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SOFT ARCHITECTURE

PORTFOLIO 2011-2016

Yu a n H U A N G Portfolio of Yuan HUANG |1

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Concept

Soft architecture is an urban sensor, who changes with the difference of nearby environment, even if the subtlest falling rain.

The Resilent Housing Against Storm Events.

Soft architecture is inconspicuous, modest, hidding in the city and making contribution to the surrounding environment in silence.

The Urban Complex.

Soft architecture owns character of urbanity, provides benefit for local residents. It is understated, intergrating into urban textile and never forcibly occupy large area for itself.

The Form Code of International Community.

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Soft architecture is a good listener of local culture, making people comforting and willing to get closer. Instead of aggressively erasing the historical imprints of the site, it carefully protects them and responds to them.

The Folk Museum.

Soft architecture is a body with tranditional soul. It may become the so called "less is more", but it still owns traditional character.

The House with Five Yards.

This is what I understand a soft architecture is.

Content

Resilient Housing Against Storm Events

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Individual Work, Graduation Design Contribution: All 2016

[Environmental Design: Climate, lifestyle & history]

Urban Complex & Environmental Design [Intergration Design: History, nature & commercial space]

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Individual Work Contribution: All 2014

Form Code of International Communities [Research-led Design: New Neighborhood Unit in the Generic City]

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Group Work Contribution: Team leader, keyword & case research 100%, form code application 70%.

2015

Folk Museum Architectural Design [Urban environment, Historical buildings & Humanistic environment]

House of Five Yards [Spatial Abstraction & Housing Design in a Chinese Traditional Garden]

Complements [Architectural Light Design, Wooden Bridge and Cardboard Fabricative Experimentation, Paintings & Art Exhibitions]

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Individual Work Contribution: All 2014

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Individual Work Contribution: All 2013

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Group Work Construction experiments 15-member group work, paintings & exhibitions 100%.

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Resilient Housing Against Storm Events

[Environmental Design: Climate, lifestyle & history]

Individual Design Project, Graduation Design Studio: 5th year Graduation Design Studio (Feb. - Jul.2016) Theme: Urban & natural environment, history, high-rise housing Site Location: Pengjiang District, Jiangmen, China (N22°35'14'' E113° 5'35'') Tutor: Dong YAO(associate professor of CAUP, Tongji University) 4| Soft Architecture

As the most popular hometown of oversea Chinese, Jiangmen has a rich history of fellows travelling, starting businesses and spreading culture overseas. Local people accepted these cultures and advanced methods and created exclusive architectural style that combined local culture and foreign ones.

However, as the fast speed construction of modern city, Jiangmen is losing its personal urban appearance and becoming a member of “same expression for a thousand cities�. Thus, Jiangmen is in urge need for absorbing globally advanced design thought, finding out new architectural design strategies and creating locally means of residential and lifestyle. The design aims to discuss design strategies of Jiangmen high-density housing in the light of local culture, climate feature and the history of local-foreign culture communication.

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Traditional Diaolou Housing: 1) An enjoyable living space with open viewing when safe.

2) Becoming the backup space for villagers.

Safe, flexible and disposable. The higher space is safer.

Modern Housing: 1) Lack of and aging infrastructure in the old urban centre.

Easily waterlogging when storm occur.

2) Municipal drainage by inefficiency urban pipes and suface runoff.

3)Lack of urban park and greenland.

Concept & Strategy: 1)Jiangmen has a history of living with water and river.

2)People built strong construction to keep water away and fight against flood and storm.

3)A resilient living system encourage people to live near water and fight against

serious climate.

4)Build parking buildings rather than underground parking.

The land is capable of water penetration.

Collecting and using the rainwater for car washing and open gardens. The rainwater could save in the open pool and becoming a lively open space.

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1)Solving the problem of waterlogging as well as providing space close to the running water. People living in the inland could also enjoy lives with water.

2)Resiliency. 30 days of storm weather. The building provides safe exits and protection for cars and infrastructure. The open gardens become the place to store rainwater. 330 days of non-storm weather. More public space for residents.

4)Site area 5055 m2. FAR 3.17. Greenland area 22%.

Parking space 100.

5)Public services. Swimming pool, community library, car washing and vertical parking.

6)Biggest rainwater containing volum 5325 m3.

Protecting 100m nearby space from huge storm and 150m from storm.

