[RE]SEARCH [DIA]LOGUES
RE-CENTERING DELHI UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
HOUSING
INTRODUCTION
Sean Sullivan / Yushan Du
There is a direct correlation between the growing urban population in Delhi and the increased need for the city’s housing infrastructure. As statistics reveal, majority of the growing population tends to be migrants from the Low Income Group (LIG) who travel from impoverished royal areas in search for labor. With the land prices rising in Delhi, these migrants are unable to afford planned housing (i.e., Apartments, Builder’s Flats, and Villas), forcing them to alternative living solutions, such as slums, JJ Clusters, and other informal settlements. Furthermore, nearly three quarters of residential structures are self-constructed, resulting in unsafe and unhealthy living conditions. Currently, initiatives have been made to improve these informal settlements in addition to relocating residents to resettlement colonies. Recent efforts have been successful, while others prove to cause more harm than good. Multiple organizations, architects, and NGOs are continuing this on-going effort to propose new solutions addressing Delhi’s existing infrastructure and the development of new housing. This book aims to hone in on specific conditions of Delhi’s housing sector to better understand the role of each building typology to the larger context of the urban fabric. In addition, current initiatives and case studies are analyzed to help grasp the daunting issue of the living conditions in Delhi.
OVERVIEW OF HOUSING IN NEW DELHI
19 01
2011
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01 20
18,000,000 14,000,000
19 91
11 19
10,000,000 6,000,000 2,000,000
Due to the amount of growth in Delhi’s urban population, an increased need for housing becomes a pressing issue for its residents. As a result of this growth, majority of the population is forced to live in substandard housing.
Total Population Urban Population 19 31
71 19
41 19
“Economic Survey of Delhi 2012-13: Housing & Urban Development,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, accessed September 2, 2015, http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/ Economic+Survey+of+Dehli/Economic+Survey+of+Delhi+2012+-+2013.
1951
URBANIZATION OF DELHI
1921
19 61
1
1981
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100 80 60 40 20
97% Urban
2
URBANIZATION OF DELHI During the course of the 20th century, Delhi’s population has been steadily increasing to urban living conditions versus a rural lifestyle. As of 2011, the urban population has reached a staggering 97%.
“Economic Survey of Delhi 2012-13: Housing & Urban Development,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, accessed September 2, 2015, http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/ Economic+Survey+of+Dehli/Economic+Survey+of+Delhi+2012+-+2013.
1921 1941 1951 1991 2011 2021
6 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 7 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 8 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 9 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 9.7 out of every 10 peopl e lived in an urban area. 10 out of every 10 peopl e will live an urban area.
2011
2001
1991
1981
1971
1961
1951
1941
1931
1921
1911
1901
0
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3
MIGRANTS Not only is Delhi currenlty facing issues among its population and demand for adequate housing, but a large percent of the population increase of Delhi is attributed to immigration, with nearly 78, 000 people migrating to Delhi annually.
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
~78,000
MIGRANTS TO DELHI ANNUALLY
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4
AVERAGE POPULATION DENSITY
11,297 PERSONS PER SQ. KM
POPULATION DENSITY Delhi’s average population density compares to that of New York City, but the real problem of Delhi’s density is attributed to the informal settlements outside of the city center, reaching densities as high as 17, 664 persons per sq. km.
AS HIGH AS
17,664 PERSONS PER SQ. KM
NEW YORK CITY 10,725 PERSONS PER SQ. KM WASHINGTON D.C 4,066 PERSONS PER SQ. KM “Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 3, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013. “New York City,” Wikipedia. September 21, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ New_York_City “Washington, D.C.,” Wikipedia. September 15, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2015. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Washington,_D.C. “Charlottesville, VA,” Wikipedia. September 14, 2014. Accessed September 3, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia.
CHARLOTTESVILLE 1,634 PERSONS PER SQ. KM
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5
BUILDING DENSITY This map shows the distribution of building density in Delhi along the Yamuna River. The level of density corresponds to the housing types and income level of the residents. The clear difference in spatial conditions of built structure on either side of the river makes divisions between classes and demographics as a result.
