2013 #2naturewild

NatureWILD Magazine for Young Naturalists in British Columbia

The Marine Issue

No Mother Could Give More

Volume 14 Issue 2 2013

Bioluminescence

LISTENING DOWN DEEP

A Humpback Whale.

Photo by Max Bakken.

Poop Piles, Jelly Blobs and More!

ROCK ‘N’ POOL

www.ync.ca

“Young Naturalists Observe and Conserve”

Inside...

3 4 6

MarineWORD Marine Worms

Listening Down Deep

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No Mother Could Give More

11Bioluminescence 12 Rock ‘n’ Pool 14 Ask Al 15 NatureWILD News 16 Ocean Wordsearch Questions? Comments?

Ian McKeachie, President info@ync.ca Kristine Webber, Executive Director kristinewebber@ync.ca Tammy Keetch, Clubs Coordinator coordinator@ync.ca Rebecca Baker, Membership and Office Coordinator info@ync.ca NatureWILD Editorial Committee Content Editor: Daphne Solecki Production Editor: Monica Belko Editorial Assistant: Ruth Foster Contributor: Al Grass

1620 Mt. Seymour Rd. North Vancouver, BC V7G 2R9

www.ync.ca 2

Hello, YNC members, A favourite part of my summer vacation is a trip to the seashore. I can lose myself for hours exploring tidal pools, peeking under barnacle-encrusted rocks and watching the sun sparkle off the water. This summer I’ll be taking my copy of Explore the Rocky Shore by Sheila Byers to help me identify nudibranchs and periwinkles. (Thanks to Nature Vancouver and Sheila Byers all renewing YNC Families will get a copy of this fantastic resource.)

Kristine Webber, Executive Director Young Naturalists’ Club of British Columbia info@ync.ca

YNC is an exciting nature discovery and environmental action program

that invites young people ages 5-12 years to discover nearby nature on Explorer Days with local experts, learn about native wildlife and plants in NatureWILD Magazine and take part in environmental actions to protect their habitat with the Action Awards program.

For more information: www.ync.ca.

Nature Clubs across BC

Check out the interactive map at www.ync.ca to find a club near you!

Lower Mainland - Vancouver, LM Home Learners, North Vancouver, Stanley Park, Burke Mountain Naturalists, Eastern Fraser Valley, Nicomekl, University Hill Elementary, Lord Kitchener Elementary, Carnarvon Elementary, Anmore Elementary, James Kennedy Elementary, Tri-Cities, Grandview Elementary, Nightingale Elementary, Ecole Jules Quesnel Vancouver Island - Victoria,Victoria Home Learners, Cowichan Valley, Cowichan Valley Home Learners, Nanaimo, Nanaimo 10+, Oceanside (Parksville/Qualicum), Comox Valley, North Vancouver Island, Queen Margaret’s School, Port Alberni Gulf Islands - Denman Island, Quadra Island, Mayne Island Central Coast - Shearwater Elementary, Bella Bella Community School Thompson/Okanagan - Kamloops, Salmon Arm, Kelowna, North Okanagan, Lillooet Home Learners, North Shuswap Elementary ‘Bugs R Us’, Carlin Elementary Kootenays - Nelson, Rocky Mountain (Cranbrook)

Thank you to our sponsors and supporters who share our vision that all children be connected with nature.

NATURE

VANCOUVER

RR Donnelley

We acknowledge the financial assistance of the Province of British Columbia

North - Williams Lake, Prince George, Fort St. John Home Learners, Denny Island

ISSN: 1492-7241 NatureWILD is printed on SFI certified paper by Benwell Atkins an RR Donnelley Company,Vancouver.

MarineWORD

ACROSS 1- Our closest ocean 3- Common bird found at the beach 5- Another large ocean (between North America and Europe) 7- Pretty object found on the beach 9- Huge marine mammal that consumes plankton 11- Crustacean that hides under rocks at the beach 13- Marine animal with a bell-shaped, gelatinous body 15- Small collection of water found at low tide 17- Tiny grains of crushed rock found at the beach DOWN 2- Green aquatic plants found at the beach 8- Massive ocean wave that may cause damage to coastal areas 10- Another word for the beach is sea_ _ _ _ _ 14- Fish that goes out to sea then comes back to freshwater to spawn 18- A playful and smart marine mammal DIAGONAL 4- Tiny microscopic organisms that live in ocean water 6- Star-shaped animal found near the ocean 12- Animal with tentacles (see page 8 of this issue) 16- What surfers ride (not a surfboard)

Answers on page 16 (back page).

