantly clearer architectural expression.
What is a Force?
•
Primary to the study of structural systems is the concept of a force. • A force is actually a very abstract conception. • It can be defined, but it cannot become physically apparent until it meets resistance.
What is a Force? • A "force" is an action that changes, or tends to change, the state of motion of the body upon which it acts. • It is a vector quantity that can be represented either mathematically or graphically. • A complete description of a force MUST include its: – MAGNITUDE – DIRECTION and SENSE – POINT OF APPLICATION
What is a Force?
Forces Acting in Structures • Forces induced by gravity – Dead Loads (permanent): self-weight of structure and attachments – Live Loads (transient): moving loads (e.g. occupants, vehicles)
• • • • •
Forces induced by wind Forces induced by earthquakes Forces induced by rain/snow Fluid pressures Others
Forces in Structural Elements 10 0 lb
10 0 lb
Tension
Compression
Forces in Structural Elements 10 0 lb Bending
Torsion
Forces Acting in Structures
Vertical: Gravity
Lateral: Wind, Earthquake
Global Stability
Slidin g
Overturning
Loads
Sources of Building Loads
Loads
Loads
Loads
Loads
Loads
Loads
Loads
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Process
Process
Grid/Module
Grid/Module
Design and Structural Grid/Module
Grid/Module
Grid/Module
Grid/Module
Systems
STRUCTURE TYPES: MATERIALIZATION OF A CUBE
POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES
Most architectural structures are of the post-and-beam type. Post and beam buildings carry the weight of their structural components (and the weight of objects and people in them) by bearing on one another. The weight of the roof and beams is carried by the posts down to the foundation and then into the ground. Horizontal beams are subject to bending loads, therefore the structural materials should be able of resisting both tension and compression. We can further subdivide the post and beam structures into:
POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS
POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS
POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: LOAD BEARING WALLS
POST AND BEAM STRUCTURES: SKELETON FRAME
ARCHES, VAULTED HALLS, AND DOMES
ARCHES AND VAULTED ROOFS
DOMES
PORTAL FRAMES
PORTAL FRAMES
TRUSSES
TRUSSES
SPACE FRAMES
SPACE FRAMES
SPACE FRAMES
FOLDED ROOFS
FOLDED ROOFS
Examples of Structures
SHELLS
SHELLS
SHELLS
TENSILE STRUCTURES
TENSILE STRUCTURES
TENSILE STRUCTURES
TENSILE STRUCTURES
END
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Technical Specifications Part 1 International Specifications 4-5-2017
Specifications Definition Written requirements for materials, equipment, and construction systems as well as standards for products, workmanship, and the construction services required to produce the work.
Specifications
• CSI The Construction Specifications Institute publishes conventions for specifications organization, format, and development.
• MASTERFORMAT A master list of section titles and numbers as well as a format for the organization of individual specification sections. • AIA's MASTERSPEC and SPECSystem
• The old Construction Specification Institute CSI's 16-division MasterFormat™
• The new 2004 Construction Specification Institute CSI's 16-division MasterFormat™ • Increase from 16 to 50 divisions.
reserved for future expansion.
•
Numbers
•
Section numbers modified accordingly.
•
For
continuity, Divisions 03 to 14 remain
basically the same.
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004
Procurement and Contracting Requirements Group Introductory Information 00 Procurement and Bidding Requirements Contracting Requirements Contracting Requirements
Subgroup 1 General Requirements
Specifications Group General Requirements 01 General Requirements
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup
2 Site Construction
02 Existing Conditions
3 Concrete
03 Concrete
4 Masonry
04 Masonry
5 Metals
05 Metals
6 Wood and Plastics
06 Wood, Plastics, and Composites
7 Thermal and Moisture Protection
07 Thermal and Moisture Protection
8 Doors and Windows
08 Openings
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004 Facility Construction Subgroup (continued)
9 Finishes
09 Finishes
10 Specialties
10 Specialties
11 Equipment
11 Equipment
12 Furnishings
12 Furnishings
13 Special Construction
13 Special Construction
14 Conveying Systems
14 Conveying Equipment 15 – 19 Reserved
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004
Facility Services Subgroup 20 Reserved 13 Special Construction
21 Fire Suppression
15 Mechanical
22 Plumbing
15 Mechanical
23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning 24 Reserved
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004
Facility Services Subgroup (continued) 13 Special Construction
25 Integrated Automation
16 Electrical
26 Electrical
13 Special Construction
27 Communications
13 Special Construction
28 Electronic Safety and Security 29 Reserved
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004 Site and Infrastructure Subgroup 30 Reserved
2 Site Construction
31 Earthwork
2 Site Construction
32 Exterior Improvements
2 Site Construction
33 Utilities
2 Site Construction
34 Transportation
2 Site Construction
35 Waterway and Marine 36-39 Reserved
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004
Process Equipment Subgroup 11 Equipment
40 Process Integration
11 Equipment
41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment
11 Equipment
42 Process Heating, Cooling and Drying Equipment
11 Equipment
43 Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment
Divisions MasterFormat 1995
MasterFormat 2004
Process Equipment Subgroup (continued) 11 Equipment
44 Pollution Control Equipment
11 Equipment
45 Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment 46-47 Reserved
16 Electrical / Construction
13 Special
48 Electrical Power Generation 49 Reserved
Specifications Methods of Specifying
• Performance Approaches – Listing required performance qualities of products and assemblies
• Proprietary Approaches – Listing products and assemblies by one or more manufacturers and trade names
• The architect may use allowances and unit prices for parts of the work that cannot be accurately quantified or qualified at the time of bidding.
