Waste to Wealth Retrofitting - Community Wealth Building - AALU - 2022 by Yutong Qiu

WASTE TO WEALTH ( COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING ) SUBMITTED BY Yutong QIU (MArch) DIRECTORS Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico STUDIO MASTER Clara Oloriz Sanjuan HISTORY AND THEORY Clara Oloriz Sanjuan Teresa Stoppani TECHNICAL TUTORS Claudio Campanille Daniel Kiss

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to take this opportunity to express our deep gratitude to our thesis advisors Alfredo Ramirez, Eduardo Rico and Clara Oloriz Sanjuan. Without their expertise and patient guidance, we may not be able to construct the whole thesis and dissertation. We appreciate all the external jurors and fellow researchers at Common Wealth, CLES and ReLondon. We are grateful for the help of Isaac Stanley at the CLES, Andrea Charlson at ReLondon and Liam lmouritz at Hassell. Thank them for helping us build our narrative. We would also like to also thank Camila Arretche and Elena Luciano Suastegui in the SHR Tool Team, who helped us develop our Policy Decision Making Tool. We are grateful for the software and technical support from Xinrui Wang and Cenyu Wang.

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

LANDSCAPE URBANISM MArch

2020-2022

In addition, all the external figures have been sourced and the diagrams and maps within the team have been credited.

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C O M M U N I T Y WEALTH BUILDING

]

WHAT IS WASTE TO WEALTH? HOW DO WE DEFINE COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING? Waste to Wealth was developed at the AA Landscape Urbanism under the framework of Community Wealth Building for Economic and Environmental Justice policies, which is based on the implementation of the policy framework of Green New Deal in the UK and globally proposed by Common Wealth, a Think Tank based in London and committed to develop progressive policies to decarbonize the economy. The Centre for Local Economic Strategies (CLES) has laid out a plan for local Green New Deals, which aims to offer economic autonomy for local people, places and economics. CLES states, since 2006, Community Wealth Building has emerged as a powerful approach to local economic development. Through this approach, local economies are reorganized, so that wealth is not extracted but broadly held and income is recirculated. Preston City Council began conversations with CLES about harnessing their spending and supply chains for greater local economic benefit since 2011. The recirculation of over £200m being spent with local suppliers has had a positive multiplier effect on local jobs, wellbeing, health, and economic growth. This is partially reflected by the fact that in 2018 Preston moved out of the top 20% most deprived local authority areas in the UK. (By Centre for Local Economic Strategies)

Based on these cooperative backgrounds, our research started from the local community of Preston. After analyzing the procurement of local anchor institutions (local councils, universities, etc.), we found that the building industry has great potential in the building of community wealth, but this conventional industry is also facing collective problems. Meanwhile, the problem of construction and demolition waste extends from local communities to the UK and around the world. Taking that into account, our project creates a critical policy framework for the retrofitting of the whole building industry system, which in short, turns waste into wealth.

WW WASTE TO WEALTH

ABSTRACT With the decline of conventional industries based on fossil fuels, many environmental, economic and social inequities and injustices have arisen in local communities. In the conventional building industry, the life cycle of buildings should be calculated from the extraction stage of natural resources, and ends with being discarded in landfills. Conventional cycles need to be reversed into local cycles.

Third is the Retrofitting Industry. Up to now, many small companies and organizations in the UK have been committed to exploring retrofitting techniques from the perspective of architectural professionals, but they haven’t been able to address systematic cooperation through multi-stakeholders. We aim to retrofit the whole system, redefine wealth not only in the economy but also in environmental and social value.

We take inspiration from the famous Preston Model, which is the cooperation of local anchor institutions and adopting progressive procurement policies to redirect wealth to the local community. Our research proposes the translation of the radical procurement policies to the building industry.

We call this method Waste to Wealth, which is to increase the longevity of building materials, reduce global material chains and carbon emissions while improving inhabitants’ experiences. Keep the collective wealth in the local community.

Meanwhile, our project is answering three main urgent issues. First is Fuel Inequity, where the energy produced was transported to other cities, bills for locals were too heavy. Second is the Landfill Crisis. Building materials often end up in landfills, which leads to global landfill crises. The Global North generated the most construction waste while the Global South had the largest landfill sites. Landfill Zero is our ambition. Instead of being discarded to the landfill, the construction waste should be transformed into wealth.

01. 01.1. 01.2. 01.3. 01.4.

02. 02.1. 02.2. 02.3. 02.4.

03. 03.1. 03.2. 03.3. 03.4. 03.5.

04. 04.1. 04.2. 04.3. 04.4. 04.5. 04.6.

05. 05.1. 05.2. 05.3. 05.4. 05.5. 05.6.

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY UK DOUGHNUT UK CIRCAULARITY GAP CIRCULAR ECONOMY REFERENCES

ENERGY CRISIS GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS FUEL POVERTY IN THE UK ENERGY OWNERSHIP TRANSITION REFERENCES

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS GLOBAL WASTE ATLAS LANDFILL CRISIS IN THE UK LANCASHIRE LANDFILL CRISIS THE RETROFITTIGN CASE STUDY REFERENCES

ECONOMIC CRISIS HOUSING INEQUITY IN THE UK HOUSING INEQUITY IN PRESTON (HOUSE PRICE : INCOME) HOUSING OWNERSHIP TRANSITION (GLOBAL) UMEMPLOYMENT IN THE UK DECLINED TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN LANCASHIRE REFERENCES

POLICY FRAMEWORK COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING: FOR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE THE PRESTON MODEL CURRENT RETROFITTING POLICIES PROCUREMENT COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WASTE-TO-WEALTH SCHEME REFERENCES

06. 06.1. 06.2. 06.3. 06.4. 06.5.

07. 07.1. 07.2. 07.3. 07.4. 07.5. 07.6.

08. 08.1. 08.2. 08.3. 08.4. 08.5. 08.6. 08.7. 08.8.

09. 09.1. 09.2. 09.3. 09.4.

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY BEST CONVENTION: FIBREGLASS LEGACY OF LANCASHIRE TEXTILE INDUSTRY MATERIAL FLOW OF FIBREGLASS AND THE LABOUR BEHIND ADDITIONAL LABOUR AND MACHINARY REFERENCES

DECISION MAKING TOOL: RETROFITTING PRIORITY VISUAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS AND ENGAGEMENT METHODOLOGY: RETROFITTING PRIORITY INDEX MEASUREMENT: INTERACTIVE MAP MEASUREMENT: COST AND BENEFIT TECHNICAL REPORT - 1: DATA PROCESSING AND WEB DEVELOPMENT REFERENCES

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL EXISTING ASSESSMENT TOOLS SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL FRAMEWORK EMBODIED ENERGY SOCIAL CONCERNS COOP SCENARIOS AND GREEN PREMIUM USER INTERFACE TECHNICAL REPORT - 2: MODELLING OF URBAN FABRIC REFERENCES

APPENDIX TABLE OF DIAGRAMS TABLE OF FIGURES TABLE OF MAPS BIBLIOGRAPHY

01. 01.1. 01.2. 01.3. 01.4.

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY UK DOUGHNUT UK CIRCAULARITY GAP CIRCULAR ECONOMY REFERENCES

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

Connectivity 7% of households connection due to 2014)

01.1. UK DOUGHNUT The Doughnut Economics The doughnut economy is a visual framework combining the planetary boundaries with the complementary concept of social boundaries. The framework was proposed to regard the performance of an economy by the extent to which the needs of people are met without overshooting Earth’s ecological ceiling. The UK Doughnut The Diagram shows that the UK are facing serious Climate Change, which exceeded the CO2 boundary by 410%. Meanwhile, 26% of households are in fuel poverty, and 19% owner occupied homes failed to meet the Decent Homes Standart.

Female Educatio

25% of adult wom lack any formal qu 2011)

Health: Physical

People in the most have 15% less tha number of years o 2012)

Income

22% of household relative poverty (U

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Land Use Change

IA SS

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UK E

L M H:M

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55% of farmland b declined since 197

osp

Biodiversity Loss

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Diagram.01/ UK Doughnut Economy

ity Qual Air

IT AN UM

NS CR

Nit

Bio

div ers NMENTAL CEIL e i O g n R I NG ty Lo I V ha S EN JUST SPACE FO D R AN E FOUNDAT H F L A : W ED CR:M IO CIED: M ED CR

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1 Raworth K, 2020. What is the Doughnut? Retrieved March 10, Available at: https://doughnuteconomics.org/tools-and-stories/11 [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Advocacy C, 2021. The UK Doughnut: A framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Retrieved April 10, 2021, Available at: https:// policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/the-uk-doughnut-a-framework-for-environmental-sustainability-and-social-justice-344550/ [Accessed Sep 2021]

le ep

ti o

Ocean Health

64% of UK fish ha unsustainably (UK

Diagram.02/ Social Foundations and Environmental Ceilings

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

01.2. UK CIRCAULARITY GAP Circularity Gap The circular economy is a promise for the systemic transformation of society. As a multi-stakeholder model, its approach boosts capacity and capability to serve societal needs. Based on the research of circularity gaps, the majority (70%) of emissions are associated with material handling and use (at the provide level). Mind the Gap(s)

Fig.01/ UK Circularity Gaps https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MP7EhRU-N8n1S3zpzqlshNWxqFR2hznd/edit

The circular economy has to do not only look at material flows alone, but also review the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and value-created through different key societal needs and wants with materials.

3 The Circularity Gap Report, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/ circularity-gap-report-2021 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Diagram.03/ UK Circularity Gaps

This figure shows the roadmap of interventions across six scenarios that can mitigate climate impact by curbing GHG emissions. The sheer difference from the housing industry to the communication industry shows its potential in the emissions- and material-reduction power between interventions. Of these, this overshooting can be reduced by solving the hous-

ing-related problem of excessive consumption of construction material and household energy. 25.2Gt Carbon Dioxide eq can be reduced. In temperature terms, if we implement the housing segment, and then all of them in the roadmap, it’s possible to reduce the emissions at more or less the same pace to reach net-zero by 2050.

CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

01.3. CIRCULAR ECONOMY

MAKE

Diagram.04/ Process of linear economy

TAKE

WASTE

SOURCE RAW MATERIAL

RECOVER

M AN

E TUR C A UF

ST DI

Diagram.05/ Process of circular economy and linear economy

Linear Economy The traditional linear economy pattern follows the take-make-dispose scheme. This method of production is maximizing the uses of collected raw materials before it transforms them into products, eventually disposing of unusable material.

RIB UT

ION

USE

Circular Economy The circular economy is concentrated on the usage of products as resources. The method used by the circular economy is actually the 3R principle: reduce, reuse, and recycle. 4 Government of the Netherlands, 2021. From a linear to a circular economy, Accessed at: https://www. government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Circular economy in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Circular_ economy_in_the_built_environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Diagram.06/ Circular economy in built environment

Circular Economy in Built Environment The engineering and construction industry has been identified as the world’s largest consumer of raw materials, consuming over 3 billion tonnes of raw materials and accounting for nearly 50% of global steel production. In the UK alone, the construction industry consumes over 400 million tonnes of material each year. A circular approach can help minimise the environmental footprint of the built environment sector, potentially reduce the lifecycle costs, and avoid construction delays due to the volatility of commodity markets in procuring virgin materials.

01.4. REFERENCES 1 Raworth K, 2020. What is the Doughnut? Retrieved March 10, Available at: https:// doughnuteconomics.org/tools-and-stories/11 [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Advocacy C, 2021. The UK Doughnut: A framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Retrieved April 10, 2021, Available at: https://policy-practice.oxfam. org/resources/the-uk-doughnut-a-framework-for-environmental-sustainability-and-social-justice-344550/ [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 The Circularity Gap Report, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/circularity-gap-report-2021 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Government of the Netherlands, 2021. From a linear to a circular economy, Accessed at: https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Circular economy in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/wiki/Circular_economy_in_the_built_ environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

02. 02.1. 02.2. 02.3. 02.4.

ENERGY CRISIS GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS FUEL POVERTY IN THE UK ENERGY OWNERSHIP TRANSITION REFERENCES

ENERGY CRISIS

02.1. GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS

“Wholesale UK electricity prices are the highest they’ve been since the market was formed in 1990. Gas prices are the highest they’ve been for 15 years – up 250% since January.” What’s the reason behind the increase in wholesale energy prices? Fig.01/ High Gas Prices

The rise in wholesale costs is due to increased demand for gas and a lack of supply. While prices were at record lows during Covid-19 as countries locked down and demand plunged, the rate of change since then has been unprecedented. - The demand for global gas increased as countries recovered from the Covid-19 outbreak and reopened its economies.

Fig.02/ Electricity Prices

- Because last winter and this spring were both colder than typical, more gas was used. - Due to the lack of wind, less renewable electricity was generated. - Increasing reliance on gas-fired power plants - Some power stations were forced to shut down due to routine maintenance that could not be completed due of the Covid-19 outbreak.

1 BBC News, 2021. Why are gas prices so high and what is happening to fuel bills?, Accessed at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58090533 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 UCC, 2021. Why have electricity prices increased so much this year?, Accessed at: https://www. rte.ie/brainstorm/2021/0915/1246844-electricity-prices-increase-year-global-reasons/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 Channel 4 News, 2021. Energy price spike: ‘Lights will not go out’, says government, Accessed at: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFggJFinjgE [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Natural gas demand can be influenced by weather and economic activity, and its supply over long pipelines can be influenced by geopolitics due to these different uses.

Fig.03/ UK Gas Prices

“Fuel bills are also rising for millions of households - with further “significant” increases expected next year.”

Weather has played a major role in the present energy crisis, but other factors have compounded the problem. Those events led to an exacerbation of the “Fuel Poverty” problem.

