INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY
GROUP MEMBERS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Abby Natasha A/K Martin Shereen Sofea Umang Anak Andrew Leong Charmaine Batrisyia Binti Mohd Farid Aldrin Mohd Shafiq Bin M Gun Anis Nurhidayah Bestari Binti Abdullah Magdaline Rimbu Anak Jungan Seri Nurellisa Binti Mohd Yunus Elssey Elizebeth Anak Atol Nisa Emelyia anak Edward
(78609) ( 81156) (79044) (80147) (78844) (81850) (81115) (79297) (81954)
LU1 – WHAT IS SOCIAL HISTORY BY CHARMAINE BATRISYIA BINTI MOHD FARID ALDRIN ( 79044 ) UW6312001
SOCIAL HISTORY
•Emphasis on evidence about humans or linked to humans and societies ADIBAH, 2021
• HISTORY • 1) The past , Long time ago • 2) Stories about the past but being retold in present
• HISTORIOGRAPHY • 1) writing about the past • 2) writing but with perspective/ view / opinion
• HISTORY AND EVIDENCE • - to write and study history
• - require evidence ADIBAH, 2021
TYPE OF EVIDENCE EVIDENCE MUST BE CHECKED AND VERIFIED
• • • • • • •
1) Written Words 2) Oral Stories 3) Bones 4) Artifacts 5) Art 6) Cave 7) Buried Sentiments ADIBAH, 2021
HISTORY AND ACTORS
• Involved : 1. Individuals 2. Groups 3. Whole society 4. Men/Women 5. Young/Old 6. Healthy/Sick 7. Religious/Non-Religious
ADIBAH, 2021
Type of History : Dominant
• NATIONALIST HISTORY •
often involve propaganda that invents our own GREATNESS and UNIQUENESS -
ADIBAH, 2021
LU2 – THE USES OF HISTORY BY CHARMAINE BATRISYIA BINTI MOHD FARID ALDRIN ( 79044 ) UW6312001
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM HISTORY?
1.WANG GUNGWU (1968) 2.YONG MUN CHEONG (2000)
ADIBAH, 2021
WANG GUNGWU (1968) a) As useful knowledge improve mankind
past experience help to
b) Explore the meaning of life and death understanding humanity and destiny c) Power are given to those who have the desire to REMEMBER ADIBAH, 2021
YONG MUN CHEONG (2000) HISTORY : • Help to understand the current : a) Beliefs b) Practices c) Knowledge d) Way life are rooted in the past • Provide lesson from the past through ARCHIVEMENTS and FAILURE ADIBAH, 2021
YONG MUN CHEONG (2000) HISTORY :
• Promote ancestral heritage awareness : a) Appreciate rich cultural heritage b) Appreciate customs c) Appreciate cultural practices d) Appreciate basis for personal identity
• Understanding different : a) Culture b) Places c) Time d) Values ADIBAH, 2021
IMPORTANCE OF PERSPECTIVE
EVIDENCE + PERSPECTIVE = INTERPRETATION ADIBAH, 2021
ROLE OF HISTORY • 1. To
tell the past as it really was ( RANKE SCHOOL) :
• be neutral arbiter of facts(within national boundaries) in • - politics • - war • - diplomacy
• 2. To tell everyday story of (ANNALES SCHOOL) : • Ordinary people • Events • Economic history • History of human attitudes • History that went beyond national boundaries ADIBAH, 2021
POST WORLD WAR II: NEW NATIONS, NEW COUNTRIES
• NATION- BUILDING • Desire for : a) Identity b) National unity • Conventional National History DOES NOT reflect lives and struggles of common people ADIBAH, 2021
IMPORTANCE OF PERSPECTIVE
• Rise of social history – The Cockroach View • History of the : a) Poor b) Oppressed c) Uneducated
d) Women e) Children f) Marginalised ADIBAH, 2021
• Historians were no longer being neutral arbiter : 1. Historians sought to understand language and practices of the past 2. Historians try to understand dominant and resisting beliefs and structure that surrounds historical events
• This has causes a shift in history perspective • History no longer neutral (BIASED) • 1. individuals, event, situation embedded into class, race, gender • 2. historians are embedded into class, race, gender
ADIBAH, 2021
HISTORY AS BIASED:
1. Male Dominated 2. Old vs Young 3. Powerful vs Weak 4. Winner vs Loser
5. Articulate vs Silent 6. Hate vs Love 7. War vs Peace 8. Terrorist vs Freedom Fighter ADIBAH, 2021
HISTORY IS CONNECTED
•Interlinked and Interrelate •Historical events does not occur in one place only
ADIBAH, 2021
LU 3 Official Vs Missing History
NAME : MAGDALINE RIMBU ANAK JUNGAN NO MATRIC : 81850
OFFICIAL VS MISSING HISTORY History is the study of the past specifically the people, societies, evemts and problems of the past. As well as our attempts to understand them. it is a pursuit common to all human societies.
WHAT IS OFFICIAL HISTORY?
• Provides framework of understanding for malaysians • history interpreted as "any event, person or artifact that provides evidence of malaysian achievement and progress • Malaysia a developed, progressive, peaceful multi-ethnic and multireligious country • Malaysia very diverse and open with international • experience since it has a history of international trade and interaction
EVIDENCE OF THE OFFICIAL HISTORY IN MALAYSIA
• human bones in caves (Niah) and stone tools (Perak and Sabah) evidence of ancient human occupation has been found and be "official history" because there is an evidence that prove the history of human in palaeolithic period. • Evidence of major settlements like Bujang Valley (Hindu, Buddhist) & Santubong (Hindu, Buddhist & Muslim) = diverse beliefs and active trade relations between “Malaysia” and other parts of the world, esp India, Arabia and China (Sri Vijayan Influences).
