Geological Framework BRAZIL
57
Hydrocarbon
Potencial of Bolivia
• Cobija 1
58
BRAZIL
MADRE DE DIOS 60
PERÚ TUI
• Trinidad BYA
BENI
• La Paz
SSM
ISB
GUAPORE SHIELD
63
85 64 VLR
SAD
SNT
IVG
• Cochabamba LJY
48
• Oruro
5
• Santa Cruz
SUBANDEAN
ALTIPLANO 17
• Potosí
CPQ
CHACO
• Sucre
SGM
18
VLQ
EASTERN CORDILERA
79
27
12
PARAGUAY
84
CHILE
• Tarija WESTERN CORDILERA
ARGENTINA
Bolivia is composed by eleven geologic provinces. The provinces of oil interests relate to: Madre de Dios Basin, Beni Plain, Chaco Plain, Northern Subandean, Southern Subandean, Foothills and Altiplano. The existences of abundant seeps, good sources, reservoirs, and seals as well as significant structural deformation, have undoubtedly created numerous traps. Stratigraphic units have given evidences of hydrocarbons production from the top levels of the upper Silurian to lower Tertiary (Upper Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic, Cretaceous and lower Tertiary).
The sequences as a whole are promissory, depending on the location and/or coincidences of basins. Bolivia production history combined with geological terms is propitious to invest in. The information presented in this brochure is intended to provide private companies and institutions, a general overview of exploration potential in Bolivia. As such, it represents a portion of an integrated effort by YPFB to encourage and enhance exploration opportunities within Bolivia.
Madre de Dios Basin 2D Seismic and Wells
This zone coincides with the geological province of the same name and foreland basin Madre de Dios, which is the eastern extension of its Peruvian counterpart. In the southern part, is separated from the exploration area Beni by Alto de Madidi. It comprises an area of 69,000 km2. There are important studies of aeromagnetic, geochemical and seismic surveying. The network seismic lines cover 60% of the area. Four structures (five wells) have been drilled, they had good hydrocarbon evidence (31 º API), in the Upper Devonian (Tomachi Formation) and Lower Carboniferous (Toregua Formation), according to the results of Pando-X1. Morphologically this zone corresponds to an exploratory low-lying alluvial plain and structurally is characterized by northwest-southeast regional slope, generated by moderate distensive fault reactivation in the pre-Andean basement.
REFERENCES Towns Wells Seismic Lines Madre de Dios Blocks Reserved Blocks YPFB Boundaries Capitals
AGE
Devonian
TUTUMO
>250
CHARQUI
>1400
QUENDEQUE
>850
BALA
TRICH
FLORA
JURAS.
MAAS
OLIG. SUP.
DEVONIAN SIL.
LOWER UPPER
LOWER
CARBONIFEROUS
PERMIAN
UPPER
ORDOVIC.
Through seismic stratigraphic interpretation in Madre de Dios, is inferred the presence of reef and stratigraphic traps. The stratigraphic sequences prevailing in this area, includes Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene systems. The Ordovician-Neogene sequence mentioned, represents a wedge from the western sector, overlaping the basement, towards the basin edge and erosion at different levels. The characteristics of a closed basin in three directions and, gentle tectonism, added to a good development of stratigraphic sequence, define this area as favorable for hydrocarbon exploration.
CRET. PG.
Ordoviacian Basament
THICK. m.
UPPER
LITOLOGY
SOURCE
ROCK
RESERVOIR
>200 >80
ESLABON
>200
BEU
>500
BOPI
>200
COPACABANA
RETAMA
Terciary eous Cretac Permian
FORMATION
PLIOC.
Mobil YPFB Mobil
NEOGENE
Sea Level
Bolivia
D’
MIOCENE
Perú
General Stratigraphy Madre de Dios Pando-X1
Los Amigos-2
D
Puerto Primo-2
Cross Section Madre de Dios
>600
KAKA >500 TOREGUA TOMACHI
>350
TEQUEJE
>750
TARENE
>400
ENADERE
>400
MED. LOWER
SUP.
>100 !"
