Master 's Thesis
A Study on a Relocation Project Attended with Forced Migration in Phnom Penh ,Cambodia
Otsuki Laboratory/ Dep. of Architecture, Graduate School of Engneering, Tokyo University of Science
Yuri Akiyama 窶ケrof. Toshio Otsuki
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
001
1-1.The social background of the study 002 1-2. The purpose of the study 004 1-3. Study in the past 005 1-4. Composition of the study 1-4-1. Flow of the study
009
1-4-2. Abbreviation list
010
011
1-5.The method of the study 1-5-1. Content of the study
011
1-5-2. Outline of local survey
012
Chapter 2 Housing movement in Asia 015 2-1.The development of housing movement 2-1-1.The slum removal and the public
017
017
house construction by nation 2-1-2.The housing policy based on Self-Help 019 020
2-1-3.The enabling strategy
2-1-4. New current installs mainly CBO/NGO 023
2-2.The technique of housing movement 024 2-2-1.The slum clearance
024
2-2-2.The public house construction
024
2-2-3.The on-site and the off-site
025
2-2-4.The relocation
026
2-2-5.The site and the service
026
2-2-6.The core-housing
027
2-2-7.The community participation
027
2-2-8.The community contract
028
2-2-9.The slum improvement 2-2-10.The land regularization
028
029
Chapter 3 General outline of urbanpoor community development in Cambodia 031 3-1.The kingdom of Cambodia
032
3-2.The poor community
041
3-3.The housing policy
044
3-1-1.The Kingdom of Cambodia 032 3-1-2.The Phnom Penh City 035 3-1-3.The classification of housing 038 3-1-4.The infrastructure 039
3-2-1.The cause of the sulm 041 3-2-2.The definition of the sulm 041 3-2-3.The location situation and the trend 042
3-3-1.The policy of living environment improvement 3-3-2.The historical transition of land method 3-3-3.The feature of existing law 3-3-4.The indicater of the relocation project 3-3-5.The administrative division
044 045 050 052 054
3 -4.The outline of the relocation project 056 in Phnom Penh 3-4-1.The relocation project 3-4-2.The economic development and the relocation project
056 058
3-5.The case of the relocation project 060 3-5-1.The case of the relocation project 3-5-2. The case before 2003 3-5-3. The case after 2004
3 -6.The actor of the urban poor development
060 061 076
078
3-6-1.The International organization and 078 the administration 078 3-6-2. NGO・CBO 079 3-6-3.The others
Chapter 4 Relocation Project with forced Migration 081 4-1.The object community The selection and the outline
082
4-2.The outline of former residence district Sambok Chap Community
084
4-3. The process of the relocation with the forced migration 4-3-1. The community organization
086
by ownership pattern 4-3-2. The execution of the relocation with forced migration 4-3-3. The scheme and support for the relocation project a) Tropeang Krosaing Community b) Phum Angdoung Community
4-4. The formation process of the living environment
4-4-1. The allocation of the land plot a) Tropeang Krosaing Community b) Phum Angdoung Community 4-4-2. The community organization and the resident characteristic a) Tropeang Krosaing Community b) Phum Angdoung Community 4-4-3. The Housing construction and the classification of unit a) Tropeang Krosaing Community b) Phum Angdoung Community 4-4-4. The infrastructure providion Water-supply Electricity Drainage 4-4-5. The common facilities Shcool Market Meeting and health center Common toilet
086 087 088
090 090
092
094
098
101
4-5. The evaluation of the relocation 107 project - The feature of the relocation process with forced migration 4-5-1. The evaluation about residents participation to project scheme 4-5-2. The Influence of the forced migration on the community organization i ).The technique of "Grouping" II). The attribute of household for the relocation project
4-6. The living environment program based on the community generalization power and the poverty differentials 4-6-1. "Tropeang Krosaing changing to the ghost town" and "Phum Angdoung turning to re-slum" 4-6-2. The evaluation about the community generalization power 4-6-3. The relation between poverty differentials living environment 4-6-4 Living environmnet progrum baced on community generalization power and poverty diferentials
108 110
112
112
113 114 115
4-7. The needs of the relocation comm- 116 unity and the possibility of common facilities 4-7-1.The relation between resident's awareness of the issues and common facilities 4-7-2.The possibility of common facilities
116 117
Chapter 5 Conclusions 119 5-1.The living environment and the 120 problem brought by the forced migration and on object community 120 5-1-1. The problem about the relocation process and the living environment 5-1-2.The proposal concerning the improvement of the housing environment
5-2. The proposal concerning the relocation project in Phnom Penh I ). The resident's continuous conscientization and organization II ).The living environment progra based
on the community generalization po-
Acknowledgement Appendix ■ Documents for the survey 01-StudyPlan 2009 02-MissionLetter 2009 03-Material Survey RELOCATION SITES IN PHNOM PENH Urban Poor Community Map in PP Relocation Site Map in PP PhnomPenh Original Sites List of Relocation Project 2009
120
121
04-Hearling Survay-Questionnaire 2009 05-Measurement Survay for the common facilities 2009 Tropeang Krosaing - School - Market - Health Center Community - Community Center 2008 Phum Andoung Community - Community Hall - CPO School - Toilet ■ Community Hall Constraction Project in SAMAKI271 01- Proposal 02- Outline of Samaki271 Community 03- Community Site Plan 04- Survey of how the site is used 05- Plan for construction 06- Schedule for construction 07- BOQ 08- 2008【SDreview】 09- Japanese Magazine【AERA】 ■ Other documents and publications 01- JAPAN Housing Association【住宅】 Vol.58,2009 02- Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism【住宅着工統計】 03- Power Point
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
081
4-1. Object community for the study
The selection of object community and the outline The object sites for the study are two relocation
The former residence district of the Tropeang Krosa-
project, the Tropeang Krosaing Community and the
ing Community and the Phum Angdoung Commu-
Phum Angdoung Community. This place is a relo-
nity was called the Bassac Area, and occupied with the
catiom project that municipal officials compulsorily
publicly-owned land in the Tonle Sap banks of a river
executed from the Bassac Area that is the maximum il-
that flowed in the east part of Phnom Penh City. It was
legal occupancy district in Phnom Penh for the devel-
relocated to the Tropeang Krosaing Comminity in the
opment of the KohPich island. In addition, after 2002,
idle farmland to a city periphery part away at about
it is the largest-scale in the relocatiom project done in
20km from there on May 3, 2006 and the forced mi-
Phnom Penh, and the both project planning period
gration was done to the Phum Andoung Community
were extremely short .
on June 6, 2006 (Figure 4-1).
Phum Angdoung Rented Households
and inflow people from other districts :1,554
Illegal occupancy district
凡 例
families
New urban development 0
Tropeang Krosaing
0.5
1
2km
Owner s Households :1,367 families Boung Kok Lake
Tonle Sap River
Phum Angdoung
0
the Center of Phnom Penh Bassac
50m
the former district
Phnom Penh International Airport
Tropeang Krosaing
50m
0
Sambok Chap
Sambok Chap
0
50m
Koh Pich Island
Figure 4-1. Location of Tropeang Krosaing Community and Phum Angdoung Community Produced by the author, the Source）Hearing survey to the community leaders
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
082
■ Tropeang Krosaing Community - Land Provided by: MPP - Dimension: 150,000 m² - Number of plots: 1669 plots - Number of families: 1367 families - Size of plots: 5m x 12m - Location: Sangkat Trapaing Krosaing, Khan Dangkor, PP - Distance: 20-23 kilometers from PP - Moving date: 03 May 2006 - Infrastructure supported by : MPP via Sour Srun construction Co. Ltd - Community organizing by: SUPF - Old settlement: From Bassac area
■ Phum Angdoung /Sam bok chab Community - Land Provided by: MPP - Dimension: 30,000 m² - Number of plots: 777 plots - Number of families: Total families live in 1030 reported by Mr. Sok Chham Community leader - Size of plots: 4m x 6m - Location: Sangkat Trapaing Krosaing, Khan Dangkor, PP - Distance: 20 kilometers from PP - Moving date: 06 June 2006 - Infrastructure supported by : MPP via Sou Srun construction Co. Ltd - Community organizing by: SUPF - Old settlement: Bassac area
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
083
4-2. Outline of the former residence district Sambok Chap Community Here, the outline of the Sambok Chap community that
It was in the central portion of Phnom Penh City,
is the former residence district takes a general view from
the development plan surfaced from the location
the project material of the community and the NGO.
along the river it to this district for many years,
The Sambok Chap communitythat was existed
and it was exposed to the crisis of a large-scale
in the Bassac Area (Figure 4-2). The Bassac Area
compulsion removal according to it. Moreover, the
was formed in the illegal occupancy district in
massive fire was generated once 1998 year and two
Phnom Penh at the first period and was one of the
times in 2001 because a lot of houses were built
maximum slum. Several thousand families from
with a low nonflammable wood by the ir self-build.