WHAT IS "MISSING HISTORY"
• Many significant locations, cultures/groups, and objects throughout history have been lost, inspiring archaeologists and treasurehunters around the world to search for them. The existence of some of these places or items, particularly those from ancient history, is legendary and remains in doubt. Excluded from these lists are lost works— literary, historical, or mythological writings which have no current complete copies but are referenced by their contemporaries. "wikipedia" • The missing history is the history that happened in the past but never been told. • Reality is that the struggle for a new country - Malaya/Malaysia - was more inclusive and saw the involvement of Chinese, Indians, Rich, Poor, left-wing and conservative elements. (e.g. Sybil Kathigesu, Ong Boon Hua, Gurchan Singh)
MISSING HISTORY IN MALAYSIA
• Malay peoples linguistically linked to the Khmer/Assam peoples so Malays are also a product of migration. • Orang Asli, Sbh/Swk Native Migrations, Migratory Settlements, Influences of other Civilisations that never been published. • Missing history of how islam in Sabah, Sarawak, and Brunei is happened in the past. • Role of the Sultans under Colonialism that never been told. • In the journals of "LIFE AS THE RIVER FLOWS" by Agnes Khoo and Richard Crisp show how women in the Malayan anti-colonial struggle
REFERENCE
Official history definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. (2021, December 28). Collins Dictionaries. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/ english/official-history Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Lost history. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_history Malay history: What’s missing from the textbooks. (2011, January 21). Lim Kit Siang. https://blog.limkitsiang.com/2011/01/20/mal ay-history-what%E2%80%99s-missing-from-thetextbooks/
SSF1033 INTRODUCTION TOMALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY
LU4 : PREHISTORY OF THE INDOMALAYSIAN ARCHIPELAGO BY SHEREEN SOFEA UMANG ANAK ANDREW LEONG ( 81156 ) Source : Dr Adibah, 2021
KEY CONCEPTS
Archaeology = a systematic study of the material remains of human behaviour in the past (Fagan, 1983) Example : The excavation of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro brought to the knowledge of Indus Valley
Civilization. Nationalism = an ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that such obligations outweigh other individual or group interests. Example : The Japanese, during WWII, displayed nationalism. The Japanese elite worked to show their superiority and try to rule over others.
By
Prehistory = the portion of human history that extends back before the time of written documents and archive (Fagan, 1983) Example : Sumer in Mesopotamia, the Indus valley civilization, and ancient Egypt were the first civilizations to develop their own scripts and to keep historical records;
Shereen Sofea Umang (81156)
Adibah, 2021
Archaeology & Nationalism: Example Out-of-Malaysia theory for development of modern humans
“The discovery of
evidence (stone hand-axe) dated at more than 1.83 million years at Bukit Bunuh could propose a new theory to substitute the present theory (the Out-of- Africa theory)” (Mokhtar Saidin, 2012: 13) Message: Malaysia as the place of origin for modern humans In the Out-of-Africa theory, the area now known as Malaysia was only a landbridge on the way to Australia.
By Shereen Sofea Umang (81156)
Adibah, 2021
Indo-Malaysian Archipelago Why Indo-Malaysan Archipelago? - Most of the people (“indigenous”) in the region are Austronesian-speaking (same ethno-linguistic group of mankind) -Majority are Mongoloid physical stock of mankind The origin of the “Malays”. The Austronesian migration implies that the Malays (like other groups e.g. the Chinese and Indians) are migrants. Consequence: The Malays cannot claim to be the
original people (Bumiputera) of Malaysia (this ould deny the Malays the right to rule and other priveleges) An alternative theory: Malays as indigenous to the Indo-Malayan archipelago and genetically related to the indigenous Orang Asli. Adibah, 2021 By Shereen Sofea Umang (81156)
Out-of-Malaysia Theory Basis: 1.83 million year old hand-axe from Bukit Bunuh is older than Peking Man, Java Man, Dmanisi Man
Out-of-Africa: The evidence What do we know about the evolution of the human species? Ancestors of modern humans evolved in Africa Homo erectus migrated out of Africa c.2 million years ago and populated the Old World = Out-of-Africa theory
Adibah, 2021 By Shereen Sofea Umang (81156)
REFERENCES :
Kazmeyer, M. (2020, June 5). Examples of archaeology. Synonym. Retrieved December 29, 2021,from https://classroom.synonym.com/examples-historicalarchaeology-18377.html Longley, R. (2021,August 26). What is nationalism? definition and examples. ThoughtCo. Retrieved December 29, 2021,from https://www.thoughtco.com/nationalism-definition-4158265 Prehistoric Malaysia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia Yusuf, Adibah (2021)The Research Process citing open-source images and formatting references for presentations [Powerpoint Slides]
LU5 - ANCIENT HISTORY OF ‘MALAYSIA’: THE INFLUENCE OF INDIA SSF 1033 MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY
BY SHEREEN SOFEA UMANG ANAK ANDREW LEONG ( 81156 ) UW6312001
KEY CONCEPTS : ANCIENT - BELONGING TO THE VERY DISTANT PAST AND NO LONGER IN EXISTENCE.