FSI
Floor Area Ratio
2.5-3.0 2.0-2.5 1.5-2.0 1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0
Gross Floor Area Floor Plot
BUILDING DENSITY Adaptation from R. Himes, “Building Density,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
01. RESEARCH HOUSING & SPACE 1:750 S. SULLIVAN
A spatial understanding of the building density around the river corridor brings about an understanding of the cityÕs growth, poverty, and government divisions. With a large population occupying areas east of the river and north of the central city, buildings have a high Floor Area Ratio above 2.5 as there tend to be multiple stories built on a plot of land and little to no open space. In the cityÕs government center in New Delhi, the Floor Area Ratio is often below 1.0 as a result of the spacious residential patterns and large plots. The clear difference in spatial conditions of built structure on either side of the river makes divisions between classes and demographics as a result.
HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
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4, 000, 000
Sub-Standard Housing
Population
Standard Housing
3, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,� Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.
JJ Clusters
Resettlement Colonies
Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies
Urban Villages
0 Walled City
This chart reveals the distribution of population among the various living conditions, ranging from planned colonies to JJ Clusters. With less than a quarter of the population living in planned colonies, majority resides in substandard housing.
76%
1, 000, 000
Planned Colonies
6
DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSING TYPOLOGIES
of the population lives in sub-standard housing
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7
76% OF THE POPULATION LIVES IN SUBSTANDARD HOUSING The majority of the population of Delhi lives in substandard housing. Essentially, they are lacking basic infrastructure and societal needs.
76%
Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.
of the population lives in sub-standard housing
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800,000
Owners
Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.
63% JJ Clusters
Resettlement Colonies
0
Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies
200,000
Urban Villages
Around 63% of the population owns their own house. The housing type with the largest percentage of ownership in planned colonies and the JJ Clusters, the two extremes of Delhi’s living conditions, highlighting the vast difference among classes and income.
400,000
Walled City
8
OWNERSHIP
600,000
Planned Colonies
Number of Units
Renters
of the population owns their house.
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800,000
0-5K 5 - 15 K
Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,� Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.
JJ Clusters
Resettlement Colonies
Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies
0 Urban Villages
It is clear from this graph that residents living in the planned colonies have the highest income and those living in the JJ Clusters and Walled City have the lowest income. More than half of the population earns less than 15 K per year.
52%
200,000
Walled City
9
INCOME ACCORDING TO HOUSING TYPE
400,000
Planned Colonies
Number of Units
> 15 K
600,000
of the population earns less than 15 K.
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800,000
Self-Constructed
Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.
74% JJ Clusters
Resettlement Colonies
0
Unauthorized and Regularized Colonies
200,000
Urban Villages
Because of the dangers of construction, this puts a large portion of the population at risk of injury.
400,000
Walled City
10 74% of Delhi’s residents have constructed their own houses. CONSTRUCTION
600,000
Planned Colonies
Number of Units
Not Self-Constructed
of the population constructs their house.
West
South West
South
523, 703
462, 772
553, 722
East 354, 385
Central
North East 395, 060
114, 587
North 175, 890
New Delhi
North West 730, 034
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Typical Neighborhood
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
1, 000, 000
Rented Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability Unavailability
of Delhi with the total number of housholds in these sectors and the public’s perception of various topics ranging from district-wise availability of drinking water to drainage facilities for waste water disposal.
Public
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
400, 000
Below Average Below Average Above Average
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage No Drainage
Number of Households Number of Households
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise
30, 385
PERCEPTION 11 PUBLIC This graphic aims to find a correlation among the different regions
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
North NorthWest West
North North
730, 730,034 034
175, 175,890 890
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Typical Neighborhood Typical Neighborhood
PERCEPTION - NORTH WEST 12 PUBLIC Majority of the public in the North West district own their own homes, drinking water is available, and use latrine facilites within premise. Interestingly majority of the public rates the cleanliness of public toilets as below average. In addition, about half of the public in the North West use open pipes for waste water disposal.