Boomerang - Beni Plain 2D Seismic and Wells
REFERENCES Towns Wells Seismic Lines Beni Plain Blocks Reserved Blocks YPFB Boundaries Capitals
Litoral and El Chore Blocks belongs to Beni plain. Nevertheless, its stratigraphy is related and also encompasses the region of Boomerang Hills. Seismic sections in the southern portion of Beni, extends north from the Boomerang Hills to the Eva Eva thrust, exhibit pronounced thrusted structures lying beneath a prominent unconformity. It is affected by an ancient orogenic front (Paleozoic) along the Andean orogenic front (Miocene-Pliocene) of "Boomerang Hills." It is characterized by the transfer area of BoomerangChapare, is interpreted as an oblique ramp, which structure has been controlled by the northern edge of the Paleozoic sedimentary wedge, oblique in relation to regional direction of shortening. Most of the structures in Llanura Beniana are defined as minor anticlinal folds, oriented in direction that varies slightly between northwest-southeast and west-east. Originated during Andean orogeny. Source rock shales located in the deepest basin parts, are constitute by Silurian shales from
Cross Section Boomerang - Llanura Beniana
General Stratigraphy Boomerang - Llanura Beniana FORMATION
NEÓGENE
MIOCENE
PALEÓ GENO
MAAS
TRICH
LOW.
YECUA PETACA
Thk (m)
1800-3000
250 - 400 5 - 150
CAJONES
70 - 200
YANTATA
100 - 200
ICHOA
200 - 300
NOT DEFINED
50 - 100
IQUIRI
700 - 1100
MED.
LIMONCITO
350
LOWER
CARBONIF.
ROBORE
480
LUDLOVN.
DEVONIAN SILURIAN
TARIQUIA
WESTP.
UPP.
ORDOV.
Formation El Carmen as well as Devonian Roboré Formation, they have a (1-3%) TOC, however are thermally mature > (0.7% Ro). The Devonian sandstones (Limoncito), Cretaceous (Cajones) and Tertiary (Petaca) have high porosity and permeability, therefore are suitable to be good reservoir rocks. Devonian and Tertiary (Yecua Formation) shales constitute good seals. Towards the basin edge, is possible that normal faults may act similar to effective seals, putting together Devonian sandstones with finer sediments. The Devonian sandstones (Limoncito), Cretaceous (Cajones) and Tertiary (Petaca) have high porosity and permeability, therefore are suitable to be good reservoir rocks. As the basin corresponds to a Foreland type, the main traps are: stratigraphic / structural or combined.
OLIG. UPP.
JURASSIC CRET.
AGE
EL CARMEN
300-600
KIRUSILLAS
300-600
CANCAÑIRI
0-30
SAN BENITO N/D BASEMENT
FORMATION
SOURCE ROCK
RESERVOIR
SEAL
Southern Subandean 2D Seismic and Wells
The Southern Subandean zone has 73 630.87 km2, extends to south Rio Grande, and is surrounded for the Eastern Cordillera (tectonic and geomorphologic boundary). The drainage is controlled for steep flanks, sinclinal valleys and old rivers (Río Grande, Parapeti, Pilcomayo and Bermejo). This zone has several geological prospection jobs of surface, seismic and subsoil. The north part highlights for its favorable geological conditions and Ituyuro structural lineament (Camiri field). Morphologically this zone is part of subandean belt with hills (elevations of 1000-2000m) associated to asymmetric folds, all sequence was deformed, folded and greatly affected by Andean Orogeny. The anticlines change of highly compressed to slightly compressed in Miocene-Pliocene age. In the same way the structures are open in Carboniferous lower and Devonian upper. The stratigraphic sequence with high potential covers the systems Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Paleogene and Neogene. About the Petroleum Potential, this zone covers basin west of Silurian-Devonian age where Devonian shales were principal source rocks in the Miocene and Pliocene age (including shales formation sand).
General Stratigraphy Southern Subandean
MGD-X1
IÑA-X1
PRP-X1
CAM-X1 INCAHUASI
1
2
1
3
2
E
CAIPIPENDI
4
AGE
FORMATION
EMBOROZU
MIOCENE
HUACARETA
GUANDACAY
PG.