EXAMPLE : THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ANCIENT CIVILIZATION. ANCIENT IS DEFINED AS SOMEONE OR SOMETHING THAT HAS LASTED A VERY LONG TIME. THE STORY OF HERCULES IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ANCIENT STORY. HISTORY - THE STUDY OF PAST EVENTS, PARTICULARLY IN HUMAN AFFAIRS. EXAMPLE : SOMEONE TELLING A STORY ABOUT THEIR PAST EXPERIENCES. INFLUENCE - THE CAPACITY TO HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE CHARACTER, DEVELOPMENT, OR BEHAVIOUR OF SOMEONE OR SOMETHING, OR THE EFFECT ITSELF. EXAMPLE : A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT TO COMPLETE ALL OF HIS ASSIGNMENTS ON TIME, THEREBY MAKING HIS LITTLE BROTHER WANT TO DO THE SAME. BY SHEREEN SOFEA UMANG
GOOGLE, 2021
EARLY KINGDOMS IN SE ASIA/MALAY ARCHIPELAGO •SOME EXAMPLES -COMMON CHARACTERISTIC: HINDU-BUDDHIST: ❑ SAILENDRA (E.G. BOROBODUR TEMPLE) MATARAM (E.G. PRAMBANAN TEMPLE) KHMER (ANGKOR WAT)
Borobudur •Built : 750 –850 AD under Sailendra dynasty
@ peak of Srivijayan influence •Mahayana Buddhist BY SHEREEN SOFEA UMANG
ADIBAH, 2021
Influence of India on Malay Culture
•Kingship •Ceremonial •Administration •Language •Literature •Arts and architecture •Beliefs •Practices
THE “INDIANIZATION” OF SOUTHEASTASIA •THE FOUNDING OF INDIAN KINGDOMS ON MAINLAND OR INSULAR SOUTHEAST ASIA:
THE EXPANSION OF AN ORGANIZED CULTURE THAT WAS FOUNDED UPON THE INDIAN CONCEPT OF ROYALTY, CHARACTERIZED BY HINDUIST OR BUDDHIST CULTS, AND EXPRESSED IN SANSKRIT LANGUAGE (COEDES 1 9 8 ) •“…PRESERVED THE ESSENTIALS OFTHEIR INDIVIDUAL CULTURES [INDIGENOUS] AND DEVELOPED THEM, EACH ACCORDING TO ITS OWN GENIUS.” (COEDES 1 9
8: 3 4 )
BY SHEREEN SOFEA UMANG ADIBAH, 2021
•Kuala Selinsing
–human burials and artefacts, including pottery, beads, shells and glassware -3rd century BC to 11th century AD. –Carnelian seal inscribed in South Indian Grantha script –c.5 cent. AD
Buddhist Tantric shrine and ritual deposit box in Bongkissam, Santubong
th
MALAY PENINSULA: FROM PRE-TO PROTO-HISTORY •BY THE 4TH CENTURY AD, COASTAL STATES IN WHAT IS NOW PENINSULAR MALAYSIA REGULARLY CONDUCTED INTRA-AND EXTRA-REGIONAL TRADE (FOREST GOODS AND LUXURY ITEMS). • •SEVERAL KINGDOMS AND ENTREPÔTS APPEARED ON THE MALAY PENINSULA AND OTHER PARTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA. •THE MAJORITY OF THESE WERE SITUATED ON THE COAST (E.G. KUALA SELINSING, BUJANG VALLEY, SANTUBONG), ALTHOUGH THERE WERE SOME INLAND KINGDOMS (E.G. CHIH TU [IN KELANTAN]) BY SHEREEN SOFEA UMANG
ADIBAH, 2021
REFERENCES ANCIENTS - MEANING IN ENGLISH. (N.D.). RETRIEVED DECEMBER 30, 2021, FROM HTTPS://WWW.SHABDKOSH.COM/DICTIONARY/TELUGU-ENGLISH/ANCIENTS/ANCIENTSMEANING-IN- ENGLISH DICTIONARY.COM. (N.D.). INFLUENCE DEFINITION & MEANING. DICTIONARY.COM. RETRIEVED DECEMBER 30, 2021, FROM HTTPS://WWW.DICTIONARY.COM/BROWSE/INFLUENCE EXAMPLE OF HISTORY. WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF HISTORY? (N.D.). RETRIEVED DECEMBER 30, 2021, FROM HTTPS://SOCIOLOGY-TIPS.COM/LIBRARY/LECTURE/READ/147427-WHAT-ARE2-EXAMPLES-OF- HISTORY EXAMPLES OF INFLUENCE. SIMPLICABLE. (N.D.). RETRIEVED DECEMBER 30, 2021, FROM HTTPS://SIMPLICABLE.COM/NEW/INFLUENCE MERRIAM-WEBSTER. (N.D.). HISTORY DEFINITION & MEANING. MERRIAM-WEBSTER. RETRIEVED DECEMBER 30, 2021, FROM HTTPS://WWW.MERRIAMWEBSTER.COM/DICTIONARY/HISTORY
•NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC (2016). DIVINING ANGKOR. HTTP://NGM.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/2009/07/ANGKOR/STONE-TEXT •SINGARAVELU, S. (1986), THE MALAY-TAMIL CULTURAL CONTACTS WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE FESTIVAL OF MANDI SAFAR, ASIAN FOLKLORE STUDIES, VOL. 45, 67-78. YUSUF, ADIBAH (2021) THE RESEARCH PROCESS CITING OPEN-SOURCE IMAGES AND FORMATTING REFERENCES FOR PRESENTATIONS [POWERPOINT SLIDES]
Lecture6: The Importanceof Trade toour forefathers
REASONOFTRADE?
BY: MOHDSHAFIQBIN MGUN (80147)
Excessgoods Goodsneededorwanted Man began trading long before history began. Trade was necessary as it was not always possible for man to produce whatever he needed himself. With the growth of population in villages, the rise of cities and the birth of civilisations, people in a society began to specialise in what they did for a living. As we learnt in the earlier chapters, this division oi labour allowed workers to becomemoreskilledintheproductionof theirgoods.As a result,excessgoodswereproduced.Theexcesswas then tradedwithothersocietiesforgoodsthatwere neededor wanted, such as cloves and other spices which were in greatdemand foruseincookingand medicine.
HOWWASTRADE CONDUCTED?
BySea
Trade routes by sea began to develop around 100 B.C, During periods in which the overland route was threatened, for example, by war, the sea routes served as an alternative trade route. Thesea routes established a link between ports such as Cantonin China, Oc-eo of the Funan empire in SoutheastAsiaandAlexandriainNorthAfrica.Weshallnowgoonto discuss howadeaffectedthelivesof thepeopleof ourownregion.
ByLand(the silkroad)
TheSilk Roadis the namefor a network of routes or paths cutting across Asia from the east coast of China to the Mediterranean Sea, This network was the passageway for a wide range of goods, not only Chinese silk but also jade, fruit, spices and gold. It was also a means by which cultural diffusion or the spread of ideas and customs among different cultures
occurred.
WHATAREEFFECTSOF TRADE?
Positive
1.Exchangeof ideasinreligion,government,language,arts, etc. Trade enabled a community to enjoy goods and services from all over the world, andalso enabled akingdomto prosper and becomestrong, asinthecaseof Srivijaya. 2.Revenuefromtradehelpedkingdomsprosperandbecomestrong SoutheastAsiawasformedbymerchantswhocamefromIndiaand China.Whentheyshowedupin SoutheastAsia,IndianandChinese merchantsbroughtalongtheirownwayof life andreligion. They impartedtheseideastoindividualsof theareathroughexchangewith othernations.
Negative
1.Country'seconomycanberuinedif it is toodependentontradeand thelevelof tradefalls. 2.Possiblesourceof negativeinfluences.
