INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
GROUP MEMBER :
1. ABBY NATASHA AK MARTIN [78609] 2. ANIS NURHIDAYAH BESTARI BINTI ABDULLAH [78844] 3. CHARMAINE BATRISYYA BINTI MOHD FARID ALDRIN [79044] 4. NUR FARISHA QISTINA BINTI EDDIE NOOR ISAM [80591]
LU 1 (part 1)
Conceptualising society
The sociological imagination Sociology as a way of seeing Development of sociology as a scientific dicipline
SOCIOLOGY
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? The study of development, structure and functioning of human society. 3 revolution that take place before sociological imagination could crystalize: 1. Scientific Revolution 2. Democratic Revolution 3. Industrial Revolution
3 revolution that take place before sociological imagination
could crystalize: 1. Scientific Revolution -
Encouraged the usage of evidence to substantiate theories
2. Democratic Revolution -
Encouraged that human action can change society
3. Industrial Revolution -
Gave sociology their subject matters
- sociology imagination is awareness of the relationship between experience and wider society - ability to see interaction and influence between experience and wider society - One must think from alternative point of view or broader context to have Sociology Imagination
SOCIOLOGY IMAGINATION Type of insight Is used to explain nature of sociology and the relevance in life Is an outlook to break away from the monotone of daily life
LU 2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE : FUNCTIONALISM & CONFLICTS THEORY
WHAT IS THEORY
LU 3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
A theoretical perspective is a set of assumptions about reality that inform the questions we ask and the kinds of answers we arrive at as a result. In this sense, a theoretical perspective can be understood as a lens through which we look, serving to focus or distort what we see.
Functional Analysis •Macro-level sociology looks at large-scale social processes, such as social stability and change. •Micro-level sociology examines individual interactions on a tiny scale, such as conversation or group dynamics. •Micro- and macro-level studies both have advantages and disadvantages.. Focus of Analysis
Functional • The functionalist viewpoint, often known as functionalism, is based on the work of French sociologist Émile Durkheim, one of sociology's foundational theorists. Durkheim was interested in how society maintains stability and how social order may be achieved. • To explain social institutions as collective means to meet individual and social needs. • The functionalist perspective operates on the macrotheoretical level.
Dysfunctional • Another unspoken role of education is to establish a wage hierarchy based on one's level of education. Latent functions can be positive, negative, or neutral. • Dysfunctions are social processes that have negative effects for society's functioning. • Getting terrible grades, absenteeism, dropping out, not graduating, and not finding suitable work are all indicators of dysfunction in education. Key Terms • • • •
Structure Functions (manifest and latent) Dysfunctions Equilibrium
Applying the Perspective to the Divorce rate • Instead of looking at the persons involved in divorce, a functionalist would blame it on the failure of societal institutions. They believe that educational institutions have failed to provide enough training and that marital partners should adhere to a higher cultural norm. • The goal of functionalism is to promote communication, cohesion, and uniformity. • To minimise the divorce rate, the functionalist viewpoint would uphold established and historical family customs.
CONFLICT THEORY • Microsociology: Microsociology involves the study of people in face-to-face interactions. • Macrosociology: Macrosociology involves the study of widespread social processes. • Micro- and macro-level studies both have advantages and disadvantages. • Macrosociology allows for the observation of large-scale patterns and trends, but it also runs the risk of perceiving these trends as abstract entities that exist independently of the people who carry them out on the ground. • Microsociology enables this on-the-ground examination, yet it can overlook bigger variables that influence individual behaviour. FOCUS OF ANALYSIS
Broader social structures and organisations (e.g., religions, government, etc.) reflect resource competition and the inherent inequality that entails; some people and organisations have more resources (i.e., power and influence), and they use those resources to maintain their positions of power in society.
KEY TERMS
• • • • •
Inequality Power Conflict Competition Exploitation
Applying the Perspective to the Divorce rate
When men control economic life, the divorce rate is low because women have few options other than a bad marriage; when men control economic life, the divorce rate is high because women have few alternatives to a bad marriage; the high divorce rate reflects a shift in the power balance between men and women.
LU 4: Methods in
Researching society Methods : social servay, field research,secondary and textual analysis
HYPHOTHESIS
A declaration of how variables are await to be related to one another, frequently refers to prediction from history.