ENERGY CRISIS

02.2. FUEL POVERTY IN THE UK

UK Electricity Generation

Fuel Poverty

In 2014, the UK electricity mix was 31% coal, 31% gas, 19% renewable and 18% nuclear. Chart by Carbon Brief using DECC data. In 2015, UK coal use fell by a quarter last year, as overall electricity use fell back to mid-1990s levels. Meanwhile, some of new renewables have been built, accounting for four-fifths of new capacity in that period. Gas made up the remainder, though only renewables have been added since the start of 2013.

A household is considered to be fuel poor if it has higher than typical energy costs and would be left with a disposable income below the poverty line if it met those energy costs. The 2018 fuel poverty statistics indicate that 12.6% of households (81,462) were fuel poor in the Lancashire-14 area, and 12% (62,339) in the Lancashire-12 area; both are higher than the England average (10.9%) but both saw a small reduction in households in poverty in comparison to 2017. Energy Inequity

Fig.04/ Electricity Generation

Where the energy produced was transported to other cities, bills for locals were too heavy. 12.1% of the North West was living in fuel poverty before 1990. This situation worsened to 15.2% in 2010.

As the main energy source has shifted from coal to gas and renewable, and the ownership has shifted from government to privatized sectors, this issue hasn’t been addressed.

4 Carbon Brief, 2015. Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity, Accessed at: https://www. carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-the-uk-generates-itselectricity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

Map.02/ UK Fuel Poverty: after 1990

Map.01/ UK Fuel Poverty: before 1990

ENERGY CRISIS

02.3. ENERGY OWNERSHIP TRANSITION

1970 ENERGY WAS OWNED BY THE UK GOVERNMENT

The decline of industry in the 1970s had contributed For much of our modern history, the energy industry The coal mines were closing down

BETWEEN 1986 AND 1990 ENERGY STARTED TO BE PRIVATIZED

Margaret Thatcher’s conservative government priva up to the free market. The logic behind this was tha dynamic, competitive and innovative energy indus choice, suppliers would have to be able to deliver b their customers to a competitor.

1990-2010 ENERGY PRIVITIZATION ERA

In the decades that followed, a host of new energy s of the millennium the energy industry regulator Ofg suppliers operate in the best interests of energy con

2018ENERGY RENEWABLIZATION ERA

According to Ofgem, there are currently around 60 a Six of these companies are significantly bigger than t Six’ and have a combined market share of around 70

atised the energy sector, opening it at privatisation would lead to a more stry. Because consumers had more better value for money, or risk losing

PRIVATIZED ENERGY

suppliers have arisen, and at the turn gem was established to ensure that nsumers.

"BIG 6 SUPPLIERS"

active energy suppliers in the UK. the others. They’re known as the ‘Big 0%.

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Diagram.01/ Energy Ownership Transition

COAL MINE CLOSURE

Fig.05/ Energy Ownership Transition From: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/

to rising rates of poverty. y was owned by the UK government.

02.4. REFERENCES 1 BBC News, 2021. Why are gas prices so high and what is happening to fuel bills?, Accessed at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58090533 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 UCC, 2021. Why have electricity prices increased so much this year?, Accessed at: https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2021/0915/1246844-electricity-prices-increase-year-global-reasons/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 Channel 4 News, 2021. Energy price spike: ‘Lights will not go out’, says government, Accessed at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=UFggJFinjgE [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 Carbon Brief, 2015. Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity, Accessed at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-theuk-generates-its-electricity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

03. 03.1. 03.2. 03.3. 03.4. 03.5.

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS GLOBAL WASTE ATLAS LANDFILL CRISIS IN THE UK LANCASHIRE LANDFILL CRISIS THE RETROFITTIGN CASE STUDY REFERENCES

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

03.1. GLOBAL WASTE ATLAS

20 Biggest C&DW Generation Countries (ha)

20 Biggest C&DW Generation Countries (tons/year)

Population

50 Biggest Dumpsites Size (ha)

50 Biggest Dumpsites Waste in Place (tons)

Map.01/ Global Waste Atlas

Population within 10 km

1 Waste Atlas Team, 2014. Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report, Accessed at: http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/Documents/WasteAtlas-report-2014-webEdition.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Global Waste Atlas

Similar to the UK, in the conventional cycle, building materials often end up in landfills, which leads to global landfill crises. The Global North generated the most construction waste. Instead of burying it in their own land, they transported it into the Global South.

Fig.01/ Landfill Sites in Global South from: Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report

That’s why the Global South has the largest and most dangerous landfills.

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

03.2. LANDFILL CRISIS IN THE UK

2015 Remaining Landfill Capacity Landfill Crisis in The UK Every year, 45.4 million tons of waste are dumped in landfills, leaving only 175.1 million tons of wasted space, resulting in increasingly shortening capacity gaps. Legislation is needed to prevent linear products from entering landfills. But legislation cannot prohibit people from buying goods. However, the housing industry is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide, and it also contributes a large amount of construction waste. How to reuse this construction waste through the circular economy is a breakthrough to solve the landfill crisis.

2016 Remaining Landfill Capacity

“England’s landfill sites will be overflowing by 2022, according to research from The Furniture Recycling Group.” The landfill crisis is particularly serious in Lancashire and around London.

2017 Remaining Landfill Capacity

2 Environment Agency, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 Environment Journal, 2018. Waste crisis ‘imminent’ as landfills could overflow by 2022, Accessed at: https://environmentjournal.online/articles/wastecrisis-imminent-as-landfills-could-overflow-by-2022/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

2019 Remaining Landfill Capacity

Diagram.01/ UK Landfill Crisis Series

2018 Remaining Landfill Capacity

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

03.3. LANCASHIRE LANDFILL CRISIS Lancashire Landfill Crisis

Diagram.02/ Landfill Remaining Capacity

In Lancashire, construction waste like paints and asbestos in landfills resulted in soil and water pollution. And the remaining capacity of old landfill sites is declining and some have been closed, while new ones have been generated to meet the growing demand.

Ongoing Landfill site New-built Landfill site Closed Landfill site

4 data.gov.uk, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 2022. Lancashire ‘waste disaster’ looming as landfills close to tipping point, Accessed at: https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Preston Digital Archive, 2014. Clifton Marsh Landfill near Preston, Accessed at: https://www.flickr. com/photos/rpsmithbarney/13548943203 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Fig.03/ Preston Clifton Marsh Landfill Siste From: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rpsmithbarney/13548943203

“As England hurtles towards a predicted serious landfill crisis by 2022, Lancashire is one of the regions most at risk with only 13.2 million m3 of remaining landfill capacity.”

Fig.02/ Lancashire has only 13.2 million m3 of remaining landfill capacity https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

Lancashire Landfill Remaining Capacity: from 2015 to 2019, and Prediction of 2030

2015 Remaining Landfill Capacity

2017 Remaining Landfill Capacity

2030 (Prediction) By 2030, based on assumptions of current rates, the remaining capacity will be negative.

Diagram.03/ Lancashire Remaining Landfill Crisis

2019 Remaining Landfill Capacity

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

“LANDFILL ZERO”

“Landfill Zero” is our ambition “Waste disaster” is looming as landfills close to tipping point. Preston Clifton Marsh landfill next to the River Ribble is certainly no exception. It also has risks of pollution caused by waste exposure to water system caused by flood impact. Furthermore, these maps show waste exported to Lancashire from other places and imported waste from Lancashire. Transportation of waste not only consumes energy, but also has other risks. “Landfill Zero” is our ambition.

Fig.04/ Clifton Marsh Landfill Plan from: Goole earth view

Preston Clifton Marsh Landfill

River Ribble

7 data.gov.uk: Environment Agency, 2021. Permitted Waste Sites - Authorised Landfill Site Boundaries, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/ ad695596-d71d-4cbb-8e32-99108371c0ee/permittedwaste-sites-authorised-landfill-site-boundaries [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Map.03/ Waste Import from Lancashire

Map.02/ Waste Export to Lancashire

Waste Export to Lancashire Waste Import from Lancashire

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

Fig.05/ Christchurch Community after earthquake by: Martin Hunter/Getty Images

03.4. THE RETROFITTIGN CASE STUDY

‘Whole House Reuse’ Christchurch, New Zealand A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck the Canterbury Region of New Zealand at 4:35 am on 4 September 2010. The devastating earthquakes resulted in 10,000 homes being declared unfit for further occupation and requiring demolition.

8 Nic Moon, Centuri Chan, David Haig, 2015. WHOLE HOUSE REUSE, Accessed at: https://www. instituteforpublicart.org/case-studies/whole-housereuse/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Jay, 2014. Home is where the heart is: the Whole House Reuse project,Accessed at: https:// sustainable.org.nz/sustainable-business-news/homeis-where-the-heart-is-the-whole-house-reuse-project/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 10 Atiq Zaman, Tahmina Ahsan, 2019. The Whole House Reuse Projects, Accessed at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/ mono/10.4324/9781315436296-8/whole-house-reuse-project-atiq-zaman-tahmina-ahsan?context=ubx&refId=216424a5-efe9-4885-b41c-ca835d779ed2 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

The Whole House Project was initiated within the context of Christchurch City’s post earthquake response, as the antithesis of the prevailing ‘frenzy’ of destructive demolition and wastage. As such, the project celebrates a thoughtful and resourceful alternative and demonstrates the careful nature of which enables high quality products to be upcycled from salvaged resources.

Fig.06/ Whole House Reuse Catalogue by: Atiq Zaman and Tahmina Ahsan

Lessons Learnt from the WHR A professional team of salvagers from Silvan Salvage and a team of dedicated volunteers undertook the work of careful, ‘piece by piece ’ dismantling of the house. The recovered items were identified, categorized, quantified, and appropriately stored in preparation for the reuse phase of the project. The WHR project was sequenced in three distinct phases: 1—deconstruction of the house; 2—the creation of innovative products; and 3—a public exhibition, education, awareness raising, and auction of the products manufactured from recovered materials.

This project highlighted the significant difference between conventional demolition and the alternative option of deconstructing and reusing the material resources contained in residential houses. Most of the materials recovered in the WHR would have ended up in landfills, had the conventional destructive mechanical demolition methods been applied. The WHR project not only harvested materials from houses but also conserved resources by producing new products and partially preserved the emotional attachment of the house through the artworks.

Diagram.04/ Construction & Demolition waste type

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

Classify different types of waste The latest statistics from Defra show the UK’s construction, demolition, and excavation industries produce 61% of all waste generated, three times higher than industrial and commercial waste and five times higher than household waste. Construction, demolition, and excavation sites all generate various types of waste. Inert waste, which includes concrete, bricks, asphalt, stones, and soils, makes up the bulk of the construction, demolition, and excavation waste.

11 The Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, 2020. Zero Avoidable Waste in Construction: What do we mean by it and how best to interpret it, Accessed at: https://www.constructionleadershipcouncil.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ ZAW-Report-Final-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 12 Rubbish Prohibited, 2019. Common Types of Construction Waste, Accessed at: https://landfill-site. com/34-types-of-construction-waste.html [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 13 data.gov.uk, 2021. Construction Waste Recycling, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/882186e7-97b0-4ad0-b253-e28607252f42/uk-statistics-on-waste [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Diagram.05/ CD Waste Catalogue

WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS

20-30% RATING5

RATING7

19% RATING6

2 - 9% RATING3

<1% RATING1

RATING8

0 RATIN G2

The scores used to characterize cataloged materials

RATING4

RATING9

RATING1

HAZARDO USE ITEM

Fig.07/ The scores used to characterize cataloged materials. from Atiq U. Zaman, etc.

Diagram.06/ Physical rating of various harvested materials

Physical rating of various harvested materials

Characterization of Harverssted Materials The physical classification and assessment of materials and the potential of materials recovery were determined using the catalogue based on the following criteria presented below. Scores from 1 to 10 were used to rate the materials in the context of

reusability, reparability, recyclability, and disposal to landfill. A score of 10 means the item could be reused as is without compromising any material value or aesthetic and a lower score means low efficiency in reusability and recyclability. Most of the materials were scored between 5-7 (around 70%), while

14 Atiq U. Zaman, Juliet Arnott, Kate Mclntyre and Jonathon Hannon, 2018. Resource Harvesting through a Systematic Deconstruction of the Residential House: A Case Study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ Project in Christchurch, New Zealand

approximately 9% of cataloged material were scored from 8-10. It indicates that a significant amount of construction materials (79%) can be harvested through deconstruction process and can potentially be recirculated in the consumption supply chain by the demonstrated reuse, repair, and recycle practices.

Amount of Harvested materials in WHR project (by weight)

BRASS

COPPER

GLASS M ASONRY

TEXTILE

PVC

0.1-1% STEEL

CERAMIC

10 - 30%

CONCRE

PLASTIC

24.97%

MELAMIN

PLYWOO D

ALUMINIU

14.16%

BRICKS

58.18 % TIMBER

Diagram.07/ Amount of harvsted material in WHR project

< 0.01%

Embodied energy through harvested materials ALUMINIU

22.34% TIMBER

1.80%

BRICKS

0.81%

PLASTIC

0.96% OTHER

Diagram.08/ Emboded energy through harvested materials

74.09%

80.75% ALUMINIU

15.05% TIMBER

2.67% BRICKS

0.51% OTHER

Diagram.09/ Carbon emission reduction through harvested materials

Carbon emission reduction through harvested materials

Environmental Benefits of Harvested Materials There are diagrams showing the various types of materials easily recycled instead of being disposed of in landfill. The pie charts above show the various types of materials recovered through deconstruction, which can be considered as having relatively high recycling and recovered through deconstruction, which

can be considered as having a relatively high recycling and material value. A total of 12,053.5 kilograms of various materials (scored above 5) were harvested. The study found that timber was the highest contributor in terms of material savings (58.2%) followed by bricks (25%), and aluminium (14.2%).