1979 began to live in the government's own ground
Almost house in the district disappeared ,and the
that was the vacant lot in the Tonle Sap banks of
households that received damage relocated by the
a river that flowed in the east part of Phnom Penh
municipal officials' initiations. In a fire that occurred
City. The flow families would exceed 4,000 by 1998
in 1998, 448 families and 2,257 people became the
and lived with the UNTAC rule in 1992 after the Pol
relocation objects, and it resettled to Toul Sambo
Pot political power had collapsed.
community away from the central portion at 17km.
Tonle Sap River
0
Bassac Area in 1995
the Source）Photo by the investigating of Otsuki laboratory in 1995
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
084
5 20
Koh Pich Island
50
100m
Figure 4-2.Housing of Bassac Area Produced by the author, the Source）Google Earth
However, most residents returned to the place of former one month later. In a fire in May, 2001, 901 families resettled to Samaki 1, 2, and 3 communities away from the central portion at 15km, and 297 families resettled to Samaki 4 community away from the central portion at 16km in June. In addition, 3,631 families resettled to the Anlong Kngan community whic away from the central portion at 20km , and 432 families resettled to the Anlong Korng community away from the central porAppearance of a fire in November, 2001
tion 17km in a fire that had occurred in November,
the Source）ACHR Website http://www.achr.net/phnom_penh_fires.htm
2001. However, the households of 5,000 or more set up one s house again in the same place afterwards. (Figure 4-3) The economical power to the development of the
6 6 5 5
Bassac district has risen more and more in the background of economic development and the sudden rise of land in Phnom Penh after 2004.
Anlong Kngan
55
Ac6
cording to the trial calculation of the real estate group in local, the real estate value became 400-800US$/ ㎡ .The contract to sell over land with 15US$/ ㎡ was made between one community in the Koh Pich islander
Center of Phnom Penh City
Bassac
Samaki 4 Samaki 1,2,3 Phnom Penh International Airport
that places the Bassac district and
Tonle Sap River
44
the river and faces and the Bassac
1 1 3
district, the real estate enterprise, and
2 2
Canadia bank/7NG in 2005 . MPP was decided to resettle in
Anlong Korng
all homes of the Sambok Chap community,because the private company finally bought land from
Toul Sambo
Relocation Project
National road
the government in March,2006. The police and military forces were mobilized in May of the same year and relocatipn was carried out
1
Illegal occupancy district
3 3
1
City boundary 0
1
2
3
4
5Km
Figure 4-3. Position of the relocation site due to a fire
Produced by the author, the Source）STT: Relocation Site In Phnom Penh, 2007
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
085
4-3. Process of the relocation with forced migration before relocation
Relocation
Forced Migration Process
after relocation
Living Environment Formation Process
Figure 4-4. Flow of the relocatin project Produced by the author,
4-3-1.The community organization by ownership pattern In the Sambok Chap community, only the house-
came to negotiate with the government after the
holds who have the owner-ship was organized and
relocation had decided. Though the content of this
acted the saving by supporting SUPF. To record this
negotiation was not clear.,
amount of savings, the saving book was distributed to
Consequentially, as before project, the government
them in each households.
and the developer promised amends of 40 millionUS$
On the other hand, it was not possible to participate in
to the resident who insisted on the property in land.
the saving activity for the rented households because
The representative of the inside and the resident
it was difficult for the rent to do the saving from taking
organization signed the move written agreement
5-10US$ in a month, and they were not organized.
regardless many of residents opposed, and resettle-
The representative of the resident organization that
ment started in 2005.
consisted the households who have the owner-ship
the saving book
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
086
4-3-2.The execution of the relocation with forced migration MPP announced the migration recommendation to the
families in total that matched the rented households
district resident in February, 2006, and finally decided
and those from the flowed household on June 6, 2006.
the all residents' relocation in the district according to the
The forced migration begun at six o'clock of early morn-
Sambok Chap development in March, 2006. At that time,
ing, and 700 policemen or more are mobilized, and the
a detailed project explanation to the resident was not
media and NGOs say that they were prohibited to enter.
done. Because a lot of households that expected the land allocation according to the relocation had flowed in outside the Sambok Chap district. MPP executed the forced migration separately for two districts according to the ownership pattern of the house. In that case, the object household was distinguished by the presence of the saving book. The forced migration to Tropeang Krosaing left from the center part in Phnom Penh at 20km was executed for 1,367 families admitted one's own house on May 3, 2006 after two months of the project decision. On the other hand, the rented households without the saving book came to lose the place to go for the sudden move of their owner. And they were thrown out on the site and this state continued for as much as one month. Moreover, the distinction became impossible by the inflow of the householes who expected the free land acquisition. Finally MPP began the forced migration to Phum Andong left from the center part in Phnom Penh at 20km for 1,554
The forced migration to Phum Andoung,June 6,2006
Phum Angdoung Rented Households
and inflow people from other districts :1,554
Illegal occupancy district
凡 例
families
New urban development 0
Tropeang Krosaing
0.5
1
2km
Owner s Households :1,367 families Boung Kok Lake Tonle Sap River
Phum Angdoung
0
the Center of Phnom Penh Bassac
50m
the former district
Phnom Penh International Airport
Tropeang Krosaing
0
50m
Sambok Chap
Sambok Chap
0
50m
Koh Pich Island
Figure 4-5.Location of the former residence and the relocation site Produced by the author,
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
087
4-3-3. The scheme and support for relocation project According to the trial calculation by the local NGO STT, 800,000US$ that was 2% of protection 40 millionUS$ that the government promised first, was enough money for the 500US$ and the land with an enough infrastructure were able to be prepared in a family. However, the government actually made this promise a wastepaper. In amends to the object household, 100,000US$ was suppressed and stayed the maintained infrastructure only. But the infrastructure was far enough.