Households by Households by Ownership status Ownership status (percent) (percent) Owned Owned Owned Owned Rented Rented Other Other
1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000
District-wise District-wise Availability of Drinking Availability of Drinking Water (percent) Water (percent) Availability Availability Availability Availability Unavailability Unavailability
800, 000 800, 000
District-wise Latrine District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent) Facilites (percent) Within Premise Within Premise Within Premise Within Premise Public Public
600, 000 600, 000
Rating Cleanliness of RatingToilets Cleanliness of Public (percent) Public Toilets (percent) Below Average Below Average Below Average Below Average Above Average Above Average
400, 000 400, 000
Drainage Facility for Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal Waste Water Disposal (percent) (percent) Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage Open Drainage No Drainage No Drainage
200, 000 200, 000
Number of Households Number of Households
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
Number of Households Number of Households
1, 000, 000
Rented
800, 000
600, 000
400, 000
200, 000
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
North
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage No Drainage
Number of Households Number of Households
175, 890
Number of Households
Above Average
395, 060
Number of Households
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
400, 000
730, 034
No Drainage
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent) Below Average Below Average
Above Average
Open Drainage
600, 000
Public
Below Average Below Average
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent) Within Premise Within Premise
Public
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
North East
Unavailability
Within Premise Within Premise
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability
Unavailability
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
175, 890
drinking water available. The North has the highest rating among latrine facilites, with almost 94% using latrine facilites within premise. Around 60% of the population rates public toilets as below average.
1, 000, 000
Other
Availability Availability
PERCEPTION - NORTH 13 PUBLIC Three quarters of the North district on their own homes and have
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned Rented
Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
North West
Typical Neighborhood
730, 034
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
North
North West
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Typical Neighborhood
1, 000, 000
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
Rented
800, 000
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
600, 000
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
400, 000
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
North
Above Average
200, 000
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
Open Drainage
Open Drainage
No Drainage
Number of Households
175, 890
Number of Households
354, 385
No Drainage
730, 034
Number of Households
400, 000
Below Average Below Average
Above Average
Number of Households “Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
East
Public
Below Average Below Average
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise
730, 034
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
Unavailability
395, 060
District-wise Latrine
800, 000
Availability Availability
Unavailability
(percent) have drinking water available. The North East has the secondFacilites highest Within Premise rating among latrine facilites. Around 72% of the population uses Within Premise open drainage for waste water disposal. Public
North West
Other
Availability Availability
PERCEPTION - NORTH EAST 14 PUBLIC Three quarters of the North East district on their own homes and
1, 000, 000
Rented
Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
North East
Typical Neighborhood
175, 890
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
North
North West
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Typical Neighborhood
1, 000, 000
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
Rented
800, 000
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
600, 000
Facilites (percent) latrine facilities within premise. Around two-thirds of the East district Within Premise owns their house. More than half of the population rates public toilets Within Premise as below average. Public
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
North
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise Public
400, 000
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
Below Average Below Average
400, 000
Below Average Below Average
Above Average
Above Average
200, 000
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
Open Drainage
Open Drainage
No Drainage
175, 890
30, 385
Number of Households
730, 034
Number of Households
354, 385
Number of Households “Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
175, 890
No Drainage
730, 034
Number of Households
New Delhi
Unavailability
PERCEPTION - EAST 15 PUBLIC Majority of the population has drinking water available and uses
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability
Unavailability
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
North West
Other
Availability Availability
District-wise Latrine
1, 000, 000
Rented
Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
East
Typical Neighborhood
395, 060
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
North East
North
North West
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Typical Neighborhood
1, 000, 000
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
Rented
800, 000
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
600, 000
Facilites (percent) wnership of households. Only 13% of the population, where as 55% Within Premise of the population reports to rent their home and nearly 32% are Within Premise other alternatives of living. In other words 87% of the population, or Public nearly 9 in 10 people do not own their home in New Delhi. In addition, New Delhi, reports the highest use of latrine facilites in public places.