03.5. REFERENCES 1 Waste Atlas Team, 2014. Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report, Accessed at: http://www. atlas.d-waste.com/Documents/Waste-Atlas-report-2014-webEdition.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 Environment Agency, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cbdc10-4c53-8446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 Environment Journal, 2018. Waste crisis ‘imminent’ as landfills could overflow by 2022, Accessed at: https:// environmentjournal.online/articles/ waste-crisis-imminent-as-landfills-couldoverflow-by-2022/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 data.gov.uk, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov. uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-84461bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 2022. Lancashire ‘waste disaster’ looming as landfills close to tipping point, Accessed at: https://www.lancs.live/news/ lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Preston Digital Archive, 2014. Clifton Marsh Landfill near Preston, Accessed at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ rpsmithbarney/13548943203 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 data.gov.uk: Environment Agency, 2021. Permitted Waste Sites - Authorised Landfill Site Boundaries, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/ad695596d71d-4cbb-8e32-99108371c0ee/ permitted-waste-sites-authorised-landfillsite-boundaries [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 Nic Moon, Centuri Chan, David Haig, 2015. WHOLE HOUSE REUSE, Accessed at: https://www. instituteforpublicart.org/case-studies/ whole-house-reuse/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

9 Jay, 2014. Home is where the heart is: the Whole House Reuse project,Accessed at: https://sustainable. org.nz/sustainable-business-news/homeis-where-the-heart-is-the-whole-housereuse-project/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 10 Atiq Zaman, Tahmina Ahsan, 2019. The Whole House Reuse Projects, Accessed at: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/ chapters/mono/10.4324/97813154362968/whole-house-reuse-project-atiq-zaman-tahmina-ahsan?context=ubx&refId=21 6424a5-efe9-4885-b41c-ca835d779ed2 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 11 The Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, 2020. Zero Avoidable Waste in Construction: What do we mean by it and how best to interpret it, Accessed at: https://www.constructionleadershipcouncil.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ZAW-Report-Final-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 12 Rubbish Prohibited, 2019. Common Types of Construction Waste, Accessed at: https://landfill-site.com/34-types-ofconstruction-waste.html [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 13 data.gov.uk, 2021. Construction Waste Recycling, Accessed at: https:// data.gov.uk/dataset/882186e7-97b04ad0-b253-e28607252f42/uk-statisticson-waste [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 14 Atiq U. Zaman, Juliet Arnott, Kate Mclntyre and Jonathon Hannon, 2018. Resource Harvesting through a Systematic Deconstruction of the Residential House: A Case Study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ Project in Christchurch, New Zealand

04. 04.1. 04.2. 04.3. 04.4. 04.5. 04.6.

ECONOMIC CRISIS

04.1. HOUSING INEQUITY IN THE UK Houses in the UK are largely occupied by overseas companies as investment commodities. However, a large number of houses are vacant. Housing Inequity is common in the UK and the world, and Preston, a traditional city once famous for its textile industry, also faces uniform housing injustice.

The name of 11 biggest groups owns UK land:

Map.01/ Housing Inequity in The UK

BARRATT DEVELOPMENTS PLC BELLWAY PLC BOVIS HOMES LIMITED COUNTRYSIDE PROPERTIES PLC CREST NICHOLSON HOLDINGS PLC GALLIFORD TRY PLC MCCARTHY & STONE PLC PERSIMMON PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY REDROW PLC TAYLOR WIMPEY PLC THE BERKELEY GROUP HOLDINGS PLC

1 MHCLG. Live Tables on dwelling stock, Table 615 & Table 100 2 Ordnance Survey, 2014. Who owns England?, Accessed at: https://private-eye.co.uk/registry [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Manchester vacancy 3732

Leeds vacancy 10362

Birmingham vacancy 10333

London vacancy 67055

10362

vacant housing

land owned by 11 biggest Business groups

ECONOMIC CRISIS

04.2. HOUSING INEQUITY IN PRESTON (HOUSE PRICE : INCOME)

Housing Inequity in Preston in 2 (Energy Privitization Era)

Housing Inequity In Preston: Housing and energy bills (mainly household heating costs) have plagued the dwellers of both The UK and Preston. For those on low incomes, the double bill adds to the burden. Between 2010 and 2018, the ratio of house prices to income almost doubled. Meanwhile, the growing popularity of renewable energy has had little impact on households' energy bills.

1.9

3 GOV.UK. 2014. Price Paid Data - GOV.UK, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-data-downloads [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 GOV.UK. 2020. Regional and local authority electricity consumption statistics, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/ regional-and-local-authority-electricity-consumptionstatistics [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

......

ratio = house price/ income (by household) 13.0

Housing Inequity in Preston in 2018 (Energy Renewablization Era)

Map.03/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2018

Map.02/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2010

2010

ratio = energy cost/ income (by household) 8.6% 22.5% ......

2.0

......

23.6

ratio = house price/ income (by household)

......

19.8%

ratio = energy cost/ income (by household)

ECONOMIC CRISIS

04.3. HOUSING OWNERSHIP TRANSITION (GLOBAL) Land and Property Ownership Approximately 100,000 land titles in England and Wales are held by 11 major overseas companies, most of which are held for tax avoidance purposes.

5 Private Eye. 2014. Who Owns England, Accessed at: https://map.whoownsengland.org/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Map.04/ Housing Ownership Transition

ECONOMIC CRISIS

04.4. UMEMPLOYMENT IN THE UK

The circular economy can create jobs where unemployment is higher in 2013 overall employment in the rental and leasing, repair and waste and recycling sectors was around 460,000.14 Employment in waste and recycling activities amounted to 134,000, repair activities had 180,000 and rental and leasing had 148,000. Jobs in waste and recycling and reuse have been rising strongly in recent years.

Map.05/ Job Create ratio

This map show the current regional unemployment rates and the extent to which they may be reduced by the growth of the circular economy underestimate, with development at the current level. They show that the greatest potential to reduce regional unemployment rates is in the areas which currently have the highest unemployment rates.

6 Julian Morgan and Peter Mitchell, 2015. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https:// green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Employment%20 and%20the%20circular%20economy.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 What Jobs Contribute to the Circular Economy?, Accessed at: https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/circular-jobs [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Region Unemployment rate in Uk regions, June-August 2014 Net job creation in circular economy activity to 2030 at current growth rate SCOTLAND 5.7% 0.07%

NORTH EAST 9.3% 0.54%

YORKSHIRE 6.5% 0.30%

NORTH WEST 6.7% 0.24%

EASTE MIDLANDS 5.5% 0.07%

WALES 6.5% 0.23% NORTH WEST 7.5% 0.23% EAST ENGLAND 4.9% 0.01%

LONDON 6.6% 0.12%

Unemplyment rate

Net job creation

ECONOMIC CRISIS

04.5. DECLINED TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN LANCASHIRE The Demise of the Textile Industry In the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Lancashire’s textile industry was at its peak, accounting for up to 80% of all local insured employment in numerous manufacturing cities. To an extent that is difficult to imagine today, the sector defined and dominated local economic activity during its heyday.

Fig.01/ The opening of the ManchesterShip Canal in1894

The industry’s decline was relentless throughout much of the twentieth century, causing major structural and social challenges for the afflicted areas. The World War II Economically, the Second World War was also a defining time for Lancashire, as huge numbers of key industrial activity like chemical and weapons were built or relocated to the county under government supervision.

Fig.02/ Burnley’s Population

Many of these activities were defunct after WWII, but a significant number remained, forming the foundation of a significant and extraordinary diversification of the economy, which helped to mitigate the continuous fall of textiles, which continued to lose thousands of jobs year after year. The early 1980s manufacturing recession The manufacturing recession of

8 Steven Toms (University of Leeds), 2017. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://ehs. org.uk/lancashire-textiles-in-the-long-run-a-financialperspective/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Lancashire County Council, 2016. Evolution of the Lancashire economy, Accessed at: https://www. lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/economy/employment-surveys/evolution-of-the-lancashire-economy/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Fig.03/ The Survival of Lancashire’s Textiles Mills in 2011 from: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/

the early 1980s was the third major defining event. Manufacturing was hit by a recession in the early 1980s that was nothing like the predicted decrease in textiles. Over the course of just a few years, entire industries that we had taken for granted vanished. In total, approximately 60,000 jobs were lost in Lancashire’s manufacturing sector during this period, a decrease of more than a quarter and a higher loss than the previous 25 years combined. Unemployment rates soared to 16%, with some manufacturing-dominated cities experiencing rates of 30% or

more. Manufacturing jobs now account for less than a third of all jobs in the economy. The left graph depicts the spectacular growth of Burnley’s population, which shows a significant increase in the mid- to late nineteenth century, followed by a drop with the collapse of the weaving industry in the 1920s.

trial revolution’s once-proud manufacturing districts. According to a 2015 report by the Alliance Project, the textile industry in Manchester has the potential to produce 20,000 employment by 2020.

Steven Toms concluded in his research from a financial perspective that following decades of long-term economic stagnation, recent suggestions for the creation of a “Northern powerhouse” provide some optimism for the revival of the indus-

04.4. REFERENCES 1 MHCLG. Live Tables on dwelling stock, Table 615 & Table 100 2 Ordnance Survey, 2014. Who owns England?, Accessed at: https://private-eye.co.uk/ registry [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 GOV.UK. 2014. Price Paid Data - GOV. UK, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-datadownloads [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 GOV.UK. 2020. Regional and local authority electricity consumption statistics, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ statistical-data-sets/regional-and-localauthority-electricity-consumption-statistics [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 Private Eye. 2014. Who Owns England, Accessed at: https://map.whoownsengland. org/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Julian Morgan and Peter Mitchell, 2015. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Employment%20and%20the%20circular%20economy.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 What Jobs Contribute to the Circular Economy?, Accessed at: https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/circular-jobs [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 Steven Toms (University of Leeds), 2017. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://ehs.org.uk/lancashire-textiles-in-the-long-run-a-financial-perspective/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Lancashire County Council, 2016. Evolution of the Lancashire economy, Accessed at: https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/economy/employment-surveys/evolution-of-the-lancashire-economy/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

05. 05.1. TICE 05.2. 05.3. 05.4. 05.5. 05.6.

POLICY FRAMEWORK COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING FOR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTHE PRESTON MODEL CURRENT RETROFITTING POLICIES PROCUREMENT COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY WASTE-TO-WEALTH SCHEME REFERENCES

POLICY FRAMEWORK

05.1. COMMUNITY WEALTH BUILDING FOR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

“Our economy is not working well for people, places or the planet. Wages are low and work is insecure. Poverty is on the rise. Inequality between rich and poor is growing. Our fossil fuel based economy is threatening the planet. Community wealth building is a people-centred approach to local economic development. It reorganises local economies to be fairer. It stops wealth flowing out of our communities, towns and cities. Instead, it places control of this wealth into the hands of local people, communities, businesses and organisations.” By Centre for Local Economic Strategies (CLES)

1 Preston City Council, Accessed at: https:// www.preston.gov.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Common Wealth, Green New Deal, Accessed at: https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/project-streams/green-new-deal [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Community-Wealth.Org, Accessed at: https:// community-wealth.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

In recent centuries, the economic growth built by extracting resources from our natural systems has been mainly in the form of fossil fuels. Continual growth, relying on the accumulation of capital and the extraction of profit, is impossible on a finite planet with finite resources. Extractive fossil capitalism has caused serious damage to the ecosystem and caused huge economic and environmental inequality. “ The Green New Deal has the potential to be much more than a programme of centralised economic planning. With effective Community Wealth Building policy, a just transition can help to empower the towns and villages of the UK, offering economic autonomy and stability for local communities.” By Common Wealth

Fig.02/ Community Wealth Building Poster by: Ricardo Levins Morales, 2006

“Green New Deal”

“Community Wealth Building”

Fig.01/ Green New Deal Poster by: James McInvale

POLICY FRAMEWORK

05.2. THE PRESTON MODEL

Anchor Institutions: The term ‘anchor institutions’ is used to refer to organisations which have an important presence in a place, usually by virtue of being large scale employers, the largest purchasers of goods and services in the locality, overseeing large areas of land and having relatively fixed assets. Anchor institutions are often tied to a place by their mission, histories, physical assets and local relationships. Examples include local authorities, NHS trusts, universities, trade unions, large local businesses, housing associations and the combined activities of the community and voluntary sector. Collaboration on influencing supply chains has been a consistent focus for all six of the anchor institutions and has realised lasting benefit for the local economy.

4 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, 2018. Infographic: The Preston Model, Accessed at: https://thenextsystem.org/learn/stories/ infographic-preston-model [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Fig.03/ The Preston Model from: https://thenextsystem.org/

POLICY FRAMEWORK

CURRENT PROCUREMENT IN PRESTON

Preston model - Timeline The early-18th century Preston was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, becoming a densely populated textile manufacturing centre. The 1970s The decline of industry in the 1970s had contributed to rising rates of poverty. Prestonwas a city with economic and social issues but also unrealised opportunities.

PRESTON CITY COUNCIL

LANCASHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL

OPCC OFFICE OF POLICE AND CRIME COMMISSIONER FOR LANCASHIRE

The early 2010s

The proportion of local procurement spend increased from 14% in 2012/13 to 30% in 2016/17.

2011 Preston City Council began conversations with CLES about harnessing their spending and supply chains for greater local economic benefit. 2012 Preston City Council becomes the first local authority in the north of England to become accredited by the Living Wage Foundation as a Living Wage Employer. 2013 City Council engages CLES to collaborate to apply community wealth building principles in Preston. Initial focus is on looking at the proportion of anchor institution spending that is local to Preston and Lancashire. Anchor institution spend analysis finds that of £750m spent, only 5% is spent in Preston, and 39% in Lancashire, meaning a £450m leakage out of the Lancashire economy.

The Council has developed a social value procurement framework to encourage suppliers to promote local training and employment

The City Council pays all staff at or above the Living Wage, andalso helped develop CLEVR Money, a credit union, through which City Council employees are able to make payroll savings.

The OPCC’s local spend went up from 52% in 2012/13 to 71% in 2017/18.

To drive forward progressive changes to employment practices. For example, championing the Living Wage and encouraging Lancashire Constabulary to become an accredited Living Wage employer.

Preston City Council worked with UCLan, local people and organisations to develop a healthy local co-operative sector.