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community
112.99m
57.95m V02
25.20m 60.70m
F
E
75.41m
70.18m
138.55m
V08
③
V03
V05
V09
V11
V13
④
②
V08
202.68m
56.38m
108.65m
Health center, water-supplying facilities, and an enough
94.02m
V14
114.21m 90.36m
7.83m
V14
99.78m
118.17m
0
50
100m
9.96m
THE TOTAL NUMBER OF LAND LOTS
terwards, in rerelation, MPP constructed the building
1669 plots ( Each lot has 5 m x 12 m )
frame in common facilities, the school, the market, and
ⅰ: ditch 水路
the public lavatory, etc. beforehand, and transported
ⅱ: arranged land lots
the construction materials of the house from the former district. However, the opinion of the community comittee for infrastructures other than the waterway at the plan stage was not reflected, and neither the plan nor construction were done. (Figure 4-6)
V01
V03
V07
V09
V11
V15
V17
V19
V21
V23
V25
V27
V29
B
V12
V05
A
163.07m
V13
first plan by the enterprise, and the entire community
infrastructure and the division of into six groups. Af-
V15
V17
①
public lavatory, and the waterway were planned to the
C
V06
first, the school, the market, the park, the police box, the
ever, the community comittee added the demand to a
V19
D
V23
V25
consisted of 1669 divisions / one unit 5m × 12m. At
was scheduled to be divided into ten groups. How-
65.77m
V04
from the central city at 20km, and the site plan that
V01
The enterprise (SSE) made the land of 150,000 ㎡ away
83.19m
用意された区画
ⅲ: land to be divided into lots ⅳ: toilets and buckets
分譲地
トイレ・バケツ
ⅴ: (prepared) land/pieces 用意された土地 ①School ②Market ③Garden for children playing ④Police
Figure 4-6. Site plan of Tropeang Krosaing Community
Produced by the author, the Source）the materials owned by Tropeang Krosaing Community
■ Trapeang Krosaing Community - Land Provided by: MPP - Dimension: 150,000 m² - Number of plots: 1669 plots - Number of families: 1367 families - Size of plots: 5m x 12m - Location: Sangkat Trapaing Krosaing, Khan Dangkor, PP - Distance: 20-23 kilometers from PP - Moving date: 03 May 2006 - Infrastructure supported by : MPP via Sour Srun construction Co. Ltd - Community organizing by: SUPF - Old settlement: From Bassac area
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
088
Tropeang Krosaing Community in relocation
The construction of school (right) and market (left) in Tropeang Krosaing Community
b) Phum Angdoung Community After relocaton at first, MPP investigated the remainded residents, and judged 404 families to have been a rented househould. MPP made a farmland of 10,000 ㎡ away from the central city at 20km. However,the land creation was enhanced to 30,000
B
A
D
C
E
㎡ after the target period of one month because relocation was decided to be executed for 1,554 families in total that finally matched the rented households and those flowed from the outside.The
Figure 4-7. Site plan of Phum Andoung Community Produced by the author, the Source）the materials owned by STT
site plan that consisted of 777 divisions /one unit
the toilet and the feed water tank were set up by the emegency
4m × 6m was made. But the land reclamation by
service of UNICEF in several places, and the waterproof sheet
MPP was insufficient with bad the drainage. More-
was distributed to each households. People began to live in
over, construction materials of the house from the
the emergency dwelling by the self-build or by international
former district were not transported in relocation,
NGOby with using the waterproof sheet, wood, and one which
and the infrastructure was unfinished. Therefore,
knited by the bamboo and the nippers palm s leaf.
Phum Angdoung Community immediately before relocation (right) and after (left) the source）ACHR Website http://www.achr.net/phnom_penh_fires.htm
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
089
4-4. Formation process of living environment (the community organizing after relocation and the project process ) before relocation
Relocation
Forced Migration Process
after relocation
Living Environment Formation Process
Figure 4-8. Process of relocation project Produced by the author,
4-4-1. The allocation of the land plot
F
E
D
C
A
B
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community After relocation, the division allocation by lot was executed for 1367 families that migrated from Sambok Chap. The property in land was admitted by divided having been allocated, though especially Grouping technique was not used. At this point, the village division in the community has
district border
water tank community comitte
lot of land
not been executed into six yet.
2007 ・from Monivong Bridge 36 families ( ⅰ )
36 families from the Monivong Bridge district, 42
・from Boriy Kella 42families ( ⅱ )
families from Boriy Kella districts and 133 families
・from Chroy Chanver 133 families ( ⅲ )
from Chroy Chanver districts in next year 2007, 11
2009年： ・from Grope78 11famiies （ ⅳ ）
families from Grope78 in 2009, were migreted to
1unit house rice field community hall common toilet market vacancy school health canter shop
ⅰ
６
there. Each former district was groupedand the division allocation was done. The Tropeang Krosaing
５
(D+F)
(C+E)
ⅱ
１
ⅲ
２
Community is being formed by the five different-
３
４
ⅳ
former district now (Figure 4-9). 0
50
100m
Figure 4-9. Site plan(the first) and Unit arrangement plan on December 2009 (the second) Produced by the author, the Source）Observation survey, and the materials owned by STT
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
090
b) Phum Angdoung Community
at the same time. The allocation of the division is not
The division is not allocated immediately after reloca-
executed, and doesn't have the property in land for the
tion. The resident had been lived in the state only of
households that has resettled excluding the Sambok
moving the former slum with no property in land until
Chap district now. Additionally, the land acquisition
a part of division allocation was begun. MPP investi-
is expected from information that the division of the
gated again in July, 2006 after one month of relocation.
north side will be allocated in the future, and people
The division allocation was executed from the house-
have gathered from various regions. They are over-
holds that was able to confirm relocationfrom the Sam-
crowded the north side of the district and along the
bok Chap district to south of community(D ･ E) at any
farming route outside the boundary and reside now.
time one by one, and the property right was admitted
The nouth of community
E
D
E
D
20
50
The south of community
(C)
(B)
(A)
0 5
C
B
A
100m
school
district border
well
1 unit house
lot of land
well suported by NGO water tank
starge vacancy terrace house supported by NGO
pond
comunity hall shop common toilet
Figure 4-10.Aerophotograph making site (the first),Site plan (the second),Unit arrangement on December, 2008 (the third)
Outside the community boundary
Produced by the author, the Source）Google Earth,Observation survey, and the materials owned by STT
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
091
4-4-2.The community organization and the resident characteristic There are no contemporary account and no existence of data concerning either the situation of actual housing arrangement in the allocated division in Tropeang Krosaing Community,or of living environment in relocation in Phum Andoung Community. Therefore, both Tropeang Krosaing Community and Phum Andoung Community show the state of the living environment when investigating as an index of the one after relocation.
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community
continued till today and it is attached to the official
The SUPF executed the resident's organizing,
position, though the Tropeang Krosaing Commu-
the six comunity committee (CL:1 person and VL:5
nity is being formed by people who came from the
person) were elected from among the resident who
five different residence. In 2007, 36 families from the
relocated from the Sambok Chap district, and the
Monivong Bridge district and 42 families Boriy Kella
communiy committee was arranged in each Village
districts. And in 2009, 133 families from Chroy Chan-
in groups of one in May, 2006. A first member is
ver districts, 11 families from Grope78. Produced by the author, the Source）Hearing survey , the materials owned by STT
Table 4-1. Outline of Tropeang Krosaing
Six Village exists in a big community, Tropeang Krosaing Community Lots
Tropeang Krosaing
Community name Former district
Sambok Chap, Bassac Slum
March-May.2006
Project period Day of relocation
3 May.2006
Site area
150,000㎡
Households
1,367families
1,669 lots (5m×12ｍ/1 lot) Phum1 Phum2 Phum3 Phum4 Phum5 Phum6
Villages
househols
55 68 264 201 VL VL
Lots
84 60 268 289 VL VL
Arrange of Each Village leader (VL) is arranged community in each six Village (Phum1-6 ). comittee
Elementary Plan by MPP
Living Environment after relocation
Center consolidating plan of common facilities
district border
water tank
lot of land
community comitte
1 unit house
rice field
community hall
market shop
school
vacancy
2007
ⅰ
・from Boriy Kella 42families ( ⅱ )
V02
E
2009年： ・from Grope78 11famiies （ ⅳ ）
(C+E)
V01
V03
V05
５
(D+F)
V08
ⅱ
１
２
３
４
ⅳ
V03
V01
ⅲ V05
V09
６
・from Chroy Chanver 133 families ( ⅲ )
⑤ B
V13
V15
V17
V19
V21
V23
V25
V29
V12
C
④
V11
②③
⑤ A V27
V09
V11
V13 V06
V08
V07
①
⑥
⑤
V04
V15
V19
V23
V25
D
V17
F
common toitet
health canter
・from Monivong Bridge ①school ②Market ③Park 36 families ( ⅰ ) ④Parking ⑤Toilet ⑥Waterway
⑤
91 59 376 309 VL VL(CL)
V14
V14
0
50
100m
50
0
100m
■ Composition of the community committe in Tropeang Krosaing Community Village Leader
G.L.+400
G.L.+400
Community Leader ：Chin Sarith
Phum1 : Phal
Phum4 : Chan Siyara
( Phum6 Village Leader )
Phum2 : Kit Pouly
Phum5 : Sun Meang
Phum3 : Chin Sina
Phum6 : Chin Sarith
N
G.L.+400
G.L.+400
N
N
Toilet
School (6-15 years old)
▲Common facilities in Tropeang KrosaingCommunity Hall 4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
092
Health Center
Market
N
b) Phum Angdoung Community Five committee of the community including the
turned to the city. Additionally, allotted land is sold
leader were elected by the resident election by the
to others, and the home that returned to the illegal
cooperation of local NGO in September, 2006. 1338
occupancy district in the city again also rises to 20
families lived in the Phum Andoung Community only
percent or more of the rented house holds in the
three months since the relocation and the community
Bassac area Therefore, the households who were
organizing.The resident who actually migrated from
not the resident in the Sambok Chap district moved
Sambok Chap district by the relocation project is
a lot. Therefore, the existence and the composition
already 400 families sooner or later. As for finding
of the community committe are hardly being ac-
work in the community , there were a lot of house-
knowledged by the resident.