Lecture7: Religion andPhilosophy
INTRODUCTIONTO RELIGIONAND PHILOSOPY
BY: MOHDSHAFIQBIN MGUN (80147)
WhatisReligion? Areligionis asystemof beliefsand practices which attempts to make some sense of the world. Most religions involve rituals and prayertoagodorgods. A system of betjefs and missionaries, etg. practices, usuatly involving rituats and prayertoagodorgods Whatisaphilosophy? A philosophy is a theory or a set of ideas about the nature of life and of knowledge, it can also explain how people should live and behaveWecanthinkof religionasa particular philosophywhichanindividual believesin. Asetof ideasaboutlifeandknowledge
LOOKINGATRELIGION Hiduduism
Originsandfeatures BeganinIndia Spreadthroughtrade,conquest, missionaries,etc. WhentheAryansmigratedtoIndiain1500B.C.,theybroughtalongwiththemtheircollectionof poems and hymnsknownastheVedasor"BooksofKnowledge".TheVedasweresunginpraiseof theAryan godsand wereoriginally passed onorally from generation to generation by the priests. After 500B.C., theywere
writtendownintheSanskritlanguage. TheAryansbelievedinmanygods.Theythoughtthatthesegodsandgoddesses,suchasIndra,thegod of thunder and war, had power over the forces I- of nature, Aryan priests created rituals and offered sacrificestowinthefavour of their gods.Overthecenturies, associal andpolitical systems developed, thesebeliesevolvedintoHinduism.Today,Hinduismis thenationalreligionof India.If you visitIndia,you willseeHindutemplesandshrinestoHindugodseverywhere. Hinduismandsociety TheVedascontainmanyideasthatlaidthefoundationforHinduism.Theyarestill consideredtobe among the holy books of the Hindus today. Do you remember the ward system at ancient India? The Vedas specified thedharmaor dutiesof themenwhobelongedtoeachvarna. Everymemberof society hada dharmatofull.Howonefulfilledthisdutydeterminedwhatformthepersonwouldhakeinthe nextlife.
Buddhism
Originsandfeatures BeganinIndia
Spreadthroughtrade,conquest, missionaries,etc. Born in 563 B.C.in what is now Nepal, Prince Siddhartha Gautamawas brought up as a Hindu and led a comfortable life. However, he wantedto find out the truth about whypeople suffered and howsuffering couldbeended.Helefthispalaceandhisfamilyandspentmanyyearssearchingfortheanswer.One day, whilemeditatingunderatree, theanswerdawned onGautama,after this "enlightenment", he beganto sharehisknowledgewithothers.Soon,hebecameknownasthe"Buddha"orthe "EnlightenedOne” Buddhism andsociety WhatwereBuddha'steachings?Buddhadidnotclaimtobeagod,nordidheworkanymiracles.Hebelieved thatHinduismhadtoomany ritualsandwasbecomingloodifficultforordinarypeopleto understand,He triedtomakereligionsimpleandtoshowpeoplethewaytoaholylife
Islam
Originsandfeatures BeganinArabia MessagedeliveredbyProphetMuhammad Spreadthroughtrade,conquest, missionaries,etc. The Prophet Muhammad was born in A.D,570 in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, In A.D,610, when Muhammadwas40yearsold,hewastoldbytheangelGabrielthathehadbeenchosenasThe Messenger of God.ThemessageiscalledIslam. Islamandsociety Muhammadpreachedequalityandjustice for all men.HisrevelationsfromAllahwerecompiledinto the Koran- theholy bookof Islam, not everyonewelcomedMuhammad's preaching, Theloading citizens of Meccaopposedhimastheydidnotwanttheir slavesandservantstobegivenequality, Neitherdidthey wantpeopletobelieveonlyinonegod,asthiswouldaffecttheprofitsthattheywere makingfrompeople
whocametoMeccatoworshipidolsof variousgodsandgoddesses
LOOKINGATPHILOSOPHY
Confucianism
BeganInChina Basedontheteachingsof confucius placesemphasisonsocial order
Taoism
BeganInChina Basedontheteachingsof Lao-zi placesemphasisonindividual living in harmonywithnature
REFERENCES McKinnon,AndrewM. (2002), "SociologicalDefinitions, LanguageGamesandthe 'Essence'of Religion".Method& theoryin thestudy of religion. Archivedfrom https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/2164/3073/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religio n_author_version_no_format.pdf;jsessionid=CD5FE611EB95D4221BE61C32C87A6F1D? sequence=1 Davies,Glyn(2002)[1995].Ideas:AHistoryof MoneyfromAncientTimestothe Present DayArchivedfrom http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/RDavies/arian/origins.html Rössner,Philipp, Economy/ Trade,EGO- EuropeanHistoryOnline,Mainz:Instituteof EuropeanHistory, 2017,retrieved:https://d-nb.info/1149296941/34 Borg,J.(November2003), "TheSerotoninSystemandSpiritual Experiences", American Journalof Psychiatry,Archivedfrom https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14594742/ Hsu, Promise (16 November 2014). "The Civil Theology of Confucius' "Tian" Symbol". VoegelinView.Archived from https://voegelinview.com/civil-theology-confucius- tiansymbol/l Wu, Nengchang (2014). "Religion and Society. ASummary of French Studies on Chinese Religion". Review of Religion and Chinese Society. 1: 104–127. doi:10.1163/2214395504102008.Archivedfromhttps://www.academia.edu/6919287
LECTURE 8 : P O P U L AT I O N , IMMIGRANTS AND ETHNIC IDENTITY
Ø What is population?
BY ; ELSSEY ELIZEBETH ANAK A T O L (79297)
Population typically refers the number of people in a single area whether it be a city or town, region, country, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction by a process called a census (a process of collecting, analysing, compiling, and publishing data regarding a population), (Biology Online, 2012). As we all know , Malaysia and singapore have recorded the highest population in Asia. It is because of immigrants that come from other country and stayed in Malaysia permanently.
Malthusian Theory A theory asserting that population is controlled a through possitive checks (War, famine, disease) and preventive checks (measures to reduce fertility). According to Malthusan theory , three factors would control human population that exceeded the earth’s carrying capacity, or how many people can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources. The theory was called possitive checks because it increase mortality rate (Caldwell et al., 2006). Mortality rate was increased beacuse of food production won’t be able to keep up with growth in the human population. That is why it’s increase mortality rate. For instance, India is one of country has population growth.
Zero Population Growth Zero population growth is a theoretical goal in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration (Caldwell et al., 2006). In Malaysia and Singapore, the population began to increase from 1950-2007. As we knew, population is increasing due to the increasing number of immigrants who stayed in Malaysia peninsular. This is because of Malaysia sign deal with Bangladesh to hire 1.5 million worker to work in Malaysia. This causes Malaysian to experience many propbnlems related to economic and social.