For developments of more than 30 houses and / or 1000m² commercial foorspace, developers applying for planning permission are required to attach a skills and employment plan demonstrating how they will look to provide training / skills and employment opportunities for local people.

The County Council partnered with Preston City Council to maximise the social return to public pensions through the Lancashire Local Government Pension Fund.

2015 CLES and anchor institutions explore the £450m which is leaking out of local economy. Preston successfully applies to lead the EU URBACT III Procure network, with funding to explore progressive procurement across Europe until May 2018.

£74m redirected back into the Preston economy through procurement. 2012/13

£38.3m £112.3m

2016/17 2017 Anchor institution spending in Preston economy had increased from £38m to £111m. City Council undertakes further community wealth building work, including ideas for a community bank; developing the cooperative sector; and investing pensions in locally developed student housing. 2020+ The ‘Preston model’ achieves widespread recognition in the British press as an example of a city taking back control, inspiring a wave of local authorities to take action.

5% - 18.2% Procurement in preston

5 CLES, Community Wealth Building Centre of Excellence (CfX), Accessed at: https://cles.org.uk/ the-community-wealth-building-centre-of-excellence/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

The recirculation of over £200m being spent with local suppliers as a result of the changes in procurement behaviour across anchor institutions has had a positive multiplier effect

on local jobs, wellbeing, health, and economic growth. This is partially refected by the fact that in 2018 Preston was named the ‘Most Improved City in the UK.

ANCHOR INSTITUTIONS

PRESTON’S COLLEGE

COMMUNITY GATEWAY

CARDINAL NEWMAN COLLEGE

U C L a n h a s d r i v e n PROPORTION OF LOCAL social value through its PROCUREMENT procurement process, for example by requiring non- (GOODS& SERVICES) local contractors to subcontract to local frms to develop its its £200m campus masterplan.

Preston’s College has been applying social value principles to its procurement activities, this has particularly focused on providing employment opportunities for local suppliers to work on re-developing part of the College’s site. Community Gateway has secured funding for the Preston Vocational Centre. The Centre provides training for up to 200 students from local schools

UCLAN UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE

In August 2014 the College introduced a Living Wage for all of its staff. This policy was extended at a later date to include all staff provided by the College’s catering contractor.

Community Gateway is a tenantled cooperative business which has pioneered a governance model which promotes local pride, tenant democracy, and community engagement.

WORKFORCE

It has supported the development of the cooperative sector in the city through facilitating shared learnings with Spain; leading to the creation of the Preston Co-operative Network; and contributing to research on areas such municipal energy.

£200m invested into the wider Lancashire economy. £288.7m

2016/17

£488.7m

Preston moves out of top 20% most deprived local authority areas in the UK. 10% rise in 16-24 year olds in Preston receiving at least an NVQ Level 3 qualification 2014 to 2017.

6.5%

3.1%

39% - 79.2% Procurement in lancashire

Reduction in unemployment from 6.5% in 2014 to 3.1% in 2017.

Diagram.01/ Current Procurement Policy in Preston

LAND, PROPERTY AND ASSETS

Community Gateway has worked with the City Council on its Empty Homes programme, buying and renovating empty properties so they can be rented out to people in need of social housing.

2012/13

OWNERSHIP OF THE ECONOMY

POLICY FRAMEWORK

CURRENT PROCUREMENT CATEGORIES Current Procurement Categories in Lancashire, including Preston City Council:

Our project proposes the translation of the radical procurement policies to the building industry. This diagram shows the potential of procurement in Lancashire County, where the “Building and Facility Construction and Maintenance Services” accounts for the largest portion. Thus, the building industry has great potential to build local wealth.

Contract value of Building and Facility Construction and Maintenance Services:

￡

344 million

Total contract value:

￡ 630 million

6 Procatis, 2021. Contracts register, Accessed at: https://procontract.due-north.com/ ContractsRegister/Index?resetFilter=True&ap plyFilter=True&p=e0cc5631-4690-e511-80fb000c29c9ba21&v=1 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Diagram.02/ Current Procurement Catetories

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Fig.04/ Case-study: Savannah from: https://www.repurposesavannah.org/

05.3. CURRENT RETROFITTING POLICIES

Fig.05/ Case-study: Rotor from: https://rotordb.org/en

Case-study: Deconstruction Company

Savannah is a pioneering deconstruction company saving and sharing historic buildings at the end of their life cycle based in the USA. They provide total deconstruction services as well as partial deconstruction services. Before they deconstruct, documentation of the thorough heritage information and material preservation of the structure is their way to strengthen the sense of place and keep the memories of what was lived inside its walls. 7 WILL HURST, 2019. Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-aj-campaign-championing-reuse-in-the-built-environment [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 WILL HURST, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Rotor Deconstruction is a company in the field of salvaged building components. They dismantle, condition and sell materials from quality buildings undergoing transformation or demolition. They also provides assistance to building owners, contractors and architects on how to integrate these elements in their projects.

“According to the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), of the 200 million tonnes of waste generated in Britain annually, 63 per cent is construction debris. We lose more than 50,000 buildings through demolition every year and, while more than 90 per cent of the resulting waste material is recovered, much of this is recycled into a less valuable product or material, rather than being reused.”

Now, things are different, a systemic circular economy approach across the economy plus an urgent strengthen of cross-government collaboration. On VAT in construction, a reduced VAT rate of 5 percent on residential construction under certain conditions, including conversion of buildings from one use to another and the renovation of properties that have been empty for two years or more before the renovation work.

Fig.06/ VAT Reduction from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-different-goodsand-services#building-and-construction-land-and-property

RetroFirst is a campaign to prioritise retrofitting existing buildings over demolition and rebuild, Will Hurst introduced. More than 200 architecture practices, organisations and individuals have declared their support for this campaign.

One of the most important obstacles is a distorted VAT system, which supports the status quo of the industry. We pay 20% VAT for most forms of renovations and renovations, and for newly constructed buildings with high embodied carbon consumption, we usually pay 0% to 5% VAT.

Fig.07/ Case-study: Retrofirst from: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/retrofirst

So, if the case of building renovation is so clear-cut, why is it not the default option? Obstacles include the lack of policies in this area and the challenge of increasing the density of urban and suburban areas while preserving existing buildings.

POLICY FRAMEWORK

05.4. PROCUREMENT COMPARISON OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Map.01/ Construction Services before 2013

before 2013

Map.02/ Construction Services after 2013

Procurement comparison of construction industry

In 2013, Preston City Council and several other Anchor Institutions officially implemented progressive Procurement Policy with the purpose of building community wealth. The two Diagrams show the estimated cost distribution of building and construction industry contracts in the 7 Councils of Lancashire (including Preston City Council).

after 2013

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Fig.08/ 12 Beckett, Preston, Lancashire from: Google Street-view

05.5. WASTE-TO-WEALTH SCHEME

Normally, most retrofitting in the UK to date has involved only minimal intervention. The incomplete retrofit services effort little help for low-income households and waste the resources. "As humid climate in Preston, a low-income lady in her 70s has had to spend £200/month to rent a dehumidifier. Wallpaper and plaster in her house are damaged, water runs out of her electrical sockets, and she has had periods with no electricity. She has tried to claim on her insurance, but has been told they will only pay if the external wall insulation is removed and re-fitted. Her husband is trying to find the money to have this done, but it is unclear if they can afford this." - Kate de Selincourt (freelance researcher) The 'Retrofitting' referred in the Waste to Wealth scheme is a more intense intervention, aiming to achieve deeper levels of carbon savings per home than standard retrofit. It proposed to takes a holistic approach to the property, planning to improve the ‘building fabric’ (walls, windows, floors, and roofs), the heating system and to install renewable energy where possible (such as heat pumps and solar panels). Further, to build community wealth and address the resource inequality, the households with fuel poverty will be the priority. Meanwhile, the local anchor institutions will also be engaged to involve in retrofitting revolution and enhance the local procurement.

9 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. The story of the failed retrofits in Preston, Accessed at: http://www. katedeselincourt.co.uk/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Diagram.03/ Retrofitting in The UK

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Details of retroftting OW IND W F OO R ED LAZ G LE TRIP NEL A P AR SOL

FIT

RO RET

TILI

ASS RGL

ATIO L U S

FIBE

NC PLIA

N ICIE

E GY R E N

TUR

AIM ECL

NI FUR

0.2)

C UPV

D WIN

< LUE A V (U-

RAI

T GUT

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LL WA

O CD V P U

Diagram.04/ Detail of Target House 78

AT SUL

The delivery of local retrofit programs can not only improve resident’s quality of life through upgrading the energy efficiency of their homes and tackling the danger of cold and damp homes, but it can

also act as a catalyst for creating green jobs and upskilling the supply chain.

- Roof gutter prevents rainwater soak into the wall. - Continuous drainage installations with insulation system.

- Reclaimed furnitures creates less waste and fewer watershed toxins. - Natural wooden floors.

- Insulation in lofts and walls - Air bricks to allow air flow and keep ventilation.

- Draught proofing of floors, windows and doors. - Double or triple glazing with shading (e.g. tinted window film, blinds, curtains, shutters).

- Green Space to help reduce the risks and impacts of overheating. - Outdoor restroom extends living space.

Diagram.05/ Details of Retroftting

- Highly energy-efficient appliances. - Airtightness membrane installed in the roof for insulation. - Roof windows allow more natural light

POLICY FRAMEWORK

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Refuse Waste Purpose-built, centralized infrastructures to manage household waste offer residents a low-cost, effective, and engaging waste management system.

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Public greenspace and workshop Greenhouse within park and outdoor planting area would provide community members both a form of community employment and communal activity.management system.

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Community Market

Diagram.06/ Activity Analysis

Periodic events and community market allow residents sell upcycled products or exchange second-hand items.

ENVIRONMENT SOCIAL ECONOMY

Social activity Residents can attend community activities and offer labor to improve their liveability and enhance the social impact of the community. 80

Diagram.07/ Community Scenario

05.6. REFERENCES 1 Preston City Council, Accessed at: https://www.preston.gov.uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Common Wealth, Green New Deal, Accessed at: https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/ project-streams/green-new-deal [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Community-Wealth.Org, Accessed at: https://community-wealth.org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, 2018. Infographic: The Preston Model, Accessed at: https://thenextsystem. org/learn/stories/infographic-preston-model [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 CLES, Community Wealth Building Centre of Excellence (CfX), Accessed at: https:// cles.org.uk/the-community-wealth-building-centre-of-excellence/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Procatis, 2021. Contracts register, Accessed at: https://procontract.due-north.com/ ContractsRegister/Index?resetFilter=True&applyFilter=True&p=e0cc5631-4690-e511-80fb -000c29c9ba21&v=1 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 WILL HURST, 2019. Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the built environment, Accessed at: https:// www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-aj-campaign-championing-reuse-in-the-built-environment [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 WILL HURST, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. The story of the failed retrofits in Preston, Accessed at: http://www.katedeselincourt.co.uk/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

06. 06.1. 06.2. 06.3. 06.4. 06.5.

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY BEST CONVENTION: FIBREGLASS LEGACY OF LANCASHIRE TEXTILE INDUSTRY MATERIAL FLOW OF FIBREGLASS AND THE LABOUR BEHIND ADDITIONAL LABOUR AND MACHINARY REFERENCES

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY

06.1. BEST CONVENTION: FIBREGLASS

In the traditional construction industry, typical housing carbon emissions run through the entire process from harvesting the raw material, taking it to a factory for production, transferring to the site and then using those material to make the build-

ing. If the building lasts for 60 years and then at the end of its life, those materials eventually went to landfills or be recycled. All of the construction materials all go through a similar process at some point, and all these processes

release a certain amount of carbon into the atmosphere.

Digram.01/ Building Lifecycle Carbon Emissions

Life-cycle Carbon Emissions of a Typical Housing

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY

The best node to intervene in reducing carbon emissions is to reduce the operational energy of the buildings that accounts for the largest share of the total.

We can achieve the goal by adding some insulation layers to the 3 main building elements: floor, wall and roof, some of the local relavant business are shown in the diagram.

Digram.02/ Best Conventional Point

Best conventional strategy for reducing carbon emissions

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY

06.2. LEGACY OF LANCASHIRE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1 Historic England, 2016. The Textile Mills of Lancashire: The Legacy , Accessed at: https:// historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

tion

Digram.03/ Lancashire Textile Industry

“textile“ has been taken to include woollens, flax, silk and cotton.

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY

06.3. MATERIAL FLOW OF FIBREGLASS AND Material Flow of Fibreglass and the THE LABOUR BEHIND

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rag

CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY

06.4. ADDITIONAL LABOUR AND MACHINARY

TYPE OF JOB

ENGINEER

MAN

Occupation

Materials engineer

Prod

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

£20K - 26K

£25K

- scientific and technical knowledge

- plan a schedu

- analytical skills

- set th

“Growth in the circular economy can be expected to have lasting beneficial effects on the labour market. Growth of the circular economy could make a useful contribution to moderating the projected decline in mid-level occupations.” - Green Alliance

Occupation

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

Occupation

Potential Occupation The workshop would not only provide a space for holding the seminar to discuss the Circular Economy Model and Community Wealth Building Model, but also involve the community to raise awareness on the possibilities offered by re-use practice. The local anchor insitutions such as the University of Central Lancashire and the National Recycling center could organise events to advertise re-use and house retrofit on site. This digram shows the potential occupation.

Yealy salary Skill & Duties

Ware

£23K - 28K

£19K

- knowledge of a range of engineering functions and procedures

- overs within

- technical expertise and skill of manufacture

- famili entry p

Machine Maintenance Engineer

Occupation

Yealy salary Skill & Duties Occupation

£25K - 35K

£21K

- obtaining specialist components, fixtures or fittings

- monit routes effectiv

- plan and organise maintenance of equipment

Yealy salary Skill & Duties 94

Manufacturing engineer

- Ensur and as

NAGEMENT

DRIVE/COLLECTOR

TRADE WORKER

SCIENCE PROFESSIONALS

DRAFTSPERONS& TECHNICIANS

duction managers

Bin worker

Machinist

Environmental chemist

Mechanical enineering Draftsperon

K - 28K

£15K - 22K

£24K - 32K

£25K - 33K

£19K - 30K

- remove waste and recyclables from homes and businesses for disposal or recycling.