3
Upper Paleogene - Neogene
2
Carboniferous - Jurassic
3
0
20
4
Devonian Silurian
JURS.
MED.
PERM.
LOW.
300 200
MANDIY. MACHARETI
TOURNAISIAN - VISEAN
CASTELLON TAPECUA
600 300 > 50 260
VITIACUA
180
CANGAPI
250
SAN TELMO ESCARPMENT
200 > 500
TAIGUATI
200
CHORRO
> 300
TARIJA
> 800
ITACUAMI TUPAMBI ITACUA
100 > 200 200
UPP.
IQUIRI LOS MONOS
LOWER
500
IPAGUAZU
MED.
HUAMAMPAMPA
> 400 600 > 600
ICLA
600
SANTA ROSA
600
TARABUCO KIRUSILLAS
LLAND.
CANCAÑIRI
ORDV. ORDV.
> 1.500 > 1.000
LUDLV.
DEVONIAN
CARBONIFEROUS
WESTP. STEPH.
SILUR.
These shales present a big organic matter portion, with TCO content of 0.5% and > 1.5%. During Devonian sedimentation the Icla and Los Monos formations alternated with progradation episodes of deltas related to sand formations (Santa Rosa, Huamampampa e iquiri). These formations present moderate to good secondary porosity. The Huamampampa formation contain depth potential reservoir Tha Devonian reservoirs have porosities between 8% y 14% and the clays intercalate are good seals rocks.
UPP.
> 1.000
YECUA PETACA
BASALTO ENTRE RIOS
LOW
THICK. m.
TARIQUIA
ICHOA TACURU
Leyend 1
OLIG. UPP.
UPPER
4
TRIASSIC
W
NEOGENE
Southern Subandean – Cross Section
> 600 > 700 > 50
> 1000
LITOLOGY
SOURCE
ROCK
RESERVOIR
Foothills 2D Seismic and Wells
The Foothills basin has 33 794.97 km2, is limited for Southern Subandean and Chaco plains, presenting tectonic and geomorphologic contact. This zone has high petroleum relevance, so it has several studies (geological, geophysics, subsoil and geochemical). From the standpoint exploratory this basin is considered as mature zone. In the same way, it was found 22 potential structures were drilled with good production result. The basin presents lower hills, with lower tectonic deformation correspondent the last Andean Orogen. Where there are amplitude structures fault with lower dip slip forming structural tramps open in Neogene . Morphologically the north part corresponds to plain same the Chaco Plain, are different subsoil tectonic characteristic. The stratigraphic sequence consists of Silurian, Devonian, Permian, Jurassic, Triassic, Paleogene and Neogene sediments.
General Stratigraphy Foothills
Foothills - Cross Section E
Sipuati Lineament VGR-X1
Carandaiti - Simbolar Lineament
Bordo-Alto Lineament
AGE
1 2
MIOCENE
ult i Fa end pip i a C
NEOGENE
W
PG.
LOW.
MANDIY.
> 1.000 300 200
ICHOA
500
CASTELLON
600
TAPECUA IPAGUAZU
UPP.
CARBONIFEROUS DEVONIAN
> 1.500
BASALTO ENTRE RIOS
WESTP. STEPH.
SILUR.
About the petroleum potential, this zone extends in southern Silurian-Devonian marine basin, where Devonian finer sediments formations and shales intercalated, were principal sources hydrocarbon in Miocene and Pliocene age. These shales present low organic contain (< 0.5%) to moderate (0.5% - 1%), these parameter is enhanced for its big thickness and large extension.
MED. LOW
MACHARETI
Ordovician
UPPER
Silurian - Devonian
5
TACURU
Carboniferous - Permian
4
TOURNAISIAN - VISEAN
3
300 > 50 260
VITIACUA
180
CANGAPI
250
SAN TELMO ESCARPMENT
200 > 500
TAIGUATI
200
CHORRO
> 300
TARIJA
> 800
ITACUAMI TUPAMBI ITACUA
100 > 200 200
UPP.
IQUIRI
MED.