holds that difficultly abandoned early and had re-
Table 4-2. Outline of Phum Angdoung Community
Produced by the author, the Source）Hearing survey , the materials owned by STT
Community turning to Re-slum, Phum Angdoung Community Former district
Sambok Chap, Bassac Slum
March-June.2006
Project period Day of relocation
6 June.2006
Site area
30,000㎡
Households
777lots (4m×6ｍ/1 lot)
Lots
Phum Angdoung
Community name
774 units in border 654units out border 120units
Villages
househols
A
Lots
B
C
D
E
134 183 187 126 140 Arrange of Residents don't understand the existence community of four community comittee. comittee
1,554families
Living Environment after relocation district border
pond
well
well suported by NGO
lot of land water tank
1 unit house
school
community hall
vacancy
starge
shop
C
B
A
housing supported by common toitet Red Cross housing supported by NGO
E
D
0 5
給水タンク
20
50
100m
G.L.+1810
G.L.+1810
G.L.+0
G.L.+1010
N
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
093
N
N
G.L.+730
Toilet
▲Common facilities in Phum Andoung
G.L.+550
G.L.+170
School (7-18 years old)
Community Hall
4-4-3. The housing construction and the classification of unit b) Phum Angdoung Community The saving activity was begun at the same time
house construction is done in addition. The saving
as the community organizing , and the housing
activity is stopped for this repayment now. It con-
construction was begun by the financing from the
sists of the reinforced concrete block construction,
savings, local NGO UPDF in January, 2007 in Sep-
it has space for the toilet and kitchen in the plan of
tember, 2006.
4m × 6m, and it provides with the span roof of the
The households who judged that the repayment
tinplate tile.
capacity of financing money and as the savings ability was comparatively high was high, were elected by the discussion of the community and UPDF. And the elected household constructed their house under the guidance of the technical staff of UPDF. The amount financed was US$500 a family. The process divides into two stages, and the first stage is 10 families. 35 families became objects, and the terraced house for 45 families was completed in the second stage by July, 2008. It is scheduled that it spends for five years afterwards, it repays, and the
The completed terraced house
The constuction of the terraced house 4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
094
Phase.01
2007.01∼ Construction
Floor Story amount
Transport Terrace house
×10 unit
Techinical Coaching Loans 500 US$/family
GL 762
Shop Management
Construction
1F
2F
Wall 1F
-
1F 690
618
Roof 2F
-
30 173 3 34 229 28 5 30 9 5 53 19 72 1 1 9 6 1 8 1 7 1 1 2 5 1 1 1
206
-
$
291
Phase.02
Loans 500 US$/family
44
2007.06∼
$ Shop Management
-
Construction
77
Terrace house
×35戸
-
2F 72
-
43
Figure 4-11. Housing construction system by UPDF
Produced by the author, the Source）Hearing survey to community leader
Figure 4-12 shows that the classification of the 774 households in Phum Angdoung community with construction materials of the floor amount, the number of stories, and each part. 690 households of 774 house-
29
1 2 1 2 12 1 7 1 3 3 1 1 3
holds are units of the ground-storied house. Moreover because of the ground floor, it is daily thought by the flood damage in the rainy season not to use the finishing material. 250 households use the waterproof sheet and the cloth as either wall material or roof material or
-
High floor 12
both of them , and 340 households use the leaf of the palm and the bamboo . Almost the 3/4 units in the community is hardly improved to the emergency dwelling immediately after relocation. their life is exposed to the danger of the flood and a fire daily. Moreover, the unit by the reinforcement concrete block or the mixed structure of the reinforcement concrete block and the tree is 45 supported by UPDF and
Reinforced concrete block Bamboo/ Leaf of nippers palm Cloth/ Waterproof sheet
house
Tinplate Wood Brick
Figure 4-12.The classification by floor amount, construction materials and number of stories
Produced by the author, the Source）Obsevation survey in 2008
101 in the commuity.
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
095
It was able to be confirmed to exist in the south of
the uneasiness of the compulsion removal in the future
the community where the division crack had been
to the repair of the house and the store because there
performed. However, in the north side district where
was no property in land"; Moreover, the home did a
the property right of land is not admitted, the unit of
similar answer due to the instability of the leased land
the reinforced concrete block is none at all. As for
rented house right.
the south, the housing renovation and the repair are
Thus, the uneasiness to the forced migration due to
guessed to be advanced compared with the north side
the instability of the property in land and the leased
of the district, when thinking all units to be an emer-
land rented house right is one of the factors to make
gency dwelling immediately after the relocation.In ad-
the repair of the unit and the store remain. And the liv-
dition, by the hearling suvey to the store management
ing environment of the community is not improved.
households, It is not possible to launch out into from Ground 1-storied unit
Ground 2-storied unit
High floor type unit
Structure material
Structure material
Structure material
Wood : 43
Wood : 618
RCB : 72
RCB + Wood :21
RCB : Reinforced concrete block construction
RCB : 9
Wood :12
Roof material
Roof material
Roof material
Bamboo/ Leaf of nippers palm :485
Tinplate:34
Tinplate:19
Tinplate:8
Bamboo/ Tinplate :131 Leaf of nippers palm :2 Bamboo/Leaf of nippers palm：4 Cloth/ Waterproof sheet:74 Bamboo/Leaf of nippers palm：9
Figure 4-13. Pattern diagrams that show ratio of unit seen according to use construction materials of the roof materia,l,floor height, number of stories, structure Produced by the author, the Source）Obsevation survey in 2008
district border lot of land 0 5
20
50
100m
pond
well
1 unit house
RCB or RCB + Wood
well suported by NGO
water tank
vacancy
terrace house supported by NGO
Figure 4-14. Location of the unit by the reinforcement concrete block or the mixed structure of the reinforcement concrete block and the tree Produced by the author, the Source）Obsevation survey in 2008
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
096
Roof : waterproof-sheet, Wall : wood
Roof : Leaf of the nippers palm Wall : Leaf of the nippers palm
Roof : Tinplate Wall : Tinplate Roof : Tinplate Wall : wood
Roof : Tinplate Wall : Tinplate
Roof : Tinplate Wall : Brick Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
097
4-4-4. The infrastructure providion Both of Phum Andoung Community and Tropeang Krosaing Community, the securing an enough infrastruc-
ture of waterworks, drain facilities, and electric supplies is unfinished today when several years passed from relocation against the demand of the resident. Especially, in a rainy season, both communities become serious problems on living environmental hygiene as it is covered with rain water with which sewage mixes, it is flooded, generates the mosquito in large quantities, and the sickness spreads. A lot of residents are demanding the installation of the water service tube and the standpipe with an early moment. Here after, it takes a general view of the maintenance process and the current state at each equipment.
Water-supply a) Tropeang Krosaing Community The first water-supplying facilities of Tropeang Krosaing Comunity that private company paid government 1,700US$ in 2006 and was set up. The drinking water is bought from the private company with 3,000riel/1L. There was a demand from the resident before relocation, and it was built in the project plan. The water service tube is not constructed yet , and there is not a well either. It is possible to buy it with 700riel/1drum about 200L(3500riel/1L) at the water station located at the door entrance of the Tropeang Krosaing Comunity. Because the plughole is this installation only of one place, It is necessary to carry to home by the motor-
The only water supply entrance in the community
cycle with the prepared drum. There are problems that the price of the drinking
Use of water-supplying facilities 4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
098
water is high, the connection of water is bad, and
b) Phum Angdoung Community
the resident s procession at the dry season when especially needs water because about 800 families
The 20 feed water tanks were set up by UNICEF
use only 7 tank cars. Thus, because water-supplying
immediately after the relocation, and the system to
facilities are not enough, the resident use the water-
receive the supply of the water supply was straight-
supplying facilities as a drinking water and the rain
ened. However, the water supply by UNICEF stays
water as daily life water together.
only immediately after the relocation, and the supply origin is done by private enterprise. Because 1US$ is paid to every 40L in the bucket, the use is a little. Therefore, many residents use it as a water supply by straining the water taken into consideration with the ďŹ lter from two wells by NGO in Australia in April, 2007. the one well used as an agricultural water of a peripheral farml.