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Poop Piles, Jelly and More!

Would it surprise you if I said marine worms have a hard life? Like their relatives the earthworms, marine worms are tremendously important in the marine environment; yet no-one really gives them credit for the amazing work they do.

By Sheila Byers

Feces or poop pile

Tailshaft Lugworm Burrow

Headshaft

Anus or tail

Sheila amidst the lugworm poop.

Photo courtesy Sheila Byers.

Poop Piles

Mouth or head

Branchiae or gills

Marine worms, known as bristleworms, are worms that have bundles of bristles projecting from their fleshy feet.

Imagine - worms with feet! (See NatureWILD Volume 12, Issue 4, 2011) Like earthworms in your garden, bristleworms are vital to the health of the mudflats in which they live. Their non-stop activity stirs up the mud and brings oxygen back into it, while helping to compost organic matter and recycle nutrients.

This process is called bioturbation (from the Greek word: bio = life, and Latin word: turbare = stir up or disturb).

Some bristleworms that are especially good at bioturbation are called lugworms. Lugworms are active diggers, creating their own burrow in which to live. We would likely not even realize the lugworms were there except for one rather distinctive clue – their poop piles!

When you explore the vast intertidal flats at Boundary Bay on a good low tide, you will see lots of ‘poop piles’ scattered about the surface. These poop piles (little heaps of coiled muddy tubes) show that burrowing lugworms are at work. Lugworms dig out their U-shaped burrows in protected, undisturbed flats of gooey mud and sand in intertidal and shallow water areas. The lugworm lies in this burrow with its head under the headshaft, swallowing sand from time to time and sorting out organic matter that it digests. Sometimes you can see a saucer-like dip on the surface of the mud – this locates the head-shaft.

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Blobs Inside the burrow, the lugworm contracts its muscles to make the water and sand flow along its body from tail to head, bringing more organic matter towards its mouth for it to swallow. Nutrient-rich waste material and undigested muddy sand comes out from its tail end (or anus), and ends up as a neat poop pile surrounding the tail-shaft opening.

A lugworm - Abarenicola pacifica. Photo by Bernie Hanby.

The bioturbating activity of lugworms, burrowing and swallowing mud and sand, is rather like the way humans turn over the soil when working in the garden. The organic matter that the lugworm consumes contains microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, protists (single-celled organisms) and nematodes (roundworms). Bacteria help the worm digest the organic matter; then the lugworm digests the bacteria as well. Any undigested bacteria are expelled in the poop piles. The nutrient-rich poop piles become food for all kinds of creatures such as sand dollars and clams that feed in or on the mud.

Jelly Blobs

The attached lugworm egg sac. Photo by Nellie Bacou.

A couple of years ago, I surveyed the intertidal zone at Centennial Beach, Boundary Bay. I was delighted to see poop piles galore, a sign of nutrient-rich mud! Much to my surprise, I also discovered some other peculiar objects: strange-looking, balloon-shaped, jelly-like blobs.

These translucent blobs were not lying loose on the surface of the mud - they were anchored by a stalk. But what were they?

To my surprise, I had discovered something that I had only previously read about: the stalked egg masses of lugworms. Only a few species of lugworm produce stalked egg masses. Now I am being a detective and trying to identify the species in Boundary Bay - but that’s a story for another day.

Lugworm jelly egg mass at Lily Point.

Next time you go exploring mudflats at Boundary Bay or another Photo by Nellie Bacou. tidal area and you see poop piles, you will recognize that lugworms are hard at their work of bioturbation, recycling organic matter and enriching the mud. If you are lucky enough to find jelly blobs, you know these are not plastic bags, water-bombs or garbage. They are egg masses that will hatch into hundreds of baby lugworms – a new generation of marine gardeners getting ready to break out onto the seabed so that they too, can start digging and enriching the mud in which they live.

Sheila Byers is a registered professional biologist specializing in the taxonomy of marine worms and the author of the waterproof guide Explore the Rocky Shore at Stanley Park (published by Nature Vancouver).

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LISTENING DOWN DEEP Text and photographs

by Max Bakken

Long long ago, there were millions of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) in the world’s oceans. If you could have gone down deep, you’d have found it was as loud as a rock concert with the sounds of these animals grunting, clicking, and calling to one another. There were probably up to 200,000 humpback whales in the Pacific Ocean alone.