Specifications Methods of Specifying
1. Performance approaches • Brevity, simplicity and familiarity. • Augmented with reference to standards, narrative descriptions of materials' qualities, and performance requirements. • Commonly include "or approved equal" provisions.
Specifications Methods of Specifying
2. Proprietary approaches • Best in principle because they "specify the end result required" • Flexibility and creativity in meeting the requirements. • Complicated by the vast number of qualities that affect the finished result. • Uncertainty of the actual appearance of the final product. Construction Documents
Specifications Methods of Specifying
3. Reference standards • Reference to standards published by industry associations and testing organizations. • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) • American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) • The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) • Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) • American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) • American Plywood Association (APA) • American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) • Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
Construction Documents
Specifications Scope
• Broad Scope specifications cover entire complex systems or groups of related fabrications (unit masonry or metal fabrications) in one section. • The advantage of specifying entire system together in one section. • Narrow Scope specifications brake the work into components (brick masonry, masonry mortar, steel stairs) • Easier to edit but many related sections must be carefully cross-referenced. Construction Documents
Specifications Levels of Restrictiveness
• One manufacturer's product • Several products • Any product that meets specified criteria Publicly funded projects • require specification of several brands of products. • Qualified manufacturers should be able to compete equitably for the work. Private work • architects have the right to specify restrictively Construction Documents
Specifications Levels of Restrictiveness
Master specifications Covers an entire topic, including a range of options Should be clear, concise, precise, and inclusive with accurate and up to date references to brand names and standards. Modified and edited for each project Specifications editor fills in blanks, deletes options, incorporates special requirements. Computers are widely used to produce specifications with the specifier editing text directly on the screen. Excellent starting points for writing specifications Offer good checks against important omissions, as well as consistency and uniformity of language
Construction Documents
END Construction Documents
FUE - Future University in Egypt Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Architectural Engineering
ARC472 - Execution Design (2) Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub Lecture: Technical Specifications Part 2 Egyptian Specifications 11-5-2017
المواصفات وأنواعها • تحتوي المواصفات على جمٌع الشروط والمواصفات الواجب توافرها فً المواد المستخدمة فً صناعة التشٌٌد ،كما تحتوي على أسس الصناعة وأسالٌب القٌاس ،والمقادٌر القٌاسٌة التً ُتعتبر أساسا ً للحكم على صالحٌة العمل. • فالمقصود من المواصفات فً عقود التشٌٌد:
«هي مجموعة االشتراطات والتوصيات التي يتم كتابتها وتوثيقها للرجوع إليها عند أعمال التنفيذ والتسلم».
المواصفات وأنواعها • تعتبر المواصفات أحد مستندات العقد الرئيسية وٌُعبر عنها كاشتراطات عامة فً صورة المواصفات العامة ،أو كاشتراطات خاصة فً صورة مواصفات خاصة بالمشروع. • ونظراً إلى أن مواصفات المشروع من مسئوليات المهندس المصمم (المعماري واإلنشائً) فإن ذلك ٌتطلب: – إلماما ً واسعا ً واطالع مستمر ،وقدرة على كتابة المواصفات بطريقة واضحة ودقيقة وسهلة الفهم. – وهذا ٌُحتم على من ٌقوم بكتابة المواصفات على دراية بكل ما هو جديد في عالم اإلنشاء والتشييد ،وأن ٌكون مطلعا ً على صفات وخصائص المواد وما بها من مميزات وعيوب وكذلك أسعارها. – أن ٌكون مُلما ً بأنواع ال ُمعدات وإنتاجيتها ،وخصائصها وتكلفة التشغٌل، والصٌانة ،وممٌزات وعٌوب استخدام هذه المعدات فً ظروف وطبٌعة المشروعات المختلفة.