Use of well
The feed water tank set up by UNICEF Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
099
Electricity a) Tropeang
Krosaing Community
The example of the home by which there was no public electric supply, and some residents shared the electric power of the dynamo was seen by the investigation. (It is a contract a kW3000riel and one every month and degrees of month 20000riel.
b) Phum Angdoung Community There is no public electric supply, and the supply of electricity has been received by paying 700riel of a day a family from the private company. However, the supply is stopped from 10:00PM to 6 o'clock of next morning in the contract.
Drainage a) Tropeang Krosaing Community When the drain facilities are not, and become rainy seasons especially, both districts become serious problems on living environmental hygiene as it is covered with rain water with which sewage mixes, it is flooded, generates the mosquito in large quantities, and the sickness spreads. A lot of residents are demanding the installation of the water service tube and the drainpipe with an early moment.
Sewage begins to overflow from the drainage trench
b) Phum Angdoung Community The processing of drainage and the miscellaneous drainage has become a big problem immediately after the migration. It was the very simple one, and sewage overflowed in the arriving place in the district with rain water, and the hygienic condition was very very bad in the rainy season though the drainage trench had been dug with the emergency dwelling along the road. The drainpipe was constructed by the residents construction by receiving the conception, financial support, and technical assistance of NGO in South Korea as shown in the district in September, 2007 after this was received, and the south was readjusted. However, it is not managed after it constructs it, garbage and dirt are blocked in the drainpipe, and it remains about the environment immediately after the migration because it is unavailability now. 4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
100
Construction of drainpipe in Phum Andoung Community
4-4-5.The common facilities The Health center, the water-supplying facilities and the comunity hall where the campany promised the resident the plan by the project scheme in addition to the school, the market, and the common toilet planned by the early plan in the Tropeang Krosaing Community. These are planned in the shape consolidated in the center of the community, and are important their living environmental bases of the community. The school, the health center, and the common toilet by the NGO support were constructed in the Phum Andoung Community. The common toilet costs electricity and the water service fee by international NGO is not almost used now. Moreover, the market is formed voluntarily by residents in the Phum Andoung Community immediately after relocation, and the women works there as well as the Tropeang Krosiang Community. Hereafter, it takes a general view of the construction process and the current state of each facilities.
School
textbook have received the government aid. The class
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community
is the Khmer, the arithmetic, the science, and the
- Hearing Survay to Teacher&Manager; Mr.Kang
society, is taking charge of eight classes as 4 teachers
The school was constructed by MPP and the private
(All members live in the Phnom Penh city.the teacher
company, and the support of the government and
salary is 50US$/month by the government.) A room
NGO in 2006. Everyone can go to the school free of
at this school functions as a hospital until the Health
charge. The class system is set up by six days of a
center completes in the community in January,
week, in the morning for 7am-11am, in the afternoon
2007. Moreover, About 30 people go to elementary
for 1pm-5pm. The school attendance hour belt can be
school by 10,000riel every month. 16-year-old or
chosen by the each family's circumstances. However,
more children go to the junior high school outside
it is not few that children of a poor households
community in 5km. 20 people in total go to high
cannot go to the school for helping thier housework.
school outside the community in 7km on foot or by
6-15-year-old is 282 students (146 boys and 136
moto. However, the student of about 20 percent says
girls) are passing, and almost students are Tropeang
that he or she leaves the school before graduation
Krosaing residents now. The pen, the pencil, and the
almost when going up to the junior high school.
G.L.+400
G.L.+400 G.L.+400
G.L.+400
Field
0
2
5
10m
Figure 4-15. Plan of the school Produced by the author, the SourceMeasuring survey in 2009
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
101
b) Phum Angdoung Community The school intended for the child of 7-18 years old in the community had been managed by the resident under the support of NGO in Japan since Sambok Chap comminoty. It was rebuilt by the district resident s construction for oneself in February, 2007 after it had resettled, and it was restarted in the same system as former. English, Japanese, and the tradition dance in Cambodia, etc. are chiefly taught, and 45 students are on the register now. School expenses are free, and lunch is supported. Teachers are nine people, and both are resident in the
district. Their salaries are covered by help of NGO. Moreover, the NGO staff occasionally teaches it. The stage is constructed in the south in the district, and the play and the performance, etc. of each children s events are done. Moreover, it was possible to visit the catching familiarity also of people of the community other than the child from the Survey. There is no child who commutes from the district for school expenses to drive, and to need the identification card of the government issue though a public elementary school exists about 200m apart to the south of the district.
G.L.+1810
G.L.+1810
G.L.+0
G.L.+1010
G.L.+730
G.L.+550
G.L.+170
Figure 4-16.Plan of the school N 0
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
102
1
Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey in 2008 2.5 5m
Market a) Tropeang Krosaing Community It was planned at the business scheme stage before the relocation, and there was no change in the plan, and it was constructed by MPP and the private company in 2006. When relocating, it was constructed to the building frame. If 200riel each is paid, everyone can sell the inside and outside of
Market in Tropeang Krosaing Community
the district in the market. It becomes a place where women in the district work, and the resident hopes
was renewed immediately after resettlement. This
for the scale expansion.
became the prototype of the market. Afterwards,
b) Phum Angdoung Community
the home that lost the opportunity for employment after it resettles starts the store management, and
The market did not exist originally around the dis-
the number of stores has increased gradually.
trict, and the market was formed in the district im-
The..location..resettlement..at first..now..position..
mediately after resettlement. 32 all stores existed in
south..provide..municipal ofďŹ cials..division..allocate..
the market, and the hearing survey was done to the
market..drainage..bad..residential quarter..unsuit-
home that managed the store in 29 stores sooner
able..now..place..move..have.
or later. The formation process of the market that
The use of 880 people in total is seen in a day now,
turns out from them is as follows.
and the user has gathered not only in the district
Each one carried tools and the commodity for
but outside the district. In addition, the number of
the store management used in the former district
stores gradually increases to the number of stores
when ten families that were the store manage-
with 32 when investigating in 24 the one whose 16
ment homes from former resettled, and the store
immediately after resettlement in 2007, and 2008.
Market in Phum Andoung Community Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
103
Meeting facilities and health center
The future,the resident aims at the construction of the Health center that expanded an around-the-clock
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community
scale every day. An urgent patient goes to the hospi-
- Healing to Doctor. Ty Souichea
tal in the hospital near the airport or the city now. As
The Health center in the district was from the resident before resettlement the demand, and was built into the project plan, and the enterprise promised the resident construction, and was constructed by the government in January, 2007. Everyone the inside and outside of the district can use, and the resident can use the diagnosis and treat-
the base for the loan lending of UPDF, it is the meeting facilities in the district now though the meeting facilities in the district were plans of the business scheme as the police box at first. It is said that there is a person who borrows from the fund in the rental fee to use for rebuilding the house etc. , and to do the motorcycle and toktok in Phnom Penh, too.
ment once readily at a low price with 500riel. It is a diagnosis and treatment from 8 AM to 11 o clock (It treats only on the weekday, and take a rest on the weekend), and doctors are 2 people (Mr. Ty Souichea: the TK living and Mr. RosSamoun: 8km previous community living) now. The medicine is not enough though it proceeds to the consultation due to the cold and headache, rabies, syphilis, and venereal disease.(malaria)etc. only by being here. ������
��������� ����
���������
�������� ������ 0
1
2.5
Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey in 2009
Community Hall externals
104
�������� ������
������������� ����
5m
Figure 4-17.Plan of the community hall
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
G.L.+600
G.L.+600
G.L.+170
G.L.+170
0
1
2.5
5
Figure 4-18. Plan of the health center 10m
Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey in 2009
Helth Center externals
b)
Phum Angdoung Community
The meeting facilities were constructed in September, 2007. This facilities were assumed to be the one to hold the promotion of the house that American NGO supported concurrently, and all the cost was covered by NGO. And, it constructed it with the resident while doing the resident technical guidance. One family chosen by the resident election manages after completing construction, and it is used two times as a place of the mobile medical service that local NGO does every week besides about 20 residents meetings now. The simple shower room where the rest room
Facilities externals
was furnished exists in the inside because it is originally a building designed for the house. The inside is 5m × 4.5m and a narrow making from the block make that uses a special block where it matches and the god is fixed with the reinforced concrete to suppress an initial cost, and it is 2, and 15 in height that doesn t need the joint mortar as for the ruggedness though a flat enhancing the plan after it constructs it is difficult Because 0mm or more is simple of the wooden tinplate -lined, it is upper layer and extensible plans.