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Urban Complex & Environmental Design

[Intergration Design: History, nature & commercial space]

Individual Design Project Studio: 3rd year Urban Design Studio (Feb. - Jul.2014, revised: Sep.2015) Theme: Urban, commercial space & high-rise building Site Location: Hongkou District, Shanghai, China(N31°16'12'' E121°28'35'') Tutor: Yin SHE(associate professor of CAUP, Tongji University) 10| Soft Architecture

In the book "The Note of Shanghai Folk Custom", the North Sichuan Road was described as a prosperous street aside from Nanjing Road and Fuzhou Road, with numourous ballrooms, theaters, restaurants, teahouses, bathhouses and massage parlors during 1950s. However, this situation has changed since the commercial complex flourishing. People tend to shopping in a temperature-controlled and sunshade mall where brands of clothes are listed next to elevators. Traditional commercial streets are disappearing.

The prospect urban complex is located at the northernmost of Sichuan Road and aims to connect the existing commercial features of the street and revival commercial street. Meanwhile, as an urban intervention, the urban complex also serve the nearby commercial complex, metro transfer routes and the Hongkou football stadium.

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1. Commercial complex 2. Line 8 Subway 3. Line 3 Railway 4. Metro Transfer Route 5. Hongkou Football Station 6. Service room 7. Retails 8. Underground Square 9. Stage 10. Office Building 11. Hotel 12. Supermarket 13. Youth Hostel 14. Museum 15. Historical Buildings 16. Cinema 17. Video Store 18. Parking 19. Bus Station 20. Taxi Pick-up Point 21. Department Store 22. Restaurant 23. Hanging Gardens 12| Soft Architecture

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1. Commercial complex 2. Line 8 Subway 3. Line 3 Railway 4. Metro Transfer Route 5. Hongkou Football Station 6. Service room 7. Retails 8. Underground Square 9. Stage 10. Office Building 11. Hotel 12. Supermarket 13. Youth Hostel 14. Museum 15. Historical Buildings 16. Cinema 17. Video Store 18. Parking 19. Bus Station 20. Taxi Pick-up Point 21. Department Store 22. Restaurant 23. Hanging Gardens 14| Soft Architecture

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Conclusion for commercial space design: Aiming to take full advantage of the expanded transfer routes to lead people to larger area, stimulating consumption and cultural experience.

commerce are set above, such as department stores, elevated gardens, in order to porvide tempreture-controlled and shunshade space for costomers.

The original transfer routes is station to station, with close space experience in the commercial complex. After the expansion, passengers could have a open view while transfering and will be attracted to go to the underground square, lilong commercial streets of urban complex, distinctive theatre, Hongkou Football Stadium and Luxun Park, and experience a prosperous commercial North Sichuan Road. While stores are set at the 1st floor of the urban complex, large-space

Conclusion for high-rise buildings design: Apart from meeting the rules of designing high-rise buildings, I wish to provide natural experience for users. The 1st to the 5th floor are public area, serving for hotel customers, businessmen and other people. Up to the 5th floor is private space only for hotel customers or businessmen. Every 4 floors share a south public atrium, with verticle plantings and enough sunshine.

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Form Code of International Communities

[Research-led Design: New Neighborhood Unit in the Generic City]

As the perspective of public interests and humanist ideal, we introspected economic-pursuing community construction in the context of the market mechanism. We advocated a mixed community of walking distance lifestyle and multi-function and opposed to the over-fusion of public transportation system and city, in order to build a new neighborhood unit of modern China.

As a research-led design, this project was divided into three parts: specialtopic study, case research and urban design. At the end, each group developed a series of urban design form code to a typical community.

Group Research & Design Project Studio: 4th year Urban Research & Design Studio (Mar. - Jun.2015, revised: Jul.2015) Theme: New Urbanism research & China's new neighbourhood unit forming.

Research Locations: Changning District / Pudong District, Shanghai, China.

(N31째12'48'' E121째24'45'' and N31째13'44" E121째33'15") Tutor: Yong Ho CHANG(Professor of Tongji University & MIT, Atelier FCJZ) Zheng TAN(Doctor of UCLA, majoring in urban design theory)

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New Urbanism in China Since China reform system in 1988, there has been huge changes in Chinese community space. A Koolhas "Generic City" zone has generated in the suburbs of city center because of the high-speed urbanization of China in recent decates. China's generic city has typical features. Gigantic tower-type and plate-type housing dispersed in large blocks. High-speed roads, typed housing, gated communities and shopping malls has replaced small scale neighborhood space and became the so called "modern" city images. Even though generic city zones shared some common features,

every community has their respective formation mechanism, texture and spatial character, which require our posotive urban intervention to do more research.