- ability to demonstrate mechanical inspection and measurement skills using inspection equipment

- remove waste and recyclables from homes and businesses for disposal or recycling.

- produce drawings of high quality, in a timely manner utilising AutoCAD 3D, Onshape Solidworks

and draw up a production ule

he quality standards

- proficient in Microsoft Excel and Word

Waste recycling driver

Plant operator

Purification Scientist

Science Technician

- 21K

£18- 24K

£18- 25K

£23- 34K

£19- 25K

see the management of stock an organisation

- driving our vehicles to collect waste wood and deliver materials

- ensuring that machine settings are correct

iar with Excel, Word and data programs

- responsible for safe loading, securing and unloading

- work to the companies standard operating procedures

- deliver a flow process, involving varied instrumentation platforms, to enable the isolation of compounds of interest from crude mixtures

- perform laboratory tests in order to produce reliable and precise data to support scientific investigations

outer manager

- 26K

Material Process worker

Inventory Technician

£17- 24K

2.5K

tor daily operations and s, and ensuring operational veness.

- measuring and classifying all raw materials in preparation for production

Production managersCidis eost, cusamus esciust,

re that drivers are available ssigned on a daily basis

- feeding the raw materials into the machinery

FORKLIFT DRIVER

£17- 30K - load and unload goods in warehouses - receive/process shipments

WASTE SORTER

Diagram.05/ Potential Occupation through Recycling &Retrofitting

ehouse administrator

£16- 23K - Sorting a variety of waste products that are produced on site within a engineering manufacturing environment

06.5. REFERENCES 1 Historic England, 2016. The Textile Mills of Lancashire: The Legacy , Accessed at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/ publications/textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/ textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

07.

DECISION MAKING TOOL: RETROFITTING PRIORITY

07.1. VISUAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS AND ENGAGEMENT 07.2. METHODOLOGY: RETROFITTING PRIORITY INDEX 07.3. MEASUREMENT: INTERACTIVE MAP 07.4. MEASUREMENT: COST AND BENEFIT (ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE) 07.5. TECHNICAL REPORT - 2: DATA PROCESSING AND WEB DEVELOPMENT 07.6. REFERENCES

DECISION MAKING TOOL

07.1. VISUAL DECISION MAKING TOOLS AND ENGAGEMENT

We’ve created a multi-objective decision-making tool to involve local councils and dwellers in decisions on retrofitting policy, which is democratic and decentralized. The Visual Decision-Making Tool will help the Preston Council evaluate which areas are in urgent need of retrofit and also retrofitting affordability so that it is easier to promote the progress of retrofitting projects to support subsidy decision-making. We adopted a retrofitting priority index approach that focused on Energy Performance of Buildings Data(EPC) and Census data.

100

101

Diagram.03/ Costs and Benefits

Diagram.02/ Website: Comparison Maps

Diagram.01/ Website: Methodology

DECISION MAKING TOOL

Diagram.04/ Rertrofitting Priority Framework

07.2. METHODOLOGY: RETROFITTING PRIORITY INDEX

102

Housing Condition (HC)

Retrofitting Affordability (RA)

Housing Condition represents the energy efficiency of residential buildings. The Housing Condition (HC) is composed of four parameters: Building Age (BA), Energy Consumption (EC), Carbon Emissions (CE) and Environmental Impact (EI). The HC index has a worst of 6 and the best is 1, with smaller value indicating greater level of Housing Condition.

Retrofitting Affordability represents the difficulty of each municipality organizing Waste-to-Wealth scheme to retrofit their homes, including policy, human resources, material supply and infrastructure. The Retrofitting Affordability (RA) is composed of four parameters: Government Incentives (GI), Human Resource ( HR), Number of Reusable Material and Number of Infrastructure. RA is divided into six levels, the best is 1 and the worst is 6.

Retrofitting Affordability (RA)

Map.01/ Website: Housing Condition Map.02/ Website: Retrofitting Affordability

Housing Condition (HC)

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DECISION MAKING TOOL

07.3. MEASUREMENT: INTERACTIVE MAP

Landfill Crisis (2021 & 2050) without intervention

Housing Condition Present (2021)& Future (2050) without waste intervention

Landfill Crisis (2021 & 2050) withintervention

Housing Condition Present (2021)& Future (2050) with waste intervention

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Landfill Crisis

Retrofitting Affordability

Retrofitting Priority

Retrofitting Affordability

Retrofitting Priority

Map.03/ Rertrofitting Priority Interactive Maps

Landfill Crisis

105

DECISION MAKING TOOL

07.4. MEASUREMENT: COST AND BENEFIT YEAR 1-10 PHASE ONE

106

In phase one, 929 buildings which are mainly social rental houses could be retrofitted first with partially subsidized by the council.

107

Map.04/ First-stage Benefit

DECISION MAKING TOOL

YEAR 11-20 PHASE TWO

108

In phase two, the procurement policies would be implemented through larger regions and extended to other types of housing with smoother cooperation, generating related jobs for building professionals.

109

Map.05/ Second-stage Benefit

DECISION MAKING TOOL

YEAR 21-30 PHASE THREE

110

In phase three, the housing conditions could be widely improved, including their energy performance. Only regular maintenance services would be needed. By 2050, the total carbon emissions from the building industry could be reduced.

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Map.06/ Third-stage Benefit

DECISION MAKING TOOL

07.5. TECHNICAL REPORT - 1: DATA PROCESSING AND WEB DEVELOPMENT

SOFTWARE USED: ArcGIS, EXCEL, Pandas, Geopandas, HTML+CSS+JS

The purpose: We created a multi-objective decision-making tool to involve local councils and dwellers in decisions on retrofitting policy, which is democratic and decentralized. The Visual Decision-Making Tool will help the Preston Council evaluate which areas are in urgent need of retrofit and their retrofitting affordability so that it is easier to promote the progress of retrofitting projects and to support subsidy allocation. The Retrofitting Priority (RP) index is divided into two criteria: Housing Condition (HC) and retrofitting affordability (RA). Housing Condition (HC) represents the energy efficiency and age of residential buildings. It is composed of four parameters: Building Age (BA), Energy Consumption (EC), Carbon Emissions (CE), and Environmental Impact (EI). The HC index has a worst of 6 and the best is 1, with a smaller value indicating a greater level of Housing Condition.

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1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2008. Energy Performance of Buildings Data: England and Wales, Accessed at: https://epc. opendatacommunities.org/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 Will Hurst, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government. [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 HM Revenue & Customs, 2020. VAT rates on different goods and services, Accessed at: https:// www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-differentgoods-and-services#introduction [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 ONS Postcode Directory, Office for National Statistics, 2019. ONS Postcode Directory (May 2019), Accessed at: https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/ datasets/5194b0c9d5a042789058609a4435ec7c/about [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

07.5.1. Sources of data

Fig.01/ Energy Performance of Building Data https://epc.opendatacommunities.org/

Datasets are derived from Energy Performance of Buildings Data (Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government) and household composition census data (Society Digimap). The raw data comes in the format of CSV, File Geodatabase, and GeoPackage geospatial data.

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DECISION MAKING TOOL

07.5.2. CSV Pre-processing: A. Housing Condition Criteria First, we use Pandas to pre-process the Energy Performance Certificate data (EPC). For each residential building that has a unique “LMK_ KEY”, we take the middle value from “Construction_Age_from” and “Construction_Age_to”, then subtract it from 2021. Take the reciprocal of it as the Building Age sub-criteria, so that the older the building, the smaller the sub-criteria score, which means worse housing conditions. The criteria of Energy Consumption (EC) and Carbon Emissions (CE) parameters use the same calculation method to find the difference between “ENERGY_CONSUMPTION_CURRENT” and “ENERGY_CONSUMPTION_POTENTIAL”, “CO2_EMISSIONS_CURRENT” and “CO2_EMISSIONS_POTENTIAL”. And the Environmental Impact(EI) parameter needs to be “ENVIRONMENT_IMPACT_POTENTIAL” minus “ENVIRONMENT_IMPACT_CURRENT” because the larger the value of this data, the smaller the impact on the environment. B. Retrofitting Affordability Criteria Government Incentives (GI) represent the probability that each municipality can receive government subsidies. The higher the score, the more capable they are to retrofit their homes. According to the policy of VAT in construction, if a house that has been vacant for two years is repaired, its VAT rate can be reduced from 20% to 5%. In this part, we use the number of vacant hous-

114

Index

oa01

area_code

LAT

LON

Point Cloud Index

LMK_KEY POSTCODE

LAT

LON

Polygons Index 0 ... 468

area_code

es in each municipality to represent. In addition, for Human Resource (HR), we use a construction-related qualification population. The number of Reusable Materials (NRM) includes recycling centres, demolition companies, manufacturers and suppliers, garden building suppliers, roof contractors, and bricks suppliers, which we found from Google map. According to its postcode, we use Pandas to match the postcode with geographic coordinates from ONS Postcode Directory for each material source. Moreover, the number of Infrastructures (NI) includes brownfields, anchor institutions, and recycling centres. We match the postcode with the geographic coordinates for each infrastructure.

Diagram.05/ CSV Pre-processing

ONS Postcode Directory

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DECISION MAKING TOOL

Map.07/ Data Matching

07.5.3. Match CSV data to Each Municipality First, we use ArcGIS to input all pre-processed CSV data with geographic coordinates and convert them into point cloud shapefile files. Then we used Geopandas in Spyder to read it and convert it to the WGS1984 coordinate system. Next, we calculate the average (for EPC data) or the sum of the numbers (for material or infrastructure) in each municipality range. The scores of the two criteria, HC and RA, are obtained by weighting their four sub-criteria with the same weight of 0.25. The Retrofitting Priority is measured by the average score of HC and RA.

Map.10/ Retrofitting Priority

Map.09/ Retrofitting Affordability

Map.08/ Housing Condition

07.5.4. Interactive Maps

116

For each of the sub-criteria, we made numerical predictions of whether to intervene until 2050. For example, whether the building will be retrofitted will affect its energy performance and thus affect the Housing Condition score. Whether to construct more material processing infrastructures in the future, and whether to implement new policies to support the energy efficiency improvement of the house will affect its Retrofitting Affordability. Compare the scores of with-intervention and without-intervention for each criterion, and then compare them in pairs. Finally, we use Geopandas to divide all the three scores of HC, RA, and RP into 6 levels, export the map containing the data to the GeoJSON file, and use the Kepler map to visualize (Figure X).

Creating interactive maps with drawings through the same process as above to display costs and benefits. Finally, use HTML+CSS+JS to compile for all maps into the website in Visual Studio Code, making it into an interactive tool for decision-makers to make subsidy allocation based on priority. It can be engaged with residents to view the area where they are living, and material and retrofitting service suppliers to find potential customers. 07.5.6. Shortcomings and prospects

Diagram.06/ Web Development

In the EPC data, what kind of transformation can be done and the relevant cost is attached in the recommendation document. We first use Geopandas to sum up the retrofitting costs of each house based on the unique “LMK_KEY”. In addition, use “POTENTIAL_ENERGY_EFFICIENCY” minus “CURRENT_ENERGY_EFFICIENCY” to get Energy Efficiency Improvement as an environmental benefit.

Map.11/ Costs and Benefits

07.5.5. Costs and Benefits Visualization

When summing the scores of HC and RA criteria, we used average weight currently. In the further development of this decision-making tool, different weight distributions can be considered according to the opinions of different perspectives. It can be seen how different stakeholders, such as environmentalists, residents, and policymakers, value differently.

117

07.6. REFERENCES 1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2008. Energy Performance of Buildings Data: England and Wales, Accessed at: https://epc.opendatacommunities. org/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 Will Hurst, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government. [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 HM Revenue & Customs, 2020. VAT rates on different goods and services, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-and-services#introduction [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 ONS Postcode Directory, Office for National Statistics, 2019. ONS Postcode Directory (May 2019), Accessed at: https:// geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/5194b0c9d5a042789058609a4435ec7c/about [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

118

08. 08.1. 08.2. 08.3. 08.4. 08.5. 08.6. 08.7. 08.8.

121

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

08.1.1. Lifecycle Analysis (LCA) In the realm of sustainable design and green building, the industry developed numerous ways to account for the environmental effects of construction. Lifecycle analysis (LCA), which began in the United States in 1969, is the oldest and most reliable system for examining the lifecycle inputs, outputs, and environmental implications of materials or small construction components.

Fig.03/ LCA logo from: https://www.fabtechexpo.com/blog/2016/09/14/ life-cycle-assessment

Fig.02/ LCA Inventory Analysis from: Chapter Five - Life Cycle Assessment

Fig.01/ LCA Circle from: https://www.oneclicklca.com/life-cycle-assessment-explained/

08.1. EXISTING ASSESSMENT TOOLS

122

1 Jane Hutton, Reciprocal Landscapes: Stories of Material Movements, 2020. Environmental Management 2 Iyyanki V. Muralikrishna, Valli Manickam, Chapter Five - Life Cycle Assessment, 2017. Environmental Management, Butterworth-Heinemann 3 Brian Barth, Is LEED Tough Enough for the Climate-Change Era?, 2018. Bloomberg CityLab, Accessed at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-05/reconsidering-leed-buildings-in-theera-of-climate-change [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

LCA takes into account all associated inputs and emissions, including: -Energy consumption -Greenhouse gas emissions -Resource consumption (e.g. water) -Waste -Pollution (air, water, land).

“A critique of LEED is that its points for energy conservation are based on a computer model showing how much energy the building should save, if certain features are implemented, and not on actual post-occupancy energy use.”