Sadly, about 400 years ago, people started to hunt whales for their meat and oil. Every year more and more were caught until in the 1930s about 50,000 cetaceans of all kinds were being killed each year! In 1986, the International Whaling Commission banned whaling so that cetacean populations would have a chance to recover. So many cetaceans had been killed that humpback whales were hardly ever seen again in BC until ten years ago - almost 20 years after the ban started.

Pacific Wild is a wildlife conservation organization that is using hydrophones (underwater microphones) to listen to the sounds of the ocean. They have set up a network of four hydrophone stations, spread out over BC’s central coast, which pick up and transmit sounds from below the sea. At the Pacific Wild headquarters near Bella Bella the sound team listens for marine life. This past year they heard dolphins, humpback whales, killer whales, and an earthquake!

You can learn a lot by listening to whales. The noises they make tell researchers how many there are, what kind they are, where they are going, and what they are doing. Sound travels about 4.3 times faster underwater than it does on land, so each hydrophone can pick up a noise even if it is coming from 10 kilometres away. It would be impossible to see a whale that far away!

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Pacific Wild technician Diana Chan “listening down deep” (using a hydrophone).

The most important job of the hydrophone network is to help make big decisions. Without accurate knowledge about cetacean activity on the coast, permission might be given for large scale projects which could harm the marine habitat. For example, there are proposals that would bring a greatly increased number of oil tankers going past the coast each year. Just one spill from a tanker could cause irreparable damage to the environment that these giant whales and all other marine creatures depend upon. The more tankers, the greater the chance of a spill.

Pacific Wild hopes that the data collected by their hydrophone network will help decision-makers ban certain kinds of ships and also re-design shipping routes so that all cetaceans can live without being disturbed by diesel engines, struck by ships, or hurt by oil spills. The network’s goal is to join with other networks to monitor all cetacean activity in BC and keep the ocean safe for them.

Pacific White-sided Dolphins. jumping out of the water.

One of the most exciting things to hear on the network is the sound of humpback whales singing.

Researchers used to think that humpback whales sang as part of a mating ritual. Now they know that only the males sing, and they are often found singing alone and far from breeding grounds. All of the male humpbacks in one area sing a similar song. When one humpback decides to change the song, the rest of them learn it within a couple of weeks. How do the humpbacks in Hawaii know that the humpbacks in BC are singing a different tune? How can noise be transmitted so quickly over such a huge distance? Lots of interesting questions!

The hydrophone network broadcasts are live on the internet so if you would like to hear the humpback whales sing, tune into their hydrophones here...

www.pacificwild.org/site/great-bear-live/hydrophones/hydrophone-audio.html

Author and photographer Max Bakken is the Remote Operations Technician at Pacific Wild, where he designs and installs the central coast hydrophone network. He encountered his first whale at age five, when a beluga at the Vancouver Aquarium spat on him. Since then he has spent much of his life at sea as a photographer, whale watching guide, and fisherman.

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The Giant Pacific Octopus - Enteroctopus dofleini

No Mother Could Give More Text and Photos by Jim Cosgrove My wife and I are in Saanich Inlet, just north of Victoria, swimming 15 metres below the water’s surface.

It is winter and growing dark. Only the beams of our hand-held lights illuminate the surroundings as we move forward. I can hear my heart beat; otherwise the silence is broken only by the sounds of our breathing.

This is a trip we have swum many times in the past eight months, but this time we are hoping to attend a very special birth - 68,000 baby octopuses, maybe more!

As we arrive at the den – a large rock with smaller rocks surrounding it – we see a number of rockfish hovering nearby. They are hungrily waiting for the baby octopuses to appear - this tells us the hatch will occur very soon.

The sealed octopus den.

Quickly I remove some of the small rocks that the mother octopus has placed to block the entrance to the den. A flash of my light confirms that she is still there and that the eggs have not hatched. I replace the rocks, resealing the den.

While hanging upside down, clinging to the roof of the den for 2 to 3 hours at a time, she spent the next 30 days laying approximately 68,000 eggs. As each individual egg came out it was fertilized using sperm she had stored from the mating.

The female octopus selected this den more than eight months ago, after she mated. The nesting den is in water 15 metres deep and provides a space just large enough for the mother and her eggs.