The New Urbanism is an independent field in western built environment research. Represented by Peter Calthorpe and Andres Duany, the New Urbanism is one of the most powerful urban research genres in recent decates. The New Urbanism is a subject that based on morphology, typology, phenomenology and sociology and research urbanity space and form.

Ped-shed With the development of automobile industry, the highspeed trasportation system appeared and attracted overdependency of city. High-speed transportation system and large blocks destoryed pedestrians' street experience and small scale urban space. The New Urbanism used pedestrian-shed as a point to solve contradiction between high-speed transportation system and low-speed ones.

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Ped shed is the basic building block of walkable neighborhoods. a ped shed is the area encompassed by the walking distance from a town or neighborhood center. Ped sheds are often defined as the area covered by a five-minute walk (about 0.25 miles, 1320 feet, or 400 meters). Ped shed has three factors to be defined, which are destinations close by, direct and convenient routes and comfortable and interesting pedestrian ways.

Case Research: Lianyang International Community The Lianyang International Community is located at the south end of the Centry Avenue, and is a part of the Politics and Cutural Central Area in Pudong District.

Walking from the center to the edge of form code area, pedestrians could experience different level of pedestrian friendliness.

I collected various block boundary type and classified them from T1 to T6, which gradually increase the level of pedestrian friendliness.

At the center, pedestrians feel a sense of loneliness

because of the lack of commerce and long distance between buildings. That is T2/T3. When they walk closer to the residential area, commerce, virescence and road parking increase (T4). Comfortable sidewalks make pedestrians closer and feel safer. There are not up to 4 driveways on each residential area's street, making vehicles move slower (T5). Pedestrians are more enjoyable and safe at the commercial center (T6).

When it get closer to the edge of residential area, that is where the elevated road go through. Vehicles increase speed and sidewalks start to disappear. Pedestrians feel dangerous and unwelcomed. That is T1.

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Site Analysis & Community Assessment: Gubei New Town It is difficult to introduce the New Urbanism and its research patterns in China, who is facing a much more complicated situation than America. For example, the city sprawling occured in metropolis like Shanghai, and the transect method should contain more levels in the context of high density.

The limitation of transect also shows in forming urbanity character. In the Charters of the New Urbanism, urbanity increase with the T zone. However in China, the highest T zone shows a low building Density and weak urbanity character, where buildings are kept in long distance in order to get

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enough sunshine sources, we drew Town in floor plan by plot ratio inste there were no su

T1 is the central a few infrastructu area, surrounded commercial shop and has driveway typical type of old Gubei New Town close with first on commercial area

e.In the light of first-hand w transect of Gubei New ns and sections, classified ead of rural to urban since uburban zones in city.

park of community, with ural buildings.T2 is villa d by six-floor houses and ps. Buildings stay close ys in between. T3 is a d residential quarters in n. Six floor buildings stay ne or two floor are used as a, perfect for commercial

streets where owns the highest sense of urbanism. T4 residential quarters contain more houses and busy commercial streets, together with a central commercial area. T4 quarters have smaller size, with about four buildings circling the inner gardens. T5 and T6 are largesize modern quarters with highrise and low-density buildings scattered in empty deserted inner gardens. Surrounding commercial streets are full of high-speed vehicles.

The transect of lot types shows the relationship of buildings, shops and streets. T5 and T6 are lot types of the modern main street, with wide sidewalks and multi-storeies shops.

A length of main street is vehicles-banned. In T3 and T4, which represent commercial streets in aging Gubei, there are many ways to bound the space and make pedestrians comfortable. A commercial bridge crosses the urban road and connects two buildings, forming a clear entrance to the aging Gubei. Some buildings have porticos at commercial storeies, providing protected shelters for costomers.

There are also parking types, one of which provides semiunderground parking lots and creates a public elevated playground above the parking lots for neighborhood residents.

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Form Code Application & Revision

The code of commercial types try to improve the quality of public space and create a sidewalk lifestyle. Aside from common commercial types, which are volumes scattered in blocks, I tend to create types that hide in the city and has close relationship with urban textile and residents, without traffic pressure to the street and large volumes to the block. I call them soft commerce. They could replace the green island at street centre, set in the gardens and connect the entrance of underground parking lots, or next to the corner garden with a small playground.

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The code of improved security guard aims to solve quraters' disconnection issues. One is to demolise walls, elevate first floor and open greenland to other residents. The local residents could enter buildings through second floors. Two is to break large gated guard into small ones and create other forms of public space. Three is to introduce infrastructures into walls.