اإلشتراطات العامة • قامت الكثٌر من الهٌئات العالمٌة المهتمة بمجال صناعة التشٌٌد بوضع اشتراطات عامة ،بغرض تدوٌلها واالستفادة منها عند كتابة عقود التشٌٌد، وبخاصة فً المشروعات الدولٌة. • ومن أمثلة الهٌئات العالمٌة التً قامت بجهد كبٌر فً هذا المجال هم :الهٌئة األمرٌكٌة للهندسة المعمارٌة ،وجمعٌة الهندسة المدنٌة األمرٌكٌة ،والجمعٌة البرٌطانٌة للهندسة المدنٌة ،وغٌرها.
االشتراطات العامة تحتوي االشتراطات العامة عاد ًة على: • تعرٌف عام بالمشروع ومن هو المالك والمقاول والمصمم. • محتوٌات العقد ومستنداته • حقوق ومسئولٌات المقاول • حقوق ومسئولٌات المصمم • الزمن المُقدر لتنفٌذ المشروع • أسلوب التعامل المادي بٌن المالك والمقاول • الشروط المرتبطة بأي تغٌٌرات فً بنود المشروع • التأمٌنات والضمانات الالزمة • األسلوب الواجب اتباعه لفض أي منازعات.
اإلشتراطات الخاصة • وهً اإلشتراطات التكمٌلٌة التً ُتضاف إلى االشتراطات العامة ،وذلك لتحقٌق بعض متطلبات المشروع ،والتً لم تتحقق باالشتراطات العامة ،أو ٌُراد منهاتعدٌل بعض بنود االشتراطات العامة ،لتناسب ظروف المشروع تحت الدراسة .ومن أمثلة االشتراطات الخاصة ما ٌلً: • • •
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تغٌٌر نظام التأمٌنات المنصوص علٌه فً االشتراطات العامة. اشتراطات خاصة بإعطاء المالك بعض الحرٌة فً إحداث تغٌٌرات فً بنود المشروع دون زٌادة فً األسعار. مسئولٌة المالك عن توفٌر بعض المعدات أو المواد غٌر المتوفرة محلٌا ً .وتوفٌر بعض الخدمات الخاصة مثل :األعمال المساحٌة أو أعمال اختبار التربة أو الخدمات العامة (تلٌفونات -كهرباء -مٌاه) اشتراطات عدم انشغال المقاول بأعمال أخرى أثناء فترة تنفٌذ المشروع ،أو وضع حدود لذلك. غرامات التأخٌر وكٌفٌة تحمل المخاطر كل حسب نوعه
المواصفات وأنواعها • مواصفات التقنية Technical Specifications • وهً المواصفات التً تحدد أسلوب التنفٌذ ،والتقنٌات الواجب استخدامها فً ذلك .وعادة ٌتم وضع تصور كامل لتنفٌذ البنود المختلفة حسب المواصفات التً ٌضعها المهندس المصمم ،وفً إطار اإلشتراطات العامة ،مثل :أعمال الحفر ،الخرسانات ،أعمال العزل ،أعمال الكهرباء..وهكذا. • وفً كل بند من البنود السابقةٌ ،تم توصٌف المواد الواجب استخدامها، ومستوى العمالة المطلوبة للتنفٌذ ،وجودة المعدات ،وتحدٌد أسلوب المتابعة، والتأكد من التزام المقاول بما جاء فً هذه المواصفات من خالل اإلختبارات الدورٌة مثل :اإلختبارات غٌر المُتلفة ،والفحص المستمر على ما ٌتم تنفٌذه.
المواصفات وأنواعها • مواصفات اآلداء Performance Specifications • والمقصود بذلك المواصفات الواجب أن ٌكون علٌها البند بعد إنجازه ،بمعنى أن ٌكون فً صورة مرضٌة ،وٌؤدي الغرض منه بكفاءة .فً هذا النوع من ُترك للمقاول اختٌار أسلوب التنفٌذ والتقنٌة المناسبة ،على أن المواصفات قد ٌ َ ٌضمن تحقٌق جمٌع اإلشتراطات والمواصفات وتحمل أي أعمال ُتخالف ذلك عند التسلم واختبار األعمال المنفذة ،وهذا ٌعطً مرونة للمقاول فً استخدام ما ٌراه مناسبا ً من تقنٌات وأسلوب تنفٌذ من واقع خبرته فً العمل بهذا المجال.