Once the den was selected, the octopus roamed the surrounding area gathering up rocks which she used to block entrances to the den. When all but the last entrance was sealed the female crawled into the den and reached out for the final few rocks which she pulled in to completely seal the den. This prevented predators such as sea stars, crabs and other octopuses from getting in and destroying her eggs.

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A brand new string of octopus eggs!

Here I counted and measured the eggs, and photographed the various stages of development. The eggs in the last string I collected actually began hatching in the lab as the water warmed up.

The octopus mother with her eggs.

Each egg was woven onto a string; when there were approximately 170 eggs then the string was glued to the roof of the den and the female descended to the bottom of the den to rest before laying the next string and the next and the next until there were almost 400 strings!

In each of the past six months I had removed one string of eggs and brought it back to my laboratory in the Royal British Columbia Museum.

Octopus eggs with eye spots showing.

At first, each egg was a gleaming white tear-drop about the size of a grain of rice.

Inside the egg, the baby octopus (called a paralarva) was developing. As the yolk sac was consumed and the paralarva grew larger, it had to switch ends inside the egg.

Through the shells of the eggs I gathered, I saw the eyes of the developing paralarvae.

I also saw when they changed ends in their eggs; this told me that the hatch would happen soon.

The paralarvae are amazing. Measuring 6 mm and weighing about 0.028 grams, they are perfect miniatures of their parents. They have eight tiny arms adorned with a few suckers. They can change colours instantly and, when removed from the egg, can even produce a miniature puff of ink.

The female octopus is as dedicated a parent as you could imagine. Since she laid the eggs she has continuously groomed them with her arms and suckers.

She has blown clean, cold, oxygen rich water over the eggs. She has defended the eggs from predators and kept them clean and free of growths that might have prevented the eggs from hatching. During this entire time, the female has not eaten and survived only on stored energy.

Developing paralarvae.

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Developing paralarvae.

Tonight, in the waters of Saanich Inlet, it is clear that this female will not survive much longer. She is much smaller now and her breath comes in sporadic gasps. Her once brick-red colour is now a deathly grey and her skin shows signs of infection and decay. This is the end of the race that every female octopus faces. If she has stored enough food energy prior to laying her eggs, then she will survive to see all her eggs hatch. On the night of the hatch, when many of the predators are asleep, she will blow all her babies out of the den. Like a living plume of smoke, the paralarvae will swim to the surface where they will join a floating mass of plankton for the next 10 months.

After they hatch, paralarvae grow rapidly; in three years they will become mature adults, the females weighing approximately 20 kg when they mate, while males will average 35 kg.

They only live for 3.5 to 4 years.

As we return to the surface, in the green halo of water illuminated by our lights, we can only marvel at the scenes we have observed.

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Hatching paralarvae (close-up).

Hatching paralarvae.

Jim Cosgrove has been interested in the plants and animals of the ocean for a long time. He is a scuba diver, diving instructor, underwater documentary maker, coauthor of a book on the Giant Pacific Octopus and a founding member of the Canadian Association for Underwater Science. A few years ago he retired as the Manager of the Natural History Section at the Royal BC Museum in Victoria and now spends his summers as the biologist and captain of a whale watching boat.

Bioluminescence THE LIVING LIGHT

By Maja Lampa and Daphne Solecki

From the Greek word bios meaning “living” and the Latin word lumen for “light”.

Bioluminescence is one of nature’s most beautiful mysteries. At dusk, as you wade into the dark summer sea off one of the Gulf Islands, you will leave ripples of light to mark where you have been.

YNC member Maja tells us “I was on Mayne Island when I had my first encounter with bioluminescence and

it was... magical, to say the least. Words can’t even begin to describe what it felt like to be jumping around, and with each strike of my foot on the sand, the ground lit up, expanding like a ripple in a pool, and then vanishing as quickly as it had appeared. But the most amazing thing was swimming in it. I felt like I was in a Disney movie with magical shiny flecks drifting about me. No video game or TV show could ever give me that same feeling of wonder, excitement and connection to the natural world as my first experience with bioluminescence.”

How does this magical light happen? The explanation is almost as strange as the happening itself.

Many of the creatures that live in the sea make their own light and carry it around in their bodies. There are some creatures on land which create bioluminescence such as fireflies but almost all the creatures that make light live in the ocean.