Some commercial space could also designed as edge of quarters. The last is to connect two parallel buildings with constructions and make them a small gated guard.

I aim to raise the efficiency of bicycle lanes and bus lanes, in order to encourage public transportation or low-carbon life. The bicycle lane is raised to the same height as pedestrians', and its width are controlled under 3m and using green belts or bus stations to separate bicycle lanes and driveways. Also, there’s no need to worry that people need to wait across the bicycle lane before they get on the bus. there are two more green belts in wide roads to separate car lanes in opposite directions, meanwhile provides people more place to wait when crossing.

I attempt to fill in the land which remain unused or with low efficiency. They are the main factors that cause a broken interface and suburban sprawling. Those are original villa communities, extral greenland, vacant places and unprotected traditional villa buildings. The infill progress step-by-step is based on the goal that enable all the blocks have a characteristic of urbanity. In addition, within the application of urban infill strategy, all the blocks in the site should have a trend of consecutive patterns, which is the feature of the new urbanism.

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Folk Museum Architectural Design

[Urban Environment, Historical Buildings & Humanistic Environment]

Individual Design Project Studio: 3th year Architectural Design Studio (Mar. - Jun.2014, revised: Jul.2015) Theme: Urban Textile and cultural heritage preservation design.

Research Locations: Hongkou District, Shanghai, China.

(N 31°16'14'' E121°28'35'') Tutor: Zhendong Wang (Doctor of architctural theory and history) 28| Soft Architecture

Folk culture museum is a symbol of a region that shows both the local folk culture and the past and present in front of people. People achieve knowledge from the evolution of history and are inspired to build a brighter future. This is the main reason why we should pay highly attention to environmental context and urban context while designing.

Proposed museum was located in the center of Shanghai Historical and Culture Core District and surrounded by numerous protected historical lilong buildings, such as Zhengxing Li, Rongkang Li and Deqing Li. The site owns rich historical culture and living atmosphere.

A folk culture museum is a place where historical folk materials are presented and visitors experience disappearing local lifestyle. So the exhibits and ways of presenting become keys to the architectural design.

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House of Five Gardens [Spatial Abstraction & Housing Design in a Chinese Traditional Garden]

Chinese Traditional Garden has a history of three thousand years and is famous for its aesthetic realm that "Done by man, as if since it is made". Among Chinese Traditional Garden, Jiangnan Traditional Garden owns its unique way of design.

Most Jiangnan Traditional Gardens are part of the mansions and have limited space to create exquisite scenery.

The key to the project is to analysis the Chinese Traditional Garden first and use the analysis results as rules to design a house. Suzhou has many Jiangnan Traditional Gardens and Yi Pu has a scence of modernism among all of them.

Individual Design Project Studio: 2nd year Architectural Design Studio (Jan. - Mar.2013, revised: Jul.2015) Theme: Chinese Traditional Garden Research & House Design Site Locations: Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.(N 31°17'15" E121°29'55") Tutor: Ming ZHANG, PhD (Professor of CAUP, Tongji University, Atelier Original Architecture Design)

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It is a Chinese Traditional Garden located in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province(N 31°18'55'' E120°36'17''). It was firstly built as private mansion in the Ming Dynasty and is now the representation of Ming Traditional Garden.

Buildings are mainly located in the north of the site and the garden is located in the south. They are separated by Yanguang Ge. Moreover, there is a garden in the garden located in the southwest.

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The painting shows the relationship of buildings and the garden. A pool of the site called Yuou Yuan.

The painting shows the relationship of buildings and the garden. A pool separates mountains and Yanguang Ge, with a corridor connecting the north and south. Paths are hidden in the mountain and lead the way to Yuou Yuan, who is surrounding by extremely tall walls. Only the moon gate could help us see through the wall.

Spatial Abstraction of Chinese Traditional Garden: Yi Pu Most paths go from west to east, letting visitors enjoy the scenery among mountains and buildings. There are also features hidden along paths, which enrich the experience.

路径Routes

形态Form

1st Floor model of Yi Pu 穿墙而过，自成一院。

大小对比，一叶障目。

入口巷道，收放自如。

实中有虚，虚中有实。

Spatial Abstraction model of Yi Pu Routes go through tall walls and end at Yuou Yuan.

The moon gate indicates inner garden. The narrow entry route is a contrast to the wide expanse of water.

Features are hidden.

Follow the form of the mountain and scrape part of it. Infill the emptiness with weight bearing walls and rooms. Some emptiness are designed to be gardens.