LOS MONOS
LOWER
Triassic - Jurassic
> 1.000
GUANDACAY
HUAMAMPAMPA
> 400 600 > 600
ICLA
600
SANTA ROSA
600
LUDLV.
10 Km
Upper Paleogene - Neogene
2
PERM.
0
1
TRIASSIC
Leyend
EMBOROZU
YECUA PETACA
OLIG. UPP.
JURS.
5
THICK. m.
TARIQUIA
3 4
FORMATION
TARABUCO
> 600
KIRUSILLAS
LLAND.
CANCAﾃ選RI
> 700 > 50
ORDV. ORDV.
> 1000
LITOLOGY
SOURCE
ROCK
RESERVOIR
Altiplano 2D Seismic and Wells
VLQ-X1
INES 1
2
3 6
10 Km.
SUP.
MIOCN.
FORMATION
THICK. m.
MAURI / LOS FRAILES
250 - 1.000
S. VICENTE-TAMBILLO
200 - 500
POTOCO
500 - 2.800
150 - 500
EOCENE
OLIGC.
NEOGN.
AGE
PALE O G E N E
The presence of source rock in the western part of the area is uncertain. Meanwhile, good source rocks have been determined to be present in the El Molino Formation (TOC 2%.) and Chaunaca Formation (TOC 2.8 % and thickness of 2.5 m). During the Neogene, the Cretaceous source rocks were at different stades within the oil window. In the above-mentioned stratigraphic sequences, there are plenty reservoir and seal rocks. Cretaceous- Cenozoic reservoir rocks have good porosities among 3% to 26%. The exploratory potential of the Pampa Colorada zone is incremented by good structural conditions of the anticlines, with the complete development of the cretaceous targets in medium depths. Although this region is not currently productive, there are two important references of associated productions, such as the depleted oil field of Pirín, in the Peruvian part of Lake Titicaca, and others in northern Argentina, where the Yacoraite Formation, equivalent to the Cretaceous El Molino Formation is the producer. These references maintain the exploratory interest in the area.
General Stratigraphy Altiplano
CAYARA
PALC.
SANTA LUCIA
200
EL MOLINO
300
CHAUNACA
350
AROIFILLA
300
UPPER
6
Cretaceous Silurian-Devonian Cambrian -Ordovician
MIRAFLORES
LOWER
5
LOWER
4
C R ETAC E O U S
3
Miocene - Pliocene Oligocene - Miocene Eocene - Oligocene
DEVON.
Leyend 2
4
5
SILURIAN
5
LUDLOVN. LLANDOV.
3 4
1
E
OLLERIA 1
ORD.
W
NOT DEF.
Altiplano - Cross Section
The Bolivian Altiplano is an extensive exploratory play located between the Eastern and Western Cordilleres. It has an extension of 60.000 km2. Since 1960, both YPFB and private companies carried out a great deal of exploratory activity related to the geology, geophysics, geochemistry, and exploratory drilling. The latter refers to eight scattered drilled wells in the whole region, which provided valuable information to make a better evaluation of the region’s hydrocarbon system parameters. Structurally, the Altiplano can be divided lengthwise into two parts: the eastern and western parts. The former features Neogene hemigrabens formed along the N-S trend transcurrent sinistral faults that formed structures by tectonic inversion during the Andean compression, with good structural conditions for entrapment. The stratigraphic sequence comprises the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene (the DevonianTriassic in the Titicaca lake zone). The Cretaceous is well developed and exposed to the west and south of the Poopó Lake. For the continental and JurassicCretaceous-Paleocene marine sequence, in the whole area, a complex tectonic-stratigraphic model is defined, including the development of rift systems bedded over old extensional or shear faults.