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
North
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise Public
400, 000
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
Below Average Below Average
400, 000
Below Average Below Average
Above Average
Above Average
200, 000
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
Open Drainage
Open Drainage
No Drainage
175, 890
114, 587
Number of Households
730, 034
Number of Households
30, 385
of Households “Human Development Report 2013:Number Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
395, 060
175, 890
No Drainage
730, 034
Number of Households
Central
Unavailability
PERCEPTION - NEW DELHI 16 PUBLIC The biggest difference among New Delhi and the other districts is on-
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability
Unavailability
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
North West
Other
Availability Availability
District-wise Latrine
1, 000, 000
Rented
Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
New Delhi
Typical Neighborhood
354, 385
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
East
North East
North
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North West
people
map
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Typical Neighborhood
1, 000, 000
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
Rented
800, 000
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
600, 000
latrine facilites within premise, uses closed drainage for waste water disposal, in addition to availability of drinking water. Just under half the population rates the public toilets as below average Public
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
Within Premise Within Premise
North
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise Public
400, 000
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
Below Average Below Average
400, 000
Below Average Below Average
Above Average
Above Average
200, 000
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage
Open Drainage
Open Drainage
No Drainage
175, 890
523, 703
Number of Households
730, 034
Number of Households
114, 587
Number of Households “Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
354, 385
395, 060
175, 890
No Drainage
730, 034
Number of Households
West
Unavailability
PERCEPTION - CENTRAL 17 PUBLIC Almost 90% of the population in the Central district reports to use
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability
Unavailability
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
North West
Other
Availability Availability
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
1, 000, 000
Rented
Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
Central
Typical Neighborhood
30, 385
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
New Delhi
East
North East
speculation
North
people
map
North West
news
data Typical Neighborhood
North
South West
North West
West
Central
New Delhi
East
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North East people
map
North
news
North West
data
1, 000, 000
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
1, 000, 000
Rented Other
800, 000
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability Unavailability
PERCEPTION - WEST 18 PUBLIC More than 60% of the population in the west rate public toilets as be-
600, 000
low agerage. Nearly three quarters of the population reports to own their own home and use closed drainage for waste water disposal.
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise Public
400, 000
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
400, 000
Below Average Below Average Above Average
200, 000
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage
175, 890
462, 772
Number of Households
730, 034
Number of Households
523, 703
114, 587
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
30, 385
354, 385
395, 060
175, 890
No Drainage
730, 034
ds
Typical Neighborhood
South West North West
South North
462, 772 730, 034
553, 722 175, 890
West
Central
New Delhi
speculation
East
people
map
North East
news
North
data
Typical Neighborhood
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
1, 000, 000
Rented Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability Unavailability
PERCEPTION - SOUTH WEST 19 PUBLIC Nearly 40% of the population in the South West rent their homes.
Half rate public facilites as below average. And almost 75% report to use closed drainage for waste water disposal.
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise Public
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
400, 000
Below Average Below Average Above Average
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage
523, 703
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
114, 587
30, 385
354, 385
395, 060
175, 890
No Drainage
Number of Households Number of Households
North West
North
730, 034
175, 890
South
South West
West
Central
speculation
New Delhi
people
map
East
news
North East
data
Typical Neighborhood
Households by Ownership status (percent) Owned Owned
1, 000, 000
Rented Other
District-wise Availability of Drinking Water (percent)
800, 000
Availability Availability Unavailability
PERCEPTION - SOUTH 20 PUBLIC The South district has highest rating of public toilets, with nearly
45% of the population reporting them as above average. Almost onethird of the population uses open drainage for waste water disposal.