Facilities introspection
G.L.+170
N
0
1
2.5
5m
Figure 4-19. Plan of the community center Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey in 2008
Construction in 2007
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
105
Common toilet a) Tropeang Krosaing Community It is not managed by the resident, garbage and dirt are blocked, and the unavailability now though planned by the business scheme and constructed. Because there is no rest room in each unit, the resident pays the rental of 5?10US$ to the house in the rest room that is month and is borrowing now.
b) Phum Angdoung Community The rest room that had been set up by UNICEF became unavailability afterwards and was demolished. The public lavatory was planned and constructed by international NGO in Singapore in July, 2007 afterwards. It is the one that consists of an elevated water tank, all private rooms have the toilet of the type of washing in clear water, and use becomes possible with 18 private rooms because it draws up water in an elevated water tank with the pump. However, it is hardly used from use without pouring
Common toilet in Phum Andoung Community
water from costing electricity and the water service fee whenever using it, and not performing the management now.
給水タンク
Common toilet in Tropeang Krosaing Community
N
Figure 4-20. Plan of the common toilet
Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey in 2009
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
106
0
1
2.5
5m
Figure 4-21.Plan of the common toilet Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey in 2008
4-5. Evaluation of relocation project
- Feature of relocation process with forced migration
The transition of the project process in the object district and The role of the related organization at each stage is shown (Table 4-3, Table 4-4). The contents also were shown in Kork Kleang 1 Community and the Samaki271 Community located as a success case in the relocation project in Phnom Penh and moreover as object of comparison (Table 4-5 ,Table 4-6).
Table 4-3. Transition of the relocation process and the role of the related organization in Tropeang Krosaing Community Produced by the author, the Source）Healing survey
Relocation 2006 2007 March 5 3 5 7 9 11 1 Relocation to PA Project House Construction Land Allocation Community Organising・Land Allocation Common Toilet Water Supply School Health Center Community Hall Market Residents
CBO
MPP
Funding
●
▲
Site Selection
●
▲
Land Making Site Planning
●■ ▲
2008
11
1
：Facilities using till today
Goverment Local NGO
International NGO
● ●
Community Organing ●
▲
▲
Saving Activity
▲
Water Supply
● ●▲
▲
■
● ● ■
■
▲
Market
●■ ▲★
● ■
School
●
● ■
Coomon Toilet
9
●
Support for relocation Land Allocation
House Construction
7
▲
● ■
● ■ Health Center ● ▲ ● ■ Community Hall ●：Planning ■：Constructing ▲：Management ：Advice
●■
●■
：Techinical Support ：Financial Suport ★：Relation since fomer district
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
107
4-5-1. The
evaluation about residents participation to project
In both on these object grounds, Tropeang Krosaing community and Phum Angdoung community, it characterized that the project scheme period was short and resident's independent participation in project planning was enumerated as the process of the relocation project with forced migration.These projects were not able to develop as the resident s participation type; which is developed while taking resident's opinion into consideration"
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community
b) Phum Angdoung Community
(Table 4-3) Moreover, there were little independent participa-
(Table 4-4) The target period was one month only, and
tion in resident s business scheme, without the detailed
only MPP took part in the plan. the land where the
business explanation to resident and the place where
drainage is bad is prepared, the forced migration
resident s opinion is reflected. The target period was
is executed, and after relocation, it is enumerated
short for two months, and the infrastructures of a water
that the allocation of the division and the resident
service tube and an electric supply, etc. are unfinished
organizing, the house maintenance, and the infra-
now, and a living environmental base to reside on the
structure maintenance were performed. The project
resettlement ground was already insufficient at the
scheme to improve the dwelling environment was
business scheme stage.
hardly originally planned there too. Table 4-4. Transition of the relocation process and the role of the related organization in Phum Andoung Community Produced by the author, the Source）Healing survey
Relocation 2007 March 5 3 5 7 9 11 1 7 Project Decidion Community Organising・Land Allocation Relocation toTK House Construction Emergency Dwelling, Common Toilet, Water Supply Tank Land Allocation Well Mobile medical service Market School 2006
Project Process
Community CBO
MPP
Residents
Funding
●
▲
Site Selection
●
▲
Land Making Site Planning
●■ ▲
● ▲
：Facilities using till today
Drainage Common Toilet Community Hall International NGO AUS JPN SGP
USA
■ ●
●▲
● ●
■ ●■
■ ●■ ▲★
School
●■ ▲★
▲
Coomon Toilet
●
★ ●■
■▲
●：Planning ■：Constructing ▲：Management ：Advice
108
1
●■
Market
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
2008
▲
▲
Saving Activity
Community Hall
K0R
UPDF
■
Community Organing ●
House Construction
UNICEF
11
●
Support for relocation Land Allocation
Water Supply Drainage Well
Goverment Local NGO
9
●■
：Techinical Support ：Financial Suport ★：Relation since fomer district
On the other hand, in the project process in the
In the business process by the resident s partici-
Kork Kleang 1 Community, the resident has been
pation , the conclusion is put that The project has
organized in the former district before the project-
been gradually developed while taking resident s
decision, and the creation of the site and the design
opinion into consideration ; was important for the
of the house end till the relocation, and the infra-
relocation achievement.
structure is maintained across before and after re-
settlement. Moreover, a related organization in the business process after relocation shows, it is similar that various organizations are related to the business. (Table 4-5.) Also in the project process in the Samaki271 Community of the subsequent page, a lot of independent participation in the plan of each stage of the business was seen as the resident who organized before relocation voluntarily executed the land selection, and the resident took part in the site plan and the division allocation of the resettlement ground greatly. (Table 4-6 )
Table 4-5. Transition of the relocation process and the role of the related organization in Kork Kleang 1 Community
Produced by the author, the Source）2005, FUKUKI Satoshi [STUDY ON A PROPER RELOCATION TECHINIQUE IN PHNOM PEHN CAMBODIA]
1997
1998
1999
Funding
Project Process
2001
2002
Land Making Water Supply by private campany Road Common Toilet House Construction Support for relocation Housing Loans
Community Residents
●
Site Planning
●
MPP
UNCHS
CBO ●
Site Selection
Housing Loans Land Making Common Toilet
Relocation
Site Selection Site Planning Well
Funding
House Construction
2000
Local NGO URC UPDF
▲
●
Water Supply Drainage
International NGO WVI SAWAC ANS ▲
■
■
■
■ ■
●
● ▲ ●
■▲
●
Road
■
●
Well
■
Support for relocation
●
Water Supply Drainage
▲ ●
●
▲
▲ ●
■▲
▲ ■
●：Planning ■：Constructing ▲：Management ：Advice
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
109
4-5-2.The Influence of the forced migration on the community organization i ).The technique of "Grouping" II). The attribute of household for the relocation project
"the Grouping Technique" for continuing the
Grouping technique" were used to reflectet
relative is a technique indispensable to form the
the seven resident groups of the vicinity, the
resident's organizing and a living environmental
companion, and the blood relative which formed in
formation of the community smoothly after
the former community before relocation.
relocation. 2
1
In the division allocation in Samaki271, "the
2
4
6
5
6
8
10
12
14
4
3
■ Method of allocating division
Ｐ１ 8
1
9
5
7
9
11
14
2
4
6
8
10
16
12
15
by seven leaders of the group (P1-P7)
13
12
11
13
3
10
① The division is distributed to each group by lot
7
Ｐ２
9
11
② Next, it draws lots in each group, and each
7
5
18
1
3
Ｐ４
22
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
3
8
6
7
5
③ In the division, because of basically a acquaintan-
6
4
5
3
1
4
2
3
1
2
1
household is decided to divide.