TARAPAYA
10 - 100 > 100
CONDO
10 - 200
BELEN
100
ICLA
200
VILA VILA
>100
NOT DEFINED
>400
NOT DEFINED
> 900
LITOLOGY
SOURCE
ROCK
RESERVOIR
SEAL
SW
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000
8200
8400
8600
8800
9000
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
11800
12000
12200
12400
12600
12800
13000
13200
13400
13600
13800
14000
14200
14400
14600
14800
15000
15200
15400
15600
15800
16000
16200
16400
16600
16800
17200
-360
-320
17000
-680 -720
-720 -800
-800
-760
-760
-680
Base K
-640
-640
-600
-600
-560
-560
-520
-520
-480
-480
-440
-440
-400
-400
-360
-840 -880
-920
-920
-880
Top Devonian
-840
-960
-960 -1080
-1000 -1040 -1080
-1040
Base Upper Devonian
-1000
-1200 -1240
-1240 -1280
-1280
-1200
Basement
-1160
-1160
-1120
-1120 -1360
-1360
-1320
-1320
-1400
-1400 -1480
-1480
-1440
-1440
-1520
-1520 -1600
-1600
-1560
-1560
-1640
-1640 -1720
-1720
-1680
-1680 -1840
-1840
-1800
-1800
-1760
-1760 -1920
-1920
-1880
-1880
-1960
-1960 -2080
-2080
-2040
-2040
-2000
-2000
-2120
-2120
4000
-2200
-2200
-2160
-2160
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
7200
7400
7600
7800
8000
8200
8400
8600
8800
9000
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
11800
12000
12200
12400
12600
12800
13000
13200
13400
1000
13600
13800
14000
14200
14400
14600
14800
2000
15000
15200
15400
15600
15800
16000
3000
16200
4000
16400
16600
16800
17000
17200
5000m
8000
12000
16000
20000
24000
28000
32000
36000
40000
44000
48000
52000
56000
52000
56000
YECUA
60000
64000
PETACA
-1600
CAJONES YANTATA
-1600
1:12534
-800
0
-2280
400
-800
-2240
-2240
-2280
Seismic Information BOLIVIA
NE -320
Pando-X1
-2400
-2400
ICHOA
-3200
-3200
SILURIAN-ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN
-4000
BASEMENT
-4000
PANDO
-4800
-4800
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
24000
28000
32000
36000
40000
44000
48000
0
60000 2000
64000
4000
6000
8000
10000m
1:50000
MADRE DE DIOS
BENI
LA PAZ
SUBANDINO NORTE
BENI
PANTANAL
SANTA CRUZ COCHABAMBA
PIE DE MONTE
CHACO
ORURO
ALTIPLANO
SUBANDINO SUR
4000
12000
16000
20000
24000
28000
32000
36000
-500 -1000
CRETACEOUS
40000
44000
48000
-1500
-1500
TERTIARY
CARBONIFEROUS
-1000
POTOSI
8000
TERTIARY
-500
CHUQUISACA
CRETACEOUS
-2500
-2500
-2000
-2000
CARBONIFEROUS
DEVONIAN
-3000
-3000
4000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
30000
32000
34000
-800 -1600
IQUIRI
4000 1:25600
24000
26000
28000
6000
8000
10000m
44000
46000
42000
44000
46000
IQUIRI
-2000
LOS MONOS
LOS MONOS
-2400
HUAMAMPAMPA
HUAMAMPAMPA
-2800
ICLA
ICLA
SANTA ROSA
SANTA ROSA
-3200
22000
2000
42000
PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS
SILURIAN
-3600
SILURIAN
BASEMENT
-4000
-2800 -3200 -3600
20000
0
40000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
-4000
18000
38000
-3600
16000
36000
CRETACEOUS
PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS
-1200
-800 -1200 -2000 -2400
-1600
10000
CRETACEOUS
-3200
-3600
14000
44000
-2800
-3200
12000
40000
-2400
-2800
10000
36000
-2000
-2400
0
8000
32000
-1600
-2000
PRE-RIFT BASEMENT
6000
28000
-1200
-1600
RIFT
4000
24000
-800
-1200
EL MOLINO
2000
20000
-400
-800
TRANSITION
POTOCO
16000
TERTIARY
-400
-400
FOREDEEP SAN VICENTE
12000
28000
-400
2000
BASEMENT 8000
-4500
-4500
BASEMENT
-4000
SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN
-4000
-3500
DEVONIAN
SILURIAN ORDOVICIAN
-3500
TARIJA
26000
28000
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
40000
48000
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