District-wise Latrine Facilites (percent)
600, 000
Within Premise Within Premise Public
Rating Cleanliness of Public Toilets (percent)
400, 000
Below Average Below Average Above Average
Drainage Facility for Waste Water Disposal (percent)
200, 000
Closed Drainage Closed Drainage Open Drainage
Number of Households Number of Households
553, 722
462, 772
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 2, 2015, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
523, 703
114, 587
30, 385
354, 385
395, 060
No Drainage
speculation
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INCREMENTAL HOUSING
VILLA
TYPOLOGIES 21 STRUCTURAL These categories define the majority of structural typologies of
housing in Delhi, though each category is manifested in countless ways according to the builder’s income and desires. For example, incremental housing is a product of the owner’s income and avilabilty to materials.
BUILDER’S FLAT
APARTMENT
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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TYPOLOGIES 22 STRUCTURAL This map aims to highlight the different housing typologies among
the Yamuna River. A majority of the population lives in substandard or informal housing. There has been an increase of builder’s flats being constructed alonf the east side of the river.
HOUSING RE-CENTERING DELHI SEAN SULLIVAN
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
Walled City Informal Apartment Builder Flat $$ Builder Flat $
Villa Bungalow Non-housing 1:27,000
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OF INCREMENTAL HOUSING 23 CONTEXT Incremental housing is the primary building type in 76% of the population of New Delhi, specifically in the areas to the right.
1. Rural areas 2. Slum 3. JJ Cluster 4. Unauthorized and authorized colonies 5. Resettlement colonies 6. Urban Villages 7. Walled City
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HOUSING 16 INCREMENTAL In informal settlements, buildings grow in an incremental nature as
resources become available to the dweller. This diagram categorizes the different stages of growth and the estimated cost of each.
King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,� Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/
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DEVELOPMENT 17 INCREMENTAL This diagram shows the growth of informal housing over time. As
residents have access to resources, they continue to invest in the development of their house, soon adding sanitation services, new floors, and transforming the main level into a shop.
Information adapted from King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,� Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housingfor-the-urban-poor/
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OF INFORMAL HOUSING TYPES 18 DISTRIBUTION A majority of the population of informal communities lives in Pucca’s.
Information adapted from King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,” Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 10, 2014. http://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housingfor-the-urban-poor/
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CLUSTERS IN DELHI 19 JJ This interactive map developed by the Delhi Urban Shelter Improve-
ment Board (DUSIB) identifies the location of every JJ Cluster in Delhi, and includes information of each such as its name, area, and number of Jhuggies (houses).
“JJ Clusters in Delhi,� Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board. Accessed September 20, 2014. https://mapsengine.google.com/16954016022074178217-13933004153574033452-4/mapview/?authuser=0.
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SLUMS 20 DELHI Though the acres of slum land are small compared to the total acreage of Delhi, the amount of households that fits on this land is quite large and accounts for 33.9% of the population (including both JJ Clusters and designated slums).
“Tranforming Lives Slums in Delhi� Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board. July 25, 2013. Accessed September 21, 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7SNaAtBhjKw&feature=youtu.be.
685 slum clusters 350,000 slum households 700 acres of slum land
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OF SLUM HOUSEHOLDS 21 OCCUPANCY 28.8% of the slum households in Delhi include 6-8 residents. In light of the previous statistic, a majority of these households are most likely crowding into houses with only one or two rooms.
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,� Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 11, 2014, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
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22 ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES IN SLUMS Though most everyone has access to electricity, only half has access to latrine facilities.
“Human Development Report 2013: Shelter and Basic Service,” Govt. of NCT of Delhi, March 23, 2014, Accessed September 11, 2014, http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_planning/Planning/Misc./Index+Human+Development+Report+2013.
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SITUATION 23 SLUM The authors call readers to remember that slum dwellers actually
make up a significant portion of the work-force in Delhi, but have very limited access to even basic amenities, which creates major health problems.
Ishtiyaq and Kumar, “Typology of Informal Settlements and Distribution of Slums in the NCT of Delhi,” India Journal, Institute of Town Planners, 7-3, 20-33, July-September 2010.
“It is to be remembered that slum squatters contribute a significant share of labour force to urban labour market and generate adequate income for urban economy but the slum dwellers are denied the very basic amenities for their sustenance. In the absence of drinking water and sewerage and sanitation facilities in slums creates serious environmental problems to the people.”