(M.Rusman, 2017) Ø What is Immigrants? Immigrants is refer to person who move from their own country and comes to another country and they lives in a different country permanently. In other word, it means individuals become permanent residents or citizens in another country. For example, Chinese and Indians comes to Malaya ( Tanah melayu) to seeking a better quality of life due to economic factors . However, Johor Gerakan Delegate once said that Malay also pendatang ,not only Chinese and Indians but Isma (Ikatan Muslimin Malaysia) believes that it is ‘Improper’ to label Malays as ‘Pendatang’(immigrants) (Ian, L.She, 2014). For instance, Arab migrants came to thids country to get better life from persecution.
Foreign-born A person born in a country other than their current country of residence. This defines an invariable status but excludes second and third generations of immigrants since it is independent of the migratory status of their parents/grandparents (Gimeno- Feliu et al., 2019).Foreign-born also refers to anyone who is not the real citizen in a country but they can be citizens throught natrulization. For example, when a person is not citizen in Malaysia, but they want to be citizens on the conditions prescribed by the constitution. In Malaysia, official foreign-born is about more than 3 millions.
Foreigner or non-national A person belonging to, or owning an allegiance to, another state. This status can vary over time and as a funtion of the legal requirements of each state, which often depend on historical links between countries(Gimeno-Feliu et al., 2019). In other words, Foreigner is refers to a person born in other country not their current country. We also called foreigner as visitor and alien. For example, Indonesian whose came in Malaysia as foreign worker to work as main cook in the hawker stalls.
Ø What is Ethnic Identity? Ethnic Identity is a multidimensional concept that includes self-categorization or labeling , commitment or attachment to a group , certain values and belief that are associated with the group , and an evaluation of the group which can be possitive or negative (Barbara M et al., 2020). In Malaysia, there are many ethnic group was found. They are Malay, Bumiputera Sabah dan Sarawak , Orang Asli, Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians and so on. And each group have their differences in language, behaviour and culture.
Intergroup Relation
According to Hogg , M.A (2013) intergroup refers to the way in which people who belong to social groups or categories perceive , think about, feel about, and act towards and interact with people in other group. In short, it is relationship between different group of people. It can be devide to two types of intergroup relations which are pluralism and majority groups. For Instance, theArab Migration that settled in Malaysia because of Hadhramaut.
Racial The term “race” was used to identify group of people either they are Malays, Iban , Chinese or Indians. In other words, race, generally refers to the idea that the human species will divided into distinct groups on the basis of inherited physical and behavioral differences such as white , Black or African people, American people , Asia and so on. (Takezawa et al., 2020). In addiction , it is important to know races of people because people with different races have their different genetics, behaviour ,belief and so on. pn
Reference Barbara M. Newman, Philip R. Newman (2020). https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/ethnic-identity
Ethnic
Identity.
Biology Online. ( 2012, December 5). Population. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population
Caldwell, John Charles and Bruce Caldwell (2006). Demographic Transition Theory. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/demography-and-population/
Gimeno-Feliu , Carderon Larranaga, Diaz.E, Berna, , Poblador .P, Santaliestra, and Torres (2019). The definition of immigrant status matters; impact of nationality, country of origins, and length of stay in host country on mortality estimates. BMC Public Health ( p 2-3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6555-1
Hogg, M.A (2013). Intergroup realtions. In DeLamater &A. Ward (Eds.), Handbook Social psychology (pp.533-561). Springer Science + Business http://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_18
of Media.
Ian,L.She (2014,October,19).Malays also pendatang ,not only Chinese,and Indians, says Johor Gerakan delegate. The Malasysia Insider. https://my.news.yahoo.com/malayspendatang-not-only-chinese-indians-says-johor-0610 39509.html
M. Rusman (2017). Thousands of Indonesian, Bangladeshi Migrant Workers Arrested in Malaysia in Major Crackdown. https://jakartaglobe.id/news/thousands-indonesianbangladeshi-migrant-workers-ar rested-malaysia-major-crackdown/
Takezawa, Y. I. ,Wade, .Peter and Smedley, .Audrey (2020, November 23). race. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human
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LECTURE 9 : ORANG ASLI Orang Asli can be transliterated as "original peoples," or "first peoples." The word orang means "people" and the term asli comes from the Arabic word "asali," meaning "original," "well-born," or "aristocratic." The Orang Asli of Malay Peninsula (or West Malaysia) are divided into a great number of different tribal groups, some of which have very little contact with each other. The various Orang Asli tribes, which include 19 subethnic groups, have traditionally been grouped for administrative purposes under three main categories: the Negritos, the Senoi, and the AboriginalMa-lays (Encyclopedia.com, 2021).
Long before the entrance of other ethnicities such as Malays, Chinese, and Indians, the Orang Asli existed in West Malaysia. Today, the Orang Asli population is estimated to be around 150,000 people, accounting for less than 0.5 percent of the total population of Malaysia.
BY : NISA EMELYIA ANAK EDWARD (81954)
KEYSOCIALCONCEPT COLONIAL VIEWS ON ORANGASLI Colonial is a person from another country who lives in a colony, especially as part of its system of government (Cambridge University Press, 2021). The colonial rulers' basic aspect towards the Orang Asli might be described as ignorance. The jungle peoples were mostly left to their own devices, with officials only becoming concerned when the Orang Asli disobeyed wildlife and forestry restrictions. The Orang Asli, the Malay Peninsula's indigenous people, are the issue of a few historical documents. Forest resources are being confiscated. Some colonialists were well-informed about Malaya and studied intellectual studies there, despite the fact that the majority of them had never visited the country. The British economic, political, and military objectives in Malaya influenced their writings on the Orang Asli, which in turn influenced social issues today. The British, on the other hand, made a clear distinction between the Orang Asli and the Malays, the dominant population. Some referred to the indigenous people as'savages,' while others called them Semang, Sakai, Jacoon, and Orang-Utan, among other names, based on early beliefs about cultural development. In a long history of strangers, Orang Asli were the ultimate strangers (and vice versa). The British could look at the Orang Asli with some distance since they were not an obstacle to self-serving colonial goals—they fled rather than fight. Despite the fact that British rule robbed Orang Asli of their land and autonomy, British authors praised Orang Asli ecological expertise as well as their characteristics of independence, honesty, and tolerance. Some writers recognised the trade-offs between "civilization" and ethical connections in these small subsistence groups. Observing Orang Asli might be exciting at times.
