'LIVE IN HISTORY' Interaction Analysis of Commemorative Spaces and Daily Rountine of Bergen op Zoom
Yuan Lin No.5139201 Tutor: Marco Lub AR1U090 Analysis and Design of Urban Form
ROTTERDAM
45 mins
"Bergen op Zoom is halfway
25 mins
ANTWERPEN
3km*3km
Bergen op zoom between world cities, where Brabant kisses Zeeland"
Province: Noord-Brabant City Size: 65.51km2 Popolation: 52,440 Average Height: 9.5m
Breaking the continuity with the past, wanting to begin again, is a lowering of man and a plagiarism of the orangutan. JosĂŠ Ortega y Gasset Bergen op zoom is one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands. It was once Europe's most important trading city and military center, with a rich history of more than 800 years. However with the rapid development of the city, the histories are gradually submerged in the 'new wave' and can only exist in Wikipedia and the window of the memorial. As a historical city, how does the city tell its story to people living here? This analysis is aimed at the commemorative spaces and daily spaces in the city, how they coexist and interact. Through this, we can understand three issues: Where is the commemorative spaces in Bergen op Zoom? How do residents flow in the historical stories of the city? How people live in history?
TIMELINE & CONTENT Big city fire destroyed almost the entire city.
The peat area started be mined. Grebbe channel be built for drainage.
1482
1530
Koren Markt was built.
15th
Another big fire.
16th
Harbour Havenkwartier was built for a industrial area.
Two annual fairs started be held every year.
17th 1580
1444
14th
1484-1491
Grote Markt was built. Pottey and Cloth industry started.
1397
1212 early 13th century
13th
middle of 14th century
Bergen op zoom got it's city right.
1330-1335
The first known City Wall was built.
end of 14th centurury
Nieuwe Markt was built as fish market.
Bergen op zoom originated from a sand ridge in the peat area.
unknow
Sint Felix Flood. The Oosterschelde began to silt.
Chapter 1 'CITY AS A MUSEUM' - Commemorative Space Analysis
Chapter 2 'CITY AS A HABITAT' - Daily Activities Analysis
Eighty Years' War. Bergen op zoom became a garrison city.
Natural memory spaces P10-11 ďź? Cu
Landuse Analysis P22 ďź? Transpo
Chapter 3 'CITY AS A HABITABLE EXHIBITION - Intercation Analysis Portrait
P34-35
Reflection & Reference
P36-37
Overv
World War II Fortifications were modernized.
Large part of the city were destroyed by french.
The first iron founary Foundry Asselberg was built.
1975
1959-1964
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 1953
1900-1950 1902
19th 1841
1747
18th
Scheldt-Rhine Canel was built. 1940-1945
1863
1698-1713
The first sugar factory was built. Train station started be built.
New harbour Theodorushaven was built,
Pottery factory Dekant was built. North Sea Flood
ultural memory spaces P12-15 ／ Industrial memory spaces P16-17 ／ Memory spaces overview P18-19
ortation Analysis P23 ／ Open Space Analysis P24-25 ／ Daily routine analysis P26-27
view of interaction P30-33
66,811
The city as museum, the city as a positive concert of culture and educational purpose, the city as a benevolent source of random but carefully selected information. Colin Rowe The historical story of bergen op zoom can be divided into several different segments. The city was initially formed - relied on a good geographical position, the city became an important trading city - again because of its good location, it became a fortress - after the war, Bergen op Zoom became an Industrial transport city between two big cities. According to these memory segments, the memory space in the city can be summarised as natural memory space, cultural memory space, and industrial memory space. This chapter will define what are the memory spaces of Bergen op Zoom and analysis how those different memory spaces coexist in the city. Selecting a memory space with historical value as an exhibit is an important work of the city as a museum.
'CITY AS A MUSEUM'
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' SOIL MEMORY
N
Before 1930 Fine sand
Clay on fine sand
Humus on fine sand
1950
Loamless drifting sand
1975
Water
2015
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
5KM
After 800 years of development, Bergen op zoom began to cross this soil dividing line and was developed on the basis of marine clay.
SOIL DIVIDING LINE
An important natural feature of Bergen op zoom is that the city is built in a place where two soils meet: sand and marine clay. Sand has been pushed to the oceanic clay and has accumulated and formed hills over the centuries.