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GENLTY WEEPS 24 YAMUNA Both the book and the movie share the story of Yamuna Pushka, a
slum along the Yamuna river that was razed in a matter of weeks and resettled to a place with no amenities.
“Yamuna Gently Weeps.” Ruzbeth N. Bharucha. 2006. Accessed September 14, 2014. http://www.yamunagentlyweeps.com/index.html]
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FURTHER AWAY 25 MOVING The movement of resettlement colonies further and further from
the cities has caused significant problems for the residents who are increasingly disconnected from the life of the city.
Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,” Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare.net/Nipesh/housingin-delhi.
“With each subsequent wave, resettlement colonies moved further away from city center creating further problems including poor housing, unemployment and transportation issues”
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COLONIES IN DELHI 26 RESETTLEMENT It is evident here how resettlement colonies have moved further
from the center of the city over time, creating many problems for the residents of these communities.
Graphic adapted from Narayanan, Nipesh P. “Housing In Delhi,� Slideshare. March 5, 2012. http://www.slideshare. net/Nipesh/housing-in-delhi.
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KHAZ: AN URBAN VILLAGE 27 HAUS A gentrified urban village. This is one precedent for the revitalization of urban villages through commercialization.
Photograph by Michelle Stein. June 2014
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28 Villas are essentially individually-owned houses. They are the most CONTEXT OF VILLAS
expensive housing type. Lutyen’s Bungalow Zone was designed as part of the original plan for New Delhi. These are very extravagent homes given to the highest government officials.
Adaptation from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014
1. Lutyen’s Bungalow Zone 2. Individually-Owned Plots
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OF VILLAS 29 CONTEXT Being the most expensive housing typology in Delhi, Villas can sell for
upwards of 1, 100, 000, 00 rupees (equivalent to around $18 millions USD). One of the most lavish communites of villas is in Sunder Nagar, an upscale neighborhood in New Delhi.
“Independent House/Villa for Sale in Sunder Nagar, Delhi Central,� 99acres.com. August 30, 2014. Accessed September 21, 2014. http://www.99acres.com/Independent-House/Villa-in-Sunder-Nagar-Delhi%20Central-4Bedroom-bhk-for-Sale-spid-W15436450
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IN CONTEXT OF DELHI 30 VILLAS Villas are typically on the western side of the Yamuna river, arranged
south of Old Delhi. They are typically owned by government officials impress with their scale, clean lines, and use of material.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,� Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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- TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD 31 VILLAS Before India’s independence, the British often designated large open areas adjacent to Old Delhi British miltary officials associated with the Indian Army. The basic model developed into a more European classical form in outward appearance with Doric, and later Tuscan columns, defining the evolution of an Indian prototype.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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- TYPICAL ARRANGMENT 32 VILLAS Villas are typically single storied, designed with deep verandas to
protect rooms from direct exposure to the sun, high ceilings, and ventialtors to ensure proper cross ventilation, especially before the days of air conditioning.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,� Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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33 Builder’s flats are often found in the same neighborhoods as villas, CONTEXT OF BUILDER’S FLATS
and can be a cheaper alternative to living alone while still enjoying a smaller-scaled living situation.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
1. Plotted group housing 2. Privately owned lots with builder floors for rent
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OF BUILDER’S FLATS 34 CONTEXT Builder Flats are described as a middle path for residents in the Mid-
dle Income Group (MIG). They are considered an inexpensive alternative to living independently.
“Real Estate in India.” Makaan.com. Accessed September 10, 2015.http://www.indianghar.com
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FLATS IN CONTEXT OF DELHI 35 BUILDER’S As this map indicates, there is a large portion of Builder’s Flats among the population of Delhi. Majority of the flats are seperated into two income groups, with most of the lower income flats being situated along the east side of the Yamuna River.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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FLATS - TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD 35 BUILDER’S “Not everyone wants to live in tall building. On the other hand, independent villas are expensive. Builder floors offer a middle path.” -Pritam P. Hans, May 2012
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014 Hans, Pritam P, “Grounded Life.” Money Today. May 2012. Accessed September 21, 2014. http://businesstoday. intoday.in/story/real-estate-buy-builder-floors-independent-living/1/24262.html..