原型Original

找形Shaping

去实Scrape

填虚Infill

收放Adjust

组合Classify

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Site & Project: Sanhao Wu & House of Five Gardens

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Complements

[Architectural Light Design, Wooden Bridge and Cardboard Fabricative Experimentation, Paintings & Art Exhibitions]

On the left is a multi-plan drawing of a virtical urban complex project, my exhibits for 2014 Claude Monet Impression Design Exhibition. Its combination of historical buildings and new ones salutes time on Monet's paintings.

Complemets below are my achievements apart from architectural and urban design, showing my passion of art and experimentations.

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Servey-cartography of Tong Feng Mansion

[Chronicle of Vernacular Architectures & Historical Environment]

Group Documentation Project Studio: 3rd year Documentation of Historic Buildings (Jun. - Aug.2014, revised: Jul.2014) Theme: Documentation & Research of Historic Buildings Site Locations: Hou Bantang Village, Fengcheng County, Yi Chun, Jiangxi, China (N28°13'47'' E115°56'34'') Tutor: Peng ZHANG, PhD (Associate Professor of Architectural Design and Theory)

A servey-cartography of Hui Traditional Buildings, which is an indispensable part of Chinese Vernacular Architecture. Hui Traditional Building is famous for its wooden construction, brick fireproofing system and decorationg carvings.

We aimed to measure and record both construction system and decoration details. The construction system included how tenons lap together, how fireproofing system work and a special section feature of Hui called "Yi Xian Tian". The detail documentation included decoration details, damaged situations, appearance of wooden compoments and their floor materials.

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A Midsummer Night's Dream [Architectural Light Design]

Group Design Project Studio: 2nd year Architectural Light Environmental Physics(May.2013) Theme: LED Device Design for Interior Decoration Leader, 6 members, ranked first out of 30 teams Tutor: Luoxi HAO, PhD (Professor of Architectural Technology, Tongji University)

Design a light equipment for scientists in the South Pole to spend the night, with LED, wire, batteries and normal materials. We used cans as major container. Cut cans and make specific holes to shape light, equiping LEDs inside cans and fastening them on the wall. No more than two different colors of LEDs could equiped in cans and make more color effect.

We also rehearsed a lighting show by turning off and on the light with music accompaniment. That was the part that really moved judges.

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Asymmetrical Bridge

[Wooden Bridge Fabricative Experimentation] Group Fabrication Project Studio: 1st year Fabricative Experimentation(May.2012) Theme: Wooden Bridge Design & Fabrication 15 members Tutor: Zhijun WANG, PhD (Associate Professor of Architectural Design and Theory, Tongji University)

Design a wooden bridge that base on mechanics of constructions and form. Using 60 standard wooden bars and nuts to build a 3.9m span, 0.65m width bridge. We chose to build an asymmetrical one for a more attractive form. Double the bars for load-bearing to enhance its strength and stiffness.

It took 20 people to build 3 days, and it stood on the river for more than 3 months.

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Converging Rain

[24 hours Corrugated Cardboard Fabricative Experimentation] Group Fabrication Project Studio: 1st year Fabricative Experimentation(Jun.2012) Theme: Corrugated Cardboard House Design & Fabrication 15 members, ranked silver award out of 24 teams Tutor: Zhijun WANG, PhD (Associate Professor of Architectural Design and Theory, Tongji University)

Design a corrugated cardboard house that base on mechanics of constructions and human dimensons. Using 50 pieces of standard corrugated cardboards and nuts to build a shelter that could contain 12 people to live in for over 24 hours. We chose the concept of "Si Shui Gui Tang", which is a drainage rule of Chinese traditional architecture.

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Paintings & Art Exhibitions

[Outdoor paintings in Jiangxi & Anhui Province] Outdoor paintings in Jiangxi and Anhui Province in 2013. Drawings about traditional villages and environment.

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Computational Design and MPC Concrete Casting of Bio-receptive Photovoltaic Distinction & B-Pro Gold Prize 2017 in MArch Architectural Design

Group Members: Author and leader: Huang Yuan Zhao Ziwei Dourampei Eleni Maria Eskandarnia Hoda

MArch Architectural Design, RC7, BiotA Lab, Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL 26 Sep 2016 - 26 Sep 2017

COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALIZATION

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Design tutors: Marcos Cruz Christopher Leung Javier Ruiz Richard Beckett Science Advisors: Brenda Parker Paolo Bombelli Sandra Blanco

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Our project has been established through 4 main ideas. Each one of us, through their individual thesis listed below, investigated an area of research and study of this project, producing a multi-technical and multi-material composite of MPC concrete and hydrogel.