ORIGIN MYTH: BTSISI’(MULTI-DIMENSIONAL) Myth is a traditional or legendary story, usually concerning some being or hero or event, with or without a determinable basis of fact or a natural explanation, especially one that is concerned with deities or demigods and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature (Dictionary.com, 2021). The Orang Asli Btsisi (Mah Meri) and Semelai tribes fled after the fall of the Johor Sultanate and then to Muar but also the Jahut krau tribe also fled to Pahang to settle around (kuala Krau/Pekan) due to intolerance. in the manner of the government at the time. They fled and remained settled in kuala krau and mingled with the surrounding Orang Asli. The culture of circumcision among them is the influence of pagaruyung. What is very interesting is the picture of the Ghost Hall and perhaps this ceremony has been left behind and is no longer practiced. If the info from thisAdmin is not accurate please correct it. Trimbow is a collection of origin tales told by Btsisi. The trimbow cycle is traditionally recited seven nights in a row by elders. Trimbow are connected with Btsisi's legendary "ancestors," or moyang, who require that people "feed" them ritual food such as nasi pulut ("glutinous rice") before an elder recites the trimbow. Every night of the season, an adult speaks a different part of the trimbow, which involves the creation of the planet, humanity's creation, Orang Asli (and Btsisi') beginnings, and Orang Asli's escape from their homeland. Btsisi's emotions about their Malay neighbours are explained in this section of the trimbow. When interacting with Austronesian-speaking peoples, Btsisi' have confronted continuous and occasionally lethal antagonism. When Btsisi' came into touch with Malays in the past, they were frequently uprooted. Btsisi's fleeing from their home in the face of danger is shown in the trimbow. Btsisi is also concerned of Malay pressure to convert them to Islam, as evidenced by the trimbow. The trimbow places Btsisi's ancestors in Mecca, a Muslim holy city, and Malays. Malays want to do the Haj from Malaysia to Mecca since they are Muslims. Orang Asli are the original occupants of the Peninsula, the first people; Malays are the usurpers, according to the trimbow.
ORIGIN MYTH - NEGRITOS(UNI-DIMENSIONAL)
Myth is a symbolic narrative, usually of unknown origin and at least partly traditional, that ostensibly relates actual events and that is especially associated with religious belief (Britannica, 2021). The Negritos are a dark-skinned people who are ethnically distinct from the rest of the Philippines' population, which is primarily Malay. They are the Philippines' first inhabitants. Their roots are unknown. Some historians believe they are descended from nomads who "built an old human bridge” between Africa and Australia. The Philippines' Negritos and Peninsular Malaysia's Semang Negritos are seen to be ancestors of the ancient nomad tribes who populated Southeast Asia and the Pacific before the arrival of the Chinese and Malays. The Chinese language was acquired by certain Negritos. They are thought to be the forefathers of hunter-gatherers in New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and other Pacific islands. Most of Negritos are nomads, while some have become Christians. Animism is a belief system that animists have adopted. Austronesian languages are spoken by every Negrito group. The Philippines have Austronesian languages as their native tongues. The languages spoken by the Negritos are typically more closely connected to the languages spoken by the people in their immediate surroundings than to the languages spoken by other Negrito groups. Majority of them are multilingual, speaking both their native tongue and non-Negrito neighbours. Hunting, gathering, fishing, marginal agriculture, and mutualistic connections with non-Negrito people have all been traditional ways of life for Negritos. Some people live in forest lean-tos built of wood and grasses, and produce clothes out of tree inner bark. Mostly they live in village. Nowadays, Orang Asli in Malaysia still doing hunting, gathering and fising for their normal routine
REFERENCES Encyclopedia.com. (2021, December 26). ." worldmark encyclopedia of cultures and daily life. .encyclopedia.com. 24 Nov. 2021 Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopediasalmanacs-transcripts-and-maps/orang-asli Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Myth. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth
Dictionary.com. (n.d.). Myth definition &meaning. Dictionary.com. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/myth Jahut, T.A. (n.d.). Travellog Anak Jahut. 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021, from http://travellog-anakjahut.blogspot.com/2021/
LECTURE 10 WOMEN MOVEMENT 01 WOMEN MOVEMENT
:
• Women's movements have fueled global and national efforts to achieve gender equality. Advocates in countries and communities frequently have the most in-depth understanding of the deficiencies that women and girls face, as well as critical knowledge of how to advance their rights. They develop leadership skills by advocating for change and accountability; some use these skills to enter and transform political arenas. (UN Women, 2019) • Khatijah Sidek (Kaum Ibu leader) fought for gender equality and increasing women's representation in UMNO in the 1950s; there was also an autonomous women's wing and more women elective candidates. To fight for women's rights, they are willing to be ejected from UMNO.
• 1973: Aishah Ghani (Wanita UMNO Leader) advocated legislative revisions to Muslim Marriage and Divorce Laws, which were met with opposition from the orthodox Religious Council and the UMNO Youth.
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02 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
• Violence was a physical act that causes or is intended to cause harm. Violence can cause physical, psychological, or both types of harm. Violence is distinct from aggression, a broader category of hostile behaviour that can be physical, verbal, or passive in nature • Violence against women according to the United Nations, "Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life." • Women's Aid Organisation (WAO) was founded in 1982 to address the issues of battered women and domestic violence. • 1985: The Joint Action Group Against Violence Against Women (JAG) was created when five women's organisations banded together to raise awareness and advocate against Violence Against Women. • 1985: Women's organisations banded together to push for the Domestic Violence Act; feminist organisations provided empirical research-based evidence; government departments and religious departments, among others, drafted the draught law; and the National Council on Women's Organizations (NCWO) gave it "official" legitimacy.
03
FEMINISM
• Feminism is the belief in social, economic, and political equality between men and women. Feminism is currently found all over the world and is represented by a range of organisations dedicated to improving women's rights and interests, despite its origins in the West. • In contrast to the history of the feminist movement in the United Kingdom and the United States, the struggle for women's rights in Malaysia did not begin with the ability to vote. During the country's political independence in 1957, all Malaysian citizens, both male and female, were granted the right to vote, as were many other postcolonial countries during the fall of the British empire. • In Malaysia, the feminist movement is a multiracial coalition of women's organisations dedicated to ending gender-based discrimination, harassment, and violence against women. Feminist women's organisations in Malaysia began as women's shelters in the mid-1980s, and eventually formed connections with other social justice groups. Malaysia's feminist movement is becoming one of the country's most active civil society actors.