Launched in 1993 when Rick Fedrizzi, Mike Italiano, and David Gottfried got together in a proverbial “garage” to knock around ideas for raising awareness of environmental issues in building design, the group’s worthy initiatives soon won support, grew more comprehensive and eventually codified into LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) standards in 1998.

Fig.04/ LEED Credit Categories from: https://www.igbc.ie/certification/leed/ Fig.05/ LEED Critique from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-05/reconsidering-leed-buildings-in-the-era-of-climate-change

Rather than focusing on a particular material, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) evaluates a complete construction project. They analyse important criteria such as water efficiency, energy consumption, trash output, and indoor environmental quality, assign a scoring scale, and provide certification benchmarks.

Fig.06/ LEED Logo from: https://www.cdrecycler.com/article/leed-usgbc-top-10states-2019/

08.1. 2. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

123

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

Debate about LEED

The USGBC has long claimed that LEED-certified buildings use 25 to 30 percent less energy than non-LEED buildings. Those numbers originated in a 2008 study by the New Buildings Institute that was funded by the USGBC.

LEED’s detractors object to how the numbers were crunched. John Scofield, a physics professor at Oberlin College, analyzed the same dataset and concluded that the LEED-certified buildings actually consumed more energy per square foot than comparable non-LEED buildings in the U.S. Scofield contends that the NBI’s analysis was not an apples-to-apples comparison. Among other irregularities, he argues, it compared the “median” energy use of LEED buildings to the “mean” energy use of the non-LEED buildings—which are different metrics. Also, there are other factors that may make LEED buildings more power-hungry. These buildings tend to be newer, and today’s offices pack in workers more tightly, charging more laptops and cellphones—which may cause some to use more energy. A 2013 article critical of LEED called out the LEED Platinum Bank of America Tower in Manhattan as “toxic” for its high energy use. “If I mail a letter out to 1,000 building owners asking for data, only the ones that think their data looks good are going to send it.” A third critique of LEED is that its points for energy conservation are based on a computer model showing how much energy the building should save, if certain features are implemented, and not on actual post-occupancy energy use.

124

4 Brian Barth, Is LEED Tough Enough for the Climate-Change Era?, 2018. Bloomberg CityLab, Accessed at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-05/reconsidering-leed-buildings-in-theera-of-climate-change [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 Prof. Geoffrey Hammond and Craig Jones, Is LEED Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE), 2011. University of Bath, Accessed at: https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2014/07/Full-BSRIA-ICE-guide.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

08.1.3. The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE)

It aims to provide industry with necessary data. The inventory contains a summary of approximately 1800 records of embodied carbon and energy for 34 classes of material used in construction. All the data is freely available on the internet. It contains sections that are part reference and part reading text, several examples, case studies, and further resources.

Fig.07/ ICE from: https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Full-BSRIA-ICE-guide.pdf

The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) is a well-known and widely utilised inventory in the industry, which created by the University of Bath during a research project funded by the Carbon Trust and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Deal with the complexities of data related with the wide range of materials and processes involved, and enable analyses on obtaining the lowest total carbon emitted when redeveloping a building, which may have an impact on whether to completely redevelop or refurbish.

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SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

Fig.09/ SITES: Site Design—Material Lifecycle from: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-andscorecard

Fig.08/ SITES Logo from: https://sustainablesites.org/

08.1.4. Sustainable SITES Initiative (SITES)

126

Landscapes, infrastructure, and buildings are frequently constructed without consideration for their negative effects on scarce resources, underlying ecological processes, and community quality of life. To identify sustainable sites, monitor their performance, and eventually increase the value of landscapes, a systematic complete set of rules and a rating system is required. Built landscapes and green infrastructure, in contrast to structures, have the ability to protect and even regenerate natural systems, hence enhancing the ecosystem services they give. These are the positive functions of healthy ecosystems, such as carbon sequestration, air and water filtering, and climate regulation. Despite their great economic importance, the cost of replacing these tasks is rarely considered in traditional decision-making.

The SITES programme highlights how the work of developers, property owners, landscape architects,

6 Sustainable Sites Initiative, SITES v2 Rating System: For Sustainable Land Design and Development, 2015. USGBC.org, Accessed at: https://www. usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-and-scorecard [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 Green Business Certification Inc., Synergies between SITES and LEED ND, Accessed at: https:// www.usgbc.org/sites/default/files/sites-leed-nd-synergies.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

engineers, planners, architects, and others can maintain, restore, and enhance ecosystem services by aligning land design and development practises with the functioning of healthy ecosystems. The SITES andSITES and LEED are complementary rating systems that can be utilised separately or together. If a project earns some credits of the SITES v2, they will automatically earn the corresponding credit or component in LEED, and vice versa.

127

Fig.11/ SITES: Site Design—Soil+Vegetation from: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-andscorecard

Fig.10/ SITES: Site Design—Water from: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-andscorecard

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

Fig.12/ EPiC Logo from: https://melbourne.figshare.com/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=30569184

08.1.5. Energy Performance in Construction (EPiC) The EPiC Database is a comprehensive and consistent open-access Life Cycle Inventory of environmental flow coefficients for construction materials. The database contains over 850 coefficients that can be incorporated into existing Life Cycle Assessment workflows and processes. It’s a free reource that contains a280 construction materials.

Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) for all buildings being built, sold or rented are now a fact of life. EPIC (Engineered Panels in Construction) examines the issues that are surrounding EPCs and explains the benefits insulated panel systems can offer in helping to achieve a good rating. To consider that a good EPC rating has the potential to increase a property’s value. This is dependent on the size and complexity of the structure in question, but the ultimate cost might be in the thousands, it is evident that the higher the grade,

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8 Crawford, R.H., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F. Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database, 2019. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

the better this outlay can be seen as an investment. An EPC is valid for up to 10 years if the building or its fixed services have not been altered. As a result, a low rating may devalue a property for the next ten years unless residents take steps to upgrade the structure. Residents want a building envelope that is energy efficient in the first place to continue for the next 10 years, thus durability and long-term performance are critical.

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Fig.14/ EPiC: Example from: https://melbourne.figshare.com/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=30569184

Fig.13/ EPiC: General Insulation Embodied Energy from: https://melbourne.figshare.com/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=30569184

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

08.2. SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL FRAMEWORK

Diagram.01/ social-material assessment tool Framework

W W

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Environmental Implication

Social Concern

Low Energy Building Assembly Selector

LEED for Cities and Communities

Initial Energy Recurrent Energy Operational Energy

Demographic Assessment Quality of Life Performance Distributional Equity Environmental Justice Civic Engagement Required Labour Just Labour

POLICY FRAMEWORK Existing Grants Tax Exemption Renovating a dwelling that has been empty for at least 2 years.

Tax Exemption VAT Rate 5%

VAT Rate 0%

Substantial reconstructions to protected buildings that are buildings used as a dwelling, for a relevant residential purpose or for a relevant charitable purpose.

Costs Fuel Bill

Year 1-10 EPC A B C D E F G

Annual 225 - 306 £ 531 - 720 £ 810 - 1097 £ 998 - 1351 £ 1253 - 1696 £ 1440 - 1949 £ 1515 -2050 £

Year 11-20 EPC A B C D E F G

Year 21-30

Annual 180 - 245 £ 225 - 306 £ 531 - 720 £ 810 - 1097 £ 998 - 1351 £ 1253 - 1696 £ 1440 - 1949 £

EPC A B C D E F G

Annual 144 - 196 £ 180 - 245 £ 225 - 306 £ 531 - 720 £ 810 - 1097 £ 998 - 1351 £ 1253 - 1696 £

Costs

Maintenance

Year 11-20

Year 21-30

Installation 1346 - 4291£ Envelop 1312 -5388 £

Installation 1077 - 3433£ Envelop 1050 -5655 £

Installation Envelop

862 - 2746£ 840 -4524 £

Proposed Grants EPC Improvement Grant each Level

Subsidy 5%

Social Concern Grant each Level

Subsidy 5%

Diagram.02/ Policy Framework

Year 1-10

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SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

08.3. EMBODIED ENERGY Embodied energy is merely one aspect of a building’s energy usage. The other type of energy is operational energy, which is used to power the home, including lighting, appliances, heating, and cooling. It’s important to evaluate both the materials’ embodied energy and how it affects operational energy use. Initial and recurring embodied energy, as well as operational energy use, will be included when comparing materials based on their lifecycle energy performance. It’s crucial to keep in mind that picking low-embodied-energy materials may result in higher operational energy use. A material with a larger embodied energy, on the other hand, may result in a building with a lower operational energy.

Fig.13/ Embodied Energy from: https://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/embodied-energy

As buildings become more energy efficient, the fraction of embodied energy in overall energy use rises. When additional materials (such as

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9 LP Tool, Low Energy Building Assembly Selector, 2019. The University of Melbourne and Williams Boag Architects and supported by the Australian Research Council, Accessed at: http://45.113.235.93/assemblies [online] [Accessed Sep 2021]

insulation, double glazing, and thermal mass) are added to the building to achieve operational energy savings, this effect becomes much more evident. Initial and recurring embodied energy, for example, may account for little over half of the total life cycle energy of a typical brick veneer house over a 50-year lifespan. Operational energy consumes the remainder of the life cycle’s energy. In zero-operational energy structures, on the other hand, the embodied energy proportion might reach 100% because less operational energy is required to run the residence. Here we use the existing database developed by the Melbourne School of Design, Williams Boag Architects and Australia Government.

To represent the embodied energy and operational energy of building components, we use three sets of structure diagrams. The component structure with the lowest operational energy, for example, is not always the best solution for residents. But there’s also the issue of recurring energy and the cost of retrofitting. In the next step, an app is developed for dwellers and building professionals to compare all of issues mentioned above.

11.08 Typical in Preston

Best Option

GJ/m2

21.98 GJ/m2

2.61

17.1

2.75

12.53

GJ/m2

GJ/m2 Best Conventional

Embodied Energy

GJ/m2

Floor

Wall

Roof

7.79 / 14.01 GJ/m2

3.14 / 5.30 GJ/m2

0.15 / 2.67 GJ/m2

Concrete Slab on Ground (raft) with carpet

Cavity Brick Wall

Pitched Terracotta Tile Roof with Timber Frame

1.38 / 9.19 GJ/m2 Concrete Slab on Ground (wattle) with carpet

1.08 / 4.36 GJ/m2 Reverse Brick Veneer Wall with Timber Frame

0.15 / 2.19 GJ/m2 Pitched Concrete Tile Roof with Timber Frame

1.52 / 5.52 GJ/m2 Concrete Slab on Ground (waffle and polished)

1.08 / 4.82 GJ/m2 Modified Reverse Brick Veneer Wall with Timber Frame

0.15 / 2.19 GJ/m2 Pitched Concrete Tile Roof with Timber Frame

Diagram.03/ Sections of Embodied Energy in Different Structure

Operational Energy

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Diagram.04/ Embodied Energy: Floor Before

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

134

135

Diagram.05/ Embodied Energy: Floor After (Best Conventioanl)

Diagram.06/ Embodied Energy: Wall Before

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

136

137

Diagram.07/ Embodied Energy: Wall After (Best Conventioanl)

Diagram.08/ Embodied Energy: Roof Before

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

138

139

Diagram.09/ Embodied Energy: Roof After (Best Conventioanl)

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

08.4. SOCIAL CONCERNS

Diagram.10/ Social Concern Variables

Demographic Assessment

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Minority Population Low Income Population Linguistically Isolated Less than High School Education Residential Density Public Accommodations and Services Density

Quality of Life Performance

Population with (at least) a Bachelor’s Degree Median Gross Rent as a& of Household Income Median Household Income Affordable Rental Housing Density

Distributional Equity

Equitable Per Capita Income Equitable Workforce Mobility Graduation Rate Equity Equitable Employment

Environmental Juscice

Air, Noise, and Water Pollution and Soil Contamination Destruction or disruption of the availability of public and private facilities and services

Civic Engagement

Diversity in Appointment to Local Advisory Board Whether Conduct Survey on Community Impact or Neighborhood Cohesion Volunteering by Residents

Required Labour

The Amount of Labour Required

Just Labour

Number of Unionised Labour

10 Kevin Bernard Moultrie Daye, The Missing Bodies in Architecture’s Talk of Embodied Energy, 2019. Accessed at: https://failedarchitecture.com/ the-missing-bodies-in-architectures-talk-of-embodied-energy/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 11 v4.1 Cities and Communities: Plan and Design, U.S. Green Building Council, 2021.

These seven variables are partially referenced from LEED for Cities and Communities. “When architects talk about embodied energy, very rarely are they talking about bodies.” Choosing a material is no longer just a matter of cost and environmental consider. Embodied energy is defined as the sum of all energy required to extract, process, transport, and finally manufacture a given product, as if that energy were included into or ‘embodied’ by the product itself. But still, something is missing. Someone is undoubtedly doing the extraction and the processing. We still need to consider the cost of the labour behind - the human cost.

However, although the usage of a “Fair Trade” mark is becoming increasingly acceptable in many sectors, Labor appears to be invisible in the realm of architecture. As sustainability quickly rises to the top of designers’ priority lists, it must evolve into a more comprehensive metric. The data source of these 7 simplified variables is from the statistics and surveys, in order to make it easy to get and understand. Today, too many embedded energy assessment tools do not take human costs into account, while in our social concern part, we try to simplify the parameters and make the data source as short and easy to understand as possible.

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SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

08.5. COOP SCENARIOS AND GREEN PREMIUM

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12 The Green Premium: Understanding where to innovate first, Breakthrough Energy, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.breakthroughenergy.org/our-challenge/the-green-premium-v1 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

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Diagram.11/ 3 Scenarios and Green Premium

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

08.6. USER INTERFACE Ipad Interface The technical steps of retrofitting floors, walls, and roofs are shown to dwellers in the user interface, along with a construction diagram and rendered drawings to make it easy to understand. The energy demand, which includes initial energy, operational energy, and recurrent energy, is depicted as a curve graph on the right side of the dashboard to show which retrofitting part can save the most energy at which stage of the building. Aside from the energy demand and social concern, the cost of through the Waste-to-Wealth Scheme, the amount of tax that can be exempted, and the amount of energy bills that can be saved in the future are also displayed.