THEORY
Scientifically, an explanation of phenomena, carried by a reliable body of data.
TYPES OF RESEARCH MODEL Selecting a topic Defining the problem Reviewing the literature Formulating a hypotheses Choosing a research design Collecting data Analyzing the results Sharing the results
RESEARCH MODEL Sociologists choose a research method based on: the resource available the questions to be answered their access to potential subjects their training ethical consideration
LU 5 (part 2) : IDENTITIES, MEANINGS AND DIFFERENCES SOCIALISATION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
SOSIALISATION : definition, agents and
process
AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
LU 6 :
SOCIALISATION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
Social interaction in everday life
LU 7: HEALTH; ILLNESS AND DISABILITY
Contemporary beliefs on health and illness Social construction of medical knowledge
Definitions/concepts: health and illness are much more than biological matters, they are related to cultural belief’s, lifestyle and social class.
1. HEALTH A human condition measured by four components: physical, mental, social, and spiritual.
ILLNESS Based on book An Introduction to Medical Sociology, illness on other hand refers primarily to a person’s subjective experience of ‘ill health’ and in indicated by the person’s feelings of pain, discomfort and the like. It is possible, of course both to feel ill without have a disease without feeling ill.
A CONTINUUM OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
3. CULCURE AND MATERIAL INFLUENCES People are not automatically ‘crazy’ because they do certain things. Rather they are defined as ‘crazy’ or ‘normal’ according to cultural guidelines.
DISABILITY AND IMPAIRMENT Impairment: lacking part or all of a limb, or having a defective limb, organ or mechanism of the body. Disability: The advantage or restriction of activities caused by a contemporary social organization, which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities.
LU 8 : MARRIAGE, FAMILY AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP
Marriage in sociological perspective Forms and family relationship
1. MARRIAGE
marriage, a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status to their offspring
THE PATTERN IOF MARRIAGE
2. FAMILY
Family is the single most important influence in a child's life. From their first moments of life, children depend on parents and family to protect them and provide for their needs. ... They are a child's first teachers and act as role models in how to act and how to experience the world around them
VARIANTION IN FAMILY LIFE 1) 2) 3) 4)
Single parents Cohabitation Same-sex couple Staying single
3. INTIMATE RELATIONsHIP
Intimacy in a relationship is a feeling of being close, and emotionally connected and supported. It means being able to share a whole range of thoughts, feelings and experiences that we have as human beings
TYPEs OF INTIMATE Meaning: Intimacy in a relationship is a feeling of being close, and emotionally connected and supported. It means being able to share a whole range of thoughts, feelings and experiences that we have as human beings
4. sOcIAL PERsPEcTIVE OF MARRIAGE
The
structural-functionalist perspective, marriage and family are a basic building block of society. Marriage and family, are necessities for a stable society.
ExAMPLE sOcIAL PREsPEcTIVE 1. 2. 3. 4.
Eating disorder Divorce Unemployment couple fights
5. cHALLENGE MARRIAGE ANd FAMILY FAcEd
DIvORCE AND REMARRIAGE
PATNER vIOLENCE
Divorced and remarriage will get bad experience to their children, they will be traumatic and having anxiety
Over protactive patners can hit and abuse their patners to make they feel better or to make their patner afraid to them
REFERENcEs
Tolia, A. V. (2016). What is Sociology? Retrieved November 29, 2021 from https://www.slideshare.net/ApurvaTolia1/lesson-1-what-is-sociology
Durkheim, Emile | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014). Retrieved December 6, 2021, from Utm.edu website: https://iep.utm.edu/durkheim/ Sociological Types of Divorce. (2011). Retrieved December 6, 2021, from Our Everyday Life website: https://oureverydaylife.com/sociological-types-divorce-8257481.htm l Pathan, M. I. (2016), Socialization (sociology). Retrieved November 29, 2021 from https://www.slideshare.net/Niloypathan/socialization-sociology
Tuckett, D. (2012). An Introduction to Medical Sociology (The International Behavioural and Social Sciences Library) (1st ed.). Routledge https://books.google.com.my/books?id=0LVlAgAAQBAJ&dq=illn ess+definition&lr= Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "marriage". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Feb. 2021, https://www.britannica.com/topic/marriage. Accessed 6 Decem ber 2021 .