REFERENCES Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Feminism. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Violence. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/violence
Feminism in Malaysia. Wikiwand. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Feminism_in_Malaysia Women's Movements. UN Women. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unwomen.org/en/whatwe-do/leadership-and-political-participation/womens-movements Yusof. A (2021). Lecture 10 : Malaysia Women’s Movement [PowerPoint slides].eLeap. https://eleap.unimas.my/pluginfile.php/947321/mod_resource/content/0/Womens%20Moveme nt.pdf
LU 11
POLITICS OF THE LEFT z •
During the French Revolution of 1789, the phrases "left" and "right" first appeared when members of the National Assembly were divided into supporters of the king on the president's right and supporters of the revolution on his left.
THE MALAY POLITICS
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• • • •
Prior to the arrival of Western Colonialism, Malay politics was based on a 'absolute monarchy' system in which only the Sultan/family Raja's and the aristocrats had any power Ordinary people were required to follow the orders of the rulers. There is no opposition. Sultan/Aristocrat is the title given to the ruler of a country. The notion of 'Daulat' states that folks should display their wealth as showing loyalty and support to the Sultan. However, if the Sultan/Raja degraded the people, he may be resisted and overthrown.
THE TRADITIONAL MALAY •
• • • • •
With the introduction of formal schools, new ideas from the West gained traction, propelling the world forward. Abdullah Munshi questioned the authority of the Malay Sultan Failure to adapt or upgrade their concepts Singapore became Malaya's gateway to the rest of the globe. Many newspapers and publications were published. Bintang Timor, Jawi Peranakan, Al-Imam, and so on. As a result of these advances, new people became aware of what was going on to the Malay upper crust.
Beginning of the left in Malaysia • • • •
The Malays are in backward conditions and need to be uplifted as Malaya changes. The Indian – poverty in low-income estates, need for better living circumstances, etc. The Chinese Was engrossed by China's nationalist movement, but some (including Indian elites) saw Malaya as their homeland and desired a fair portion of the territory. The growth of communist doctrine bolstered the left's desire to fight inequality, backwardness, oppression, and attain Malaya's independence.
Kaum Muda dan Kaum Tua •
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Islamic reformist groups are the early awareness of the Muslim community of sociocultural collapse. Modernism is directly related to the West. Reform group prefers to use Arabic terms such as Islah, Tajdid, Sahwah Islamiyyah and Ihya 'Islam. Before the emergence of the Youth in Malaya, there was a traditional trend that followed the Shafi'iyah scholars in Aqeedah, Tasawwuf, and Syariat. Most of the Ulama 'Nusantara at that time could not escape the influence of tasawwuf. The two groups discussed by William Roff are the Youth and the Old. The Elders are also called by the title of traditionalist stream. This term causes a misunderstanding when comparing the Old and the Young as "traditionalists vs modernists", according to some researchers. In terms of voluntary associations and political progress, this effort began to emerge when the urban community expanded, and social change occurred among the Malay Muslim community in Malaysia. At this point, the Malays want a unification. However, the call of this religious reform group, according to Roff, did not get a response from the peasants. In the 1930s and 1940s, Malaya's tin and rubber industries grew in prominence, resulting in the birth of the labour movement. Many Indian rubber workers became victims of their employers' poor wages and deplorable living circumstances.
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In 1937, the Central Indian Association (CIAM) was founded to assist Indian workers. Malaysia was one of the most important bases for Chinese nationalism in the 20th century, with Sun Yat Sen leading a fundraising tour of Singapore and Penang. The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was founded in 1930 with the goal of overthrowing the British Sun Yat Sen travelled Singapore and Penang to seek finances in the early twentieth century, and Malaya became one of the primary grounds for Chinese nationalism. A Koumintang branch was established. As a result of this growth, communist ideologies arose in Malaya. In addition to the Chinese, Indonesian leaders were instrumental in spreading communist ideology to Malays. The Malayan Communist Party (MCP) was founded in 1930 with the goal of overthrowing the British. Initially, the MCP attempted to organise the labour movement and assist workers in defending their rights against employer injustice. In the early 1930s, the Union of Unskilled Chinese Rubber Planters, Tin Miners, Factory Workers, and Seamen was formed. Several strikes, such as the shoemakers and tailor strike in KL in 1933 and 1934, the rubber plant strike in Klang, and the coal mine strike in Batu Arang, were sparked by the desire for higher salaries and better working conditions (1937).
2. The Formation of Labour Movements
THE FORMATION OF LABOUR MOVEMENT • • • • • • •
• • • • •
PUTERA-AMCJA received backing from labour unions as well as the Chinese Chamber of Commerce (CCC) PUTERA-AMCJA persevered in their fight by Organizing a hartal for the first time — in Kelang dan elsewhere Malacca. As a result of their success, they are more confident. - AMCJA PUTERA chosen to go on a nationwide strike On October 20, 1947, all of Malaya went on strike coincide with the start of the Session of the House of Representatives The Federation of British Columbia is represented in the British Parliament. This crisis put British authority in jeopardy. The United Kingdom adopted several steps to address the opposition of the Left Movement and Labour to the Federation of Malaya and calls for better working conditions. The Societies Ordinance and the Banishment Ordinance were re-imposed to restrict trade unions. After three estate managers were shot dead in Perak, the state of emergency was finally announced. The Internal Security Act of 1948 was enacted. Thousands of labour activists and political party members have been detained, many of whom have been held without charge or trial. The Malayan agreement was to be presented and debated.
Breaking Up the Labour Movement • Many leftists proclaimed it unlawful, allowing right-wing parties such as UMNO and MCA to dominate Malayan politics, followed by MIC. • Many left-wing leaders were incarcerated. • In May 1948, the PMFTU and numerous state unions were deemed illegal. • Several Malay API members joined MCP and established the 10th Regiment, the National Liberation of Malaya, in order to fight the British. • The army is a powerful force.
3. Lobour Movement Aftermath
✓Many left parties declared illegal. ✓ Many left wing leaders arrested. ✓ MCP took up armed struggle against British. ✓ After 1948 the left wing movement divided into two types;
1. The armed struggle by MCP.
2. Both sides the left wing go to through constitutional route
-emergency# ensured that the MPC’s peaceful struggle failed
✓ through the communist armed struggle did not achive their goals, ✓Bring about big losses to manpower and incurred huge financial spending in Malaya. ✓British speed up the political reforms in Malaya. ✓This brought benefit the Alliance party (UMNO, MCA and MIC). ✓ MCP saw this situation is good to negotiate with the government. ✓Baling talk 1955 failed becaused both sides not compromise.