Diagram.12/ User Interface: Tablet Users

Material researchers, manufacturing contractors can share their material datasets on the platform. Designers can share their previous work to potential clients.

144

Wall

Diagram.13/ Retrofitting Steps Renderings

FLOOR Roof

145

SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL

FOR BUILDING PROFESSIONAL USERS

Business Account

Orders

Diagram.14/ User Interface: Phone Users

Products

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Posts

Material Datasets

Profile for Individu

og In

ual User

FOR DWELLER USERS

Chat

Retrofitting Proiority

Decision-Making Tool

Property Estimation

Property

On-Site Estimation Appointment

Getting Green Points

Comparing Retrofitting Details

Social-Material Assessment Tool

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WASTE-TO-WEALTH SCHEME

08.7. TECHNICAL REPORT - 2: MODELLING OF URBAN FABRIC Software: Excel, Python, GeoPandas, Arcgis, Rhino 7 with Grasshopper

Abstract: The scale of our project ranges from the global to the micro-community in Preston city, and the main target users are assumed to be retrofitting policy-makers, building professionals and a common householder. Meanwhile, the raw data sources we use are massive and cover various aspects, and the data formats are also different, mainly including excels and geographic ESRI shapefiles. Our aim is to integrate and project those data sources in different formats onto the targeted visualized drawings, so that different stakeholders can interact and engage with our “Waste to Wealth” project with diversified platforms and tools. Sometimes it is also necessary to have the possibility of visualizing the future in time. Eventually, relevant stakeholders can participate in our project through our interactive web pages.

Main body: Overall, our raw data sources from Excel or GIS related formats are processed by Python, GeoPandas or Rhino with Grasshopper, which can be intuitively displayed in geographic maps, 3D spatial models and diagrams. Provides an integrated, flexible, and predictive visualized results of the future over time for our research. The visual processing results can be easily identified and benefited by different stakeholders as well. The processing and visualization of multi-format data runs through the whole process of our project. Here we will simply illustrate it with several specific examples.

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13 ArcGIS, Accessed at: https://www.esri.com/ en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 14 Heather Smith, 2020. Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems, Accessed at: https://www. esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/arcgis-pro/mapping/ gcs_vs_pcs/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

Shape

08.7.1. Modelling the environment of Preston City In general, we use the ESRI shapefile data of the administrative boundary of Preston City as the outline for integrating other data. (Diagram.05) Preston’s urban environment data, such as green space, water system and road network, could be downloaded from different databases (e.g. Ordnance Survey), which is a GIS related format, also known as ESRI shapefile. It can then be converted from GIS to a unified coordinate system (we use WGS 84) (Diagram.06) and clip to the geographical outline of Preston. The processed data is then imported into Rhino and Grasshopper. Using the Shapefile Import Component, we can convert ESRI shapefile data of urban environment into 2D polygons, which could be first modelled in Rhino.

90 60 30 0 -30 -60 -90 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30

30 60

90 120 150 180

Diagram.15/ Preston City ESRI Shapefile

FID

Finally, the processed spatial model could be used in the panoramic view, aerial view of the micro community and other analysis diagrams. The basic purpose is to combine and process various urban raw data sources in different formats in the same urban space model of Preston according to the different requirements. Therefore, we construct the application steps of technology and software according to workflow.

Diagram.16/ WGS 84 Coordinate System

On the scale of Preston city, one of the important purposes of our project is to build a three-dimensional spatial model of the city under the processing of Rhino and Grasshopper, which mainly includes green space, water system, road network and buildings, so that the 3D model can be used to show the urban space more intuitively. (Map.11) Meanwhile, it is necessary to transform, project and correspond the raw multi-format data into 3D building models. That is, to screen and stratify the build¬ings in the city according to specific requirements, so that they can be visualized after screening according to certain attributes.

Map.01/ Preston Urban Fabric Model

08.7 Modelling of urban fabric

149

WASTE-TO-WEALTH SCHEME

07.7.2. Modelling of buildings in Preston City Preston’s buildings are thousands, each with a specific height, so traditional modelling methods are obviously not applicable. Firstly, we need shapefile data of buildings with height values. Raw data with height values can be downloaded from Digimap. Second, we import the administrative boundary of Preston to download the corresponding numbered data, and then clip it to the geographical outline of Preston city through GIS, which is all unified to the same coordinate system of WGS 84. ESRI shapefile building data could be generated. (Diagram.07) Eventually, Rhino and Grasshopper could help us generate polygons of Preston’s building plans based on this data. In Grasshopper, polygonal building plans could be extruded into 3D building models according to the height.

07.7.3. Building Postcodes to Point Clouds (in WGS84 coordinate system) Then, in our 3D buildings model, building groups with specific properties should be screened out according to different requirements (e.g. social rental houses) and divided into different layers, which can be visualized as needed. Different from other data, we’ve tried some methods, but finally we could not find the accurate geographical data in ESRI shapefile format of social rental houses. Instead, we could use an Excel file, which has specific, valuable and detailed information about Preston’s building ownership, energy rating, construction materials and so on, but geographical locations are only the postcodes. Thus, we use Python to convert the building’s postcodes in Excel files into the WGS84 coordinate system’s point values, namely X and Y values. (Diagram.08)

07.7.4. Select target buildings by point clouds (in WGS84 coordinate system) The point coordinates (X and Y values) carrying valuable details of building information are imported into GIS to generate geographic point clouds. For example,

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Therefore, the parameter setting of this radius is critical. It needs to make assumptions and make some attempts according to the particularity of each project to find the most appropriate value.

Diagram.17/ Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile

all coordinate points of Preston’s social rental houses could be screened out, corresponding to thousands of point clouds. Meanwhile, shapefiles of all Preston’s buildings obtained from Digimap above are retained in GIS in another layer. Using the Select by Attributes command, we can set a selection radius based on research assumptions (our project uses a 30-meter radius). Shapefiles of buildings centred around those points within that radius could be selected, so those target shapefiles could be exported, which are assumed to be social rental houses. (Diagram.09)

Postcode Longitude Latitude

Then ESRI shapefiles of the target buildings (e.g. social rental houses) can be imported to Rhino and Grasshopper by following the same steps as above, and then could be baked into another layer. Repeating the same workflow when filtering out target buildings for other attributes allows buildings to be placed on separate layers in Rhino as needed for later visualization.

07.7.6. Processing and visualizing city models as required After processing the 3D spatial model according to the data and specific requirements, we can either render it into 2D drawings with V-Ray or Lumion, or make it into videos with Lumion. Drawings can be further processed in Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop as well.

Diagram.19/ Assumptive Social Rental Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile

...

Diagram.18/ Excel File

07.7.5. Modelling target buildings

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08.7. REFERENCES 1 Jane Hutton, Reciprocal Landscapes: Stories of Material Movements, 2020. Environmental Management 2 Iyyanki V. Muralikrishna, Valli Manickam, Chapter Five - Life Cycle Assessment, 2017. Environmental Management, Butterworth-Heinemann 3 Brian Barth, Is LEED Tough Enough for the Climate-Change Era?, 2018. Bloomberg CityLab, Accessed at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2018-06-05/reconsidering-leedbuildings-in-the-era-of-climate-change [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 Brian Barth, Is LEED Tough Enough for the Climate-Change Era?, 2018. Bloomberg CityLab, Accessed at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2018-06-05/reconsidering-leedbuildings-in-the-era-of-climate-change [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 Prof. Geoffrey Hammond and Craig Jones, Is LEED Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE), 2011. University of Bath, Accessed at: https:// greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Full-BSRIA-ICEguide.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Sustainable Sites Initiative, SITES v2 Rating System: For Sustainable Land Design and Development, 2015. USGBC. org, Accessed at: https://www.usgbc.org/ resources/sites-rating-system-and-scorecard [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 Green Business Certification Inc., Synergies between SITES and LEED ND, Accessed at: https://www.usgbc.org/sites/ default/files/sites-leed-nd-synergies.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 Crawford, R.H., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F. Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database, 2019. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne. 9 LP Tool, Low Energy Building Assembly Selector, 2019. The University of Melbourne and Williams Boag Architects and supported by the Australian Research Council, Accessed at: http://45.113.235.93/assemblies [online]

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[Accessed Sep 2021] 10 Kevin Bernard Moultrie Daye, The Missing Bodies in Architecture’s Talk of Embodied Energy, 2019. Accessed at: https://failedarchitecture.com/the-missing-bodies-in-architectures-talk-of-embodied-energy/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 11 v4.1 Cities and Communities: Plan and Design, U.S. Green Building Council, 2021. 12 The Green Premium: Understanding where to innovate first, Breakthrough Energy, 2021. Accessed at: https://www. breakthroughenergy.org/our-challenge/ the-green-premium-v1 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 13 ArcGIS, Accessed at: https://www. esri.com/en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 14 Heather Smith, 2020. Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems, Accessed at: https://www.esri.com/arcgisblog/products/arcgis-pro/mapping/gcs_ vs_pcs/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

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EPILOGUE Our project is answering three urgent issues: Fuel Inequity, Landfill Crisis, and Retrofitting Industry. However, each of these problems is complex and systematic, which requires multi-background professionals, local dwellers, local councils and institutions to work together to try to address them. On top of that is the cost of the repair project. Up to now, many small companies and organizations in the UK have been committed to exploring retrofitting techniques from the perspective of architectural professionals, but they haven’t been able to address systematic cooperation through multi-stakeholders. We try to propose to retrofit the whole system, redefine the wealth not only in economic but also in environmental and social value. We call this method “Waste-to-Wealth”, which is to increase the longevity of building materials, reduce global material chains and carbon emissions while improving inhabitants’ experiences. Keep the collective wealth in the local community.

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09. 09.1. 09.2. 09.3. 09.4.

APPENDIX TABLE OF DIAGRAMS TABLE OF FIGURES TABLE OF MAPS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDIX

09.1. TABLE OF DIAGRAMS 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY Diagram.01/ UK Doughnut Economy Diagram.02/ Social Foundations and Environmental Ceilings Diagram.03/ UK Circularity Gaps Diagram.04/ Process of linear economy Diagram.05/ Process of circular economy and linear economy Diagram.06/ Circular economy in built environment

Diagram.07/ Community Scenario

02. ENERGY CRISIS Diagram.01/ Energy Ownership Transition

07. DECISION MAKING TOOL: RETROFITTING PRIORITY Diagram.01/ Website: Methodology Diagram.02/ Website: Comparison Maps Diagram.03/ Costs and Benefits Diagram.04/ Rertrofitting Priority Framework Diagram.05/ CSV Pre-processing Diagram.06/ Web Development

03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS Diagram.01/ UK Landfill Crisis Series Diagram.02/ Landfill Remaining Capacity Diagram.03/ Lancashire Remaining Landfill Crisis Diagram.04/ Construction & Demolition waste type Diagram.05/ CD Waste Catalogue Diagram.06/ Physical rating of various harvested materials Diagram.07/ Amount of harvsted material in WHR project Diagram.08/ Emboded energy through harvested materials Diagram.09/ Carbon emission reduction through harvested materials 04. ECONOMIC CRISIS 05. POLICY FRAMEWORK Diagram.01/ Current Procurement Policy in Preston Diagram.02/ Current Procurement Catetories Diagram.03/ Retrofitting in The UK Diagram.04/ Detail of Target House Diagram.05/ Details of Retroftting Diagram.06/ Activity Analysis

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06. CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY Digram.01/ Building Lifecycle Carbon Emissions Digram.02/ Best Conventional Point Digram.03/ Lancashire Textile Industry Digram.04/ Fibreglass Material Flow Diagram.05/ Potential Occupation through Recycling &Retrofitting

08. SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL Diagram.01/ social-material assessment tool Framework Diagram.02/ Policy Framework Diagram.03/ Sections of Embodied Energy in Different Structure Diagram.04/ Embodied Energy: Floor Before Diagram.05/ Embodied Energy: Floor After (Best Conventioanl) Diagram.06/ Embodied Energy: Wall Before Diagram.07/ Embodied Energy: Wall After (Best Conventioanl) Diagram.08/ Embodied Energy: Roof Before Diagram.09/ Embodied Energy: Roof After (Best Conventioanl) Diagram.10/ Social Concern Variables Diagram.11/ 3 Scenarios and Green

Premium Diagram.12/ User Interface: Tablet Users Diagram.13/ Retrofitting Steps Renderings Diagram.14/ User Interface: Phone Users Diagram.15/ Preston City ESRI Shapefile Diagram.16/ WGS 84 Coordinate System Diagram.17/ Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile Diagram.18/ Excel File Diagram.19/ Assumptive Social Rental Buildings’ ESRI Shapefile

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APPENDIX

09.2. TABLE OF FIGURES 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY Fig.01/ UK Circularity Gaps https://drive.google.com/ file/d/1MP7EhRU-N8n1S3zpzqlshNWxqFR2hznd/edit 02. ENERGY CRISIS Fig.01/ High Gas Prices Fig.02/ Electricity Prices Fig.03/ UK Gas Prices Fig.04/ Electricity Generation Fig.05/ Energy Ownership Transition From: https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/ 03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS Fig.01/ Landfill Sites in Global South from: Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report Fig.02/ Lancashire has only 13.2 million m3 of remaining landfill capacity https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 Fig.03/ Preston Clifton Marsh Landfill Siste From: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ rpsmithbarney/13548943203 Fig.04/ Clifton Marsh Landfill Plan from: Goole earth view Fig.05/ Christchurch Community after earthquake by: Martin Hunter/Getty Images Fig.06/ Whole House Reuse Catalogue by: Atiq Zaman and Tahmina Ahsan Fig.07/ The scores used to characterize cataloged materials. from Atiq U. Zaman, etc. 04. ECONOMIC CRISIS Fig.01/ The opening of the ManchesterShip Canal in1894 Fig.02/ Burnley’s Population Fig.03/ The Survival of Lancashire’s Textiles Mills in 2011