The city originated on a sand ridge, after 800 years of development, began to develop based on clay. Therefore, this soil line can be regarded as a kind of memory space, which records the close relationship between the development of the city and the soil. 10
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' N
WATER MEMORY
North sea
Bergen op zoom
Water played an important role in the development of bergen op zoom as a city. When the waterway is smooth, the city has a prosperous trade, and when the water is silting up, the city has become an important defensive position.
Scheldt-Rhine Canal
Fresh water
A
Flood Area
Fresh water
Dyke
The floods in the North Sea in 1953 submerged some urban areas, and then the Delta project changed A the city's natural water structure. The construction of the Scheldt-Rhine Canal divides the adjacent waters area into several separate water spaces, improved the freshwater.
Dune
O
shallow
1KM
2KM
water
3KM
4KM
5KM
Therefore, the flooded areas and the new dikes and water areas built in the Delta project are the memory spaces of Bergen op Zoom about water. They carry the historical stories of struggle and coexistence between urban and water.
dune
Before Delta Project
Flood Area water
dyke
dyke
water
dune
A-A
After Delta Project
11
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' TRADE MEMORY
N
Historical Trade Area
Nieuwe Markt Beurplein
Koren Markt Grote Markt
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
5KM
Starting from the middle of the 14th century, Bergen op zoom has become an important trading city in Europe. The annual fair brings a prosperous trade to the city. From Germany, Belgium, and the UK, the merchants and tourists came to this city. This prosperous trade memory is expressed in urban space as the commercial roads leading from all directions to the central square and squares that used to be a market space (integrated market, fish market, and securities market) in the old city. 12
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' FORTRESS MEMORY
N
Historical War Area
The first city wall The second city wall
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
5KM
As a fortress city, the first known wall of Bergen op zoom was used for the defense system to be established as early as 1330, and then Bergen op zoom became an important fortress city with the beginning of the 80-year war. The first city wall was demolished, the modern defense fortress was established in 1698, and Bergen op zoom began to experience hundreds of years of war. It was not until 1868 that the fortress project was completely dissolved and dismantled. As a witness to the war experienced by the city, the city wall is important memory space for the city. 13
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' DEVELOPMENT MEMORY PUBLIC ACCESSIBILITY
BUILDING LEVEL 1800
1930
1960
1975
MASS
BLOCK LEVEL
VOID
CONNECTION 14
1985
1995
'CITY AS A MUSEUM'
1995 1975
1975 1960
1960
1850 1945
PUBLIC SPACE
1930
5
The change in the layout of the community is that the building density of the entire community is gradually decreasing, and more space is used as the green space. Community centers are beginning to emerge, and open spaces are becoming more and more important as memories become more important. The road layout changed from the original homogenization layout to the road network hierarchy structure.
1995 2005 1995
The development direction
From the earliest closed residential community, to the modular construction of the workers community after the war, to the emergence of the hippie-style community shared space in the 1970s. After analysis, the residential communities of all ages have different living atmospheres due to the changes in layout structure and housing. Therefore, these residential communities can also serve as a memory space for recording the development goals of the city in different periods. 15
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' INDUSTRY MEMORY
N
Theodorushaven
The industrial development of bergen op zoom is also one of its urban characteristics. The earliest industrial areas began to be excavated in the 15th century, and some dangerous factories that existed inside the city were relocated to the industrial area. As the industry gradually upgrades, more industrial areas are beginning to appear near terminals and railways.
Old Lake Park
Noordland
Havenkwartier
These industrial areas serve as the economic source of the city and the workplace of the residents. They are also important memory spaces of the city. It records the driving force of the city's development. O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
16
5KM
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' PRODUCT MEMORY Main product of Bergen op Zoom Weather fishery
Pottery
Meekrap
Sugar
Iron
New Industry
N
1 Markiezaatsmee - Weather fishery area (~1950) 2 Landa Conserven (1937-1965) 3 De Kat pottery factory (1902-1929)
17
4 Potterstraat - Pottery street(Middle Ages) 18
5 De Blauwehandstraat (Middle Ages)
15
14
6 De Blauwe hand(Middle Ages-now) 7 Complex van de Sucreries de Breda et de Berg
16
op Zoom (sugar factory)(1863-1917) 8 De Zeeland (1917-1929)
13 19
3
2 7
9 Arnoldus Asselbergs&Zonen (1841-1965)
6 10 11 5 12
4
10 Arnoldus Asselber Retail (1895-now) 11 Arnoldus Asselbergsstraat (1895)
9
8
12 Beckers' Iron Foundry (1875-1917) 13 Rogier Nerincx Richter(1882-1999) 14 Bruynzeel Kitchens (1960s-1982) 15 Bruynzeel-Sakura (1948-now) 16 Philip Morris International(1980-2014) 17 GE Plastics (BASIC)(1971-now) 1
18 Cargill (1979-now) 19 Meeus Transport(2005)
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
5KM
As an important trading city and industrial city, Bergen op Zoom, the production space of its main products can also exist as a memory space of the city. These productive spaces include weather fishing waters, small workshops, streets, and large factories. These spaces record the production history of bergen op zoom.