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FLATS - TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT 35 BUILDER’S Generally, Builder’s Flats are arranged in two-four floors in a low-rise independent building that has a few other flats.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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36 Apartments are either privately owned society apartments, which CONTEXT OF APARTMENTS
tend to be more expensive and include shared amenities such as pools, gymnasiums, etc., or government owned DDA Flats which are often subsidized and provide a more affordable option for low income residents.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,� Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
1. Society Apartments (Privately Owned) 2. DDA Flats (Government Owned)
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OF APARTMENTS 37 HISTORY The new DDA 2014 housing scheme is offering 25,034 flats. The
excitment among the general population over this scheme manifested in the website crashing at the launch of the site.
Shakti Associates, “For Sale DDA LIG Flat, Dwarka Sector 14, Pocket 3, New Delhi,� Shakti Associates. Accessed September 10, 2015. http://www.shaktiassociates.in/propertyDetails.php?id=281
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IN CONTEXT OF DELHI 37 APARTMENTS Apartments in Delhi are among the most diverse in location. With majority of the flats located east of the Yamuna River, there are pockets of apartments situated inbetween Villas and Builder’s Flats.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014.
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- TYPICAL NEIGHBORHOOD 37 APARTMENTS “DDA has promised an even bigger and high-end housing scheme
in December 2016 for all those who could not land a flat or weren’t impressed with the size of the residences.” There is a 200% increase in the promised housing by the DDA from the 2014 scheme.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014. TNN, “Bigger Flats in 2016 scheme.” The TImes of India. January 3, 2015. Accessed September 12, 2015. http:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Bigger-DDA-flats-in-2016-scheme/articleshow/45737098.cms
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- TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT 37 APARTMENTS 40, 000 apartment flats are proclaimed to be supplied by the DDA in
2016, with 24, 660 to be one bedroom apartments for the LIG and the remaining would be a mix of two to three bedroom apartments for the MIG and HIG.
Adaptaion of drawing from Himes, R. “Housing Typologies,” Re-Centering Delhi, University of Virginia, School of Architecture. Spring 2014. TNN, “Bigger Flats in 2016 scheme.” The TImes of India. January 3, 2015. Accessed September 12, 2015. http:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Bigger-DDA-flats-in-2016-scheme/articleshow/45737098.cms
CASE STUDY
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Gherva by Julia King 48 Savda Savda Gherva is resettlment colony located about 40 km west of
New Delhi. This colony was developed by the Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB) to re-house slum dwellers evicted from inner city areas. Home to more than 20, 000 families, Savda Gherva is likely to be the largest resettlment colony in Delhi.
King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,� Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 2, 2015. https://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/
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Gherva by Julia King 48 Savda “Such housing is built by a process that is not planned in this paper is
defined as ‘incremental’ the following image shows the typical stages that epitomizes the execution of types found in Savda Ghevra” -Julia King
King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,” Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 2, 2015. https://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/
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Gherva by Julia King 48 Savda This model developed represents a prototype house, which is currently being tested in Savda Ghevra. Key components of the “Core House”: 1. Skeleton, free-standing concrete pillar and rigid floor
2. Floors are connected by in-situ cast concrete stairs and a toilet pan is placed on the level best suited to the client 3. Single brick walls enclose the toilet pan and the blackwater waste pipework installed would either connect to mains sewerage or a private tank. 4. Enclosures are built using reclaimed material from the previous kuchha house. 5. The house is consolidated with more walls for increased privacy 6. Alternative infilling can be used or cheap jali walls can offer partial segregation and improved air circulation.
King, Julia. “Unthinking Housing for the Urban Poor,” Incremental Cities. September 18, 2012. Accessed September 2, 2015. https://incrementalcity.wordpress.com/2012/09/18/unthinking-housing-for-the-urban-poor/
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