Yuan Huang, “A comprehensive process of computational materialization based on data calculation”, 2017, Thesis.

Eleni Maria Dourampei, “The Relationship between innovative Architectural materials by integrating Algae and Electrochemical systems into bioreceptive 3 dimensional concrete structures with Algae being the current generator in the Bio-photovoltaic system (BPV), producing small quantities of energy possibly used to power micro fluidics in order to self regulate its growth”, 2017, Thesis.

Hoda Eskandarnia, “Robotic Fabrication of Bio-hybrid Material for energy generation”, 2017, Thesis.

Ziwei Zhao, ”Environmantal Consideration for the living bioconversion receptacle”, 2017, Thesis.

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Yuan Huang

Ziwei Zhao

Design and Casting Guangxi, China Tongji University, Shanghai

Environmental Studies Jiangyou, China Chongqing University, Chongqing

Eleni Maria Dourampei

Hoda Eskandarnia

Bio-photovoltaics Athens, Greece University for the Creative Arts, UK

Species and Robot Iran Mashhad University, Iran

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Introduction 1.0 Computational Design of Bio-photovoltaic Prototypes Computation Logic Differential Growth Behaviours Volumetrics Data Structure Thickness Prototypes and Analysis Geometric Growth Final Design and Analysis 2.0 Fabrication of the Hard Scaffold MPC Chemical Reaction Ingredients and Aggregates Ingredient Tests Casting Strategies Compaction in Layers Process, Result and Details 3.0 Species Research and Soft Scaffold * Algae Strain Hydrogel as Soft Scaffold 4.0 Environmental Studies and Irrigation System * Site Analysis Plants Orientation and Radiation Final Design Analysis Irrigation System 5.0 Bio-photovoltaics * Bio-photovoltaic System Assembly 6.0 Robotic Fabrication * Robotic Assembly Printing on 3D Geometry Conclusion Reference 4

* The whole project is done by the group’s coorperation although each of us has our main research area and chapters to focus on.

Chapter 1 and 2 are mainly edited by the author Yuan Huang, while chaper 3 and 6 are mainly edited by Hoda Eskandarnia, chaper 4 is mainly edited by Ziwei Zhao, chaper 5 is mainly edited

by Eleni Maria Dourampei.

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Our group’s project is mainly focusing on interactions between biophotosynthetic algae and MPC (Magnesium Phosphate) concrete, how algae could be seeded and colonies on 3 dimensional geometrical MPC concrete and how these 3 dimensional prototypes collect bio-electricity and use it to power a water misting system.

We firstly use computational techniques to design 3 dimensional geometries, such as circle differentiation, point track and we 3d print them into plastic components.

Then we cast these components with multiple strategies like multi-layer soft rubber, “sandwich� casting to prepare the negative mold for the concrete.

Later, concrete is being casted with different colors of aggregate to create our components.

Robotic printing on these prototypes will apply two kinds of materials to help bio- photovoltaic algae to be seeded on prototypes. One is hydro gel; main source of absorbing water. Second is carbon fibre; printed to be a soft scaffold to hold hydro gel and the essential material to collect bio-electricity. The relationship between hydro gel and carbon fiber will differ according to the shape of prototypes and direction of water absorption.

Electricity collection system and water pumping system is also designed on prototypes, which are placed on our site in London Zoo, according to the most shaded area, after testing the sun radiation levels.

Ultimately our prototypes will be developed to meet architectural functional requirements as well as provide suitable conditions for bio-photovoltaic algae to colonies and produce energy to support its ecosystem.

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COMPUTATIONLOGIC There is not a specific functional node to represent Differential growth. To be specifically, growth has its superficial features such as surface inflation, general volume expansion and tendency of internal structure getting complicated. So it could be considered that calculations regarding the features mentioned above are scripts of growth. These scripts share a similarity that they have timeline for calculation; for each frame there is one time of calculation, with the data of last frame being input of the function and output the data of current frame.

Origin circle

Resample controlling points

Points iteration

Smooth points path

Repetition

Repetition

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GROWTHBEHAVIOURS When single growth circle increases to multiple growth circles, they show colonial interaction behavior, with edges expand and reach close to each other in similar behaviors. When points distance shorter to certain minimum value, edges stop expansion and has interaction with neighbor edges. Surface squeezes but never intersecting.