20
17
Ｐ３
10
8
9
7
Ｐ５
Ｐ６
5 10
20
30
40(m)
13
11
14 15
16
15
13 14 16
7
to the demand such as wanting to become the
Figure 4-22. Site plan in Samaki271
Produced by the author, the Source）2007, YURI Akiyama, MURAMOTO Kenzo
next by the relative by the discussion between the households.
12
5
ceship members, the division was flexibly decided
0
12
10
11
9
Ｐ７
[A EXAMINATION ON THE HOUSING CONSTURUCTION TECHINIQUE AFTER THE RELOCATION - SAMAKI271 COMMUNITY]
Table 4-6. Transition of the relocation process and the role of the related organization in Samaki271 Community Produced by the author, the Source）Healing survey
2001
MAY 7 9 Project Decidion
Relocation 2002 11 1
3
5
7
9
11
2008
3
9
：Facilities using till today
Community Organising
Community Hall
Land Allocation House Construction
Project Process
CBO SUPF
Funding
Residents ▲ ●
Site Selection
●
Land Making Site Planning
▲
●▲
○△
●▲
○
UN Local NGO UNCHS URC,UPDF
K0R
International NGO AUS JPN SGP
USA
○△ ○△
●■ ▲ ●
▲
Support for relocation Land Allocation ●
▲
Community Organing ● ● Saving Activity
▲ ▲
Water Supply Drainage Well House Construction
MPP
○
●
▲
○△ ○△ ●■ ▲ ●■ ▲
■▲
●
●■
Market School Common Toilet Community Hall ● ■ ▲
●：Planning ■：Constructing ▲：Management ：Advice
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
110
：Techinical Support ：Financial Suport ★：Relation since fomer district
The living environment after the relocation was far apart from the life that the resident requested, Consequentially it caused a dwelling one quite different from "Improvement of housing environment which is an original purpose in relocation project". we can see that Phum Angdoung community made to the ghost town and Tropeang Krosaing community made to a re-slum.
a) Tropeang Krosaing Community The factor to cause "Make to the ghost town"of the Tropeang Krosaing communiy includes the following.
b) Phum Andoung Community On the other hand, the factor to cause "Make to a re-slum" of the PhumAngdoung community includes the following.
When the division allocation was executed to all the
After the relocation to the Tropeang Krosaing com-
relocated households at once after relocation, the prop-
munity, the rented households had gotten the place to
erty in land was admitted, and the resident s organizing
go left for as much as one month in the state of the loss
was executed in a short term. In this case, consideration
exposed to nature. There was no project scheme, the
to the resident s organization was improved as the
the process and the living environment program. And
community committee was arranged in each Village,
neither the land allocation nor the land property
and it was an effective device for the generalization of
right ecognition was performed after relocation.
the entire community was performed. Thus, it is appre-
Consequentially, a negligent attitude in MPP s
ciable that all homes obtained the dominion directum
business progress caused the inflow household from
and the house, and security and the living environment
another district who expected the land acquisition
were improved. But the living environment program af-
was increased, and confusion. Therefore, the gener-
ter the relocation insufficient. And the allocation of the
alization of the entire community by the community
land plot that used the Grouping Technique was not
people was difficult.
performed though it had been organized as before. However, if it was added, it is likely to have become the result of bringing about an effect to the resident s conscientization and organizing mor in allocating the division.
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
111
4-6. Living environment program based on community generalization power and poverty differentials 4-6-1. "Tropeang Krosaing Community changing to ghost
town" and "Phum Angdoung Community turning to re-slum" Table 4-7. Outline of Tropeang Krosaig Community and Phum Angdoung Community Produced by the author, the Source）Hearing survey , the materials owned by STT Six Village exists in a big community, Tropeang Krosaing Community Lots
Tropeang Krosaing
Community name Former district
Sambok Chap, Bassac Slum
March-May.2006
Project period Day of relocation
3 May.2006
Site area
150,000㎡
Households
1,367families
Community turning to Re-slum, Phum Angdoung Community
1,669 lots (5m×12ｍ/1 lot)
househols Lots
68 55 264 201 VL VL
84 60 268 289 VL VL
Arrange of Each Village leader (VL) is arranged community in each six Village (Phum1-6 ). comittee
Elementary Plan by MPP district border
water tank
lot of land
community comitte
1 unit house
rice field
community hall market shop
school
vacancy
V06
B
C
D
E
1,554families
district border
common toitet
pond
well
well suported by NGO
1 unit house
school
community hall
vacancy
starge
shop
housing supported by common toitet Red Cross
housing supported by NGO
６
５
(D+F)
2009年： ・from Grope78 11famiies （ ⅳ ）
(C+E)
C
B
A
V01
V03
V05
A
134 183 187 126 140 Arrange of Residents don't understand the existence community of four community comittee. comittee
30,000㎡
V08
ⅱ
１
２
３
４
E
D
ⅳ
V01
V03
V05
ⅲ
V07
V09
Site area
househols Lots
6 June.2006
lot of land water tank
・from Chroy Chanver 133 families ( ⅲ )
⑤ B
V13
V15
V17
V19
V21
V23
V29
V25
V12
V11
②③
⑤ A
C
④
V08
V27
V09
V11
V13
V15
V17
V19
V23
V25
D
①
⑥
⑤
March-June.2006
ⅰ
・from Boriy Kella 42families ( ⅱ )
⑤
Project period Day of relocation
774 units in border 654units out border 120units
Villages
Living Environment after relocation
2007
V02
E
Sambok Chap, Bassac Slum
Households
health canter
・from Monivong Bridge ①school ②Market ③Park 36 families ( ⅰ ) ④Parking ⑤Toilet ⑥Waterway
V04
Former district
Living Environment after relocation
Center consolidating plan of common facilities
F
91 59 376 309 VL VL(CL)
777lots (4m×6ｍ/1 lot)
Lots
Phum Angdoung
Community name
Phum1 Phum2 Phum3 Phum4 Phum5 Phum6
Villages
V14
0 5
V14
0
50
20
50
100m
100m
0
50
100m
給水タンク
G.L.+1810
G.L.+400
G.L.+400
G.L.+1810
G.L.+0
N
G.L.+1010
G.L.+400
G.L.+400
N
N
N
N
N N
Toilet
G.L.+730
School (6-15 years old)
▲Common facilities in Tropeang KrosaingCommunity Hall
Toilet
Health Center
Market
▲Common facilities in Phum Andoung
G.L.+550
G.L.+170
School (7-18 years old)
Community Hall
Here, the settling down rate of the Tropeang Kro-
vision in Tropeang Krosaing Community. Therefore,
saing Community and the Phum Andoung Commu-
the maximum value of the relocation households in
nity is shown. The relocation households that was
May, 2006 is calculated by using Number of house-
1367 families in relocation is about 400 families or
holds in relocation and Number of households in
less and the settling down rates are low about 29%
survey 2009 except the number of households that
now.（There is no contemporary account about the
we understand the inflow from other districts . ANd
arrangement of each home when the allocated di-
it s used for the analysis.
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
112
4-6-2. The evaluation about community generalization power
Moreover, 1554 families in relocation(the total
given, it is a state of Transition period to the Ghost
of the rented households in Sambok Chap district
Town for almost householeds return to Phnom
and the inflow homeholds from outside bacame
Penh due not to find their employment.
about 400 families in Phum Andoung Community
There were resident s opinion in the Phum Andoung
for three months later of the relocation. The settling
Community by the hearing survey ; Nobody knows
down rate was about 25% in Septeber 2006, and
which the grouping of the community my family
the former residents had already hardly lived. The
belongs to, because the community leader doesn t
Phum Andoung community was finally organized
inform it. and The discussion of the community co-
and the five community committee were elected.
mittee is always a topic of the economic aspect, and
But the existence and the composition of them was
it has not arrived at the system to assemble resident s
not known by the residents because they couldn t
opinion. The community leader should firmly provide
understand the resident s attribute for generalizing
the evolutional strategy on the district.
the entire community.