17
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' MEMORY SPACE OVERVIEW
N
INDUSTRIAL AREA
RESIDENTIAL AREA
FLOODED AREA
Memory Point Memory Line
Different types of memory spaces within the city can be summarized as memory points, memory lines, and memory areas. Three different types of memory spaces are superimposed in urban space, increasing the thickness of the city.
18
Memory Area Natural Memory Space Cultural Memory Space Industrial Memory Space
N
'CITY AS A MUSEUM' MEMORY SPACE IN THE CITY
Except for some historic houses in the old city that are listed on the historical protection list, most of the memory spaces in the city are not recognized as commemorative spaces. In summary, Bergen op Zoom as a museum has a variety of historical collections. From the city square that witnessed the 800-year history of the city, the land division line at the foot of the city to the distinctive residential community. Then these collections did not show well in urban space. How does the city tell its own story as a museum? How do residents understand their city and create a new history of their generation? These questions are yet to be answered.
Recognized Memory Point Unrecognized memory Point Recognized Memory Line UnRecognized Memory Line Recognized Memory Area UnRecognized Memory Area
19
'CITY AS A HABITAT'
As a habitat and a container for living, what kind of life does Bergen op zoom carry? This chapter will revolve around the everyday nature of the city. By analysing the different functional divisions of the city, the road structure, and the open space inside the city - these 'basic conditions', we can clarify the 'destination' in the daily life of urban residents - the place of work and the place of leisure, so as we can understand the daily routine of urban residents in the city.
'CITY AS A HABITAT' FUNCTIONAL AREA N
Noordgeest
Meilust
Tuinwijk
Centrum
Gageldonk
Warande
Zeekant Bergse Plaat
There are nine different residential areas and three industrial areas in bergen op zoom. Therefore, the flow of people on weekdays always occurs between residential areas and industrial areas.
Zuid
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
22
4KM
5KM
'CITY AS A HABITAT' TRANSPORTATION
N
Pedestrial road
Bicycle road
O
1KM
Highway
2KM
Primary road
3KM
Secondary road
4KM
5KM
Tertiary road
The roads of Bergen op zoom can be divided into four levels. Due to the obstacles of the railway, the regional links on both sides of the railway are weak. At the same time, there are special pedestrian roads and bicycle lanes based on green space in the city.
23
Bus line & stop
'CITY AS A HABITAT' COMMERCIAL SPACE IN THE CITY N
Old Town
New Shopping Center
Commercial Community Block Community Block (lack of commercial space)
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
5KM
Bergen op zoom The most important commercial space is the interior of the old town and the new zeeland business park, but these two areas are non-traditional commercial spaces. There are also small daily commercial spaces within the residential area - supermarkets, fast food restaurants. However, through analysis, it is found that some residential areas lack daily shopping space.
24
'CITY AS A HABITAT' GREENARY IN THE CITY N
Oscar Van Hemelpark
Stadspark Bergen Op Zoom
Kijk In De Pot
Molenplaat
Brabantse Wall
Blocky Greenary Linear Public space
Greenary system
O
1KM
2KM
3KM
4KM
5KM
The green space of bergen op zoom can be divided into two types: block green and strip green. Compared with modern residential areas that focus on green space, there are lack of green space in the inner city and in the residential area built-in 1930. At the same time, from the green space system of the whole city, there is a lack of connection between the various green space. 25
'CITY AS A HABITAT' DAILY ROUTINE - WORK DAY
Residential area
Residential area
Car Route
Car Route
Car Route - Theodorushaven Business Park
Car Route - Old Lake Business Park
Because of the lack of bus stops around the industrial area, driving and cycling are the main modes of work. The route of the car is mostly dependent on the expressway and the main roads, and the route is mainly based on the tertiary road. Cycle Route - Theodorushaven Business Park
Residential area
Residential area
Cycle Route
Cycle Route
Cycle Route - Old Lake Business Park
26
'CITY AS A HABITAT' DAILY ROUTINE - WEEKEND
Most of the weekend destinations are new shopping malls or the old town.