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GROWTHBEHAVIOURS Pscale value = 0.15 PointVOP parameters: Turbulent Noise: signature 1D Noise Noise type: Original Perlin Noise Frequency (-0.1, -0.1, -0.1) Offset (0, 0, 0) Amplitude = -0.252 Roughness = 0.146 Attenuation = 0.759 Turbulence = 5 Fit range: signature float Source Min = 0 Source Max = 1 Destination Min = 0.05 Destination Max = 1

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GROWTHBEHAVIOURS Pscale value = 0.15 PointVOP parameters: Turbulent Noise: signature 1D Noise Noise type: Alligator Noise Frequency (1, 1, 1) Offset (0, 0, 0) Amplitude = 1 Roughness = 0 Attenuation = 1 Turbulence = 1 Fit range: signature float Source Min = 0 Source Max = 1 Destination Min = 0.05 Destination Max = 1

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GROWTHBEHAVIOURS Pscale value = 0.15 PointVOP parameters: Turbulent Noise: signature 1D Noise Noise type: Alligator Noise Frequency (0, 10, 10) Offset (0, 0, 0) Amplitude = 1 Roughness = 0 Attenuation = 1 Turbulence = 10 Fit range: signature float Source Min = 0 Source Max = 1 Destination Min = 0.05 Destination Max = 1

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V O L U M E T R I C S Pre-frames layer up forming a volume which records the behaviour of differential growth. In order to create 3D geometries with relative more surface and self-shaded condition, another parameter is introduced to provide vertical growth, the vertical speed. While the growth happens on X-Z plane, it gradually moves upwards as well as makes results of each frame frozen and given a Y position based on their frames, thus create a volume that contains every pre-frame of the differential growth.

Resample length 0.15 Pscale value 0.2 Turbulent noise type original perlin noise Frequency (-0.1, -0.1, -0.1) Offset (0, 0, 0) Amplitude = -0.252 Roughness = 0.146 Attenuation = 0.759 Turbulence = 5 Fit destination: 0.05-1 Relax max iterations = 10 Point radius scale = 1 Smooth cutoff frequency = 0.1 Smoothing iteration = 7 Relaxing solver: Transform translate(0, 0.1, 0) Volumetric solver: merge prev-frame and input frame

Frame 200 Frame 175 Frame 150 Frame 125 Frame 100 Frame 75 Frame 50 Frame 25 Frame 1

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DATASTRUCTURE Differential growth has a data structure of multi-generation, this feature could also be observed in the form of outcome. Based on the rules of differential calculation above, the data could be simplified and make relative buildable adjustment.

Original Data Frame 1

Frame 15

First Generation Data Frame 25

Frame 35

Frame 50

Points with the same curvature

Earlier data determin later data

Unit Character 1: Mirrored protrusion

Unit Character 2: Parallel surface waving

Earlier parent data bec Dead Data (points are to each other to be cas 20

coming too close sted)

Descendant & Parent Data Frame 60 Frame 90

Unit Character 3: Double layers

Unit Character 3: Bigger double layers

Frame 117

Unit Character 4: Bounches of protrusion wider parallel waving becoming Protrusion 21 Unit Caracter 5: Protrusion expanded

T H I C K N E S S While adding thickness to the geometry, another four parameters control the results, which are particle separation, voxel scale, influence scale and droplet scale. Each parameter returns different appearances of the surface, creating clear edges/sticky edges, pockets/holes/flat top, and thick/fragile forms. To decide values of these parameters, the capacity of casting technique need to be taken into consideration.

With deeper holes and more complicated interior structure, higher possiblity the casting would fail.

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particle separation 0.05 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.15 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.2 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.35 influence scale 3 droplet scale1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.55 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 1.5 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 2 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 1.01 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 2.75 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 4.25 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 5 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 0.3

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 1

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 2

particle separation 0.1 voxel scale 0.75 influence scale 3 droplet scale 2.99

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P R O T O T Y P E S

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P R O T O T Y P E S Components cut in three parts.Top part as water collecting components, middle part as hidden algae growth components, bottom part as leg part to hold all components above.

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P R O T O T Y P E S Aggregates strategy for crown-body components, dense dark aggregates for crown and porous aggregates for body.

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SHADOWANALYSIS

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Frame 63

Frame 127

Frame 313

Frame 377

Frame 563

Frame 627

Frame 813

Frame 877

Frame 189

Frame 250

Frame 439

Frame 500

Frame 689

Frame 750

Frame 939

Frame 1000

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F I N A L D E S I G N

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F I N A L D E S I G N Section of the final components. Thinner edges on the crown parts and thicker edges for body parts.