In Tropeang Krosaing Community, the community
In the division to which the land title is not given,
committee is arranged in six each Village, and they
it is a state of Re-slum of the relocationn site by
generalizes the group of 50-100 family for this. It is
the inflow houlds who expect the land acquisition
thought that this adequately understands resident
of the free charge. And in the division to which
Land lot without the land title ⇒ Making of re-slum
Land lot with the land title ⇒ peopel back to Phnom Penh, and making of goust town
0 5
20
50
100m
school
district border
well
1 unit house
lot of land
well suported by NGO water tank
starge vacancy terrace house supported by NGO
pond
comunity hall
shop common toilet
Figure 4-23.Land ownership and residence situation in Phum
Produced by the author, the Source）Measuring survey
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
113
4-6-3.The relation between poverty differentials living environment s needs, and is very effective also for generalization
It is an unexpected blind spot that there is an
and a living environmental formation of the entire
economic discrepancy also in the poorest segment
community. As the a problem to be solved in Phum
, and are a so-called winner and a loser. Actually, the
Andoung Community, they shoucld make the small-
living environment of the Phum Andoung Commu-
scale group of about 50-100 families, and setting
nity is bad compared with the one of the Tropeang
up the resident committee in eac group, informing
Krosaing Community. However, a lot of people
the entire community of the existence, and under-
flowed in from other disricts by the overflow from
standing community needs easily.
an existing division. By the hearing survey, it was cleared that it is very difficult to live in the place like Tropeang Krosaing Community that the living environment is comparatively good for the households with very low income in the poorest segment. They have a consideration that it was possible to live only in an informal living environment. Because a kind of the gamble is one means to get their income. the area for each lots of the Phum Andoung community is below the half compared with that of the Tropeang Krosaing Community, and the unit has been overcrowded, the police doesn t come there, and their needs are suitable for it.
Tropeang Krosaing Community changing to ghost town
The planning side have to Understandi the resident's living standard of each family and the economic discrepancy at the plan stage of project scheme, and setti the living environment that people can choose .
Phum Angdoung Community turning to re-slum
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
114
4-6-4. Living environment program based on community generalization power and poverty differentials These factors brought by the forced migration caused
cinity, the companion, and the blood relative in the mooth
various confusion in addition to the risk of the property
formation of the living environment after relocation
loss of people. We found that the situation are with
・Planning and Setting a firm project scheme for the
hidden danger that it cannot be solved by community
resident s Conscientization and Organizing to improve their
people themselves, the impossibility of community
living enviroment by themselves, without permitting the
management and the delay of living environmental
inflow households from other districts.
improvement etc.
II ).The living environment program based on the com-
In relocation project, it s essential that supporting for
munity generalization power and the poverty differentials
the property loss by relocation and making the land
・Making the small-scale group of about 50-100
straightened enough infrastructure. The first point
families, setting up the resident committee in eac
we have to be considerd as a project indicater is the
group, informing the entire community of the exis-
planning that can answer resident's needs.we need to
tence, and understanding community needs easily.
consider the risk by relocation and the resident's living
・Understanding the resident's living standard of each
standard after the property loss .
family and the economic discrepancy at the plan stage
I ).The resident's continuous conscentization and organization
of project scheme, and setting the living environment
・Using the Grouping Technique for continuing the vi-
that people can choose .
Precondition in business scheme
Amends of property loss by relocation, Appropriate relocation support , Enough infrastructure and land Purpose１
Purpose 2
Ｉ.Resident's continuous conscientization and organizing Scheme１
Purpose 3
Ⅱ.Community Generalization Ⅲ.Living environmental improveand Adequate grasp of resident needs ment and solution of resident needs
▼
１).Resident's independent participation to project planning ２).Decision of business scheme intended for former resident ３).Use of "Grouping Technique"
４).Prompt division allocation, Recognition of dominion directum, Community organizing Scheme 2
▼ ▼ The living environment program based on the community generalization power and the poverty differentials
5）Corresponding plan to resident s economical situation 6）Arrangement of small-scale grouping and community committee Scheme 3
▼
▼
▼
▼
The needs of the relocation community and the possibility of common facilities
Figure 4-24. The proposal of the relocation project process in Phnom Penh
Produced by the author,
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
115
4-7. The needs of the relocation-community and the possibility of common facilities 4-7-1.The relation between resident's awareness of the issues and common facilities Especially, the problem of employment is serious
too.
for poor househods that makes a living as an
In the Tropeang Krosaing Community and the
informal sector of the motorcycle taxi driver, the
Phum Angdoung Community, there is a common
peddler, and the construction site worker, etc. in the
function rebuilt after relocation from former
city. They have to go to work away from there with
resettles, and the resident participate in in the
putting transportation. Their work in Phnom Penh
planning, construction, and management as a
City is a motorcycle taxi driver (The income is about
main subject. Especially, in the market where
1US$ per day,if they have a private motorcycle.),a
has not received the any support by the related
tuktuk driver, a construction worker or a peddler.
organization,
For the economy reasons of transportation every
there is a user not only in the community but also
day, the worker from relacation site who borrows
outside the district, and, in addition, the scale shows
a room along the canal with 2-3US$ or stays in the
the tendency to expand. Then, it can be considered
construction site all night long is not few. There are
that the common facilities in the relocation
young people who work as a factory labor member,
community will hide the big potential as a job creation place for the community people.
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
116
4-7-2. The possibility of common facilities  Actually, following residents opinions became clear from the hearing survey to the resident in the Tropeang Krosaing Community and the Phum Andoung Community.   Especially, as an environmental improvement idea of the market seen as an active resident activity; A opinion It might be also possible to make a real market from the joint investment of the store management households all, and sharing land if the dominion directum of each home is authorized. and for the resident s poor improvement, Why don t you make the resident the joint purchase of the machine of needlework or neither erecting a plant in the district nor obtain employment and the earnings opportunity by managing it? etc. The opinion went up, too and it was possible to visit positive posture to resident s environmental reform. Moreover, it pays attention here about Factory in the ambient surrounding on the relocation site, though there were some households that goes to the factory from the Tropeang Krosaing Community and the Phum Andoung Community to outskirts to work.   In the one of the relocation site, Aphiwat Meatnchey Community, a big factory was built around the community and many young people from the relocation site are working as a plant worker.As for work, there are a lot of sewing factories such as the dress, pairs of trousers, and shoes. In addition, the stall is formed in front of the factory for the worker when taking a rest in daytime and the evening,and it becomes plant worker s stage
Relocation community in which makes a living at factory in the vicinity - Aphiwat Meatnchey Community Produced by the author
street, and there are some househoulds that enrich-
Chapter 4. Relocation Project with Forced Migration
117
es because of the lease management of the room,
the function that existed in the former district like
too. The place of new work was being created by
the school and the market etc.and the resident was
people in the Aphiwat Meatnchey district.
participating in the plan, construction, and management independently. However, the construction
■（EX）Using "the Factory" near community
of common facilities by the resident needs the own life base. And, it tends to be postponed for the relo-
Merit ① It s possible for poor familiy that can t get enough
cation households.
their education to work and learn there. Merit ② The family that makes a living in the stall ( for factory work s lunch etc.) can efficiently earn it for a decided day short time. Merit ③ The community near factory is enriched as a stage area, and it leads to the build‐up of the living standard in the entire community and the activation of a living environmental improvement.
The planning side of common facilities have to make a plan corresponding to the resident s life with the accurate judgment of resident s needs. The common facilities have the effective possibilities to solve the community needs and to improve the living environment.
Merit ④ the suburbs location and the adoption of people who live in the relocated site might also be effective for the private company and the factory that want to suppress it to low-cost as much as possible. Demerit ① It costs to educate the worker. Demerit ② the community resident's life base might be suddenly lost because almost private company and a factory that are foreign capital are seeking more lower-cost achievement to other countries. Thus, the new living environment would be created by making the plan of relocation site that included both of "the Place of Employment" and "the Place of Vocational Training". On the other hand,though the infrastructure and common facilities were constructed after relocation by many related organizations,there was little related facilities with the resident and the community commiteefrom the plan stage.As the result, it did not suit to resident s life standard and living situation. Moreover, the active use was performed as for
4 章 強制移住を伴う再定住事業
118
the community Hall in Samaki271 Community