Bus Route - Zeeland Shopping Area
Residential area
Residential area
Bus Route
Bus Route
Bus Route - Old Town
Residential area
Residential area
Walk Route
Walk Route
Walk Route - Theodorushaven Business Park
Walk Route - Old Lake Business Park
27
They city was, to some degree, to become a sort of habitable exhibition, a collection of permanent reminders which were to edify both the resident and the visitor, and the substance of the instruction. Colin Rowe How does commemorative and everyday life coexist in the city? This chapter is a summary of the first two chapters, overlaying the memory space in the city with the daily routine of the residents to understand how residents live in urban history. So the purpose of this chapter is to understand the ‘depth’ of everyday life, that is, what kind of chronological history the daily route spans. Through this chapter, we can think about how we should treat the history of our humanity?
'CITY AS A HABITABLE EXHIBITION'
'CITY AS A HABITABLE EXHIBITION' CAR ROUTE
NOORDGEEST
The daily route is overlapped with the memory space in the bergen op zoom. Find the point where the daily route coincides with the memory space and spread them out, which are the diagrams will see soon. However, there is very little historical space that can be recognized. It can be said that people are missing the history of the city everyday.
ZUID
TUINWIJK
MEILUST
CENTRUM
GAGELDONK
1850
ZEEKANT
WARANDE
BERGSE PLAAT
1930 1945 1960
1975
1995 2005
First city wall
Trade street
City gate
Second city wall
Recognized memory space Routine
Soil dividing lie
First Industrial area
Old harbour
Noordplaat New harbour
THE THEODORUSHAVEN BUSINESS PARK Car route - Theodorushaven Industrial Area
30
'CITY AS A HABITABLE EXHIBITION' NOORDGEEST
ZUID
TUINWIJK
MEILUST
CENTRUM
GAGELDONK
1850
ZEEKANT
WARANDE
BERGSE PLAAT
1930 1945
1975 1960 1995 2005
Nieuwe Markt
Soil dividing line Trade street
De Blauwe Hand street
First wall
Second wall GRN factory
The old lake business park
THE OLD LAKE BUSINESS PARK Cycle route - Old Lake Industrial Area
31
CYCLE ROUTE
'CITY AS A HABITABLE EXHIBITION' BUS ROUTE
NOORDGEEST
ZUID
TUINWIJK
MEILUST
CENTRUM
GAGELDONK
ZEEKANT
WARANDE
1995
BERGSE PLAAT
2005 1945
1960 1930
1975
1850
Trade street Second wall
First wall
Soil dividing line
Havenkwartier Industrial Area
Zeeland
THE ZEELAND LEISURE & SHOPPING AREA Bus route - The Zeeland Shopping Area
32
NOORDGEEST
ZUID
TUINWIJK
MEILUST
CENTRUM
GAGELDONK
ZEEKANT
WARANDE
1995
BERGSE PLAAT
'CITY AS A HABITABLE EXHIBITION' WALK ROUTE
2005 1945
1960 1930
1975
1850
Soil dividing line
Second wall
First wall Markiezenhof
Nieuwe Markt
Maria- Hoek Sint-Joris
Pottery street
De Draak Sint-Gertrudiskerk
Grote Markt
CITY CENTER
33
Walk route - Old Town
'THE DEPTH OF HISTORY' PORTRAIT OF BERGEN OP ZOOM
What is the depth of a city? Is history The commemorative spaces (points, lines, and faces) inside the city are re-integrated in chronological order and placed in the urban space. When there is a light, you will be captivated by this shadow. Yes, you are looking at the history of bergen op zoom! History that is often overlooked but real! Urban design can be this light.
34
REFERENCES Gasset, JosĂŠ Ortega y. 1941. Towards a philosophy of History. University of Illinois Press. Ham, Willem van, and Cees Vanwesenbeeck. 2013. Bergen op Zoom verleden tijd is een uitgave van. Uitgeverij Elmar BV. Rowe, Colin. 1978. Collage City. The MIT Press. Data sources: Wikipedia, PDOK, CBS,Topotijdreis
37