4. Trade Union / Labour Politics.
✓ After 1948, the development of trade unions in Malaya was retarded. ✓ Trade unions faced problem poor organisation, administration and financial weakness ✓ Malayan Trade Union council (MTUC) was formed as nonpolitical association. ✓ The ‘’ emergency ‘’ caused many left parties were branded ‘Pro-communists’.
✓ Both parties agreed to unite under the Malayan peoples socialist front. ✓ Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1962, manyb SF’s leaders were arrested. ✓ This weaken the SF and PP withdraw from SF. ✓ The PP’s struggle continued although received pressured from government.
Secret societies SSF1033: Malaysian Social History
Introduction • • • • •
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Secret societies have long been a world phenomenon. Yakuza, Black Dragon Society (Japan), The Ku Klux Klan (US), Poro (Africa), Mafia (Italy) and Freemasons. Among the oldest - Thugee (around 13th century) White Lotus (14 century), the Dragon Court (around 1403) and Rosicrucian Order (1607). Relationships that connect people in relevant hidden activities, either directly or indirectly. Drug/human trafficking, smuggling, abduction, prostitution, copyright infringement, cybercrime, extortion and protection rackets, and financial crimes (counterfeiting, money laundering, stock market manipulation, and so on) are among the crimes committed. These organisations also pledge to achieve such interests and revenues as to safeguard their members or clans, have political reasons, financial interests, religious goals, and promote some mystical belief or racist ideology. The establishment of a personal tie between members of the organisation, as well as the usage of a secret ritual or ritual, enhance group members' objectives and mutual interests. They have their own code of communication, which can be written or spoken. Leaders and hierarchies with titles like Don, Capo, Father, Grand Teacher, Dragon
Teacher, and so forth.
MALAYSIA SECRET SOCIETY • • •
Chinese Stocks were involved in the Silver War and the Klang War. Hai San and Ghee Hin fought each other for control of the tin mines in Perak and Selangor. In Perak and Selangor, their feud becomes a civil war.
SECRET SOCIETY ORIGIN OF MALAYA • •
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The British then came to Perak to solve the dispute with the Pangkor Agreement. In Selangor, the problem was settled when Tengku Mahadi was defeated, and the British intervention in Selangor began. Secret society existed in Penang in 1799, according to Thomas John Newbold (1807-1850), an officer of the 23rd Madras Light Infantry in Melaka (1832-1835). The British mention Ghee Hin first, and Hai San first appeared in Penang in 1820. The 'Birthplace' of Malaya shares the Straits Settlements. Many Chinese secret societies, such as Toa Peh Kong, Ho Seng (Penang), and Tian Ti Hoey (Malacca/Negeri Sembilan), are fast expanding in the Straits Settlements.
KONGSI •
•
Kongsi, or "clan halls," are benevolent associations for people of the same surname that can be found in overseas Chinese populations. It was usually a clan and surname-based organisation dedicated at supporting clan members, particularly Chinese migrants, in adjusting to life in Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, North Borneo, and other Southeast Asian countries.
Secrect Social in China •
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The Chinese Social Secret began in China in opposition to the Imperial Dynasties, such as the Ch'ing Honman Dynasty, in Fujian's Tiandihui Heaven and Earth Society. When Chinese immigrants arrived in Malaya, they used the Hai San dialect, which included Hakka plus Hokkien, Teochew, Foochow, and Ghee Hin, which was dominated by Cantonese to defend their own tribe. The temple became a gathering place for them, and if they wanted to be a part of it, they had to take a blood oath.
The Kongsi In Sarawak • Most Hakka gold miners (Hakka in Kalimantan and Sarawak) originate from the Kwangtung region's four Hakka regions.
• Because of their border organisation and sharing, miners have been able to successfully adapt to their new environment (economic and social). • It is an instrument of self-government and maintains the economic and social demands of its experts; it is a basis for miners' political and social organisations; it is an instrument of self-government and maintains the economic and social needs of its experts.
The origins of kongsi •
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•
The first mining partnership is formed between 1743 and 1745. The Malay sultan on the coast has jurisdiction over this mine, which employs 10 to 25 people. the Chinese as a source of money, monopolising and controlling the flow of their supplies, tools, provisions, and opium; the Hakkas as a means of self-protection through mutual assistance. By 1764, there were 12 mining unions in Larah and 24 in Montrado
Malay Secret Society- the reasons for emergence • • • •
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Because nobody could defend and safeguard Islamic affairs, the Malay Social Secret arose. Penang's high crime rate necessitates the necessity for security. Boria Troupes were founded to prevent Muslim members of Chinese secret societies from entering. However, due to competition among Muslim leaders, Muslims in Penang are split (especially business competition). During the month of Muharram, there is a lot of rivalry between the two groups. Malay SS join and create their own Chinese (largest conflict) SS Allies - WF & Ghee Hin vs. RF & Toh Peh Kong during the 1867 riots.
Other Secrect Society •
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Both WF and RF have branches in Perak, and both employ football clubs such Darul Makmor Football Club, Darul Aishen Football Club, and Jelutong Football Club to mask their activity. Perlis has two secret societies: Tuan Bulat and Sofian Kelab. Its members include police officers, chiefs, and government employees, and they utilise extortion to attract new members.
LU 12
MALAYSIAN STUDENTS MOVEMENT BY ABBY NATASHA AK MARTIN 78609
WHAT IS MALAYSIAN SRUDENTS MOVEMENT?
• The students movement was a new social force to bring awareness and struggle on politics, economic and social change. • Student movement also nurtured in every country
THE FORMATIVE YEARS
• Student movement in Malaysia can be traced back to the influence of Islamic movement in middle east ans south asia. • Foreign students and the reform influence of fan Islamic movements led Malay students to organize themselves in the student movement.
COMMUNAL OUTLOOK – EARLY YEARS ❖Among the earlist student movement groups based on race and sruggle to helps each other. ❖Seen in the formation of the malay boys League in 1937. ❖The kesatuan Melayu Victoria institution was formed in 1945 ❖The objective of this organization was to helps Malay students in education.
THE GOVERNMENT STRIKES BACK ❖The government introduced the University And Collage Act in 1971, to contral the students. ❖This brought protes and demonstration from students ❖Many students leader are arrested.
All content are form Dr.Adibah 2021