Why? One reason is that in the darkness of the ocean, light is a good way to communicate. Other uses are to hunt prey, defend against predators and to find mates.

Scientists do not yet understand how creatures make this light, but while they are studying it, we can enjoy the amazing light patterns we create as we walk, swim and swirl in the sea on a warm summer evening.

The white areas in these ocean waves is the glowing bioluminescence.

Photos by Jed and Mike (above).

Maja Lampa is a YNC Vancouver member who often visits Mayne Island where she can enjoy the magic of bioluminescence.

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ROCK ‘N’ POOL A read-aloud story

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The tide rolled in and the tide rolled out. It left behind pools of seawater on the rocks. Some were just puddles, but others were like little underwater gardens.

The creatures that lived in the rock pools liked it there. The tide went out and sun shone.

“Aaaaah,” said Anemone with a sigh, as she clung to her rock.

“Hold on tight!” said Barnacle, who was by the seaweed.

Limpet made himself comfy nearby. Mussel had clammed up tight. Her lips were sealed. And Tubeworm had shrunk into his cosy tube for a nap.

“Is it always this quiet here?” said a voice.

“Who said that?” asked Limpet.

“I did,” said a small fish, swimming out of the seaweed.

“My name is Gobie.”

“What are you doing in our rock pool?” asked Tubeworm.

“The tide went out and I got stuck here,” said Gobie.

“Well, you won’t like it here, “said Barnacle. “It’s very quiet.”

“Why don’t you try the rock pool next door, dear?” said Anemone.

Well, they seem like a real bunch of stick-onthe-rocks, thought Gobie.

“As soon as the tide comes in, I’m off again. But until then, I’m stuck,” he said looking around. “So, what do you do for fun?”

“Keep very still,” said Mussel.

“And quiet,” said Limpet.

“Well, that’s easy for you,” said Gobie. “You’re shellfish. That’s what you do.”

“If Herring Gull spots you moving, he’ll swoop down and gobble you up,” said Anemone

“Oh, you needn’t worry about that,” said Gobie.

“Look.” And he hid himself in some seaweed at the bottom of the rock pool. He sat very still and very quiet. The shellfish couldn’t tell what was seaweed and what was Gobie. He was completely hidden.

“Oooh!” said Anemone

“Good, isn’t it” said Gobie.

“So you can stay still!” said Barnacle.

“And quiet!” said Tube worm. “I like you better already,” said Limpet.

“You know,” said Gobie, “I like you too.”

“Oh,” said Mussel. “What’s the matter?” asked Gobie.

“It’s just that when the tide comes in, you’ll be washed away and we’ll never see you again!” wailed Mussel.

“You needn’t worry about that,” said Gobie.

And he showed them his special sucker disc. When the tide came in he stuck fast to the rock and stayed right where he was.

Once the sea covered the rocks, Gobie saw his new friends in a different light too.

Anemone shook out her tentacles. Limpet crawled about, licking algae off rocks with his rough

tongue and Mussel opened her shells and talked and talked and talked. Barnacle really came out of her shell.

Feathery legs exploded out of her top and swayed about in the sea. Even Tubeworm poked his head out of his tube and waved his tentacles about.

“Well,” said Gobie, “it looks like I’m not the only one full of surprises. This is a real party rock pool after all!”

“So,” said Anemone, waving her tentacles in time to the current. “Will you stay, then?”

“You know, I think I will,” said Gobie, swimming around her. It’s only rock and pool but I like it!”

From WILD TIMES, a publication of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, adapted with permission.

Artwork by Kate Slater.

Note to parents: Gobie is the Northern Clingfish (Gobiesox maeandricus).The Northern Clingfish likes to stay low key and doesn’t like to be seen. It hides within seaweed and is often found stuck under rocks. It is also found in tidal pools or on rocky shores.The clingfish lives in the intertidal zone, which means that it lives within the low and high tides.The clingfish is often found among species of fish including gunnels, and sculpins.

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Have a Nature Question?

ASK AL

What’s eelgrass, and why is it important?

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) is a seed bearing (flowering) plant that grows in the ocean – a rarity in nature. It’s not a type of seaweed (alga), nor is it a true grass. It’s a plant with thin straplike leaves that can grow up to 3 metres in length. Its roots grow in muddy habitats such as sheltered bays and deltas.