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MPCCHEMICALREACTION Megnesium-phosphate cement paste chemical reaction and materials For different kinds of aggregate, the natural surface of the aggregate and sizes determine their reaction with MPC cement paste, thus for each kinds of aggregate, there need different ingredients for casting.

Hard burnt or Dead burnt Magnesium Oxide: fairly unreactive MgO

Ammonium Di-hydrogen Phosphate or Na2HPO4, KH2PO4: Acid Soluble Phosphate

Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate Borax or Boric Acid: Set Retarder and Solvent

Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Hexahydrate: Final Hydration Form

Na2B4O7 • 10H2O MgO + NH4H2PO4 + 5H2O ————————————— NH4MgPO4 • 6H2O NH4H2PO4 ———— NH4+ + H2PO4NH4H2PO4 ———— NH4+ + H+ + HPO42NH4H2PO4 ———— NH4+ + 2H+ + PO43MgO + H2O MgOH+ + 2H2O Mg(OH)2 2+ Mg + 6H2O

Mg(H2O)62+

Magnesium Oxide

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+

+ NH4 + PO4

3-

———— ———— ———— ————

MgOH+ + OHMg(OH)2 + H3O+ Mg2+ + 2OHMg(H2O)62+

Na2B4O7 • 10H2O ————————————— NH4MgPO4 • 6H2O

Ammonium Di-hydrogen Phosphate

Sodium Tetraborate Decahydrate Borax

A G G R E G A T E S Standard Ingredient: Aggregate Quantity: 1709.5g Magnesium Oxide: 207.6g Ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate: 118.6g Borax: 19.6g Water: 51.9g 1.5-time Ingredient: Aggregate Quantity: 1709.5g Magnesium Oxide: 311.4g Ammonium di-hydrogen phosphate: 177.9g Borax: 29.4g Water: 77.85g

Theoretical surface Natural surface

Porous aggregate, 0-0.8mm

Colored-black sand, 0.5-1.0mm

Colored-grey sand, 0.5-1.0mm

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INGREDIENTTESTS Through ingredient tests to different aggregates, we could conclude the most suitable ingredients for each aggregates by comparing samples porosity, water evaporation condition, weight and hardness. By observing moulds’ before and after demoulding, we could predict the reaction between components and moulds.

Aggregate Quantity: 60g Magnesium Oxide: 6g Tri-sodium phosphate: 4.2g Borax: 1g Water: 6g

1/4 time fixed

1/2 time fixed

1 time fixed

1/2 time fixed

1 time fixed

1 time fixed, with Borax 5g

1 time fixed, with Borax 4g

1 time fixed, with much more water

Aggregate Quantity: 120g Magnesium Oxide: 12g Tri-sodium phosphate: 8.4g Borax: 2g Water: 12g

1/4 time fixed

Aggregate Quantity: 120g Magnesium Oxide: 12g Tri-sodium phosphate: 8.4g Borax: 2g Water: 12g

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1 time fixed, with Borax 6g

1 time fixed, with Borax 3g

Thickness: 3cm Porous aggregate Printed hydrogel 2 days Thickness: 5cm Porous aggregate Printed hydrogel 2 days

Thickness: 5cm Non-porous aggregate Printed hydrogel 2 days

Thickness: 3cm Porous aggregate Printed hydrogel 2 days

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C

A

Rubber mould making.

S

T

I

N

G

3D printing digital models and fixing with clay.

Making multiple layers of inner and outer rubber moulds.

Assembling rubber moulds and compating material in layers.

Demoulding in layers.

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Applying vaseline on rubber and 3D printing model.

Cutting and melting recycled rubber under about 190 degree centigrades.

Pouring rubber when it liquidates.

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A

S

T

Compacting mixture of aggregate and cement paste layer by layer

I

N

3D printing digital models.

Making multiple layers of inner and outer rubber moulds.

Compating material in layers.

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G

First layer of material compaction.

Second layer of material compaction.

Third layer of material compaction.

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C

Demoulding

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S

T

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N

G

3D printing digital models.

Making multiple layers of inner and outer rubber moulds.

Assembling rubber moulds and compating material in layers.

Casting Process

Casting strategies for 3D geometries.

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Demoulding inner rubber moulds which are cut in pieces.

Sanding error edges produced by layering rubber moulds.

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L

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Y

Rubber moulds in layers.

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E

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P

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Process of making rubber moulds and rubber mould condition during casting. The weakness of geometry make it hard to demould and even break and the weakness of rubber vmold produce extra ridges on MPC concrete components.

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Casting results of final components - Top Part

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Casting results of final components

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