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from: https://historicengland.org. uk/images-books/publications/ textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/ 05. POLICY FRAMEWORK Fig.01/ Green New Deal Poster by: James McInvale Fig.02/ Community Wealth Building Poster by: Ricardo Levins Morales, 2006 Fig.03/ The Preston Model from: https://thenextsystem.org/ Fig.04/ Case-study: Savannah from: https://www.repurposesavannah.org/ Fig.05/ Case-study: Rotor from: https://rotordb.org/en Fig.06/ VAT Reduction from: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-andservices#building-and-constructionland-and-property Fig.07/ Case-study: Retrofirst from: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/retrofirst Fig.08/ 12 Beckett, Preston, Lancashire from: Google Street-view Fig.13/ Embodied Energy from: https://www.yourhome.gov.au/ materials/embodied-energy 06. CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY 07. DECISION MAKING TOOL: RETROFITTING PRIORITY Fig.01/ Energy Performance of Building Data https://epc.opendatacommunities. org/ 08. SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL Fig.01/ LCA Circle

from: https://www.oneclicklca.com/ life-cycle-assessment-explained/ Fig.02/ LCA Inventory Analysis from: Chapter Five - Life Cycle Assessment Fig.03/ LCA logo from: https://www.fabtechexpo.com/ blog/2016/09/14/life-cycle-assessment Fig.04/ LEED Credit Categories from: https://www.igbc.ie/certification/leed/ Fig.05/ LEED Critique from: https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2018-06-05/reconsidering-leed-buildings-in-the-era-of-climate-change Fig.06/ LEED Logo from: https://www.cdrecycler.com/article/leed-usgbc-top-10-states-2019/ Fig.07/ ICE from: https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Full-BSRIA-ICE-guide. pdf Fig.08/ SITES Logo from: https://sustainablesites.org/ Fig.09/ SITES: Site Design—Material Lifecycle from: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-andscorecard Fig.10/ SITES: Site Design—Water from: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-andscorecard Fig.11/ SITES: Site Design—Soil+Vegetation from: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/sites-rating-system-andscorecard Fig.12/ EPiC Logo from: https://melbourne.figshare. com/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=30569184 Fig.13/ EPiC: General Insulation Em-

bodied Energy from: https://melbourne.figshare. com/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=30569184 Fig.14/ EPiC: Example from: https://melbourne.figshare. com/articles/book/EPiC_Database/10257728?file=30569184

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APPENDIX

09.3. TABLE OF MAPS 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY

Map.10/ Retrofitting Priority Map.11/ Costs and Benefits

02. ENERGY CRISIS Map.01/ UK Fuel Poverty: before 1990 Map.02/ UK Fuel Poverty: after 1990

08. SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL Map.01/ Preston Urban Fabric Model

03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS Map.01/ Global Waste Atlas Map.02/ Waste Export to Lancashire Map.03/ Waste Import from Lancashire 04. ECONOMIC CRISIS Map.01/ Housing Inequity in The UK Map.02/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2010 Map.03/ Housing Inequity in Preston in 2018 Map.04/ Housing Ownership Transition Map.05/ Job Create ratio 05. POLICY FRAMEWORK Map.01/ Construction Services before 2013 Map.02/ Construction Services after 2013 06. CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY 07. DECISION MAKING TOOL: RETROFITTING PRIORITY Map.01/ Website: Housing Condition Map.02/ Website: Retrofitting Affordability Map.03/ Rertrofitting Priority Interactive Maps Map.04/ First-stage Benefit Map.05/ Second-stage Benefit Map.06/ Third-stage Benefit Map.07/ Data Matching Map.08/ Housing Condition Map.09/ Retrofitting Affordability

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09.4. BIBLIOGRAPHY 01. CLIMATE CRISIS AND DOUGHNUT ECONOMY 1 Raworth K, 2020. What is the Doughnut? Retrieved March 10, Available at: https://doughnuteconomics.org/tools-and-stories/11 [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Advocacy C, 2021. The UK Doughnut: A framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Retrieved April 10, 2021, Available at: https://policy-practice. oxfam.org/resources/the-uk-doughnut-a-framework-for-environmental-sustainability-and-social-justice-344550/ [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 The Circularity Gap Report, 2021. Accessed at: https://www. greengrowthknowledge.org/research/circularity-gap-report-2021 [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Government of the Netherlands, 2021. From a linear to a circular economy, Accessed at: https:// www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 5 Government of the Netherlands, 2017. Circular economy in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.designingbuildings. co.uk/wiki/Circular_economy_in_ the_built_environment [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 02. ENERGY CRISIS 1 BBC News, 2021. Why are gas prices so high and what is happening to fuel bills?, Accessed at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-58090533 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 UCC, 2021. Why have electricity prices increased so much this year?, Accessed

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at: https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2021/0915/1246844-electricity-prices-increase-year-global-reasons/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 Channel 4 News, 2021. Energy price spike: ‘Lights will not go out’, says government, Accessed at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=UFggJFinjgE [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 Carbon Brief, 2015. Mapped: How the UK generates its electricity, Accessed at: https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-how-the-uk-generates-its-electricity [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 03. WASTE AND LANDFILL CRISIS 1 Waste Atlas Team, 2014. Waste Atlas: The World’s 50 Biggest Dumpsites 2014 Report, Accessed at: http://www.atlas.d-waste.com/ Documents/Waste-Atlas-report2014-webEdition.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 Environment Agency, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c538446-1bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 Environment Journal, 2018. Waste crisis ‘imminent’ as landfills could overflow by 2022, Accessed at: https://environmentjournal.online/ articles/waste-crisis-imminent-aslandfills-could-overflow-by-2022/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 data.gov.uk, 2020. Remaining Landfill Capacity, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/237825cb-dc10-4c53-84461bcd35614c12/remaining-landfill-capacity [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 2022. Lancashire ‘waste dis-

aster’ looming as landfills close to tipping point, Accessed at: https://www.lancs.live/news/lancashire-news/lancashire-waste-disaster-looming-landfills-17990094 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Preston Digital Archive, 2014. Clifton Marsh Landfill near Preston, Accessed at: https://www.flickr.com/ photos/rpsmithbarney/13548943203 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 data.gov.uk: Environment Agency, 2021. Permitted Waste Sites - Authorised Landfill Site Boundaries, Accessed at: https:// data.gov.uk/dataset/ad695596d71d-4cbb-8e32-99108371c0ee/ permitted-waste-sites-authorised-landfill-site-boundaries [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 Nic Moon, Centuri Chan, David Haig, 2015. WHOLE HOUSE REUSE, Accessed at: https://www.instituteforpublicart.org/case-studies/wholehouse-reuse/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Jay, 2014. Home is where the heart is: the Whole House Reuse project,Accessed at: https:// sustainable.org.nz/sustainable-business-news/home-is-where-theheart-is-the-whole-house-reuse-project/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 10 Atiq Zaman, Tahmina Ahsan, 2019. The Whole House Reuse Projects, Accessed at: https:// www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/ mono/10.4324/97813154362968/whole-house-reuse-project-atiq-zaman-tahmina-ahsan?context=ubx&refId=216424a5-efe9 -4885-b41c-ca835d779ed2 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 11 The Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, 2020. Zero Avoidable

Waste in Construction: What do we mean by it and how best to interpret it, Accessed at: https://www. constructionleadershipcouncil. co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ ZAW-Report-Final-Draft-25-February-2020.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 12 Rubbish Prohibited, 2019. Common Types of Construction Waste, Accessed at: https://landfill-site.com/34-types-of-construction-waste.html [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 13 data.gov.uk, 2021. Construction Waste Recycling, Accessed at: https://data.gov.uk/ dataset/882186e7-97b0-4ad0-b253e28607252f42/uk-statistics-onwaste [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 14 Atiq U. Zaman, Juliet Arnott, Kate Mclntyre and Jonathon Hannon, 2018. Resource Harvesting through a Systematic Deconstruction of the Residential House: A Case Study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ Project in Christchurch, New Zealand 04. ECONOMIC CRISIS 1 MHCLG. Live Tables on dwelling stock, Table 615 & Table 100 2 Ordnance Survey, 2014. Who owns England?, Accessed at: https:// private-eye.co.uk/registry [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 GOV.UK. 2014. Price Paid Data - GOV.UK, Accessed at: https://www. gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/price-paid-data-downloads [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 GOV.UK. 2020. Regional and local authority electricity consumption statistics, Accessed at: https:// www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/regional-and-local-au-

thority-electricity-consumption-statistics [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 Private Eye. 2014. Who Owns England, Accessed at: https://map. whoownsengland.org/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Julian Morgan and Peter Mitchell, 2015. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://green-alliance. org.uk/resources/Employment%20 and%20the%20circular%20economy.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 What Jobs Contribute to the Circular Economy?, Accessed at: https://www.circle-economy.com/ circular-jobs-initiative/circular-jobs [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 Steven Toms (University of Leeds), 2017. Employment and the circular economy Job creation in a more resource efficient Britain, Accessed at: https://ehs.org.uk/lancashire-textiles-in-the-long-run-a-financial-perspective/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Lancashire County Council, 2016. Evolution of the Lancashire economy, Accessed at: https://www. lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/ economy/employment-surveys/evolution-of-the-lancashire-economy/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 05. POLICY FRAMEWORK 1 Preston City Council, Accessed at: https://www.preston.gov. uk/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 2 Common Wealth, Green New Deal, Accessed at: https://www.common-wealth.co.uk/project-streams/ green-new-deal [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 3 Community-Wealth.Org, Accessed at: https://community-wealth.

org/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 4 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, 2018. Infographic: The Preston Model, Accessed at: https://thenextsystem. org/learn/stories/infographic-preston-model [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 CLES, Community Wealth Building Centre of Excellence (CfX), Accessed at: https://cles.org.uk/ the-community-wealth-building-centre-of-excellence/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Procatis, 2021. Contracts register, Accessed at: https://procontract.due-north.com/ContractsRegister/Index?resetFilter=True&applyFilter=True&p=e0cc5631-4690-e 511-80fb-000c29c9ba21&v=1 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 WILL HURST, 2019. Introducing RetroFirst: a new AJ campaign championing reuse in the built environment, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/news/introducing-retrofirst-a-new-aj-campaign-championing-reuse-in-the-built-environment [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 WILL HURST, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/ news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 9 Kate de Selincourt, 2018. The story of the failed retrofits in Preston, Accessed at: http://www.katedeselincourt.co.uk/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 06. CONNECTED WITH TEXTILE INDUSTRY 1 Historic England, 2016. The

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Textile Mills of Lancashire: The Legacy , Accessed at: https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/ textile-mills-lancashire-legacy/ [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 07. DECISION MAKING TOOL: RETROFITTING PRIORITY 1 Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, 2008. Energy Performance of Buildings Data: England and Wales, Accessed at: https://epc.opendatacommunities. org/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 2 Will Hurst, 2021. Halt demolition now, powerful business group tells government, Accessed at: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/ news/halt-demolition-now-powerful-business-group-tells-government. [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 3 HM Revenue & Customs, 2020. VAT rates on different goods and services, Accessed at: https://www.gov.uk/ guidance/rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-and-services#introduction [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 ONS Postcode Directory, Office for National Statistics, 2019. ONS Postcode Directory (May 2019), Accessed at: https://geoportal. statistics.gov.uk/datasets/5194b0c9d5a042789058609a4435ec7c/ about [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 08. SOCIAL-MATERIAL ASSESSMENT TOOL 1 Jane Hutton, Reciprocal Landscapes: Stories of Material Movements, 2020. Environmental Management 2 Iyyanki V. Muralikrishna, Valli Manickam, Chapter Five - Life Cycle Assessment, 2017. Environmental

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Management, Butterworth-Heinemann 3 Brian Barth, Is LEED Tough Enough for the Climate-Change Era?, 2018. Bloomberg CityLab, Accessed at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-05/ reconsidering-leed-buildings-in-theera-of-climate-change [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 4 Brian Barth, Is LEED Tough Enough for the Climate-Change Era?, 2018. Bloomberg CityLab, Accessed at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-05/ reconsidering-leed-buildings-in-theera-of-climate-change [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 5 Prof. Geoffrey Hammond and Craig Jones, Is LEED Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE), 2011. University of Bath, Accessed at: https://greenbuildingencyclopaedia.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Full-BSRIAICE-guide.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 6 Sustainable Sites Initiative, SITES v2 Rating System: For Sustainable Land Design and Development, 2015. USGBC.org, Accessed at: https://www.usgbc.org/resources/ sites-rating-system-and-scorecard [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 7 Green Business Certification Inc., Synergies between SITES and LEED ND, Accessed at: https://www. usgbc.org/sites/default/files/sitesleed-nd-synergies.pdf [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 8 Crawford, R.H., Stephan, A. and Prideaux, F. Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database, 2019. The University of Melbourne, Melbourne. 9 LP Tool, Low Energy Building

Assembly Selector, 2019. The University of Melbourne and Williams Boag Architects and supported by the Australian Research Council, Accessed at: http://45.113.235.93/ assemblies [online] [Accessed Sep 2021] 10 Kevin Bernard Moultrie Daye, The Missing Bodies in Architecture’s Talk of Embodied Energy, 2019. Accessed at: https://failedarchitecture. com/the-missing-bodies-in-architectures-talk-of-embodied-energy/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 11 v4.1 Cities and Communities: Plan and Design, U.S. Green Building Council, 2021. 12 The Green Premium: Understanding where to innovate first, Breakthrough Energy, 2021. Accessed at: https://www.breakthroughenergy.org/our-challenge/ the-green-premium-v1 [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 13 ArcGIS, Accessed at: https:// www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/aboutarcgis/overview [online] [Accessed Jan 2022] 14 Heather Smith, 2020. Geographic vs Projected Coordinate Systems, Accessed at: https://www. esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/ arcgis-pro/mapping/gcs_vs_pcs/ [online] [Accessed Jan 2022]

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