Eelgrass beds (“meadows”) are important. They provide homes and food for many creatures like fish, crustaceans (crabs), and snails. Anne Murray (Author: A Nature Guide to Boundary Bay) tells us that “most commercially important fish (salmon, herring) spend a part of their lives among eelgrass”.

It is also a very important food for Brant – a species of goose. Other waterfowl feed on eelgrass too, including the Mallard, American Wigeon, Northern Pintail and Canada Goose, thus helping to spread the seeds. Boundary Bay and Roberts Bank in BC’s Lower Mainland are especially important habitats for eelgrass and the wildlife species that depend on it.

Al Grass has worked as a career park naturalist and ranger throughout BC. Now he is a well-known nature tour leader and photographer. Al especially likes birds, insects and spiders.

Can you eat seaweed?

The answer is - most certainly. J. Duane Sept (Author: The Beachcomber’s Guide) says that “people around the world have gathered and eaten seaweed – at least 70 species have been harvested from the Pacific Ocean...”

Sea Lettuce seaweed. Photo by Al Grass.

Dulse is a favourite seaweed snack with folks on the Atlantic coast – it’s chewed like gum! On BC’s coast sea lettuce (Ulva species) is a common green seaweed. It is served with sushi, and can be added to soups and stews for extra flavour. In Japan the harvesting of Laver (nori – another kind of seaweed) is a billion dollar business. It is said to be rich in vitamins. Wakame is a Japanese seaweed salad. Some large brown seaweed (kelp) can be pickled for a tasty treat. Seaweeds are simple plants called algae –brown, green, or red. In the future they may become more important in our diets – tasty and full of healthy benefits.

WINNERS

2013 Nature Vancouver Photo Competition

2nd place: Lady Bugs Katy Bos YNC Vancouver

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Al Grass Award: Red Torch Ginger Flower Jenny Vlaar YNC North Shore 3rd place: Reflection Ella Kaweski YNC Vancouver

W r e I D u t a N NEWS L

Have any comments or questions?

Email the YNC at info@ync.ca

Nature Champions At the BC Nature AGM in May, the YNC was awarded the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation’s Rod Silver Award for its environmental stewardship work. The selection committee felt the YNC projects “went above and beyond their objectives to engage the community, especially youth, in environmental stewardship through its provision of activities, events and resources that connect children with the outdoors.

Collaboration with a broad range of community groups and environmental organizations is testament to the good work YNC is doing and is a sound investment in the future of BC’s fish, wildlife and habitat.”

Members of YNC Williams Lake working on their habitat project.

Photo by J. Trelenberg.

YNC Williams Lake (leaders - S. Hemphill, J. Trelenberg)

adopted an enclosure at the Scout Island Nature Centre. They planted trees and shrubs raised in the native plant nursery to rehabilitate habitat for the ospreys that nest at the marsh edge and to protect the habitat from the road. Now they will monitor the area and dig up any invasive plants they find.

Planning where the Mason Bee holes will go. Photo by C. Higginson.

Learning to operate the drill.

Photo by C. Higginson.

YNC North Okanagan (leaders – A. Deans, K. deGrace, C. Higginson) created

Finished bee homes.

Photo by C. Higginson.

homes for our native Mason Bees, who actually pollinate up to 80% more than Honey Bee colonies. Twelve YNC members learned how to drill nest holes in cedar blocks for the bees to live in. They put a roof on each bee home and a hanger on the back. Each member made a Mason Bee box which they will put up in their gardens.

15 They will monitor the bee homes to see if the bees move in.

The oceans are filled with beautiful and interesting things - find some of them in this ocean wordsearch...

BEACH CLAM FISH MARINE MUSSEL

Ocean Wordsearch

OCEAN PACIFIC SALT SAND SEAGULL

SEAWEED STARFISH TIDEPOOL WAVE WHALE

LISTENING DOWN DEEP

ACROSS 1- PACIFIC 3- SEAGULL 5- ATLANTIC 7- SEASHELL 9- WHALE 11- CRAB 13- JELLYFISH 15- TIDEPOOL 17- SAND ANSWERS

MarineWORD

DIAGONAL 4- PLANKTON 6- SEASTAR 12- OCTOPUS 16- WAVE DOWN 2- SEAWEED 8- TSUMANI 10- SEASHORE 14- SALMON 18- DOLPHIN

www.ync.ca

Checking on the underwater hydrophones. Photo by Max Bakken.

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