المواصفات وأنواعها • مواصفات المواد والعمالة Material & Workmanship Specifications • هً المواصفات التً تحدد أنواع وصفات المواد المُستخدمة ،سواء الصفات الطبٌعٌة او المٌكانٌكٌة للمادة ،باإلضافة إلى اشتراطات النقل والتداول والتخزٌن والتركٌب. • أما بخصوص العمالة فتوضع لها بعض االشتراطات ،من ناحٌة مستوى الخبرة المطلوب ،ومستوى اآلداء ،وبخاصة األعمال التً تحتاج لدقة عالٌة فً اآلداء مثل :أعمال اللحام ،وبعض أعمال التركٌبات المٌكانٌكٌة ،ومن حق المالك أو من ٌمثله إجراء اإلختبارات الالزمة للتأكد من توافر المهارات المطلوبة لدى المرشحٌن للقٌام بهذه األعمال ،من لم تثبت جدارته فٌتم استبداله بمعرفة المقاول وتحت مسئولٌته.
المواصفات وأنواعها • المواصفات المحددة Closed Specifications • المقصود بهذه المواصفات تحدٌد نوع معٌن من المواد أو العمالة والمعدات، وذكر ذلك فً اإلشتراطات و المواصفات .مع عدم السماح باستبداله ببدٌل مناسب .وٌمكن فً هذه الحالة ذكر اسم المادة أو المواصفات الخاصة بها، والتً ال تتوافر إال فً هذا النوع ،وكثٌراً ما ُتستخدم هذه المواصفات فً أعمال القطاع الخاص ،بٌنما ال ٌُفضل استخدامه فً أعمال الحكومة والقطاع العام حتى ال ٌكون أحد وسائل المحاباة أو العمل على تسوٌق أنواع معٌنة من المواد أو المعدات دون غٌجاد المنافسة الالزمة بٌن الموردٌن.
المواصفات وأنواعها • المواصفات المفتوحة Open Specifications • هً المواصفات التً ٌجب توافرها فً المواد المُستخدمة ،دون التقٌد بنوع معٌن ،بحٌث ٌعطً للمقاول حرٌة التعامل مع أي من الموردٌن ،بشرط توافر هذه المواصفات فٌما ٌتم استخدامه من المواد .وفً بعض الحاالت قد ٌضطر المهندس إلى تحدٌد نوع معٌن من المواد لتحقٌق جودة خاصة ،مع إعطا المقاول فرصة لتغٌٌر ما تم تحدٌده من مواد فً إطار الصفات المذكورة ،وذلك لرفع درجة المنافسة بٌن الموردٌن وبالتالً تقلٌل األسعار. وفً حالة وجود أي خالفات بٌن المالك والمقاول ٌتم اللجوء إلى اإلستشاري إلبداء الرأي.
المواصفات وأنواعها • المواصفات القياسية Standard Specifications • وهً المواصفات التً توضع من قِ َبل الهٌئات المتخصصة والمسئولة عن تنفٌذ بعض المشروعات الخاصة ،مثل هٌئة الطرق والكباري ،حٌث تقوم بوضع المواصفات القٌاسٌة لتنفٌذ بنود تشٌٌد اعمال الطرق والكباري ،وقد توضع هذه المواصفات من ِقبل النقابات المهنٌة. ِ
المواصفات وأنواعها • حساب الكمٌات Quantity Surveys • المقصود به هو حساب كمٌات المواد واألعمال الالزم تنفٌذها فً شكل بنود الزمة إلستكمال المشروع ،وذلك لوضع خطة وأسلوب تنفٌذ هذه البنود، وبالتالً حساب التكلفة لكل بند من المواد والمعدات والعمالة. • ومن ثم تحدٌد التكلفة المباشرة للبند ،وبإضافة التكلفة غٌر المباشرة ٌتم تحدٌد التكلفة الكلٌة للبنود .ومن ثم تكلفة المشروع جداول الكمٌات هً أحد مستندات العقد ،وٌتم تجهٌزها بواسطة المهندس المصمم ،و ُترفق مع مستندات العطاء إال أن هذه الكمٌات التً ٌتم حسابها من قِبل المصمم ال ُتعتبر ملزمة ،بل ُتعتبر حسابات تقدٌرٌةٌ ،تم مراجعتها والتأكد من دقتها المقاول.
المواصفات الفنٌة لألعمال اإلعتٌادٌة .1شروط ومواصفات أعمال الحفر والردم .2شروط ومواصفات أعمال الخرسانة العادية .3شروط ومواصفات أعمال الخرسانة .4شروط ومواصفات أعمال المباني .5شروط ومواصفات أعمال العزل .6شروط ومواصفات أعمال البياض .7شروط ومواصفات أعمال الدهانات .8شروط ومواصفات أعمال األرضيات والبالط .9شروط ومواصفات أعمال الشبابيك واألبواب المعدنية .10شروط ومواصفات أعمال األلومونيوم .11شروط ومواصفات أعمال النجارة .12أعمال الطرق
Construction Documents
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